Research Article

Journal of Orthoptera Research 2017, 26(2): 181-194

Contribution to the knowledge of Oriental Phasmatoded |: A taxonomic
study of the genus Parasinophasma (Phasmatodea: Necrosciinae)

GeorcGe WAaAI-CHUN Ho!

1 Hong Kong Entomological Society, Hong Kong. Address: P. O. Box No. 73749, Kowloon Central Post Office, Hong Kong.

Corresponding author: George Wai-Chun Ho (georgehwc@hotmail.com)

Academic editor: Matan Shelomi | Received 19 July 2017 | Accepted 13 November 2017 | Published 6 December 2017

http://zoobank.org/4ADA5D44-7155-40BD-854D-1E4BFE55AADD

Citation: Ho GWC (2017) Contribution to the knowledge of Oriental Phasmatodea I: A taxonomic study of the genus Parasinophasma (Phasmatodea:
Necrosciinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26(2): 181-194. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.15289

Abstract

This paper provides a taxonomic study for the phasmid genus Para-
sinophasma Chen & He, 2008; reports for the first time Parasinophasma from
Hong Kong, China and Vietnam; describes six new species and two new
subspecies: P. bresseeli sp. n., P. constanti sp. n., P. laifanae sp. n., P. liui
sp. n., P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n., P. luchunense xingyuei
subsp. n. and P. sparsigranulatum sp. n.; proposes one new combination:
Parasinophasma bouvieri (Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. transferred from
Orthonecroscia Kirby, 1904; and gives a checklist of known species and a
revised key to species.

Key words

China, new nomenclature, new taxa, stick insects, Vietnam
Introduction

The Phasmatodea genus Parasinophasma Chen & He, 2008, is a
Chinese endemic genus principally distributed in eastern to south-
western regions, including Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Henan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang, China
(Chen and He 2008, Hennemann et al. 2008, Ho 2015, 2016). The
type species of Parasinophasma is Micadina henanensis Bi & Wang, 1998
(= Parasinophasma henanense). Historically, after Chen and He (2001)
noticed the invalidity of ‘Euphasma Chen and He, 2001’, which is pre-
occupied by Euphasma Redtenbacher, 1906, a generic name ‘Parasino-
phasma’ was used intending to replace ‘Euphasma’ (Chen et al. 2006).
However, there is no statement for the replacement of ‘Euphasma’ in
Chen et al. (2006) until ‘Parasinophasma’ is formally described and
stated in the monograph of Chinese Phasmatodea (Chen and He
2008). Therefore, the publication year of Parasinophasma should not
be in ‘2001’ (Chen and He 2008: 152) or ‘2006’ (Hennemann et al.
2008: 20, Ho 2015: 329, 2016: 322) and should be in ‘2008°

Ho (2015) recently provided a taxonomic review of Parasino-
phasma with the descriptions of three new species, including P.
maculatum Ho, 2015, P. tianmushanense Ho, 2015 and P. unicolor
Ho, 2015, and a taxonomic key to all known species. The author
of this study conducted further collecting trips to various localities
in China and examined various Vietnamese phasmid collections
that resulted in the identifications of six new species, two new sub-

species and one new combination. Parasinophasma is recorded for
the first time in Hong Kong, China and Vietnam. After these addi-
tions, 14 species and two subspecies are attributed to Parasinophas-
ma. This study aims to provide a revision of Parasinophasma with
descriptions of new taxa, a proposal of a new nomenclature and a
revised key to species, with the goal of improving our knowledge
on the poorly described Oriental Phasmatodea.

Material and methods

The specimens of Parasinophasma laifanae sp. n. and P. luchunense
luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n. were collected directly by hand by
the present author at night due to their nocturnal behavior. A hand
torch was used to spot them on plants. The specimens were dried
and pinned after collecting. No food plant fed upon by the collected
species was observed. Other taxa are from collections deposited in
China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (CAU) and the Royal
Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium (RBINS). The
type specimens of new taxa were deposited in CAU, RBINS, and the
Hong Kong Entomological Society collection, Hong Kong, China
(HKES). Morphological terms follow Bragg (2001), Zompro (2004)
and Bradler (2009). The descriptions of coloration are based on dried
specimens. The specimens of eggs of P. laifanae sp. n. were naturally
laid by an adult female. Ootaxonomic terminology refers to Clark
(1976a, b, 1979, 1988, 1998), Clark-Sellick (1997) and Zompro
(2004). Measurements are given in millimeters (mm), with min-max
values if appropriate. The sequence of species is in alphabetical order.

Results
Taxonomy

Parasinophasma Chen & He, 2008

= Euphasma Chen & He, 2001
[Preoccupied by Euphasma Redtenbacher, 1906]

Subsequent literature.—Chen et al. 2006: 98. Chen and He 2008:
152. Hennemann et al. 2008: 20. Ho 2015: 329, 2016: 322.

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

182

Type species. —Micadina henanensis Bi & Wang, 1998: 12 (= Parasino-
phasma henanense), by original designation.

Description.—Body greenish or grayish brown; cylindrical, slender
and elongate, unarmed. Female distinctly more robust and slender
than male. Head oval or oblong, smooth. Vertex with three ocelli
or lacking ocelli. Occiput distinctly or weakly convex. Antennae
filiform and long. Thorax with granules of irregular sizes. Mesono-
tum slender and elongate. Abdomen cylindrical, usually smooth.
Anal segment distinctly or weakly emarginated posteriorly. Supra-
anal segment indistinct. Male ninth tergum elongate, longer than
eighth tergum. Female gonapophyses rarely exposed. Cerci taper-
ing posteriorly, straight or weakly curved in female; cerci taper-
ing posteriorly, straight or distinctly curved in male, also with or
lacking spine-like appendage. Male vomer small and almost sym-
metric, distinctly or weakly emarginated apically. Legs unarmed,
slender and long. Tegmina oval. Alae maculated, shorter than or
longer than mesonotum.

Distribution.—China and Vietnam.

Notes.—Currently 14 species and two subspecies are recognized.
This genus is reported for the first time from Hong Kong.

Species included.—

1. Parasinophasma bouvieri (Redtenbacher, 1908: 553), comb. n.
[Vietnam (Tonkin/North Vietnam) ].

2. Parasinophasma bresseeli sp. n. [Vietnam (Vinh Phuc)].

3. Parasinophasma constanti sp. n. [Vietnam (Cao Bang and Lao
Cai)].

4. Parasinophasma fanjingshanense Chen & He, in Chen et al. 2006:
98, fig. 8. [China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
and Chongqing) ].

5. Parasinophasma guangdongense Chen & He, 2008: 154, fig. 122.
[China (Guangdong)].

6. Parasinophasma hainanense Chen & He, 2008: 155, fig. 123.
[China (Hainan)].

7. Parasinophasma henanense (Bi & Wang, 1998: 12, figs 7-8). [Chi-
na (Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and
Zhejiang).

8. Parasinophasma laifanae sp. n. [China (Hong Kong)].

9. Parasinophasma liui sp. n. [Vietnam (Thua Thien Hue)].

10.1. Parasinophasma luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.
[China (Yunnan)].

10.2. Parasinophasma luchunense xingyuei subsp. n. [Vietnam (Lao
Cai)].

11. Parasinophasma maculatum Ho, 2015: 331, figs 1a, 2a—b. [China
(Yunnan)].

12. Parasinophasma sparsigranulatum sp. n. [Vietnam (Lam Dong)|.

13. Parasinophasma tianmushanense Ho, 2015: 332, figs 1b-g, 2c-d, g.
[China (Zhejiang)].

14. Parasinophasma unicolor Ho, 2015: 333, figs 2e-f, 2h-i. [China
(Fujian )|.

Key to males of Parasinophasma

1 Anal abdominal segment longer than ninth abdominal tergum.......
RAE eo 8 en RP DS AW NR itn. yk AR P. constanti sp. n.
- Anal abdominal segment shorter than ninth abdominal tergum... 2.
Occiput of head weakly convex, nearly flattened 0.0.0.0... eee 33
~ SOcciput ofhead distinctly convex: 0) F.ashesokeeshsa saytt devertsanabtees- 4.

G.W.C. HO

3 With ocelli between compound eye .........ecceeeeeteeetteeeees P. liui sp. n.
- Lacking ocelli between compound eyeS.............:::08 P. unicolor sp. n.
4 Alae short, posterior apices not surpassing fourth abdominal ter-

- Alae long, posterior apices surpassing fourth abdominal tergum..... 6
5 Anal abdominal with a U-shaped emargination on posterior mar-
PUI fs rag whraacarudesutodad laude aveat P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.
~ Anal abdominal with a V-shaped emargination on posterior margin
cpheoiianten inden A Min kenen Reuben weokes vd P. luchunense xingyuei subsp. n.

6 Wath-ocelli between:compoundeyes:..scr...i.h.d.ecte sti valence eacdovet 7
- Lacking: ocelli. between compound: yes. 05.1. Mislsesidttes Rotiaeiendes 8
7 Gere Pantene.) acc: ciel dams es asyimasdioi stu decsee ee P. fanjingshanense
- OLS Pal based Thera ay) heap vape tt Rs ity he ter Seer ie. ORs rea P. hainanense
8 Cerci with spinehike appendage, a... csc exter caltesswtaencanscees Gasismntem Gass 9
~ Cercr lackine- spineslike ap pend ape ia. .ie.c.2i.lscusieleselasckssnleueataeentlese 10
9 Base of cerci with spine-like appendage.................. P. guangdongense
- Middle area of cerci with spine-like appendage ........ P. laifanae sp. n.
TOs URS CECURSITATSIT Las Bi oS eae at siR bac Sin ae AMOR ella San P. bouvieri comb. n.
- Cerci curved upwards in second half... ccc cece eeseeeteeeteeeeees 11

11. Ninth abdominal tergum lacking elongate posterolateral angles ......
Fi Bt he McBain cle Ni dep Mie be P PE he DA Tees dal det deg Bieta TED, P. bresseeli sp. n.
- Ninth abdominal tergum with elongate posterolateral angles....... 12
12 Posterior apices of alae not reaching sixth abdominal tergum............
Desens cata lv ata id dagtda tase da dahl hl dg na dca Po darned P. tianmushanense
- Posterior apices of alae reaching seventh abdominal tergum..............
ste ee testis tibet Unt hte ede ie Meese ante ta le, tole te ecell P. henanense

Key to females of Parasinophasma

1 Alae short, posterior apices not surpassing third abdominal tergum.... 2
- Alae long, posterior apices surpassing third abdominal tergum....... 3
2 Occiput of head-distinctly:cortvex.........008. alan P. constanti sp. n.
Occiput of head weakly convex, nearly flattened 0.0.0... eeeeeeeeeee
fagaanehiencasdacssaeytalictarsaant P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.

3 Occiput of head weakly convex, nearly flattened ...........c cece 4
- Occiput of head distinctly convex and elevated ..........ccecceceseeeeees 6
4 Body TOUS ANSTO ii aadetinwattaat Mears line choad beat ating can wu P. unicolor
- Body-slencder and Clonigate sci s. Pod dedeavs do Mie dtd, dicate Magethetndes 5
5 With ocelli between compound eye .........eeceeeceeteeeteeeees P. liui sp. n.

~ Lacking ocelli between compound eyes....... P. sparsigranulatum sp. n.
6 Occiput of head with four black longitudinal stripes.....P. fanjingshanense
- Occiput of head lacking black longitudinal stripes........... ce 7
7 Posterior apex of subgenital plate not reaching posterior margin of

Mamth ao aOoriaittial Herein. cot. .itswc. scene dis wnueuoae ales P. tianmushanense
- Posterior apex of subgenital plate surpassing posterior margin of

TUL Chy BSN TeV AME CPT INF, cp. a teatedad snes risesed trots et uaah edad anpitadcodstaaiuet 8
8 ProfeimoOra lacking MMACH ANGUS e.08 esee-adbrreentdedl dase Aeopndbaabharalt ang 9
- Profemora withvmacwlations ...ccsicv. catia Warr tesrainnnedarticte arseraotneadon’ 10
) Seventh abdominal sternum lacking noticeable praeopercular organ...

ale error weirs Rger8 3106 See HTS 3 Ts ee Mi, Seer Tere P. henanense
- Seventh abdominal sternum with tubercle-like praeopercular organ

POSECLOMIE TAL: gtr Be ewstieR kage BIR Riot teh ete P. laifanae sp. n.
10 Mesonotum densely granulated 0.00.00... eeeeeeeteeereeeteees P. maculatum
~ Mesonotum sparsely granulated ............eeceeeseeneeeee P. bresseeli sp. n.

Parasinophasma bouvieri (Redtenbacher, 1908), comb. n.

Type material.—Holotype 4, Cho Moi, Tonkin (North Vietnam),
HI.1896, M. Roget (MNHN) [assessed by photos downloaded
from Phasmida Species File Online (Brock et al. 2016)].

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

G.W.C. HO

Distribution.—Vietnam (Tonkin/North Vietnam).

Notes.—This species is transferred from Orthonecroscia.

Parasinophasma bresseeli sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/08169C61-6762-4DE6-A8F1-9B3129266A16
Figs 1-4, 28-35

Type material.—Holotype 3, 21°31'N, 105°33'E, Tam Dao Nation-
al Park, Vietnam, 25-30.VII.2011, Joachim Bresseel and Jerome
Constant (RBINS); Paratypes 2¢ and 39, 21°31'N, 105°33'E, Tam
Dao National Park, Vietnam, 25-30.VII.2011, Joachim Constant
and Jerome Bresseel (RBINS).

Diagnosis.—Parasinophasma bresseeli sp. n. is closely related to P.
henanense (Bi & Wang, 1998), but can be separated by its large and
bulky body in both sexes, lack of elongate posterolateral angles
on the ninth abdominal tergum in males and sparsely granulated
mesonotum in females.

Description.—Male (Figs 1-2, 28-30, 34): Medium-sized. Smaller
and more slender than female. Head oblong, longer than wide,
longer than head. Lacking granulation. Vertex flat, lacking ocelli.
Occiput convex, with distinct median and lateral longitudinal
furrows. Compound eyes big and rounded, length about one-
and-a-half times that of genae. Antennae filiform, reaching fifth
abdominal tergum, densely covered with short bristles; scapus
flattened basally, longer than pedicellus; third segment as long as
scapus. Pronotum lacking granulation, rectangular, longer than
wide, shorter than head; anterior margin curved inwards, poste-
rior margin rounded, transverse and longitudinal sulci crossing
before middle point. Mesonotum sparsely granulated, shorter
than combined length of pronotum, metanotum and median
segment, moderately expanded posteriorly, median longitudinal
line distinct. Mesopleurae and mesosternum with inconspicuous
small granules. Metapleurae and metasternum lacking granula-
tion. Abdomen lacking granulation. Parallel-sided from second to
seventh tergites. Eighth tergum gently expanded posteriorly. Ninth
tergum swollen, gently constricted posteriorly, longer than eighth
tergum, lacking posterolateral angles. Anal segment roughly as
long as eighth tergum, tapering posteriorly, with a small indistinct
notch on posterior margin. Poculum cup-shaped, posterior mar-
gin rounded and reaching anterior margin of anal segment. Cerci
short, tapering posteriorly, apices pointed, curved upwards and
not surpassing posterior margin of anal segment. Legs sparsely
covered with short bristles. Unarmed. Profemora curved basally,
longer than combined length of pronotum and mesonotum. All
tibiae roughly as long as corresponding femora. Tegmina oval,
longer than or as long as head, posterior margin rounded. Alae
long, posterior apices reaching posterior margin of sixth or sev-
enth abdominal tergum.

Coloration: Head brown with blackish brown longitudinal
stripes. Antennae dark brown. Thorax black, with brown longitu-
dinal stripes. Abdomen black with brownish yellow maculations.
Legs orange brown. Tegmina blackish brown, with yellowish
brown veins. Costal region of alae blackish brown, with yellowish
brown veins, anal segment uniformly gray.

Female (Figs 3-4, 31-33, 35): Medium-sized. Body elongate
and slender, distinctly larger and more robust than male. Head
oblong, longer than wide, lacking granulation. Vertex flat, lacking
ocelli. Occiput conically convex, with distinct median and lateral

183

- 5mm

4 lien 5mm

Figs 1-4. Parasinophasma bresseeli sp. n. 1. 4, apex of abdomen,
lateral view; 2. ¢, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 3. 9, apex of
abdomen, lateral view; 4. 29, apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

longitudinal furrows. Compound eyes small and rounded, length
about three times that of genae. Antennae filiform, reaching third
abdominal tergum, densely covered with short bristles; scapus
flattened basally, shorter than third segment, longer than pedicel-
lus. Pronotum lacking granulation, rectangular, longer than wide,
shorter than head; anterior margin curved inwards, posterior
margin rounded, transverse and longitudinal sulci crossing be-
fore middle point. Mesonotum sparsely covered with a few small
black granules; as long as combined length of metanotum and
median segment, parallel-sided, median longitudinal line distinct.
Mesopleurae with a few small black granules marginally. Mesos-
ternum sparsely and inconspicuously covered with minute gran-
ules. Metapleurae and metasternum lacking granulation. Abdo-
men cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, lacking granulation. Seventh
tergum shorter than combined length of eighth and ninth tergites.
Seventh sternum with an indistinct crest-like praeopercular organ
posteromedially. Eighth tergum longer than ninth tergum. Anal
segment longer than ninth tergum, with a small notch on pos-
terior margin. Supra-anal plate small, posterior margin rounded.
Subgenital plate scoop-shaped, apex reaching anterior area of anal
segment. Gonapophyses not distinctly exposed, apex reaching an-
terior area of anal segment. Cerci short, cylindrical, apices pointed
and surpassing posterior margin of anal segment. Legs sparsely

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

184

covered with short bristles. Unarmed. Profemora curved basally, as
long as combined length of pronotum and mesonotum. All tibiae
roughly as long as corresponding femora. Tegmina oval, longer
than or as long as head, posterior margin rounded. Alae long, pos-
terior apices reaching middle area of sixth abdominal tergum.

Coloration: General color of body brown. Head brown with
black maculations. Antennae dark brown. Legs generally brown to
greenish brown, profemora with darker maculations, mesofemora
and metafemora uniformly colored. Tegmina and costal region of
alae brown with grayish brown maculations. Anal region of alae
gray with pale white spots.

Measurements.—(mm) Holotype 3, Body length: 69, head: 3.5, an-
tennae: lost, pronotum: 3, mesonotum: 9, metanotum including
median segment: 8.5, profemora: 14, mesofemora: 10, metafem-
ora: 15, protibiae: 13, mesotibiae: 9.5, metatibiae: 15, tegmina: 4,
alae: 35. Paratypes 3, Body length: 61-62, head: 3.5, antennae:
42-47, pronotum: 3, mesonotum: 9, metanotum including me-
dian segment: 8.5, profemora: 15, mesofemora: 11-12, metafem-
ora: 17, protibiae: 15, mesotibiae: 11, metatibiae: 17-18, tegmina:
3.5-4, alae: 34-36. Paratypes 2, Body length: 78-87, head: 5-5.5,
antennae: 42-43, pronotum: 4, mesonotum: 11-12, metanotum
including median segment: 11-13, profemora: 15-16, mesofem-
ora: 11, metafemora: 15-16, protibiae: 14-16, mesotibiae: 9-10,
metatibiae: 14-16, tegmina: 5-6, alae: 43-44.

Distribution.—Vietnam.

Notes.—The antennae of the holotypic male are lost and its meas-
urements are insufficiently provided.

Etymology.—It is named in honor of Joachim Bresseel (Brussels,
Belgium) for his discovery of this new species.

Parasinophasma constanti sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/A8C86232-1C66-47BE-8C98-3586DFE064B5

Type material.—Holotype @, 22°36'N, 105°53'E, Pia Oac Mt.
Nature Reserve, Vietnam, 4-6.VIII.2010, Jerome Constant and P.
Limbourg (RBINS); Paratypes 14 and 1 subadult 9, 22°36'N,
105°53'E, Pia Oac Mt. Nature Reserve, Vietnam, 4-6.VIII.2010,
Jerome Constant and P. Limbourg (RBINS); 192, 22°21'00"N,
103°46'29"E, Hoang Lien National Park, Vietnam, 1-5.VII.2013,
Joachim Bresseel and Jerome Constant (RBINS).

Diagnosis.—Parasinophasma constanti sp. n. is related to P. luchun-
ense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n., but can be separated by its
posteriorly elongate anal abdominal segment in males and lack of
noticeable praeopercular organs on the seventh abdominal ster-
num and short alae in females.

Description.—Male (Figs 5-6, 36-38, 42): Small size, smaller and
more slender than female. Head oblong, longer than wide, lack-
ing granulation. Vertex flat, lacking ocelli. Occiput convex, with
distinct median and lateral longitudinal furrows. Compound eyes
big and rounded, length about two times that of genae. Anten-
nae filiform, reaching fourth abdominal tergum, densely covered
with short bristles; scapus flattened basally, slightly longer than
pedicellus; third segment as long as combined length of scapus
and pedicellus. Pronotum lacking granulation, rectangular, longer

G.W.C. HO

5mm

Figs 5-7. Parasinophasma constanti sp. n. 5. @, apex of abdomen,
lateral view; 6. 4, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 7. 2, apex of
abdomen, lateral view.

than wide, shorter than head; anterior margin curved inwards,
posterior margin rounded, transverse and longitudinal sulci cross-
ing before middle point. Mesonotum densely granulated, with a
short transverse carina near anterior area, both ends not reaching
lateral margins; roughly as long as combined length of pronotum,
metanotum and median segment, parallel-sided, median longi-
tudinal line distinct. Mesopleurae, mesosternum, metapleurae
and metasternum lacking granulation. Abdomen smooth, lack-
ing granulation. Second to seventh tergites parallel-sided. Eighth
tergum expanded posteriorly, slightly shorter than ninth tergum.
Anal segment longer than ninth tergum, elongated and tapering
posteriorly, apex obtuse. Poculum cup-shaped, tapering posterior-
ly, apex pointed and reaching anterior area of anal segment. Cerci
cylindrical, straight, apices reaching middle area of anal segment.
Legs sparsely covered with short bristles. Unarmed. Profemora in-
distinctly curved basally, shorter than combined length of head,
pronotum and mesonotum. All tibiae roughly as long as corre-
sponding femora. Tegmina small and oval, shorter than head,
posterior margin truncate. Alae short, posterior apices reaching
posterior margin of fifth abdominal tergum.

Coloration: General color of body yellowish brown. Antennae
dark brown. Pronotum and mesonotum with a blackish mediolon-
gitudinal stripe. Abdomen yellowish brown with blackish macula-
tions. Legs generally black. Tegmina dark brown, with yellowish
brown stripe on outer margin. Anal region of alae uniformly gray.

Female (Figs 7, 39-41, 43): Medium-sized. Distinctly larger
than and more robust than male. Head oblong, longer than wide,
lacking granulation. Vertex flat. Occiput conically convex, with dis-
tinct median and lateral longitudinal furrows. Compound eyes big
and rounded, length about two-and-one-half times that of genae.
Antennae filiform, reaching fourth abdominal tergum, sparsely
covered with short bristles; scapus flattened basally, as long as third

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

G.W.C. HO

segment, longer than pedicellus. Pronotum lacking granulation,
rectangular, longer than wide, shorter than head; anterior margin
curved inwards, posterior margin rounded, transverse and longi-
tudinal sulci crossing before middle point. Mesonotum with a few
small black granules; longer than combined length of pronotum,
metanotum and median segment, parallel-sided, median longi-
tudinal line distinct. Mesopleurae, metapleurae and metasternum
lacking granulation. Mesosternum inconspicuously covered with
a few minute granules. Abdomen cylindrical, tapering posteriorly,
lacking granulation. Seventh tergum as long as combined length
of eighth and ninth tergites. Seventh sternum lacking noticeable
praeopercular organ. Eighth tergum slightly longer than ninth ter-
gum. Anal segment as long as ninth tergum, with a deep V-shaped
emargination on posterior margin. Supra-anal plate small. Sub-
genital plate scoop-shaped, apex reaching anterior area of anal
segment. Gonapophyses exposed, apex reaching anterior area of
anal segment. Cerci short, flattened, apices rounded and not sur-
passing posterior margin of anal segment. Legs sparsely covered
with short bristles. Unarmed. Profemora distinctly curved basally,
slightly longer than protibiae. Mesofemora slightly longer than
mesotibiae, shorter than mesonotum. Tegmina oval, tapering
anteriorly, posterior margin truncate, as long as pronotum. Alae
short, posterior apices just reaching posterior margin of second
abdominal tergum.

Coloration: General color of body brown. Legs brown with
pale brown and black maculations. Tegmina brown. Alae brown
with pale brown maculations.

Measurements.—(mm) Holotype 3, Body length: 44, head: 3, an-
tennae: 32, pronotum: 2.5, mesonotum: 9, metanotum including
median segment: 6, profemora: 12, mesofemora: 9, metafemora:
13, protibiae: 11, mesotibiae: 8, metatibiae: 13, tegmina: 2, alae:
17. Paratype 4, Body length: 44, head: 3, antennae: 22, prono-
tum: 2.5, mesonotum: 9, metanotum including median segment:
6, profemora: 13, mesofemora: 9, metafemora: 13, protibiae: 11,
mesotibiae: 8, metatibiae: 12, tegmina: 2, alae: 17. Paratype 9,
Body length: 66, head: 4, antennae: 38, pronotum: 3, mesono-
tum: 13, metanotum including median segment: 7, profemora:
15, mesofemora: 10, metafemora: lost, protibiae: 14, mesotibiae:
9, metatibiae: lost, tegmina: 3, alae: 11.

Distribution.—Vietnam.

Notes.—The hind legs of the adult paratypic female are lost and
their measurements are insufficiently provided.

Etymology.—It is named in honor of Jér6me Constant (Brussels,
Belgium) for his discovery of this new species.

Parasinophasma laifanae sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/5FC56E3D-2230-4EC5-A639-863553275CAD
Figs 8-14, 44-51

Type material.—Holotype 3, Fung Wong Shan, Lantau Island,
Hong Kong, 20.VIII.2016, George Ho Wai-Chun (HKES); Para-
types 14' and 12, Fung Wong Shan, Lantau Island, Hong Kong,
20.VIII.2016, George Ho Wai-Chun (HKES); 5d, 29 and 17 eggs
(naturally laid by 1 paratype 9), Fung Wong Shan, Lantau Island,
Hong Kong, 16.IX.2016, George Ho Wai-Chun (HKES); 14’, Fung
Wong Shan, Lantau Island, Hong Kong, 4.VII.2017, George Ho
Wai-Chun (HKES); 2¢, 12 and 3 eggs (naturally laid by para-

185

Figs 8-14. Parasinophasma laifanae sp. n. 8. 3, apex of abdomen,
lateral view; 9. 4, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 10. 2, apex of ab-
domen, lateral view; 11. 2, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 12. Egg,
lateral view; 13. Egg, dorsal view; 14. 3’, vomer, ventral view.

type 2), Fung Wong Shan, Lantau Island, Hong Kong, 7.1X.2017,
George Ho Wai-Chun (HKES); 1¢, Fung Wong Shan, Lantau Is-
land, Hong Kong, 9.X.2017, George Ho Wai-Chun (HKES); 10,
Fung Wong Shan, Lantau Island, Hong Kong, 4.XI.2017, George
Ho Wai-Chun (HKES).

Diagnosis.—Parasinophasma laifanae sp. n. is similar to P. guangdon-
gense Chen & He, 2008, but can be distinguished by non-elon-
gate ninth abdominal tergum and notched posterior margin on
poculum in male. The female of P. laifanae sp. n. is similar to P.
henanense (Bi & Wang, 1998), but can be easily separated by tuber-
cle-like praeopercular organ on seventh abdominal sternum and
basal elevations on anterodorsal, posterodorsal, anteroventral and
posteroventral carinae of mesofemora and metafemora.

Description.—Male (Figs 8-9, 14, 44-46, 50): Medium-sized,
more slender than female. Head oblong, longer than wide, lack-
ing granulation. Vertex flat, lacking ocelli. Occiput distinctly
convex, with distinct median and lateral longitudinal furrows.
Compound eyes big and rounded, length about two times that

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

186

of genae. Antennae filiform, densely covered with short bristles;
scapus flattened basally, longer than pedicellus; third segment al-
most as long as scapus. Pronotum with small and inconspicuous
granulations, rectangular, longer than wide, shorter than head;
anterior margin weakly curved inwards, nearly truncate, posterior
margin rounded, transverse and longitudinal sulci crossing before
middle point. Mesonotum sparsely covered with small granules,
parallel-sided, median longitudinal carina distinct. Mesopleurae
and mesosternum with small and inconspicuous granulation.
Metapleurae and metasternum lacking granulation. Abdomen
smooth, lacking granulation. Second to seventh tergites parallel-
sided. Eighth tergum expanded posteriorly, as long as ninth ter-
gum. Ninth tergum with distinct posterolateral angles. Anal seg-
ment shorter than ninth tergum, medially tapering posteriorly,
posterior margin bifurcated. Epiproct small and indistinct, pos-
terior margin truncate. Poculum cup-shaped, posterior margin
notched and reaching anterior area of anal segment. Cerci with a
small spine-like appendage near middle area; cylindrical, tapering
posteriorly, apices curved inwards and reaching posterior margin
of anal segment. Vomer minute, apical part fork-like, nearly sym-
metric, distinctly constricted apically, apex distinctly emarginated
forming two slightly apically pointed lateral elevations, left el-
evation slightly larger than right elevation in anteroventral view.
Legs sparsely covered with short bristles. Unarmed. Profemora
distinctly curved basally. All tibiae roughly as long as correspond-
ing femora. Tegmina small and oval, shorter than head, poste-
rior margin truncate. Alae long, posterior apices reaching anterior
margin of sixth abdominal tergum.

Coloration: General color of body brown. Scapus and pedicel-
lus light brown, other antennal segments dark brown. Mesonotum
marked with a black line on each side of lateral margins. Abdomen
brown with blackish maculations. Profemora and protibiae dark
brown with black maculations. Protarsi brown. Mesofemora, mes-
otibiae, mesotarsi, metafemora, metatibiae and metatarsi green with
blackish apices. Tegmina light brown, with black and green macula-
tions. Alae grayish brown with black maculations.

Female (Figs 10-11, 47-49, 51): Medium-sized. Body slender,
distinctly larger and more robust than male. Head oblong, longer
than wide, lacking granulation. Vertex flat. Occiput conically con-
vex, with distinct median longitudinal furrow, lateral longitudinal
furrows indistinct. Compound eyes rounded, length about three
times that of genae. Antennae filiform, sparsely covered with short
bristles; scapus flattened, longer than pedicellus; pedicellus as long
as third segment. Pronotum with small and inconspicuous gran-
ulation, rectangular, longer than wide, shorter than head; ante-
rior margin curved inwards, posterior margin rounded, transverse
and longitudinal sulci crossing before middle point. Mesonotum
covered with a few small black granules; roughly as long as com-
bined length of metanotum and median segment, parallel-sided,
median longitudinal line distinct, post-median area with a pair
of obscurely elevated humps. Mesopleurae, mesosternum, meta-
pleurae and metasternum sparsely covered with a few small gran-
ules. Abdomen cylindrical, lacking granulation. Second to sixth
sternites with a small elevation posteromedially. Seventh sternum
with distinct tubercle-like praeopercular organ posteromedially.
Eighth tergum longer than anal segment. Ninth tergum shorter
than eighth tergum. Anal segment longer than ninth tergum, with
a small V-shaped emargination on posterior margin. Supra-anal
plate small, posterior margin truncate. Subgenital plate scoop-
shaped, apex pointed and reaching anterior area of anal segment.
Gonapophyses not exposed, apex reaching posterior apex of sub-
genital plate. Cerci short, cylindrical, tapering apically and reach-

G.W.C. HO

ing posterolateral angles of anal segment. Legs sparsely covered
with short bristles. Unarmed. Profemora distinctly curved basally.
Anterodorsal, posterodorsal, anteroventral and posteroventral
carinae of mesofemora and metafemora weakly elevated basally.
Tegmina oval, tapering anteriorly, posterior margin subtruncate,
longer than pronotum. Alae long, posterior apices just reaching
anterior margin of sixth abdominal tergum.

Coloration: General color of body grayish brown. Legs grayish
brown with black maculations. Tegmina and alae grayish brown
with pale brown and black maculations. Anal region of alae gray,
with brown spots.

Measurements.—(mm) Holotype 3, Body length: 68, head: 4,
antennae: 50, pronotum: 3, mesonotum: 10.5, metanotum in-
cluding median segment: 10, profemora: 18.5, mesofemora: 12,
metafemora: 18, protibiae: 17, mesotibiae: 10.5, metatibiae: 17,
tegmina: 4, alae: 34. Paratypes <4, Body length: 64-72, head: 4,
antennae: 48-52, pronotum: 3, mesonotum: 10-11, metanotum
including median segment: 9-10, profemora: 18-20, mesofem-
ora: 11.5-12, metafemora: 16.5-19.5, protibiae: 17-19, mesoti-
biae: 10-11, metatibiae: 17-18, tegmina: 4, alae: 33-35. Paratypes
9, Body length: 87-92, head: 6, antennae: 45-47, pronotum:
4, mesonotum: 12-14, metanotum including median segment:
12-13, profemora: 18, mesofemora: 10-11, metafemora: 15-16,
protibiae: 16-17, mesotibiae: 8.5-9, metatibiae: 14-15, tegmina:
6, alae: 42-44.

Eggs (Figs 12-13): Capsule black with minute granulations,
strongly carinate; oval, tapering posteriorly, posterior pole rounded.
Micropylar plate oval, anterior apex pointed, posterior apex round-
ed. Micropylar cup placed at posterior apex of micropylar plate.
Median line short, about one-fourth of the length of micropylar
plate, placed after micropylar cup. Operculum black with minute
granulations, gently convex medially, marginally thickened.

Measurements. —(mm) Length: 3, width: 1.4, height: 1.6.
Distribution. —Hong Kong.

Habitats.—This species inhabits the middle level of evergreen
broadleaf forests.

Etymology.—This new species is named in honor of Lee Lai-Fan
(the co-discoverer of this new species from Hong Kong) for her
constant support during the author's phasmid research.

Parasinophasma liui sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/E5A8FC13-AOAD-451A-9C84-25782AACE81B
Figs 15-18, 52-59

Type material.—Holotype 3, Bach Ma, Phu Loc, Thua Thien Hue
Province, Vietnam, 27.I[X.2011, Liu Xing-Yue (CAU); Paratypes 19,
Bach Ma, Phu Loc, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam, 27.IX.2011,
Liu Xing-Yue (CAU); 14, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam, 6.V.2012,
unknown collector (HKES).

Diagnosis.—The general appearance of Parasinophasma liui is
slightly different from other members in the genus, but the char-
acters of grayish brown coloration, elongate body and weakly
elevated occiput of the head in both sexes, indistinctly elongate
ninth abdominal tergum in male and non-exposed gonapophyses
in female match with Parasinophasma. P. liui sp. n. is similar to

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

G.W.C. HO

18

5mm

Figs 15-18. Parasinophasma liui sp. n. 15. 4, apex of abdomen,
lateral view; 16. 3, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 17. 2, apex of
abdomen, lateral view; 18. 2, apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

P. fanjingshanense Chen & He, 2006, but can be distinguished by
more slender and elongate body and oblong head in both sexes,
non-granulated mesonotum in male and weakly convex occiput of
head and elongate mesonotum in female.

Description.—Male (Figs 15-16, 52-54, 58): Medium-sized. Body
very slender and slim. Head smooth, lacking granulation. Ob-
long, longer than wide, distinctly longer than and broader than
pronotum. Vertex flat, with three distinct ocelli of equal size
between compound eyes. Occiput weakly convex, median and
lateral longitudinal furrows distinct. Compound eyes rounded,
length about one-and-a-half times that of genae. Antennae fili-
form and long, sparsely covered with short bristles; scapus slightly
flattened at base, longer than pedicellus, roughly as long as third
segment. Pronotum lacking granulation, shorter than head, an-
terior margin incurved, posterior margin truncate, transverse and
longitudinal sulci crossing before middle area. Mesonotum slen-
der and elongate, longer than combined length of head, prono-
tum, metanotum and median segment, parallel-sided, median
longitudinal line indistinct, lacking granulation. Mesopleurae,
mesosternum, metapleurae and metasternum lacking granula-
tion. Abdomen parallel-sided, very slender. Ninth tergum slightly
longer than eighth tergum. Anal segment shorter than eighth
tergum, with a small notch on posterior margin. Poculum small
and short, cup-shaped, posterior margin rounded and reaching
middle area of ninth tergum. Cerci cylindrical and straight, taper-
ing posteriorly, apices pointed and surpassing posterior margin of
anal segment. Legs sparsely covered with short bristles. Unarmed.
Femora roughly as long as corresponding tibiae. Profemora
curved at base, longer than combined length of head, pronotum
and mesonotum. Protibiae longer than mesotibiae, shorter than
metatibiae. Tegmina oval, as long as pronotum, posterior margin
truncate. Alae longer than profemora, posterior apices reaching
anterior area of fifth abdominal tergum.

187

Coloration: Dull coloration, body generally light brown. Head
light brown with six faint blackish or grayish-brown longitudinal
bands segregated by five light brown longitudinal stripes. Genae
with a black postocular stripe. Antennae light brown. Pronotum
light brown. Mesonotum, mesosternum, mesopleurae, metapleu-
rae and metasternum light brown, with pale white and blackish
brown maculations. Abdomen and legs light brown. Tegmina and
alae brown with blackish brown maculations.

Female (Figs 17-18, 55-57, 59): Large size. Body slender
and slim, distinctly larger and more robust than male. Head
oblong, longer than wide, lacking granulation. Vertex flat, with
three prominent ocelli between compound eyes, anterior ocel-
lus smaller than two posterior ocelli. Occiput weakly convex,
with distinct median and lateral longitudinal furrows. Com-
pound eyes rounded, length about two-and-one-half times that
of genae. Antennae filiform, sparsely covered with short bristles;
scapus slightly flattened basally, longer than pedicellus; pedicel-
lus as long as third segment. Pronotum lacking granulation, rec-
tangular, longer than wide, shorter than head; anterior margin
curved inwards, posterior margin rounded, transverse and lon-
gitudinal sulci crossing before middle point. Mesonotum with
very few small black granules on the lateral margins; longer
than combined length of pronotum, metanotum and median
segment, median longitudinal line distinct. Mesopleurae, mes-
osternum, metapleurae and metasternum lacking granulation.
Abdomen cylindrical, lacking granulation. Seventh sternum with
weakly raised hump-like praeopercular organ posteromedially.
Anal segment shorter than eighth tergum, longer than ninth ter-
gum, with a small indistinct notch on posterior margin. Supra-
anal plate indistinct. Subgenital plate scoop-shaped, apex point-
ed and reaching posterior area of anal segment. Gonapophyses
not exposed. Cerci short, straight, cylindrical, apices pointed and
just surpassing posterior margin of anal segment. Legs sparsely
covered with short bristles. Unarmed. Femora roughly as long as
corresponding tibiae. Profemora distinctly curved basally. Teg-
mina oval, tapering anteriorly, posterior margin rounded, longer
than pronotum. Alae long, posterior apices reaching anterior
area of fifth abdominal tergum.

Coloration: Dull coloration, body generally brown. Genae
with blackish maculations. Antennae and pronotum brown. Mes-
onotum, mesosternum, mesopleurae, metapleurae, metasternum,
abdomen and legs brown, with blackish brown maculations. Teg-
mina and alae brown with blackish brown maculations.

Measurements.—(mm) Holotype 3, Body length: 62, head: 2.5,
antennae: 51, pronotum: 2, mesonotum: 11, metanotum in-
cluding median segment: 6, profemora: 16, mesofemora: 10,
metafemora: 16, protibiae: 16, mesotibiae: 10, metatibiae: 18,
tegmina: 1.5, alae: 28. Paratype 4, Body length: 69, head: 2.5,
antennae: 59, pronotum: 2, mesonotum: 12, metanotum in-
cluding median segment: 8, profemora: 18, mesofemora: 12,
metafemora: 18.5, protibiae: 17.5, mesotibiae: 11, metatibiae:
20, tegmina: 2, alae: 32. Paratype 2, Body length: 100, head:
5, antennae: 56, pronotum: 3, mesonotum: 17, metanotum in-
cluding median segment: 12, profemora: 18, mesofemora: 13,
metafemora: 19, protibiae: 17, mesotibiae: 12, metatibiae: 20,
tegmina: 4.5, alae: 48.

Distribution.—Vietnam.

Etymology.—It is named in honor of Liu Xing-Yue (Beijing, China)
for his discovery of this new species.

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

188

G.W.C. HO

Parasinophasma luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.

http://zoobank.org/4DDA211B-65A2-4CDC-928A-3811EFB8C4C5
Figs 19-23, 60-67

Type material.—Holotype <4, 1300-1400m, Huanglianshan,
Luchun, Yunnan Province, China, 6.[X.2016, George Ho Wai-
Chun (HKES); Paratypes 24 and 29 (including 1 subadult),
1300-1400m, Huanglianshan, Luchun, Yunnan Province, China,
6.1X.2016, George Ho Wai-Chun (HKES).

Diagnosis.—Parasinophasma luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n. is dis-
tinctive from all other species in having a deep posterior emar-
gination on anal abdominal segment in both sexes, spine-like
appendage near the base of cerci in male and dorsoventrally flat-
tened praeopercular organ on seventh abdominal sternum and
short alae in female.

Description.—Male (Figs 19-21, 60-62, 66): Medium-sized. Body
slender and slim. Head smooth, lacking granulation. Oblong, long-
er than wide, distinctly longer than and broader than pronotum.
Vertex flat, lacking ocelli. Occiput gently convex, median and later-
al longitudinal furrows distinct. Compound eyes rounded, length
about two-and-one-half times that of genae. Antennae filiform
and long, densely covered with short bristles, reaching seventh ab-
dominal tergum; scapus flattened at base, longer than pedicellus,
as long as third segment. Pronotum lacking granulation, shorter
than head, anterior margin weakly curved inwards, posterior mar-
gin truncate, transverse and longitudinal sulci crossing before mid-
dle area. Mesonotum slender and elongate, longer than combined
length of head, pronotum, metanotum and median segment, par-
allel-sided, median longitudinal line indistinct, sparsely covered
with small granules. Mesopleurae, mesosternum, metapleurae and
metasternum lacking granulation. Abdomen parallel-sided. Ninth
tergum swollen and elongate, longer than eighth tergum. Anal seg-
ment shorter than ninth tergum, with a deep V-shaped emargina-
tion on posterior margin. Poculum cup-shaped, posterior margin
broad and truncate. Cerci with a small spine-like appendage near
base; cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, apices pointed and curved
upwards, not surpassing posterior margin of anal segment. Vomer
minute, almost symmetric, gently constricted apically, apex weakly
emarginated forming two indistinct lateral elevations in anter-
oventral view. Legs sparsely covered with short bristles. Unarmed.
Profemora curved at base, longer than combined length of head,
pronotum and mesonotum. Protibiae longer than mesotibiae and
as long as metatibiae. Tegmina oval, as long as pronotum, posterior
margin rounded. Alae short, shorter than profemora, posterior api-
ces reaching middle area of fourth abdominal tergum.

Coloration: Dull coloration, body generally greenish brown.
Head greenish brown. Genae with two faint black postocular
stripes. Antennae dark brown. Pronotum brown, with three short
blackish brown stripes behind transverse sulcus. Mesonotum
greenish brown, with a narrow black longitudinal stripe along
lateral margins. Mesosternum, mesopleurae, metapleurae and
metasternum brown. Abdomen brown with black maculations.
Forelegs brown, midlegs and hindlegs green. Tegmina and alae
brown with blackish maculations. Anal region of alae gray.

Female (Figs 22-23, 63-65, 67): Medium-sized. Body slen-
der, distinctly more robust than male. Head oblong, longer than
wide, lacking granulation. Vertex flat. Occiput gently convex, with
indistinct median and lateral longitudinal furrows. Compound
eyes rounded, length about four times that of genae. Antennae fili-
form, sparsely covered with short bristles; scapus flattened basally,

Fe

5mm

Figs 19-23. Parasinophasma luchunense luchunense sp. n. and sub-
sp. n. 19. 4, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 20. 4, apex of abdomen,
dorsal view; 21. 3, vomer, ventral view; 22. 9, apex of abdomen,
lateral view; 23. 9, apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

longer than pedicellus; pedicellus as long as third segment. Pro-
notum lacking granulation, rectangular, longer than wide, shorter
than head; anterior margin incurved, posterior margin rounded,
transverse and longitudinal sulci crossing before middle point.
Mesonotum covered with a few small black granules; longer than
combined length of pronotum, metanotum and median segment,
parallel-sided, median longitudinal line indistinct. Mesopleurae,
mesosternum, metapleurae and metasternum lacking granula-
tion. Abdomen cylindrical, lacking granulation. Seventh sternum
with dorsoventrally flattened praeopercular organ posteromedi-
ally, posterior margin obtuse. Eighth tergum longer than ninth
tergum. Anal segment as long as ninth tergum, with a deep U-
shaped emargination on posterior margin. Supra-anal plate small,
posterior margin rounded, not surpassing posterolateral angles of
anal segment. Subgenital plate scoop-shaped, apex pointed and
not reaching middle area of anal segment. Gonapophyses not ex-
posed. Cerci short, flattened, just surpassing posterolateral angles
of anal segment. Legs sparsely covered with short bristles. Un-
armed. Profemora distinctly curved basally. Mesofemora longer
than mesotibiae, shorter than mesonotum. Tegmina oval, poste-
rior margin rounded, as long as pronotum. Alae short, posterior
apices only reaching posterior area of third abdominal tergum.

Coloration: General color of body greenish brown. Forelegs
brown with black maculations, midlegs and hindlegs green. Teg-
mina and alae brown with blackish maculations. Anal region of
alae light brown with gray spots.

Measurements.—(mm) Holotype 3, Body length: 57, head: 3, anten-
nae: 51, pronotum: 2, mesonotum: 13, metanotum including medi-
an segment: 5.5, profemora: 18, mesofemora: 11, metafemora: 17,

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

G.W.C. HO

protibiae: 18, mesotibiae: 11, metatibiae: 17, tegmina: 2, alae: 13.
Paratypes 3, Body length: 57-58, head: 3, antennae: 50-53, prono-
tum: 2, mesonotum: 12.5-13, metanotum including median seg-
ment: 5.5, profemora: 17-17.5, mesofemora: 10.5-11, metafemora:
15.5, protibiae: 17-17.5, mesotibiae: 10.5, metatibiae: 16, tegmina:
2, alae: 12-13. Paratype °, Body length: 67, head: 4, antennae: 41,
pronotum: 3, mesonotum: 14, metanotum including median seg-
ment: 7.5, profemora: 14, mesofemora: 9, metafemora: 14, proti-
biae: 13, mesotibiae: 8, metatibiae: 13, tegmina: 2.5, alae: 14.

Habitats.—This species is found in evergreen broadleaf forests be-
tween 1300 and 1400 meters above sea level.

Distribution.—China.

Notes.—The specimen of the subadult female is not in good condi-
tion. Therefore, the descriptions, illustrations and measurements
of females are only given for the adults.

Etymology.—This new species is named after the type locality, Lu-
chun (Yunnan, China).

Parasinophasma luchunense xingyuei subsp. n.
http://zoobank.org/DCAB9182-59C3-456B-9C14-F04A1B19F014
Figs 24-25, 68

Type material.—Holotype: @, Xeo My Ty, Sa Pa, Lao Cai Province,
Vietnam, 17.[X.2011, Liu Xing-Yue (CAU).

Diagnosis.—Parasinophasma luchunense xingyuei subsp. n. is closely
related to P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n., but can be
separated by its slightly larger size, deep V-shaped emargination on
the posterior margin of anal abdominal segment and longer alae.

Description.—Male (Figs 24-25, 68): Medium-sized. General struc-
ture resembles the nominate race but comparatively larger. Head
and thorax as in nominate race. Abdomen as in nominate race,
but anal segment with deeply V-shaped emargination on poste-
rior margin. Posterior margin of poculum not reaching anterior
margin of anal segment. Cerci as in nominate race. Legs as in
nominate race. Tegmina as in nominate race. Alae short, shorter
than profemora, posterior apices reaching middle area of fourth
abdominal tergum.

Coloration: Dull coloration, body generally brown. Head brown,
with four faint longitudinal bands segregated by five light brown lon-
gitudinal stripes. Genae with two black postocular stripes. Antennae
dark brown. Pronotum brown, with two short blackish brown longi-
tudinal stripes behind transverse sulcus. Mesonotum brown, darker
than pronotum, with a narrow black longitudinal stripe along lateral
margins. Mesosternum dark brown. Mesopleurae, metapleurae and
metasternum brown. Abdomen brown with black maculations. Legs
greenish brown. Tegmina and alae dark brown.

Measurements.—(mm) Holotype 3, Body length: 60, head: 3,
antennae: 57, pronotum: 2.5, mesonotum: 13.5, metanotum
including median segment: 6, profemora: 20, mesofemora: 13,
metafemora: 18, protibiae: 19, mesotibiae: 12, metatibiae: 19,
tegmina: 2.5, alae: 17.

Distribution.—Vietnam.

189

Notes.—The female is unknown.

Etymology.—This species is named in honor of Liu Xing-Yue (Bei-
jing, China) for his discovery of this new subspecies.

Parasinophasma sparsigranulatum sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/C74BEA4E-4ADA-45AB-83DF-DD0C823565BO
Figs 26-27, 69-71

Type material.—Holotype: 9, Giang Ly, Lac Duong, Lam Dong
Province, Vietnam, 12.V.2012, Liu Xing-Yue (CAU).

Diagnosis.—Parasinophasma sparsigranulatum sp. n. is readily sepa-
rated from all other species by its small size, slender body, very
sparse granulations on mesonotum and lack of a noticeable prae-
opercular organ on the seventh abdominal sternum.

Description.—Female (Figs 26-27, 69-71): Small size. Body slender.
Head oval, gently constricted anteriorly, lacking granulation. Vertex
flat, lacking ocellus. Occiput weakly convex, with distinct median
and lateral longitudinal furrows. Compound eyes oval, length about
two times that of genae. Antennae filiform, incomplete, apices not
surpassing apices of protarsi, sparsely covered with short bristles;
scapus flattened basally, longer than pedicellus, as long as third seg-
ment. Pronotum with sparse granulations, rectangular, longer than

Figs 24-25. Parasinophasma luchunense xingyuei subsp. n. 24. 3’, apex
of abdomen, lateral view; 25. 4, apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

26 5mm

oF 5mm

Figs 26-27. Parasinophasma sparsigranulatum sp. n. 26. 9, apex of
abdomen, lateral view; 27. 2, apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

190 G.W.C. HO

Figs 28-43. Parasinophasma spp. 28. P. bresseeli sp. n.: 3, habitus. 29. P. bresseeli sp. n.: @, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 30. P. bresseeli
sp. n.: ¢, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 31. P. bresseeli sp. n.: 2, habitus; 32. P. bresseeli sp. n.: 2, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 33. P.
bresseeli sp. n.: 9, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 34. P. bresseeli sp. n.: 4, head and thorax, dorsolateral view; 35. P. bresseeli sp. n.: °,
head and thorax, dorsolateral view; 36. P. constanti sp. n.: 3, habitus; 37. P. constanti sp. n.: @, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 38. P.
constanti sp. n.: 4, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 39. P. constanti sp. n.: 2, habitus; 40. P. constanti sp. n.: 2, apex of abdomen, lateral
view; 41. P. constanti sp. n.: 2, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 42. P. constanti sp. n.: 3, head and thorax, dorsolateral view; 43. P. con-

stanti sp. n.: 2, head and thorax, dorsolateral view.

wide, shorter than head; anterior margin truncate, posterior margin
rounded, transverse and longitudinal sulci just crossing before mid-
dle point. Mesonotum covered with very sparse granules, parallel-
sided, longer than combined length of pronotum, metanotum and

median segment, median longitudinal carina distinct. Mesopleurae
with sparse granulations. Mesosternum, metapleurae and metaster-
num lacking granulations. Abdomen cylindrical, smooth. Seventh
sternum lacking noticeable praeopercular organ. Eighth tergum

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

G.W.C. HO

191

>a = ee
= I 4,

—w

os 5 47) 11) r. EES cea

=

/
~—
a

os 5 11111)

eee *

Figs 44-59. Parasinophasma spp. 44. P. laifanae sp. n.: 3, habitus; 45. P. laifanae sp. n.: @, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 46. P. laifanae
sp. n.: 6, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 47. P. laifanae sp. n.: 2, habitus; 48. P. laifanae sp. n.: 2°, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 49. P.
laifanae sp. n.: 2, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 50. P. laifanae sp. n.: 3, head and thorax, dorsolateral view; 51. P. laifanae sp. n.: ,
head and thorax, dorsolateral view; 52. P. liui sp. n.: 3, habitus; 53. P. liui sp. n.: 3, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 54. P. liui sp. n.: &,
apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 55. P. liui sp. n.: 2, habitus; 56. P. liui sp. n.: 9, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 57. P. liui sp. n.: 2, apex
of abdomen, dorsal view; 58. P. liui sp. n.: 3, head and thorax, dorsolateral view; 59. P. liui sp. n.: 2, head and thorax, dorsolateral view.

longer than ninth tergum. Anal segment almost as long as eighth
tergum, with a minute and indistinct emargination on posterior
margin. Supra-anal plate indistinct. Subgenital plate scoop-shaped,
tapering posteriorly, apex pointed and reaching middle area of anal
segment. Gonapophyses not exposed. Cerci long and straight, flat-
tened, tapering posteriorly, apices pointed and surpassing posterior
margin of anal segment. Legs sparsely covered with short bristles.
Unarmed. All femora as long as corresponding tibiae. Profemora dis-
tinctly curved basally. Mesofemora longer than mesotibiae, shorter
than mesonotum. Tegmina oval, posterior margin rounded, longer
than pronotum. Alae short, posterior apices reaching anterior area of
sixth abdominal tergum.

Coloration: General color of body yellowish brown. Legs yel-
lowish brown. Tegmina and alae yellowish brown with green pos-
terior area. Alae yellowish brown with green posterior area, anal
region pale white with brown veins.

Measurements.—(mm) Holotype 9, Body length: 49, head: 3,
antennae: 32 (incomplete), pronotum: 2.5, mesonotum: 10,
metanotum including median segment: 6.5, profemora: 15.5,
mesofemora: 10.5, metafemora: 14, protibiae: 15.5, mesotibiae:
9.5, metatibiae: 14, tegmina: 4.5, alae: 21.

Distribution.—Vietnam.

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2017, 26(2)

192

Figs 60-71. Parasinophasma spp. 60. P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.: 4, habitus; 61. P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and
subsp. n.: 3’, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 62. P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.: 4, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 63.
P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.: 2, habitus; 64. P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.: 2, apex of abdomen, lateral
view; 65. P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.: 2, apex of abdomen, dorsal view; 66. P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp.
n.: 6, head and thorax, dorsolateral view; 67. P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n.: 2, head and thorax, dorsolateral view; 68. P.
luchunense xingyueni subsp. n.: 4, habitus; 69. P. sparsigranulatum sp. n.: 2, habitus; 70. P. sparsigranulatum sp. n.: 2, apex of abdomen,
lateral view; 71. P. sparsigranulatum sp. n.: 2°, apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

Notes.—The male is unknown. The description of the coloration is
based on the dried specimen which is probably a green species in
nature based on the green posterior area of the tegmina and alae.

Etymology.—The specific epithet of this new species is derived from
the sparse granulations on the mesonotum.

Discussion and conclusions

Parasinophasma Chen & He, 2008 is mainly distributed over
China and Vietnam (Table 1). Parasinophasma is closely related
to Sinophasma Ginther, 1940, but can be separated by grayish or
greenish-brown coloration, more slender and elongate body, el-
evated occiput of the head, and posteriorly emarginated anal ab-
dominal segment. Recently, a new Necrosciinae genus, Ovacephala
Seow-Choen, 2016, has been established based on two species,
O. extraordinaria (Redtenbacher, 1908) and P. parisae Seow-Choen,
2016. Both of them occur in Borneo and P. parisae can also be

found in Peninsular Malaysia. However, O. parisae, which strongly
resembles the females of P. bresseeli sp. n., P. constanti sp. n., P.
henanense (Bi & Wang, 1998) and P. laifanae sp. n., should be a
member of Parasinophasma. Therefore, further material of O. pari-
sae, especially corresponding male and eggs produced by female,
are needed to clarify its taxonomic status.

Currently, a total of 14 species and two subspecies are recog-
nized from Parasinophasma. Nine species and one subspecies, P. fan-
jingshanense Chen & He, 2006, P. guangdongense Chen & He, 2008,
P. hainanense Chen & He, 2008, P. henanense Bi & Wang, 1998, P.
laifanae sp. n., P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n., P. macu-
latum Ho, 2015, P. tianmushanense Ho, 2015 and P. unicolor Ho,
2015, occur in China while other taxa, P. bouvieri (Redtenbacher,
1908) comb. n., P. bresseeli sp. n., P. constanti sp. n., P. liui sp. n., P.
luchunense xingyuei subsp. n., and P. sparsigranulatum sp. n., occur
in Vietnam. The diversification of the species of Parasinophasma in
China and Vietnam seems to relate to the extremely complex topog-
raphy, where the discontinuous mountainous areas or isolated is-

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G.W.C. HO 193
Table 1. Distribution of Parasinophasma Chen & He, 2008.
China Vietnam
© =
oo , on Op oD oo S E S)
Pes Ss f2 2232 2 § © ¢ @ g & &% =
a i Se Gee Soe i Se
Be 2
P. bouvieri v
P. bresseeli sp. n. “a
P. constanti sp. n. vv
P. fanjingshanense ue Wee v v Y Vv
P. guangdongense v
P. hainanense Ms
P. henanense voeov v val ot v
P. laifanae sp. n. v
P. liui sp. n. v
P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n. v
P. luchunense xingyuei subsp. n. v
P. maculatum v
P. sparsigranulatum sp. n. v
P. tianmushanense v
P. unicolor os

lands can stimulate speciation. Most taxa have been recorded from
isolated localities, such as P. hainanense in Hainan Island, South
China; P. guangdongense in Nanling mountainous area, Guangdong,
South China; P. liui sp. n. in Thua Thien Hue, Central Vietnam; P.
unicolor in Liangyeshan, Fujian, East China and P. sparsigranulatum
sp. n. in Lam Dong, South Vietnam. Also, P. luchunense xingyuei sub-
sp. n. in Lao Cai, North Vietnam is closely related to the nominate
P. luchunense luchunense sp. n. and subsp. n. in Yunnan, Southwest
China. Speciation of both taxa may be induced by the disconnec-
tion of different hills on the same mountainous range between
southwestern China and northern Vietnam. By contrast, two taxa,
P. fanjingshanense and P. henanense, are quite widely distributed over
the central to southern mountainous range of continental China.
Further collecting trips to various localities in China and Vietnam
may discover more taxa for this genus. In addition, the discovery of
P. laifanae sp. n. represents the first record of Parasinophasma from
Hong Kong and the twentieth Phasmatodea species for the region
(Ho 2013, 2017). The Vietnamese taxa also represent the first record
of Parasinophasma from Vietnam.

A total of eight new taxa including six new species and two
new subspecies are proposed in this study. The taxonomic status
of some new taxa may need further verification. For example, the
female of P. luchunense xingyuei subsp. n. and the male and egg of
P. sparsigranulatum sp. n. are unknown. Also, the appearance of
P. liui sp. n. looks slightly different from other taxa in the genus,
but the grayish-brown coloration, elongate body and weakly el-
evated occiput of head in both sexes, indistinctly elongate ninth
abdominal tergum in male and non-exposed gonapophyses in
female match with Parasinophasma. Further specimens collected
from the type-locality are needed to verify the taxonomic place-
ment of these taxa.

The findings of this study also have significance regarding
other proposed species and clades in the Phasmatodea. Redten-
bacher (1908: 553) originally placed P. bouvieri (Redtenbacher,
1908) comb. n. in Ocellata Redtenbacher, 1908, which is a syno-

nym of Orthonecroscia Kirby, 1904, (Karny 1923: 242). Later, Otte
and Brock (2005: 238) transferred it to Orthonecroscia. This species
clearly shows the features of Parasinophasma, including the general
greenish brown coloration, slender body and legs, swollen and
elongate ninth abdominal tergum and greenish brown wings, and
is transferred from Orthonecroscia.

Although there is no record of Parasinophasma outside of Chi-
na and Vietnam, potential populations of the genus can possibly
be found in other countries in the Indochinese area, such as Laos,
Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand. Further research should be
conducted to contribute to our knowledge on the distribution pat-
tern of these lesser known phasmids in the Oriental region.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are given to Lee Lai-Fan (Hong Kong) for her con-
stant support during the author's phasmid research; Liu Xing-Yue
(China Agricultural University, Beijing, China), Joachim Bresseel
(Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium)
and Jér6me Constant (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences,
Brussels, Belgium) for providing collecting information on cor-
responding specimens; Dr. Matan Shelomi (National Taiwan Uni-
versity, Taiwan) for proofreading the manuscript; staff of Huangli-
anshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China for their kind assistance;
China Agricultural University, Beijing, China and Royal Belgian
Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium for loan of speci-
mens; and the anonymous reviewers for providing valuable com-
ments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.

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