Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e64969 CO) doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e64969 open access Data Paper Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Ana | Azevedo Neto, Ignacio Moreut, Edgar F. Rosas Alquicira$, Karla Leon-Cisneros|, Eva Cacabelos!+, Andrea Z Botelho*, Joana Micael", Ana C Costa*, Raul M. A. Neto“, José M. N. Azevedot, Sandra Monteiro*, Roberto Resendes”, Pedro Afonso , Afonso C. L. Prestes?, Rita F. Patarra #, Nuno V. Alvaro!, David Milla-Figueras , Enric Ballesteros’, Robert L. Fletcher’, William Farnham’, lan Tittley®, Manuela |. Parente* + cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculdade de Ciéncias e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Acores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Acores, Portugal § Lane Community College, 4000 East 30th Ave., Eugene, Oregon, United States of America | Universidad Aut6noma de Baja California Sur, Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Carretera al Sur Km. 5.5, colonia el Mezquitito, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23080, Mexico §| MARE —- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agéncia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigacao Tecnologia e Inovagao (ARDITI), Edif. Madeira Tecnopolo, Piso 2, Caminho da Penteada, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal # CIBIO, Centro de Investigagao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratorio Associado, Pélo dos Acores, Universidade dos Acores, Faculdade de Ciéncias e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Acores, Portugal = Southwest Iceland Nature Research Centre (SINRC), Gardvegi 1, Sudurnesjabeer, Iceland « N/A, N/A, Portugal » Faculdade de Ciéncias e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Acores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Acores, Portugal, Portugal “ IMAR/Okeanos, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Acores, Rua Prof. Doutor Frederico Machado, 9901-862 Horta, Acores, Portugal ” Expolab - Ciéncia Viva Science Centre, Avenida da Ciéncia - Beta, n.° 8, Lagoa, Sdo Miguel, Acores, Portugal ! 40CCMMG (Centro do Clima Meteorologia e Mudangas Globais) & IITA-A (Instituto de Investigagao e Tecnologias Agrarias e do Ambiente), Universidade dos Acores, Faculdade de Ciéncias Agrarias, Rua Capitéo Jodo d’Aviia — Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Heroismo, Acores, Portugal ? Centre d’Estudis Avangats de Blanes-CSIC, Acc. Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain ‘ Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Eastney, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, United Kingdom ¢ Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, Code SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Corresponding author: Ana | Azevedo Neto (ana.im.neto@uac.pt) Academic editor: Paulo Borges Received: 24 Feb 2021 | Accepted: 17 Mar 2021 | Published: 16 Apr 2021 Citation: Neto AIA, Moreu |, Rosas Alquicira EF, Le6n-Cisneros K, Cacabelos E, Botelho AZ, Micael J, Costa AC, Neto RMA, Azevedo JMN, Monteiro S, Resendes R, Afonso P, Prestes ACL, Patarra RF, Alvaro NV, Milla- Figueras D, Ballesteros E, Fletcher RL, Farnham W, Tittley |, Parente MI (2021) Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e64969. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e64969 © Neto A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Neto A et al Abstract Background The macroalgal flora of the Island of Sao Miguel (eastern group of the Azores Archipelago) has attracted the interest of many researchers in the past, the first publications going back to the nineteenth century. Initial studies were mainly taxonomic, resulting in the publication of a checklist of the Azorean benthic marine algae. Later, the establishment of the University of the Azores on the Island permitted the logistic conditions to develop both temporal studies and long-term research and this resulted in a significant increase on research directed at the benthic marine algae and littoral communities of the Island and consequent publications. Prior to the present paper, the known macroalgal flora of Sao Miguel Island comprised around 260 species. Despite this richness, a significant amount of the research was never made public, notably Masters and PhD theses encompassing information regarding presence data recorded at littoral and sublittoral levels down to a depth of approximately 40 m around the Island and the many collections made, which resulted in vouchers deposited in the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the LSM- Molecular Systematics Laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores. The present publication lists the macroalgal taxonomic records, together with information on their ecology and occurrence around Sao Miguel Island, improving the knowledge of the Azorean macroalgal flora at local and regional scales. New information A total of 12,781 specimens (including some identified only to genus) belonging to 431 taxa of macroalgae are registered, comprising 284 Rhodophyta, 59 Chlorophyta and 88 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Of these, 323 were identified to species level (212 Rhodophyta, 48 Chlorophyta and 63 Ochrophyta), of which 61 are new records for the Island (42 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta and 10 Ochrophyta), one an Azorean endemic (Predaea feldmannii subsp. azorica Gabriel), five are Macaronesian endemisms (the red algae Botryocladia macaronesica Afonso-Carrillo, Sobrino, Tittley & Neto, Laurencia vindis Gil-Rodriguez & Haroun, Millerella tinerfensis (Seoane-Camba) S.M.Boo & J.M.Rico, Phyllophora gelidioides P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Karsakoff and the green alga Codium elisabethiae O.C.Schmidt), 19 are introduced species (15 Rhodophyta, two Chlorophyta and two Ochrophyta) and 32 are of uncertain status (21 Rhodophyta, five Chlorophyta and six Ochrophyta). Keywords macroalgae, Azores, Sao Miguel Island, new records, endemism, native, uncertain, introduced, occurrence data, ecology Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 3 Introduction Research on the marine algae from the Azores started in the mid-nineteenth century (1838) when Guthnick and the two Hochstetters, father and son, visited the Archipelago (Neto 1994). Since then, many other researchers and naturalists have visited the Archipelago, resulting in several publications on the marine algal flora of this region (see summary in Neto 1994, Neto 1997). Most initial studies were taxonomic, focusing on the production of species lists. Almost a century later, the German botanist Otto Christian Schmidt visited several islands, including Sao Miguel and initiated a more comprehensive ecological approach describing species associations and their spatial organisation (Schmidt 1931). Ever since the first half of the last century, several studies have focused more widely on intertidal and shallow subtidal communities providing information on the vertical distribution of macroalgae and invertebrates and their trophic relations (see Neto 1992, Neto 2000, Neto 2001 for a review on this subject). Taxonomic investigations have continued and the first checklist of the Azorean benthic marine algae published by Neto (1994) brought together the existing published information, provided distributional records within the Archipelago and reported 307 species, indicating a moderately rich flora given its isolated mid-Atlantic position. A revision of this first checklist was made by Parente (2010), increasing the number of algae species to 327, but without providing their distributional information on the Archipelago. Later, Rosas-Alquicira et al. (2011) published a catalogue of non-fossil geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) of the Macaronesia, in which they made both a critical review of species and infraspecific taxa, as well as an assessment of species diversity in the region. Research by local teams was also dedicated to the Azorean littoral communities and biota conservation (see, for example, Abecasis et al. 2015, Amorim et al. 2015, Chainho et al. 2015). Taxonomic, ecological and biotechnological investigations have continued generating knowledge on the Azorean macroalgae flora, its biotechnological potential and also on the structure and functioning of littoral communities (See revisions on Neto et al. 2014, Haroun et al. 2019 and Haroun et al. 2019). Recently, several additional studies have been published with important information on the Azorean algae biodiversity, biogeography, conservation, ecology and taxonomy (see, for example, Bruno de Sousa et al. 2019, Cacabelos et al. 2019, Cacabelos et al. 2020, Freitas et al. 2019, Kellaris et al. 2019, Martins et al. 2019, Parente et al. 2019, Parente et al. 2020, Patarra et al. 2017, Patarra et al. 2019, Patarra et al. 2020, Sousa et al. 2019, Faria et al. 2020a, Faria et al. 2020b, Vieira et al. 2020). The paper by Freitas et al. (2019) increased the number of macroalgae species occurring in the Azores to 405 and reported that, amongst the mid-Atlantic archipelagos, the Azores is second in species richness after the Canary Islands, with 689 species, followed by Madeira (396), Cabo Verde (333) and Selvagens (295 species). For some species, the Azores Archipelago forms a boundary in their distribution. Codium effusum (Rafinesque) Delle Chiaje, for example, is as its western distribution limit in the Archipelago (Leon- Cisneros et al. 2012), whereas for Dudresnaya crassa M.Howe, a western Atlantic warm- water species, the Azores extends its known distributional range to the east. Some northern species such as the red alga Schizymenia dubyi (Chauvin ex Duby) J.Agardh and Lomentaria orcadensis (Harvey) Collins come close to their southern limit of distribution in 4 Neto A et al the Azores, while some southern warm-water species, such as green alga Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C.Agardh and the red alga Sebdenia rodrigueziana (Feldmann) Codomier ex Athanasiadis, reach their Atlantic northern limit of distribution on the Islands (Neto et al. 2005, Leon-Cisneros et al. 2012). Some species, relatively common in the region a few years ago, have become uncommon or even very rare, for example, Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link, Schimmelmannia schousboei (J.Agardh) J.Agardh. In contrast, there has been an increase in unexpected macroalgae in the Azores, with the arrival and establishment of several non-native species (see Cardigos et al. 2006, Micael et al. 2014, Vaz-Pinto et al. 2014, Parente et al. 2019, Cacabelos et al. 2019, Cacabelos et al. 2020, Martins et al. 2019). Within the spread of the Archipelago, there are no marked differences between floras of individual Islands or Island groups and, biogeographically, the Azores algal flora reveals itself to have a mixed nature, with species shared with Macaronesia, North Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Europe and America (Tittley and Neto 1995, Tittley and Neto 2005, Tittley and Neto 2006, Tittley 2003, Wallenstein et al. 2009b). This nature of the Azorean marine algal flora was reinforced by the work of Freitas et al. (2019), who, using an extensive analysis encompassing data on coastal fishes, brachyurans, polychaetes, gastropods echinoderms and macroalgae, suggested that the Azores should be a biogeographical entity on its own and proposed a re-definition of the Lusitanian biogeographical province, in which they included four ecoregions: the South European Atlantic Shelf, the Saharan Upwelling area, the Azores ecoregion and a new ecoregion they named Webbnesia, which comprises the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and the Canary Islands. Not all the Azorean Islands have received the same attention regarding the studies on macroalgae. Furthermore, many species may have been overlooked due to their small size, opportunistic nature or ephemeral life span. To overcome this and gain a better and up-to-date knowledge of the Archipelago’s macroalgae flora, an effort was made by resident teams to undertake a considerable amount of research over the past three decades on several Islands. The present paper is the last one of a series and presents physical, occurrence data and information gathered from macroalgal surveys undertaken on Sao Miguel Island between 1989 and 2019 mainly by the Island Aquatic Research Group of the Azorean Biodiversity Centre of the University of the Azores (Link: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/sub-team/island-aquatic-ecology), the BIOISLE, Biodiversity and Islands Research Group of CIBIO-Agores at the University of the Azores (Link: https://cibio.up.pt/research-groups-1/details/bioisle) and the OKEANOS Centre of the University of the Azores (Link: http:/Awww.okeanos.uac.pt). In these surveys, particular attention was given to the small filamentous and thin sheet-like forms that are often short-lived and fast-growing and usually very difficult to identify in the field, without the aid of a microscope and specialised literature in the laboratory. This paper aims to provide a valuable marine biological tool to aid research on the systematics, diversity and conservation, biological monitoring, climate change, ecology and more applied studies, such as biotechnological applications, which will be of assistance to Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 5 a wide range of focal groups including academics, students, governments, private organisations and the general public. General description Purpose: This paper presents taxonomic records of macroalgae for Sao Miguel Island and provides general information on their occurrence and distribution. By doing this, it will contribute to address several biodiversity shortfalls (see Cardoso et al. 2011, Hortal et al. 2015), namely the need to catalogue the Azorean macroalgae (Linnean shortfall) to improve current information on their local and regional geographic distribution (Wallacean shortfall), as well as to provide a better understanding of species abundance and dynamics in space (Prestonian shortfall). Project description Title: Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Personnel: Collections were conducted and occurrence data recorded over several years (1989 - 2019). The main collectors were Adria Pajares, Afonso C. L. Prestes, Alexandra Pacheco, Amine Sebti, Ana Bettencourt, Ana Carreiro, Ana Cristina Costa, Ana F. Ferreira, Ana Filipa Sousa, Ana |. Neto, Ana Leonado, Ana Rita Carreiro, Ana Rodriguez, Andre Amaral, André Gillon, Andrea Salamanca, Andrea Z. Botelho, Andreia Levi, Andreia Tracana, Anna Lloveras, Antalova Janouchova, Artur Oliveira, Brigida Garcia, Bruno Magalhaes, Bruno Sergio, Camille Fontaine, Carlos Campos, Carlos Mir, Carlos Rius, Carolina Moreira, Catarina Santos, Célia Albuquerque, Clara Gaspar, Claudia Hipolito, Cristiana Figueredo, Cristina Seijo, Dalida Pereira, Daniel Torrao, Daniela Gabriel, David Milla-Figueras, Délia Cravo, Dinis Geraldes, Dolores Campos, Edgar F. Rosas-Alquicira, Emanuel Xavier, Enric Ballesteros, Eunice Nogueira, Eva Cacabelos, Fernando Feiteira, Filipe Parreira, Flavio Rodrigues, Francisco Wallenstein, Gloria Cantos, Gustavo Martins, Heather Baldwin, Helena Abreu, Helio Dias, Hugo Lopes, lan Tittley, Ignacio Moreu, Isadora Moniz, Joana Duarte, Joana Matzen, Jana Verdura, Joana Michael, Joao Brum, Joao Faria, Joao Feijo, José M. N. Azevedo, José Medeiros, Juan Garcia Marino, Juan Izaguirre, Juliana Dal Molin, Juliane Bernardi, Karla Leodn-Cisneros, Laura Rovira, M. Canto, Marco Enoch, Margarida Leonardo, Manuela |. Parente, Marc Balcells, Marc Fernandez, Marco Henrique, Marco Santos, Maria Ana Dionisio, Maria Inés Pavao, Maria Machin-Sanchez, Maria Vale, Mariano Rego, Marisa Toste, Marlene Terra, Marta Coca, Miguel Frada, Mikel Mendizabal, Miguel Furtado, Miguel Matias, Miriam Gutierrez, Mutue Toyota Fujii, Natalia Jardim, Nikola Zic, Nil Alvarez Segura, Nuno Vaz Alvaro, Nuria Vila, O. Laclaustra, Olaia Moran, Olalla Torrontegi, Olivie Laroche, Patricia Madeira, Patricia Pereira, Paula Avelar, Paulo Azevedo, Paulo Custodio, Paulo Torres, Pedro Cavazin, Pedro Cerqueira, Pedro Raposeiro, Pedro Rodrigues, Rafael Fraga, Raquel Torres, Renato Calado, Ricardo Lacerda, Rita F. Patarra, Rita Grilo, Rita Norberto, Robert Fletcher, Rocio Sanchez, Roger Fuste, Ruben Couto, Rui Costa, Rui Jesus, Rui Moreira, Rui Patricio, Rui Sousa, Sabrina Garcia, Sandra Monteiro, Sara Peres, Sérgio Avila, Silvia 6 Neto A et al Escarduga, Sofia Carreiro, Susan Clayden, Tarso Costa, Valeria Cassano and William Farnham. Preliminary in situ identifications were undertaken by: Ana | Neto, Andrea Z. Botelho, Andreia Levi, Daniela Gabriel, David Milla-Figueras, Edgar F. Rosas-Alquicira, Enric Ballesteros, Eva Cacabelos, Francisco Wallenstein, Heather Baldwin, lan Tittley, Ignacio Moreu, Karla Leon-Cisneros, Manuela |. Parente, Maria Machin-Sanchez, Marlene Terra, Mutue Toyota Fujii, Nuno Vaz Alvaro, Raquel Torres, Robert Fletcher, Ruben Couto, Valeria Cassano and William Farnham. Final species identification were undertaken by Ana |. Neto, Daniela Gabriel, Edgar F. Rosas-Alquicira, Enric Ballesteros, Eva Cacabelos, lan Tittley, Ignacio Moreu, Karla Leon- Cisneros, Manuela |. Parente, Maria Machin-Sanchez, Marlene Terra, Mutue Toyota Fujii, Robert Fletcher, Valeria Cassano and William Farnham. Voucher specimen management was mainly undertaken by Afonso C.L. Prestes, Ana I. Neto, Eunice Nogueira, Manuela |. Parente, Natalia Cabral, Rita Patarra and Roberto Resendes. Study area description: The Azores Archipelago (88°43'49"N, 27°19'10"W, Fig. 1), isolated in the mid-Atlantic Ocean, comprises nine volcanic Islands and several islets spread over 500 km in a WNW-ESE direction, emerging from the Azores Plateau and located above an active triple junction between three of the world's largest tectonic plates (the North American Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, Hildenbrand et al. 2014). 31°0'0"W 30°0'0"W 29°0'0"W 28°0'0"W 27°0'0"W 26°0'0"W 25°0'0"W 40°0'0"N 40°0'0"N 39°0'0"N 39°0'0"N 38°0'0"N 38°0'0"N 37°0'0"N 37°0'0"N 31°0'0O"W 30°0'0"W 29°0'0"W 28°0'0"W 27°0'O"W 26°0'0"W 25°0'0"W Figure 1. EESI The Azores, its location in the Atlantic and Sao Miguel Island highlighted in black (by Nuno V. Alvaro). The Archipelago comprises nine volcanic Islands and several small Islets in three separate groups (eastern, central and western). Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 7 Sao Miguel (in black in Fig. 1), approximately 750 km? in size, is the largest and most volcanically-active Island (Gaspar et al. 2015). Located in the eastern group of the Archipelago (37°54'58"N, -25°51'52"W, Fig. 2), its formation followed a series of volcanic events, with different parts of the Island having different ages. The oldest portion (4 M years old) is the eastern side, Nordeste, where Pico da Vara (the highest mountain of the Island with 1103 m a.s.I.) is located. The Island was then progressively formed to the west: Povoacdo (2 M years); Furnas (750,000 years); Serra de Agua de Pau (250,000 years). The Sete Cidades complex appeared 500,000 years ago and only later (50,000 years ago) was connected to Serra de Agua de Pau through the Serra Gorda and its succeeding line of peaks (Zbyszewski et al. 1958, Zbyszewski and Ferreira 1959). 25°48°0"W 25°39'0°W 25°30°0"W 25°21°0"W 25°12'0°W oe Morag tate * 37 °48'0"N = oh wig? ooo” Sites Bt ® Intertida A ® __ Subtidal 25°48'0"W 25°39'0°W 25°30°0"W 25°21'0°W 25°12'0°W Figure 2. EESl So Miguel Island with indication of the sampling locations (by Nuno V. Alvaro). As in the other Azorean Islands, the climate is considerably influenced by the surrounding ocean and is characterised by regular rainfall, medium levels of relative humidity and persistent winds, mainly during the winter and autumn seasons (Morton et al. 1998). The tidal range is small (< 2 m) and the coastal extension is restricted, with deep waters occurring within a few kilometres offshore (Hidrografico 1981). Most sea-shores are subject to swell and surge most of the year and few are sheltered, except for some bays and harbours. Extremely heavy seas occur during winter (Neto et al. 2005). Sao Miguel has the longest coastline in the archipelago, about 155 km, corresponding to 25.3% of the whole Azorean coastline. The coastal topology, resulting from the effect of the maritime agitation, responsible for the predominance of erosive morphologies, is mainly composed of high, steep cliffs with a variety of stack, arch and gully formations and is mostly difficult to access by land. Most of the cliffs and coastal slopes are less than 50 m a.s.l. (Borges 2003) and fall directly into the sea. The coastline is mainly composed of irregular compact, bedrock platforms, alternating with boulder and cobble locations. On some shores, boulders entrap coarse sand and gravel and there are a few sandy beaches (Wallenstein et al. 2009b). 8 Neto A et al Intertidal communities of Sao Miguel Island, as on the other islands of the Archipelago, are primarily dominated by macroalgae, which mainly exhibit a mosaic and/or zoned distribution pattern and have a predominance of algal turfs that cover the rocks as a carpet (Wallenstein et al. 2009), best seen when rocks are uncovered at low tide. There is a very distinct horizontal pattern of species distribution, with three major zones commonly found on bedrock and boulder shores (Neto 2000, Neto et al. 2005, Wallenstein et al. 2009b). The uppermost intertidal level is dominated by littorinids (Fig. 3), while the mid-level zone is usually characterised by a fringe of chthamalid barnacles (Fig. 4), in which sometimes algae and limpets can occur (Fig. 5), followed by a lower area, in which either algal turf (generally monospecific and usually composed of Caulacanthus ustulatus (Turner) Kutzing) dominates (Fig. 6) or patches of the brown alga Fucus spiralis Linnaeus and the red agarophyte Gelidium microdon Kutzing (Fig. 7) grow interspaced with barnacles and algal turf. The lowest intertidal zone, representing the transition to the sublittoral envrironment, is either dominated by algal turf (generally multispecific and commonly dominated by coralline algae, Fig. 8) or by various species of frondose algae growing in bands (e.g. the brown alga Gongolaria abies-marina (S.G.Gmelin) Kuntze, Fig. 9) or forming patches amongst and over turf species (e.g. the agarophyte Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand and the calcareous Ellisolandia elongata (J.Ellis & Solander) K.R.Hind & G.W.Saunders, Fig. 10). The brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbes & Solier is very common at this level, growing epiphytically on several other algae. Seasonally, the red algae Porphyra/ Neopyropia and/or Nemalion elminthoides (Velley) Batters can be seen growing in patches at the mid-intertidal level. In some locations, the brown crust Nemoderma tingitanum Schousboe ex Bornet can be common at this shore level (Neto et al. 2005, Wallenstein et al. 2009b). Figure 3. EES Littorinids, a characteristic gastropod species of the Azorean high intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 9 Figure 4. EES] Chthamalid barnacles on Sao Miguel mid-intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). Sam & , Figure 5. EES Chthamalid barnacles, algal turf and limpet on Sao Miguel mid-intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). In spring and summer, considerable amounts of the introduced red alga Asparagopsis armata Harvey can be seen at the lower intertidal level, normally as an epiphyte on other algae (Neto, personal observation). At cobble locations, the zonation pattern of macroalgae species is not clear (Costa 1994). The many microhabitats and substrate instability tend to mask and attenuate the limits of the biological zones. Nevertheless, in locations where cobbles are large and their size enlarges towards the sea (e.g. Fenais da Luz, north shore), the profile is steeper and usually the mid-intertidal level is dominated by the green macroalgae Ulva linza Linnaeus, 10 Neto A et al U. clathrata (Roth) C.Agardh and U. rigida C.Agardh; the lower level is characterised by the presence of algal turf, mainly composed of Jania crassa J. V. Lamouroux and Corallina Officinalis Linnaeus, with epiphytic Rhodophyta, such as Asparagopsis armata Harvey, phase Falkenbergia rufolanosa (Harvey) F.Schmitz, Centroceras clavulatum (C.Agardh) Montagne, Ceramium ciliatum (J.Ellis) Ducluzeau, C. deslongchampsii Chauvin ex Duby and Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & J.N.Norris. In locations with small cobbles (e.g. Caloura, south coast) or where there is a mixture of large and small cobbles (e.g. Povoagao, south coast), the mid-intertidal level is usually characterised by fast growing algae, such as Cyanobacteria and the green algae Ulva spp., whereas the lowest level is also dominated by algal turf, but here mainly composed of C. officinalis and C. clavulatum (Caloura) or by C. clavulatum, Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericg, Jania sp. and Lophosiphonia sp. (Povoagao). Figure 6. EES] Algal turf, dominated by the red alga Caulacanthus ustulatus, on Sao Miguel mid-intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). Figure 7. EES The brown alga Fucus spiralis and the red agarophyte Gelidium microdon on Sao Miguel mid- intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Figure 8. EESl Multispecific algal turf and the coralline red alga Ellisolandia elongata on Sao Miguel low intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). Figure 9. EES] The brown alga Gongolaria abies-marina growing in bands at the low shore level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). 11 12 Neto A et al Important habitats at the shore level in bedrock locations are rock pools (Fig. 11). Differing in shape and size, they recreate a shallow subtidal habitat which may contain a rich diversity of marine algae and other marine organisms (Neto et al. 2005, Wallenstein et al. 2010). Figure 10. EEN Patches of the agarophyte Pterocladiella capillacea and the calcareous Ellisolandia elongata at the low intertidal level (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). Figure 11. EEN Low shore pool (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). The macroalgae diversity varies according to the pool location on the shore. Pools in the upper shore region are dominated by green algae, whilst those lower on the shore are dominated by red and brown algae. Similarly, faunal diversity in rock pools is greater at lower intertidal levels. The adjacent submerged zone is also dominated by algal vegetation, with the rocky bottoms covered by more frondose macrophytes (Neto 2001, Wallenstein et al. 2009b), such as the red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan, Ellisolandia elongata, Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 13 Jania spp., Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon, Pterocladiella capillacea and Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse and the brown algae Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P.De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux, Dictyota spp., Gongolaria abies marina (S.G.Gmelin) Kuntze, Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau and Zonaria _ tournefortii (J.V.Lamouroux) Montagne (Fig. 12). The introduced red alga, Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg, can be locally abundant below 15 m depth, usually as an ephiphyte on calcareous crusts; Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux and Dasya spp. are other red algal species that can be locally abundant. The green species Codium elisabethiae (Fig. 13) and the brown species Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy can also be locally common, mainly in locations with sand influence (Neto 2001). Figure 12. EEN The frondose brown algae Zonaria tournefortii and Dictyota spp. at the deepest level sampled (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). Figure 13. EEN The Macaronesian endemic Codium elisabethiae on the shallow bottoms of Sao Miguel Island (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). 14 Neto A et al Design description: The sampling referred to in this study was performed across littoral and sublittoral levels down to approximately 40 m. Each sampling location was visited several times and, on each occasion, a careful and extensive survey was undertaken to provide a good coverage of the area. Both presence recording and physical collections were made by walking over the intertidal shores during low tides or by SCUBA diving in the subtidal. The specimens collected were taken to the laboratory for identification and preservation and the resulting vouchers were deposited at the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores. Funding: This study was mainly financially supported by the following projects/scientific expeditions: ° Projects: ° ABLA/MAC — “Associacgoes Biologicas do Litoral Agoreano/Moluscos, Algas e Crustaceos”, funded by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (1987-1991); ° Azorean Algal Flora — “Studies on algal communities of Sao Miguel, Azores’, partially funded by CIRN/DB/UAc (1992-1996); ° BIA - “Biodiversity of Azores Archipelago”, funded by the Portuguese Science and_ Technology Foundation. PRAXIS/2/2.1/BIA/169/94 (1996-1999); ° BIOTOPE — “ Classification, mapping and modelling of Azorean littoral biotopes”, funded by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, POCTI MGS/4531 9/2002 (2003-2006); ° CAMAG/ORI — “Characterization of coastal water bodies on the islands of Santa Maria and Sao Miguel’, funded by the Regional Government of the Azores, Regional Secretariat for the Environment and the Sea, Regional Directorate for Planning and Water Resources (2008-2012); ° GESMAR - “ Sustainable management of marine Resources”, funded by the EU Funding Programme III B 2000-2006, Acores-Madeira-Canarias, GESMAR/MAC/2/C068 (2009-201 2): ° PATELGENE — “ Genetic Structure of Azorean Limpets: Implications for Conservation and Marine Protected Areas”, funded by the Portuguese Science and_ Technology Foundation, PIDC/BIA-BIC/115837/2009 (2011-2014); ° MACROBIOMOL -— “Macroalgae biodiversity under a molecular view - for a better understanding of North Atlantic Biogeography”, funded by PTDC/ MAR/114613/2009 (2011-2015); ° ASMAS — “Acores: Stop-over for Marine Alien Species?”, funded by the Government of the Azores - Regional Secretariat for the Sea, Science and Technology, M2.1.2/l/032/2011 (2012-2016): ° BUS —- “ Urban Structures: a driver of biodiversity change in coastal ecosystems?”, funded by the Portuguese Science and _ Technology Foundation, PTDC/MAR-EST/2160/2012 (2013-2015); Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 15 ECOSUBVEG -— “ Changes in submersed vegetation: assessing loss in ecosystems services from frondose to depauperate systems dominated by opportunistic vegetation”, funded by the Voluntary Scheme for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Territories of the EU Outermost Regions and Oversees Countries and Territories, BEST 07.032700/2012/635752/SUB/B2 (2013-2016); LAUMACAT - “ Diversity and phylogenetic relationships on the benthic marine algae with pharmacological potential: the Laurencia complex (Rhodophyta) in Macaronesian archipelagos, tropical and subtropical Atlantic’, funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Direccion General de Investigacion y Gestion del Plan Nacional de R+Dt+i, Subdireccion General de Proyectos de Investigacion, Gobierno de Espana (2010-2013) and by the Sao Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil, Proc. 2014 /00012-1 (2013 a 2016): BALA — “Elaboration of the implementation program of the marine strategy framework directive - biodiversity of the coastal environments of the Azores” (2 /DRAM /2015), funded by the Government of the Azores - Regional Secretariat for the Sea, Science and Technology, Regional Directorate for Sea Affairs, GRA /SRMCT-DRAM, (2015); PIMA — “Elaboration of the implementation program of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Marine Invasion Program in the Azores” (3/DRAM / 2015), funded by the Government of the Azores - Regional Secretariat for the Sea, Science and Technology, Regional Directorate for Sea Affairs, GRA /SRMCT-DRAM, (2015): ASPAZOR — “Ecosystem impacts and socioeconomic benefits of Asparagopsis armata in the Azores’, funded by the Regional Direction for Science, Technology. ACORES-01 -0145-FEDER-000060 (2016-2020): PORBIOTA - “ACORES-01-0145-F EDER-000072 - AZORES BIOPORTAL”, funded by the Operational Programme Azores 2020 (85% ERDF and 15% regional funds) (2019-2021); ° Scientific Expeditions and campaigns: O° “Campaign Macaronesia 2000”, under the project Macaronesia 2000 (2000-2001); “Waitt Foundation’, under the projects BALA and PIMA (2016); “BALA/PIMA’”, under the projects BALA and PIMA (2018); “PORBIOTA/2019” under the project ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072 - AZORES BIOPORTAL — PORBIOTA (2019); ° Other funds: ° Portuguese National Funds, through FCT — the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, within the projects UID/BIA/00329/2013, 2015-2019, UID/BIA/00329/2020-2023 and UID/BIA/50027/2019, UID/BIA/ 50027/2013-2020, UID/Multi/04423/2013, PEst-C/MAR/LA0015/2013 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821:; European Regional Development (ERD) funds through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors (COMPETE); 16 Neto A et al ° Portuguese Regional Funds, through DRCT - Regional Directorate for Science and Technology, within several projects, 2019 and 2020 and SRMCT /DRAM - Regional Secretariat for the Sea, Science and Technology, Regional Directorate for Sea Affairs; ° CIRN/DB/UAc (Research Centre for Natural Resources, Universidade dos Agores, Departamento de Biologia); ° CIIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal). Sampling methods Study extent: The present publication includes sampling performed over a relatively large area, covering littoral and sublittoral levels down to approximately 40 m around the Island (Table 1, Table 1. Fig. 2). Information and location of the sampling sites on Sao Miguel Island Location NO 1 Location ID Municipality Locality Latitude / Littoral Longitude zone SMG_L_APs Lagoa Agua de Pau | Subtidal 37°43'08'N, Subtidal 25°27'45"W SMG_L_APsE Lagoa Agua de Pau | Subtidal E 37°43'10"N, Subtidal 25°27'44"W SMG_L_APsW Lagoa Agua de Pau | Subtidal W 37°43'27'N, Subtidal 25°27'16"W SMG_L_Avb Lagoa Atalhada | Viteleiro | baia 37°44'38'"N, Subtidal 25°23'23"W SMG_L_Avem Lagoa Atalhada | Viteleiro | Entre-marés 37°44'43"N, Intertidal 25°23'24"W SMG_L_Chab Lagoa Caloura | Baixa da Areia | baia 37°42'50"N, Subtidal 25°28'11"W SMG_L_Ccb Lagoa Caloura | Cerco | baia 37°42'24'N, Subtidal 25°29'30"W SMG_L_CcbW Lagoa Caloura | Cerco | baia W 37°42'21"N, Subtidal 25°29'07"W SMG_L_Ccem Lagoa Caloura | Cerco | Entre-marés 37°42'27'N, Intertidal 25°29'27"W Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Location Location ID Municipality Locality NO 10 SMG_L_Cepgb Lagoa Caloura | Entre Porto e Galera | baia 11 SMG_L_Cgb Lagoa Caloura | Galera | baia 12 SMG_L_Chem Lagoa Caloura | Hotel | Entre-marés 13 SMG_L_Cpb Lagoa Caloura | porto | baia 14 SMG_L_Cpem Lagoa Caloura | porto | Entre-marés 15 SMA_L_Crcb Lagoa Caloura | Ribeira Cha | baia 16 SMG_L_Lbp Lagoa Lagoa | Bairro dos Pescadores 17 SMG_L_Lcrb Lagoa Lagoa | Cruzeiro | baia 18 SMG_L_Lcrem Lagoa Lagoa | Cruzeiro | Entre-marés 19 SMG_L_Lovem Lagoa Lagoa | Observatorio vulcanoldgico | Entre-marés 20 SMG_L_Lpib Lagoa Lagoa | Piscina | baia 21 SMG_L_Lpiem Lagoa Lagoa | Piscina | Entre-marés 22 SMG_L_Lpb Lagoa Lagoa | porto | baia 23 SMG_L_Pepem Lagoa Pisao | Entre praias | Entre- marés 24 SMG_N_AN Nordeste Achada do Nordeste 25 SMG_N_LGpsem Nordeste Lombo Gordo | Ponta do Sossego | Entre-marés 26 SMG_N_Nb6 Nordeste Nordeste | baia 6 Latitude / Longitude 37°42'24'N, 25°29'52"W 37°42'10"N, 25°29'27"W 37°42'50"N, 25°28'59"W 37°42'45"N, 25°30'15"W 37°42'47"N, 25°30'15"W 37°42'45"N, 25°30'16"W 37°44'23'N, 25°25'00"W 37°44'34"N, 25°25'56"W 37°44'32'"N, 25°25'49"W 37°44'31"N, 25°24'44"W 37°44'26"N, 25°25'33"W 37°44'29"N, 25°25'34"W 37°44'26"N, 25°25'25"W 37°43'02"N, 25°31'12"W 37°51'34"N, 25°43'23"W 37°47'18'N, 25°51'27"W 37°50'21"N, 25°52'15"W 17 Littoral zone Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Subtidal 18 Location NO 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Location ID SMG_N_Nb7 SMG_N_Npinb SMG_N_Npmb SMG_N_Npmgb SMG_N_Npaem SMG_PD_Bab SMG_PD_Baem SMG_PD_Cb SMG_PD_CPpb SMG_PD_FLem SMG_PD_Fb SMG_PD_Fem SMG_PD _Ftb SMG_PD_Ftem SMG_PD_Ftpfgs SMG_PD_Ftpem SMG_PD_Mib Municipality Nordeste Nordeste Nordeste Nordeste Nordeste Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Neto A et al Locality Nordeste | baia 7 Nordeste | Piscinas Naturais | baia Nordeste | Ponta da Madrugada | baia Nordeste | Ponta da Marquesa | baia Nordeste | Ponta do Arnel | Entre- mares Bretanha | Ajuda | baia Bretanha | Ajuda | Entre-marés Candelaria | baia Capelas | porto | baia Fenais da Luz | Entre-marés Ferraria | baia Ferraria | Entre-marés Feteiras | baia Feteiras | Entre-marés Feteiras | Ponta da Fonte Grande | Subtidal Feteiras | Porto | Entre-marés Mosteiros | llhéus | baia Latitude / Longitude 37°48'55"N, 25°53'22"W 37°50'39"N, 25°51'17"W 37°49'30"N, 25°52'25"W 37°47'59"N, 25°51'35"W 37°49'21"N, 25°51'49"W 37°54'02"N, 25°14'56"W 37°54'00"N, 25°15'00"W 37°49'15"N, 25°10'04"W 37°50'32"N, 25°18'46"W 37°49'54"N, 25°22'23"W 37°51'26"N, 25°08'51"W 37°51'30"N, 25°08'50"W 37°46'57"N, 25°13'24"W 37°48'13"N, 25°11'47"W 37°46'12"N, 25°13'48"W 37°48'12'"N, 25°11'49"W 37°53'20"N, 25°10'00"W Littoral zone Subtidal Subtidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Location NO 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Location ID SMG_PD_Mpinb SMG_PD_Mpinemb SMG_PD_Mpinemc1 SMG_PD_Mpinemc2 SMG_PD_Mpineme' SMG_PD_Mpineme2 SMG_PD_Mpineme3 SMG_PD_Mpineme4 SMG_PD_Mpinpo SMG_PD_Mpem SMG_PD_Mpremw SMG_PD_Pdcacb SMG_PD_PDeb SMG_PD_PDeem SMG_PD_PDeem SMG_PD_PDmle SMG_PD_Pdmleem Municipality Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Ponta Delgada Locality Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | baia Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | Entre-marés | Blocos Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | Entre-marés | Calhau 1 Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | Entre-marés | Calhau 2 Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | Entre-marés | Escoada 1 Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | Entre-marés | Escoada 2 Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | Entre-marés | Escoada 3 Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | Entre-marés | Escoada 4 Mosteiros | piscinas naturais | Pogas Mosteiros | porto | Entre-marés Mosteiros | Praia | Entre-marés (W) Ponta Delgada | Calheta | atras da cadeia | baia Ponta Delgada | Etar | baia Ponta Delgada | Etar | Entre- mares Ponta Delgada | Etar | Entre- mares Ponta Delgada | marina | lado externo Ponta Delgada | marina | lado externo | Entre-marés Latitude / Longitude 37°54'02'"N, 25°10'31"W 37°53'56"N, 25°10'58"W 37°53'58'"N, 25°10'45"W 37°53'57'N, 25°10'56"W 37°54'01"N, 25°10'50"W 37°53'59"N, 25°10'44"W 37°53'59"N, 25°10'46"W 37°54'02'"N, 25°10'54"W 37°54'01"N, 25°10'48"W 37°53'33"N, 25°10'42"W 37°53'20'N, 25°10'27"W 37°44'30"N, 25°20'46"W 37°44'27'N, 25°21'02"W 37°44'29"N, 25°21'02"W 37°44'29"N, 25°21'02"W 37°44'22'N, 25°20'35"W 37°44'22'N, 25°20'29"W 19 Littoral zone Subtidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal 20 Location NO 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Location ID SMG_PD_PDmli SMG_PD_PDmn SMG_PD_PDmn SMG_PD_PDpe SMG_PD_PDple SMG_PD_PDpli SMG_PD_PDscb SMG_PD_PDscfem SMG_PD_PDscpoem SMG_PD_Popmem SMG_PD_Poppem SMG_PD_Rb SMG_R_bes SMG_PD_SAACem SMG_PD_SRd SMG_PD_SRfcem SMG_PD_SRpb Neto A et al Municipality Locality Ponta Ponta Delgada | marina | lado Delgada interno Ponta Ponta Delgada | marina nova Delgada Ponta Ponta Delgada | marina nova Delgada Ponta Ponta Delgada | pesqueiro Delgada Ponta Ponta Delgada | porto | lado Delgada externo Ponta Ponta Delgada | porto | lado Delgada interno Ponta Ponta Delgada | Santa Clara | Delgada baia Ponta Ponta Delgada | Santa Clara | Delgada Farol | Entre-marés Ponta Ponta Delgada | Santa Clara | Delgada pontao | Entre-marés Ponta Pépulo | Praia das milicias | Delgada Entre-marés Ponta Pdpulo | Praia pequena | Entre- Delgada marés Ponta Relva | baia Delgada Ponta Relva | Baixa do Espelho | Delgada Subtidal Ponta Santo Anténio Alem Capelas | Delgada Entre-marés Ponta Sao Roque | Dori Delgada Ponta Sao Roque | Forno da Cal | Delgada Entre-marés Ponta Sao Roque | Pranchinha | baia Delgada Latitude / Longitude 37°44'26'"N, 25°20'29"W 37°44'20"N, 25°20'05"W 37°44'20"N, 25°20'05"W 37°44'21"N, 25°20'18"W 37°44'06"N, 25°20'28"W 37°44'11"N, 25°20'32"W 37°43'53'"N, 25°18'59"W 37°43'58"N, 25°18'46"W 37°43'58"N, 25°18'45"W 37°44'58"N, 25°22'38"W 37°44'56"N, 25°22'59"W 37°45'57'"N, 25°15'21"W 37°45'41"N, 25°15'29"W 37°51'52"N, 25°18'00"W 37°44'42"N, 25°22'22"W 37°44'39"N, 25°21'34"W 37°44'37'N, 25°21'08"W Littoral zone Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Subtidal Subtidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 21 Location Location ID Municipality Locality Latitude / Littoral NO Longitude zone 78 SMG_PD_SRpem Ponta Sao Roque | Pranchinha | Entre- 37°44'38"N, Intertidal Delgada marés 25°21'07"W 79 SMG_PD_SRrcb Ponta Sao Roque | Rosto do Cao | baia 37°44'36"N, Subtidal Delgada 25°21'39"W 80 SMG_PD_SRrcem1 Ponta Sao Roque | Rosto do Cao | 37°44'40'N, Intertidal Delgada Entre-marés 1 25°21'37"W 81 SMG_PD_SRrcem2 Ponta Sao Roque | Rosto do Cao | 37°44'38'"N, Intertidal Delgada Entre-marés 2 25°21'40"W 82 SMG_PD_SRrcem3 Ponta Sao Roque | Rosto do Cao | 37°44'40'"N, Intertidal Delgada Entre-marés 3 25°21'39"W 83 SMG_PD_SVpobe Ponta Sao Vicente | Pogos | baia (E) 37°50'06"N, Subtidal Delgada 25°20'04"W 84 SMG_PD_SVpobw Ponta Sao Vicente | Pocos | baia (W) 37°50'04'"N, Subtidal Delgada 25°19'55"W 85 SMG_PD_SVpoeme Ponta Sao Vicente | Pogos | Entre- 37°50'02"N, Intertidal Delgada marés (E) 25°19'53"W 86 SMG_PD_SVpoemw Ponta Sao Vicente | Pogos | Entre- 37°50'03"N, Intertidal Delgada marés (W) 25°19'53"W 87 SMG_PD_SVpoi Ponta Sao Vicente | Pocos | ilhéu 37°50'03"N, Subtidal Delgada 25°20'02"W 88 SMG_P_bls Povoagao Baixa da Lobeira | Subtidal 37°43'14'N, Subtidal 25°40'52"W 89 SMG_P_brqs Povoagao Baixa da Ribeira Quente | 37°43'26'"N, subtidal Subtidal 25°41'22"W 90 SMG_P_FTem Povoagao Faial da Terra | Entre-marés 37°44'20"N, Intertidal 25°48'12"W 91 SMG_P_RQbf Povoagao Ribeira Quente | baia | 37°43'36"N, Subtidal Fumarolas 25°41'22"W 92 SMG_P_RQbr Povoagao Ribeira Quente | Baixa da Ribeira 37°43'59"N, Subtidal 25°42'16"W 93 SMG_P_RQborb Povoagao Ribeira Quente | Boca da Ribeira 37°43'59"N, Subtidal | baia 25°42'23"W 94 SMG_P_RQrcem Povoagao Ribeira Quente | Rua do Castelo | 37°43'43"N, Intertidal Entre-marés 25°41'32"W 22 Neto A et al Location Location ID Municipality Locality Latitude / Littoral NO Longitude zone 95 SMG_RG_apgrpcpm21s_ Ribeira Area Protegida de Gestdo de 37°50'34"N, Subtidal Grande Recursos da Ponta do Cintrao— 25°30'51"W Ponta da Maia (SMG21) | Subtidal 96 SMG_RG_FAem Ribeira Fenais da Ajuda | Entre-marés 37°51'56"N, Intertidal Grande 25°41'01"W 97 SMG_RG_Mamem Ribeira Maia | Alameda do Mar | Entre- 37°50'03"N, Intertidal Grande marés 25°36'17"W 98 SMG_RG_M_cms Ribeira Maia | Cabecinhos da Maia | 37°50'44'"N, Subtidal Grande Subtidal 25°36'00"W 99 SMG_RG_Mfmb Ribeira Maia | Frade da Maia | baia 37°50'17"N, Subtidal Grande 25°36'07"W 100 SMG_RG_Mlmb Ribeira Maia | Lomba da Maia | baia 37°50'56"N, Subtidal Grande 25°38'43"W 101 SMG_RG_Mpinpb Ribeira Maia | Piscinas naturais | pontas | 37°50'08"N, Subtidal Grande baia 25°36'20"W 102 SMG_RG_Mpinpem Ribeira Maia | Piscinas naturais | pontas | 37°50'10"N, Intertidal Grande Entre-marés 25°36'23"W 103 SMG_RG_Mpem Ribeira Maia | porto | Entre-marés 37°50'02"N, Intertidal Grande 25°36'47"W 104 SMG_RG_PFbE Ribeira Porto Formoso | baia E 37°50'00"N, Subtidal Grande 25°33'58"W 105 SMG_RG_PFpb Ribeira Porto Formoso | porto | baia 37°49'29'"N, Subtidal Grande 25°34'22"W 106 SMG_RG_PFpem Ribeira Porto Formoso | porto | Entre- 37°49'27'N, Intertidal Grande marés 25°34'27"W 107 SMG_RG_Pfprem Ribeira Porto Formoso | praia | Entre- 37°49'25'"N, Intertidal Grande marés 25°33'25"W 108 SMG_RG_PFpmb Ribeira Porto Formoso | Praia dos 37°50'13"N, Subtidal Grande moinhos | baia 25°33'05"W 109 SMG_RG_PFsbb Ribeira Porto Formoso | Sao Bras |baia 37°49'46"N, Subtidal Grande 25°35'08"W 110 SMG_RG_Pfztem Ribeira Porto Formoso | Zona termal | 37°49'36"N, Intertidal Grande Entre-marés 25°31'38"W Location NO 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Location ID SMG_RG_RPcem SMG_RG_RGbem SMG_RG_Rfpb SMG_RG_Rpcb SMG_RG_Rpsib SMG_RG_RpsibW SMG_RG_Rpsiem SMG_PD_SVpoemw SMG_VF_AA_bgs SMG_VF_AAbr SMA_VE_AAtm SMG_VF_PGb SMG_VF_PGb SMG_VF_PGbE SMG_VF_PGem1 SMG_VF_PGem2 SMG_VF_RPem Municipality Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande Vila Franca do Campo Vila Franca do Campo Vila Franca do Campo Vila Franca do Campo Vila Franca do Campo Vila Franca do Campo Vila Franca do Campo Vila Franca do Campo Vila Franca do Campo Locality Rabo de Peixe | Calhetas | Entre- mares Ribeira Grande | Bandejo | Entre- mares Ribeirinha | Furna da Pataca | baia Ribeirinha | Ponta do Cintrado | baia Ribeirinha | Porto de Santa Iria | baia Ribeirinha | Porto de Santa Iria | baia W Ribeirinha | Porto de Santa Iria | Entre-marés Sao Vicente | Pogos | Entre- marés (VW) Agua de Alto | Baixa da Garoupa | Subtidal Agua de Alto | Boca da Ribeira Agua de Alto | Trés Marias Ponta Garga | baia Ponta Garga | baia Ponta Garga | baia E Ponta Garga | Entre-marés 1 Ponta Garga | Entre-marés 2 Ribeira da Praia | Entre-marés Latitude / Longitude 37°49'28'"N, 25°23'42"W 37°49'17"N, 25°27'51"W 37°50'35'"N, 25°30'52"W 37°50'11"N, 25°31'20"W 37°50'08"N, 25°30'59"W 37°50'34'"N, 25°30'06"W 37°50'08"N, 25°30'56"W 37°50'03'"N, 25°19'53"W 37°42'31"N, 25°31'47"W 37°42'56"N, 25°32'48"W 37°42'29"N, 25°31'56"W 37°42'56"N, 25°36'41"W 37°42'56"N, 25°36'41"W 37°42'46"N, 25°37'36"W 37°42'58"N, 25°36'48"W 37°42'59"N, 25°36'41"W 37°42'54"N, 25°34'43"W 23 Littoral zone Intertidal Intertidal Subtidal Subtidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Intertidal Subtidal Subtidal Intertidal Intertidal Intertidal 24 Neto A et al Location Location ID Municipality Locality Latitude / Littoral NO Longitude zone 128 SMG_VF_RTem Vila Franca Ribeira das Tainhas | Entre- 37°42'55'"N, Intertidal do Campo marés 25°35'52"W 129 SMG_VF_VFile Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo | Ilhéu | 37°42'14'N, Subtidal do Campo lado externo 25°33'27"W 130 SMG_VF_VFilep Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo | Ilhéu | 37°42'00"N, Subtidal do Campo lado externo | picos 25°33'22"W 131 SMG_VF_VFileE Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo | Ilhéu | 37°42'18'N, Subtidal do Campo lado externo E 25°33'32"W 132 SMG_VF_VFileS Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo | Ilhéu | 37°42'14'N, Subtidal do Campo lado externo S 25°33'20"W 133 SMG_VF_VFileSW Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo | Ilhéu | 37°42'15'N, Subtidal do Campo lado externo SW 25°33'19"W 134 SMG_VF_VFmem Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo |marina| 37°42'54"N, Intertidal do Campo Entre-marés 25°34'16"W 135 SMG_VF_VFnili Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo |marina| = 37°42'50"N, Subtidal do Campo lado interno 25°34'12"W 136 SMG_VF_VFpbw Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo | porto | 37°42'45'N, Subtidal do Campo baia (W) 25°33'53"W 137 SMG_VF_VFpemw Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo | porto | 37°42'50"N, Intertidal do Campo Entre-marés (W) 25°33'58"W 138 SMG_VF_VFpem Vila Franca Vila Franca do Campo | praia | 37°42'59"N, Intertidal do Campo Entre-marés 25°34'22"W Sampling description: Sampling involved species presence recording and/or specimen collecting at each sampling location. Species recording data were gathered by registering all species present in the sampled locations (Fig. 14). Destructive samples were obtained by scraping and/or manually collecting one or two specimens of every species found (Fig. 15). Intertidal collections were made during low tide by walking over the shores. Subtidal collections were made by SCUBA diving. Quality control: Each specimen collected was identified by trained taxonomists and involved morphological and anatomical observations of whole specimens by eye and/or of histological preparations under the microscope to determine the main diagnostic features of each species as described in literature. Step description: At the laboratory, specimen sorting and macroalgae identification followed standard procedures. A combination of morphological and anatomical characters and reproductive structures was used for species identification. For small and simple thalli, this required the observation of the entire thallus with the naked eye and/or using Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 25 dissecting and compound microscopes. For larger and more complex algae, investigation of the thallus anatomy required histological preparations (longitudinal and transverse sections) or squashed preparations of mucilaginous thalli, sometimes after staining, to observe vegetative and reproductive structures and other diagnostic features. Figure 14. EES Quantitative recording of the presence and coverage of macroalgal species at the intertidal rocky habitat (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). Figure 15. EE Collecting macroalgae in the subtidal of Sao Miguel Island (by the Island Aquatic Ecology Subgroup of cE3c-ABG). The Azorean algal flora has components from several geographical regions, which implies difficulties in species identification. Floras and keys for the North Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic and Western Mediterranean were, therefore, used (e.g. Schmidt 1931, Taylor 1967, Taylor 1978, Levring 1974, Dixon and Irvine 1977, Lawson and John 1982, Irvine 1983, Gayral 26 Neto A et al and Cosson 1986, Fletcher 1987, Afonso-Carrillo and Sanson 1989, Burrows 1991, Boudouresque et al. 1992, Cabioc'h et al. 1992, Maggs and Hommersand 1993, Irvine and Chamberlain 1994, Brodie et al. 2007, Llorens et al. 2012, Rodriguez-Prieto et al. 2013). For more critical and taxonomically-difficult taxa, specimens were taken to the Natural History Museum (London) for comparison with collections there. A reference collection was made for all collected specimens by assigning them a herbarium code number and depositing them at the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, University of Azores. Depending on the species and on planned further research, different methods of preservation were used, namely (i) wet collections using 5% buffered formaldehyde seawater and then replacing it by the fixing agent Kew (Bridsen and Forman 1999); (ii) dried collections, either by pressing the algae (most species) as described by Gayral and Cosson (1986) or by letting them air dry (calcareous species); and (iii) silica gel collections for molecular studies. Nomenclatural and taxonomic status used here follow Algaebase (Guiry and Guiry 2021). The database was organised on FileMaker Pro. Geographic coverage Description: Sao Miguel Island Description: Azores, Portugal (approximately 37°54'58"N, 25°51'52"W). Coordinates: 37°42'45"N and 37°54'57"N Latitude; 25°52'10"W and 25°08'06"W Longitude. Taxonomic coverage Description: All macroalgae were identified to genus or species level. In total, 431 taxa were identified belonging to 36 orders and 83 families, distributed amongst the phyla Rhodophyta (20 orders and 50 families), Chlorophyta (5 orders and 14 families) and Ochrophyta (11 orders and 19 families). Taxa included: Rank Scientific Name Common Name phylum Rhodophyta Red algae phylum Chlorophyta Green algae phylum Ochrophyta Brown algae Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 27 Temporal coverage Notes: The sampling was performed on several occasions in the period between 1989 and 2019. Collection data Collection name: AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)- Campaign Macaronesia 2000; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Occasional sampling; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project ABLA/MAC; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project ASPAZOR; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project Azorean Algal Flora; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project BIA (Biodiversity of Azores Archipelago); AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project BIOTOPE; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project BUS; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project ECOSUBVEG; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project GESMAR; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project LAUMACAT; AZB | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project PATELGENE; LSM | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Nordeste Expedition; LSM | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Occasional sampling; LSM | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Postdoc Manuela | Parente; LSM | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project LusoMarBol; LSM | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Sabrina Expedition; LSM | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Islands (Azores)-Master Project Artur Oliveira; LSM | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Occasional sampling; LSM | Marine macroalgae collection of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project MACROBIOMOL; AZB | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project BIA (Biodiversity of Azores Archipelago); AZB | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)- Project BIOTOPE; AZB | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)- Project BUS; AZB | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project GESMAR; AZB | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Occasional sampling; AZB | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Project Azorean Algal Flora; AZB | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)- Project CAMAG-ORI-SMG; LSM | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Occasional sampling; LSM | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Campaign Waitt Foundation/2016; LSM | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-Campaign Waitt Foundation-BALA/PIMA/2016; LSM | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-PhD Andrea Z Botelho; LSM | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-PIMA/2016; LSM | Marine macroalgae occurrence of Sao Miguel Island (Azores)-PIMA/BALA/2019 28 Neto A et al Collection identifier: a6ad-42f8-9342-3d9651 3fe808; c063f27f-5530-4e08-b50a-03843d61fb77; 445ca45c-3ba5-4a95-9289-39b944d6894e; 21215ae4-0e1 f-44f0-95a8-dbed8022cfb0; 2840e5e1 -4353-40f1-81c7-9c29ade05d2c; ee3acc/e-abcf-4dec-9c08-961e15d4c029; 1fbe2045-3ccb-4e38-9058-d7927e76db62: ef2b1875-8520-4520-b6e0-48a1 039f9b1 f; 4a97a5db-4970-4f54-b598-d1125a6b8c63; 54b8c165-ab1 7-4489-9382-e1 9f7a6af090; 2d7e1c20-23be-4e81-b349-4dba060ef8de; 7a3f16c8-fb0e-4118-bf69-54dd200241 46: bd4dddc7-c708-4b0d-b912-e9a0a14a87f8; b252cbd3-385a-4808-bd39-05add8d8eca0; fd958ad3-143a-4be7-bc89-0b58879c36ef; 3cee8546-66d5-49c1 -b63f-8efd4227ccc9; 5f198d55- 15c76196-2b68-40cf-b49a-9392237f8d4d; 996ba65a-d07a-4f4f-a1 7f-511a40983710; 90fb970e-9be1 -4caf-89ea-d3823235908a; 3dee61eb-0b56-4794-9d4e-75f2dce26918; 7e12ab6e-a568-48aa-8ec3-0697ca734dac; c4d4cb43-1 9d4-4633-b252-0e73e6600800; 22941d45-0678-49fb-bdfe-8b0052ceb298; 64a1cad8-6242-4075-b762-64b84350864c; 494c9846-f867-4203-b476-42eb0789ca39; 3353c5f1-a12d-4c21-a0a2-c6c080d5d9fc; 5b048916-da07-4366-97f6-31741d804e51; 15799ce3-106e-48ff-933d-3d6a0a5b079d; f9a307a6-1137-4265-baae-85924ef72ae7; 5efb9cd5-d89c-4ee9-b29d-9c4ce401e186; 52e0ab57-3fe9-436e-90d8-5ea2e1f4899e; 57fc6968-c1f3-4802-9c73-0609a61b8b10; f5b2f2cc-58c8-4bdf-9ab3-1fese5feea65 Parent collection identifier: AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; LSM - Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable; Not applicable Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 29 Specimen preservation method: Air dry, Dried and pressed; Wet (Formalin; fixing agent Kew), Silica gel Curatorial unit: AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of the Azores Usage licence Usage licence: Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero) Data resources Data package title: Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Resource link: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=sao_miguel_macroalgal flora Alternative identifiers: https:/Awww.gbif.org/dataset/322b5629-997c-4986-ada9- 7d9d078d8648; https://doi.org/10.15468/xtuzd3 Number of data sets: 1 Data set name: Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Download URL: hitp://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=sao_miguel_macroalgal_flora& v=1.0 Data format: Darwin Core Archive Data format version: 1.3 Description: This data paper presents physical and occurrence data from macroalgal surveys undertaken on Sao Miguel Island between 1989 and 2019 (Neto et al. 2021b). The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: event (as core) and occurrences. The data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data table contains 506 records (eventID). The extension data table has 12,781 occurrences. An extension record supplies extra information about a core record. The number of records in each extension data table is illustrated in the IPT link. This IPT archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for downloading in the downloads section. Column label Column description eventID Identifier of the event, unique for the dataset country Country of the sampling site countryCode Code of the country where the event occurred 30 stateProvince island municipality locality locationID decimalLatitude decimalLongitude geodeticDatum coordinateUncertaintyInMetres eventDate year samplingProtocol locationRemarks minimumDepthinMetres maximumDepthinMetres eventRemarks occurrencelD institution|D institutionCode collectionID collectionCode datasetName kingdom phylum class order family genus specificEpithet Neto A et al Name of the region Name of the island Name of the municipality Name of the locality Identifier of the location The geographic latitude of the sampling site The geographic longitude of the sampling site The spatial reference system upon which the geographic coordinates are based The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location Time interval when the event occurred The year of the event Sampling method used during an event Zonation level The minimum depth in metres where the specimen was found The maximum depth in metres where the specimen was found Notes about the event Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier The identifier for the institution having custody of the object or information referred to in the record The acronym of the institution having custody of the object or information referred to in the record An identifier of the collection to which the record belongs The name of the collection from which the record was derived The name identifying the dataset from which the record was derived Kingdom name Phylum name Class name Order name Family name Genus name The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName infraspecificEpithet acceptedNameUsage previouslidentifications scientificName scientificNameAuthorship taxonRank basisOfRecord habitat organismQuantityType organismQuantity recordedBy catalogNumber identifiedBy type preparations establishmentMeans occurrenceRemarks Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 31 The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName, excluding any rank designation The specimen accepted name, with authorship Previous name of the specimen, with authorship The name without authorship applied on the first identification of the specimen The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName The specific nature of the data record Description of the habitat where the specimen was found The type of quantification system used to quantify the organisms Percentage of the organism coverage Person(s) responsible for sampling Identifying code for a unique sample lot in a biological collection Person(s) responsible for taxa identification The nature of the resource The preservation method used for the specimen The establishment status of the organism in the study region New record status assignment licence Reference to the licence under which the record is published Additional information This paper accommodates the 12,781 specimens of macroalgae recorded from Sao Miguel Island in 431 taxa comprising 323 confirmed species (Tables 2, 3) and 108 taxa identified only to genus level. The confirmed species (Table 3) include 212 Rhodophyta, 48 Chlorophyta and 63 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Of these, 61 species are newly recorded to the Island (42 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta and 10 Ochrophyta). Most species are native, Predaea feldmannii subsp. azorica is an Azorean endemic, whereas the rhodophyta Botryocladia macaronesica, Laurencia viridis, Millerella tinerfensis, Phyllophora gelidioides and the Chlorophyta Codium elisabethiae are Macaronesian endemics. Nineteen species represent introductions to the algal flora (the Rhodophyta Antithamnion diminuatum Wollaston, Antithamnion hubbsii E.Y.Dawson, Antithamnionella spirographidis (Schiffner) E.M.Wollaston, Antithamnionella ternifolia (J.D.Hooker & Harvey) Lyle, Asparagopsis armata, Grallatoriaa reptans M.Howe, Gymnophycus hapsiphorus Huisman & Kraft, Laurencia brongniartii JAgardh, Laurencia dendroidea J.Agardh, Neoizziella divaricata (C.K.Tseng) S.-M.Lin, S.-Y.Yang & Huisman, Scageliopsis patens E.M.Wollaston, 32 Neto A et al Symphyocladia marchantioides, Xiphosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Savoie & G.W.Saunders and Xiphosiphonia pinnulata (Kutzing) Savoie & G.W.Saunders; the Chlorophyta Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) J.V.Lamouroux and Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot; and the Ochrophyta Papenfussiella kuromo (Yendo) Inagaki and Petalonia binghamiae (J.Agardh) K.L.Vinogradova. Thirty-two species have an uncertain status (21 Rhodophyta, 5 Chlorophyta and 6 Ochrophyta). Table 2. Macroalgal species recorded from Sao Miguel Island, with information on relative abundance, origin and status. Phylum Species (Accepted Name) Number of Establishment Occurrence records means remarks Rhodophyta Acrosorium ciliolatum (Harvey) Kylin 826 Native Rhodophyta Agardhinula browneae (J.Agardh) De Toni 1 Native Rhodophyta Aglaothamnion bipinnatum (P.Crouan & H.Crouan) 24 Native New record Feldmann & G. Feldmann Rhodophyta Aglaothamnion pseudobyssoides (P.Crouan & 1 Native H.Crouan) Halos Rhodophyta Aglaothamnion tenuissimum (Bonnemaison) 14 Uncertain Feldmann-Mazoyer Rhodophyta Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis (Greville) P.C.Silva & 5 Native DeCew Rhodophyta Amphiroa beauvoisii J.V.Lamouroux 12 Native Rhodophyta Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini 4 Native Rhodophyta Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux 3 Native Rhodophyta Anotrichium barbatum (C.Agardh) Nageli 8 Native Rhodophyta Anotrichium furcellatum (J.Agardh) Baldock 14 Uncertain Rhodophyta Anotrichium tenue (C.Agardh) Nageli 1 Native Rhodophyta Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Agardh) Nageli 11 Native New record Rhodophyta Antithamnion decipiens (J.Agardh) Athanasiadis 1 Native Rhodophyta Antithamnion diminuatum Wollaston 6 Introduced Rhodophyta Antithamnion hubbsii E.Y.Dawson 7 Introduced New record Rhodophyta Antithamnionella boergesenii (Cormaci & G.Furnari) 1 Uncertain Athanasiadis Rhodophyta Antithamnionella floccosa (O.F.Muller) Whittick 1 Native New record Rhodophyta Antithamnionella spirographidis (Schiffner) 1 Introduced New record E.M.Wollaston Rhodophyta Antithamnionella ternifolia (J.D.Hooker & Harvey) 2 Introduced Lyle Phylum Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Species (Accepted Name) Aphanocladia stichidiosa (Funk) Ardré Apoglossum ruscifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Asparagopsis armata Harvey Asparagopsis armata Harvey, phase Falkenbergia rufolanosa (Harvey) F.Schmitz Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan Asteromenia peltata (W.R.Taylor) Huisman & A.J.K.Millar Balliella cladoderma (Zanardini) Athanasiadis Bangia atropurpurea (Mertens ex Roth) C.Agardh Bonnemaisonia asparagoides (Woodward) C.Agardh Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot Bornetia secundiflora (J.Agardh) Thuret Bostrychia scorpioides (Hudson) Montagne Botryocladia botryoides (Wulfen) Feldmann Botryocladia macaronesica Afonso-Carillo, Sobrino, Tittley & Neto Callithamnion corymbosum (Smith) Lyngbye Callithamnion granulatum (Ducluzeau) C. Agardh Callithamnion tetragonum (Withering) S.F.Gray Callithamnion tetricum (Dillwyn) S.F.Gray Carradoriella denudata (Dillwyn) Savoie & G.W.Saunders Carradoriella elongata (Hudson) A.M.Savoie & G.W.Saunders Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L.M.Irvine Caulacanthus ustulatus (Turner) Kitzing Centroceras clavulatum (C.Agardh) Montagne Ceramium botryocarpum A.W.Griffiths ex Harvey Ceramium ciliatum (J.Ellis) Ducluzeau Ceramium cimbricum H.E.Petersen Ceramium circinatum (Kutzing) J.Agardh Ceramium desiongchampsii Chauvin ex Duby Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth Number of Establishment records 34 154 15 26 means Native Native Introduced Introduced Native Native Native Native Native Introduced Native Native Native Macaronesian endemism Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Occurrence remarks New record New record New record New record New record 33 34 Neto A et al Phylum Species (Accepted Name) Number of Establishment Occurrence records means remarks Rhodophyta Ceramium echionotum J.Agardh 10 Native Rhodophyta Ceramium pallidum (Kutzing) Maggs & 24 Native New record Hommersand Rhodophyta Ceramium secundatum Lyngbye 19 Native New record Rhodophyta Ceramium tenuicorne (Kitzing) Waern 11 Native New record Rhodophyta Ceramium virgatum Roth 23 Native Rhodophyta Ceratodictyon intricatum (C.Agardh) R.E.Norris 2 Native Rhodophyta Champia parvula (C.Agardh) Harvey 10 Native Rhodophyta Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq 203 Native Rhodophyta Chondracanthus teedei (Mertens ex Roth) Kiitzing 57 Native Rhodophyta Chondria capillaris (Hudson) M.J.Wynne 2 Native Rhodophyta Chondria coerulescens (J.Agardh) Sauvageau 29 Uncertain Rhodophyta Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C.Agardh 22 Uncertain Rhodophyta Coelothrix irregularis (Harvey) Borgesen 2 Native Rhodophyta Compsothamnion decompositum (J.Agardh) Maggs 2 Native & L'Hardy-Halos Rhodophyta Corallina ferreyrae E.Y.Dawson, Acleto & Foldvik 30 Native New record Rhodophyta Corallina officinalis Linnaeus 140 Native Rhodophyta Cottoniella filamentosa (M.Howe) Bérgesen 15 Native New record Rhodophyta Crouania attenuata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh 5 Native Rhodophyta Cruoria pellita (Lyngbye) Fries 2 Native New record Rhodophyta Cryptonemia crenulata (J.Agardh) J.Agardh 1 Uncertain New record Rhodophyta Cryptonemia seminervis (C.Agardh) J.Agardh 2 Native Rhodophyta Cryptopleura ramosa (Hudson) L.Newton 9 Native Rhodophyta Dasya baillouviana (S.G.Gmelin) Montagne 6 Uncertain Rhodophyta Dasya caraibica Bergesen 1 Native New record Rhodophyta Dasya corymbifera J.Agardh 3 Native Rhodophyta Dasya crouaniana J.Agardh 1 Native New record Rhodophyta Dasya hutchinsiae Harvey 6 Native Rhodophyta Dasya ocellata (Grateloup) Harvey 3 Native Rhodophyta Dermocorynus dichotomus (J.Agardh) Gargiulo, 67 Native M.Morabito & Manghisi Rhodophyta Diplothamnion jolyi C.Hoek 8 Native Phylum Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Species (Accepted Name) Drachiella heterocarpa (Chauvin ex Duby) Maggs & Hommersand Dudresnaya crassa M.Howe Dudresnaya verticillata (Withering) Le Jolis Ellisolandia elongata (J.Ellis & Solander) K.R.Hind & G.W.Saunders Erythrocystis montagnei (Derbés & Solier) P.C.Silva Erythrodermis traillii (Holmes ex Batters) Guiry & Garbary Erythroglossum laciniatum (Lightfoot) Maggs & Hommersand Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J.Agardh Eupogodon planus (C.Agardh) Kitzing Gaillona gallica (Nageli) Athanasiadis Gaillona hookeri (Dillwyn) Athanasiadis Gastrocionium clavatum (Roth) Ardissone Gastrocilonium ovatum (Hudson) Papenfuss Gastroclonium reflexum (Chauvin) Kitzing Gayliella flaccida (Harvey ex Kitzing) T.0.Cho & L.J.Mclvor Gelidium corneum (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Gelidium microdon Kitzing Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva Gigartina pistillata (S.G.Gmelin) Stackhouse Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, L.M. Irvine & Farnham Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey Gracilariopsis longissima (S.G.Gmelin) Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & Farnham Grallatoria reptans M.Howe Grateloupia filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh Griffithsia corallinoides (Linnaeus) Trevisan Griffithsia phyllamphora J.Agardh Gymnogongrus crenulatus (Turner) J.Agardh Number of Establishment records 5 67 10 17 23 150 12 21 107 means Native Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Introduced Native Native Uncertain Native Occurrence remarks New record New record New record 35 36 Phylum Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Species (Accepted Name) Neto A et al Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) C.Martius Gymnophycus hapsiphorus Huisman & Kraft Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousboe ex C.Agardh) J.Agardh Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kitzing Halurus flosculosus (J.Ellis) Maggs & Hommersand Haraldia lenormandii (Derbés & Solier) Feldmann Haraldiophyllum bonnemaisonii (Kylin) A.D.Zinova Herposiphonia secunda (C.Agardh) Ambronn Heterosiphonia crispella (C.Agardh) M.J.Wynne Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini Hypnea arbuscula P.J.L.Dangeard Hypnea cervicornis J.Agardh Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Stackhouse) Collins & Hervey ltonoa marginifera (J.Agardh) Masuda & Guiry Jania crassa J.V.Lamouroux Jania longifurca Zanardini Jania pedunculata var. adhaerens (J.V.Lamouroux) A.S.Harvey, Woelkerling & Reviers Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux Jania squamata (Linnaeus) J.H.Kim, Guiry & H.- G.Choi Jania verrucosa J.V.Lamouroux Jania virgata (Zanardini) Montagne Kallymenia reniformis (Turner) J.Agardh Laurencia brongniarti J.Agardh Laurencia dendroidea J.Agardh Laurencia intricata J.V.Lamouroux Laurencia microcladia Kutzing Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux Laurencia pyramidalis Bory ex Kitzing Laurencia tenera C.K.Tseng Number of Establishment records 115 1 4 26 4 1 17 11 14 means Native Introduced Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Native Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Introduced Introduced Native Native Native Native Native Occurrence remarks New record New record New record New record New record New record Phylum Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Species (Accepted Name) Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores records Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodriguez & Haroun 21 Laurenciella marilzae (Gil-Rodriguez, Senties, 6 Diaz-Larrea, Cassano & M.T.Fujii) Gil-Rodriguez, Senties, Diaz-Larrea, Cassano & M.T.Fujii Leptosiphonia brodiei (Dillwyn) Savoie & 14 G.W.Saunders Liagora distenta (Mertens ex Roth) J.V.Lamouroux 21 Liagora viscida (Forsskal) C.Agardh 11 Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye 128 Meredithia microphylla (J.Agardh) J.Agardh 55 Millerella tinerfensis (Seoane-Camba) S.M.Boo & 4 J.M.Rico Monosporus pedicellatus (Smith) Solier 1 Myriogramme minuta Kylin 12 Nemalion elminthoides (Velley) Batters 4 Neoizziella divaricata (C.K.Tseng) S.-M.Lin, S.- 14 Y.Yang & Huisman Neopyropia leucosticta (Thuret) L.-E.Yang & 1 J.Brodie Nitophyllum punctatum (Stackhouse) Greville 19 Osmundea hybrida (A.P.de Candolle) K.W.Nam 12 Osmundea oederi (Gunnerus) G.Furnari 1 Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse 151 Osmundea truncata (Kitzing) K.W.Nam & Maggs 7 Palisada corallopsis (Montagne) Senties, Fujii & 2 Diaz-Larrea Peyssonnelia squamaria (S.G.Gmelin) Decaisne ex 71 J.Agardh Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon 37 Phyllophora gelidioides P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex 2 Karsakoff Phyllophora sicula (Kitzing) Guiry & L.M.Irvine 5 Platoma cyclocolpum (Montagne) F.Schmitz 139 Platysiphonia delicata (Clemente) Cremades 3 Pleonosporium borreri (Smith) Nageli 7 Number of Establishment means Macaronesian endemism Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Macaronesian endemism Native Native Native Introduced Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Macaronesian endemism Native Native Native Native 37 Occurrence remarks New record New record New record New record New record New record New record 38 Phylum Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Neto A et al Species (Accepted Name) Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) P.S.Dixon Pneophyllum confervicola (Kitzing) Y.M.Chamberlain Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & J.N.Norris Polysiphonia havanensis Montagne Polysiphonia opaca (C.Agardh) Moris & De Notaris Polysiphonia stricta (Mertens ex Dillwyn) Greville Porphyra umbilicalis Kitzing Porphyrostromium ciliare (Carmichael) M.J.Wynne Predaea feldmannii Bergesen Predaea feldmannii subsp. azorica Gabriel Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand Pterothamnion crisoum (Ducluzeau) Nageli Pterothamnion plumula (J.Ellis) Nageli Ptilothamnion pluma (Dillwyn) Thuret Radicilingua thysanorhizans (Holmes) Papenfuss Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss Rhodymenia holmesii Ardissone Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (J.V.Lamouroux) P.C.Silva Scagelia pylaisaei (Montagne) M.J.Wynne Scageliopsis patens E.M.Wollaston Schimmelmannia schousboei (J.Agardh) J.Agardh Schizymenia apoda (J.Agardh) J.Agardh Schottera nicaeensis (J.V.Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg Scinaia furcellata (Turner) J.Agardh Scinaia interrupta (A.P.de Candolle) M.J.Wynne Sebdenia dichotoma Berthold Sebdenia rodrigueziana (Feldmann) Codomier ex Athanasiadis Spermothamnion repens (Dillwyn) Magnus Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse Number of Establishment records 173 1 377 92 18 68 means Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Azorean endemism Native Native Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Native Introduced Native Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Native Native Occurrence remarks New record New record New record New record Phylum Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Species (Accepted Name) Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey Stichothamnion cymatophilum Bergesen Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M.Drew Stylonema cornu-cervi Reinsch Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg Taenioma nanum (Kutzing) Papenfuss Tenarea tortuosa (Esper) Me.Lemoine Vertebrata foetidissima (Cocks ex Bornet) Diaz- Tapia & Maggs Vertebrata fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kuntze Vertebrata fucoides (Hudson) Kuntze Vertebrata furcellata (C.Agardh) Kuntze Vertebrata hypnoides (Welwitsch) Kuntze Vertebrata nigra (Hudson) Diaz-Tapia & Maggs Vertebrata reptabunda (Suhr) Diaz-Tapia & Maggs Vertebrata tripinnata (Harvey) Kuntze Wrangelia penicillata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh Wurdemannia miniata (Sprengel) Feldmann & Hamel Xiphosiphonia ardreana (Maggs & Hommersand) Savoie & G.W.Saunders Xiphosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Savoie & G.W.Saunders Xiphosiphonia pinnulata (Kitzing) Savoie & G.W.Saunders Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C.Agardh Blidingia marginata (J.Agardh) P.J.L.Dangeard ex Bliding Blidingia minima (Nageli ex Kutzing) Kylin Bryopsis cupressina J.V.Lamouroux Bryopsis duplex De Notaris Bryopsis hypnoides J.V.Lamouroux Bryopsis pennata J.V.Lamouroux Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh Number of Establishment records 1 1 2 71 means Native Native Native Native Introduced Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Uncertain Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Introduced Introduced Uncertain Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Occurrence remarks New record New record New record New record New record 39 40 Phylum Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Chlorophyta Neto A et al Species (Accepted Name) Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) J.V.Lamouroux Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kitzing Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Muller) Kitzing Chaetomorpha pachynema (Montagne) Kitzing Cladophora albida (Nees) Kutzing Cladophora coelothrix Kutzing Cladophora conferta P.Crouan & H.Crouan Cladophora dalmatica Kutzing Cladophora hutchinsiae (Dillwyn) Kitzing Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kutzing Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kitzing Cladophora liebetruthii Grunow Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kitzing Cladophoropsis membranacea (Hofman Bang ex C.Agardh) Bérgesen Codium adhaerens C. Agradh Codium decorticatum (Woodward) M.Howe Codium elisabethiae O.C.Schmidt Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot Codium fragile subsp. atlanticum (A.D.Cotton) P.C.Silva Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot Codium tomentosum Stackhouse Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje Gayralia oxysperma (Kutzing) K.L.Vinogradova ex Scagel & al. Lychaete pellucida (Hudson) M.J.Wynne Microdictyon boergesenii Setchell Microdictyon umbilicatum (Velley) Zanardini Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata (Zanardini) Bergesen Pseudorhizoclonium africanum (Kitzing) Boedeker Ulothrix flacca (Dillwyn) Thuret Number of Establishment records 10 10 26 10 84 means Introduced Native Native Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Uncertain Native Native Native Uncertain Native Native Macaronesian endemism Native Native Introduced Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Occurrence remarks New record New record New record New record New record New record New record Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores Phylum Species (Accepted Name) Number of Establishment Occurrence records means remarks Chlorophyta Ulva clathrata (Roth) C.Agardh 12 Native Chlorophyta Ulva compressa Linnaeus 12 Native Chlorophyta Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus 37 Native Chlorophyta Ulva lactuca Linnaeus 2 Uncertain Chlorophyta Ulva linza Linnaeus 6 Native Chlorophyta Ulva polyclada Kraft 1 Native Chlorophyta Ulva prolifera O.F.Miller 6 Native Chlorophyta Ulva ralfsii (Harvey) Le Jolis 1 Native Chlorophyta Ulva rigida C.Agardh 198 Native Chlorophyta Valonia macrophysa Kutzing 3 Native Chlorophyta Valonia utricularis (Roth) C. Agardh 7 Native Ochrophyta Ascophylilum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis 8 Native Ochrophyta Bachelotia antillarum (Grunow) Gerloff 2 Native Ochrophyta Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Kutzing) De Paula& De 2 Native New record Clerck Ochrophyta Carpomitra costata (Stackhouse) Batters 16 Native Ochrophyta Cladostephus spongiosus (Hudson) C.Agardh 33 Native Ochrophyta Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbés & 472 Native Solier Ochrophyta Compsonema saxicola (Kuckuck) Kuckuck 28 Native Ochrophyta Cutleria multifida (Turner) Greville 27 Uncertain Ochrophyta Cutleria multifida (Turner) Greville phase 4 Uncertain Aglaozonia parvula (Greville) Zanardini Ochrophyta Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & 81 Native Nizamuddin Ochrophyta Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville 46 Native Ochrophyta Cystoseira humilis Schousboe ex Kutzing 21 Native Ochrophyta Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P.De Candolle) 21 Native J.V.Lamouroux Ochrophyta Dictyota bartayresiana J.V.Lamouroux 9 Native Ochrophyta Dictyota ciliolata Sonder ex Kitzing 7 Native New record Ochrophyta Dictyota cyanoloma Tronholm, De Clerck, 7 Native A.Gomez-Garreta & Rull Lluch Ochrophyta Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux 189 Native 42 Phylum Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Neto A et al Species (Accepted Name) Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata (C.Agardh) Greville Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux Dictyota implexa (Desfontaines) J.V.Lamouroux Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harvey Ectocarpus Siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye Elachista flaccida (Dillwyn) Fries Feldmannia irregularis (Kutzing) Hamel Feldmannia mitchelliae (Harvey) H.-S.Kim Feldmannia paradoxa (Montagne) Hamel Fucus spiralis Linnaeus Gongolaria abies-marina (S.G.Gmelin) Kuntze Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kitzing Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau Hapalospongidion macrocarpum (Feldmann) Leén- Alvarez & Gonzalez-Gonzalez Hecatonema terminale (Kitzing) Kylin Hincksia ovata (Kjellman) P.C.Silva Hydroclathrus clathratus (C.Agardh) M.Howe Leathesia marina (Lyngbye) Decaisne Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C. Oliveira Mesogloia vermiculata (Smith) S.F.Gray Myriactula rivulariae (Suhr ex Areschoug) Feldmann Myrionema strangulans Greville Nemoderma tingitanum Schousboe ex Bornet Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy Papenfussiella kuromo (Yendo) Inagaki Petalonia binghamiae (J.Agardh) K.L.Vinogradova Petalonia fascia (O.F.Miller) Kuntze Petrospongium berkeleyi (Greville) Nageli ex Kitzing Pseudolithoderma adriaticum (Hauck) Verlaque Number of Establishment records 10 means Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Uncertain Native Native Native Native Native Native Introduced Introduced Native Native Native Occurrence remarks New record New record New record New record New record New record New record Phylum Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Ochrophyta Table 3. Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 43 Species (Accepted Name) Pseudolithoderma roscoffense Loiseaux Punctaria tenuissima (C.Agardh) Greville Ralfsia verrucosa (Areschoug) Areschoug Sargassum cymosum C.Agardh Sargassum furcatum Kutzing Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link, phase Microspongium gelatinosum Reinke Sphacelaria cirrosa (Roth) C.Agardh Sphacelaria plumula Zanardini Sphacelaria rigidula Kiitzing Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini Sphaerotrichia divaricata (C.Agardh) Kylin Sporochnus pedunculatus (Hudson) C.Agardh Stragularia clavata (Harvey) Hamel Stypopodium zonale (J.V.Lamouroux) Papenfuss Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J.Agardh Zanardinia typus (Nardo) P.C.Silva Zonaria tournefortii (J.V.Lamouroux) Montagne Number of Establishment records 48 4 92 20 37 15 41 248 Occurrence remarks means Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Native Uncertain Uncertain Native Native New record Native Native Native Native Summary of the macroalgal flora of the Island of Sao Miguel (N spec- number of specimens; N taxa- taxa; N spp- number of species) with information on the species origin and status (Introd- introduced; Uncrt- uncertain origin; Azo end- Azores endemism; Mac end- Macaronesia endemism; New rec- new record). Phyllum Rhodophyta Chlorophyta Ochrophyta Total Order Family Nspec N taxa Nspp 20 50 7510 284 212 171 5 14 1103 59 48 40 11 19 4168 88 63 55 36 83 12781 431 323 Native 266 Introd Uncrt 15 21 2 5 2 6 19 32 Azoend Macend New rec 1 4 42 1 9 10 1 5 61 Many species were only sporadically recorded, but 10 were widely recorded around the Island and occurred quite abundantly in some locations, namely: the Rhodophyta 44 Neto A et al Acrosorium ciliolatum (Harvey) Kylin, Chondracanthus acicularis, Gelidium microdon and Pterocladiella capillacea; and the Ochrophyta Colpomenia sinuosa, Gongolaria abies- marina, Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kitzing, Halopteris scoparia, Padina pavonica and Zonaria tournefortii. This paper increases the total of macroalgae species previously listed for Sao Miguel Island by 63 (44 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta and 10 Ochrophyta). When compared with the other Azorean Islands (Table 4), Sao Miguel has the highest number of species in all phylla, which reflects the greater amount of research undertaken on this Island on a more regular basis, involving both temporal and long-term studies. Table 4. Number of macroalgae species on the Azorean Islands: Santa Maria (Neto et al. 2020d); Sao Miguel (the present paper); Terceira (Neto et al. 2020a); Graciosa (Neto et al. 2020c); Sao Jorge and Faial (authors' unpublished data); Pico (Neto et al. 2020b); Flores and Corvo (Neto et al. 2021a). Phyllum Santa Maria Sao Miguel Terceira Graciosa SaoJorge Pico Faial Flores Corvo Rhodophyta 103 212 73 126 35 142 59 80 22 Chlorophyta 29 48 24 31 17 41 16 22 8 Ochrophyta 44 63 16 38 10 42 8 26 13 Total 176 323 113 195 62 225 83 128 43 In general and in keeping with other warm-water areas of the North Atlantic Ocean, the Azorean macroalgae flora has a larger proportion of red seaweeds. A relatively high number of non-native species has been recorded on Sao Miguel Island (see Tables 2, 3), similarly to what has been reported for Santa Maria (Neto et al. 2020d), Terceira (Neto et al. 2020a), Graciosa (Neto et al. 2020c), Pico (Neto et al. 2020b) and Flores and Corvo (Neto et al. 2021a). Research over the past 15 years (Cardigos et al. 2006, Micael et al. 2014, Vaz-Pinto et al. 2014, Chainho et al. 2015, Cacabelos et al. 2019, Cacabelos et al. 2020, Martins et al. 2019, Parente et al. 2019) has indicated that the arrival of non-native species is increasing in the Azores, which is very likely to be related to the geostrategic position of the Archipelago as a “crossroad” in the distribution of marine algae in the North Atlantic, with documented exchanges with European, Mediterranean and American coasts. This may favour the arrival of new species via maritime traffic, both commercial and recreational (hull fouling, ballast waters), which may be a high risk to local marine ecosystems, as non-indigenous species can become invasive, resulting in impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity (e.g. Katsanevakis et al. 2014). The discovery of the new macroalgae records on Sao Miguel Island (present study) and on the other Azorean Islands (Neto et al. 2020a, Neto et al. 2020b, Neto et al. 2020c, Neto et al. 2020d, Neto et al. 2021a), demonstrates the need for continuing taxonomic and floristic studies in this region of the Atlantic Ocean. The biogeographically-variable nature of the Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 45 new records found confirms the overall mixed nature of the marine algal flora of the Azores with elements shared with Macaronesia, the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Europe and the subtropical and tropical Atlantic America. Taxonomic mismatch A mismatch regarding the GBIF backbone taxonomy of some of the macroalgae species names was identified as detailed in Suppl. material 1. Acknowledgements This research was supported by several projects, expeditions and campaigns (see Funding above) and lately by the project “ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072” funded the Operational Programme Azores 2020 (85% ERDF and 15% regional funds). Thanks are due to the campaign teams for their critical involvement in this project (Abel Senties, Aina del Alcazar, Ana Alfaya, Ana Belen Villalba Lapena, Ana Santos, Ana Sofia Carreiro, André Amaral, Andrea Tracana, Ane Laborda, Anna Lloveras Armengol, Antonio Brigos Plafon, Berta Sole Nadal, Camille Fontaine, Carlos Rius, Carles Mir, Caroline Terral, Catarina Santos, Claudia Hipolito, Daniela Gabriel, Edward Hehre, Emanuel Xavier, Eduardo Garcia, Enrique Almira, Esteban Belles, Eunice Nogueira, Fatima Vaz Pinto, Francisco Wallenstein, Gustavo M Martins, Heather Baldwin, Isadora Moniz, Jana Verdura, Joana Pombo, Joao Brum, Joao Faria Santos, Joao Ferreira, Laura Busquier, Marco Enoch, Maria Ana Dionisio, Maria Machin-Sanchez, Maria Vale, Marlene Terra, Monica Martinez, Mutue Toyota Fujii, Patricia Madeira, Pedro Raposeiro, Richard Fralick, Richard Thompson, Rocio Sanchez, Ruben Couto, Rubén Mosquera, Rui Sousa, Sara Peres, Tarso Costa, Tito Silva, Valeria Cassano, Virginie Leyendecker). Edgar Rosas Alquicira and Karla Leon Cisneros were supported by the Programme AlBan, the European Union Programme of High Level Scholarships for Latin America (through scholarships E05D060221MX and E0O5D060520MX), “Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia” (doctoral scholarships 176162 and 157904) and the UNAMUNO Programme of PhD Scholarships for Europe. Eva Cacabelos was supported by a postdoctoral grant (Project M1420-09-5369-FSE-000002) from ARDITI (Regional Agency for Development of Research, Technology and Innovation of Madeira). Andrea Z. Botelho was supported by a PhD grant (M3.1.a/F/083/2015), awarded by Fundo Regional da Ciéncia e Tecnologia (FRCT). Afonso C.L. Prestes was supported by a PhD grant (M3.1.a/F/083/2015), awarded by Fundo Regional da Ciéncia e Tecnologia (FRCT). Rita F. Patarra was supported by a Science and Technology Management Fellowship grant (SFRH/BGCT/135478/2018), awarded by Fundagao para a Ciéncia e a Tecnologia (FCT |.P.). Manuela |. Parente was supported by a Postdoc grant (SFRH/BPD/34246/2006), awarded by Fundagao para a Ciéncia e a Tecnologia (FCT). 46 Neto A et al Author contributions AIN: Conceptualisation; Methodology; Research (field and laboratory work); Resources; Data Curation; Formal analysis and interpretation; Paper writing IM: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation; Formal analysis and interpretation; Paper writing EFRA: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation; Paper writing KLC: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation; Paper writing EC: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation; Paper writing AZB: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation JM: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation ACC: Research (field and laboratory work); Resources; Data Curation RMAN: Data Curation; Formal analysis and interpretation JMNA: Research (field work and laboratory work); Formal analysis and interpretation SM: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation RR: Resources; Data Curation PA: Resources ACLP: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation RFP: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation; Paper writing NVA: Research (field work); Maps elaboration DM-F: Research (field and laboratory work); Data Curation EB: Research (fieldwork and laboratory work); Resources; Data Curation; Paper writing RF: Methodology; Research (fieldwork and laboratory work); Data Curation; Paper writing WF: Methodology; Research (fieldwork and laboratory work); Data Curation; Paper writing IT: Methodology; Research (fieldwork and laboratory work); Resources; Data Curation; Paper writing Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 47 MIP: Research (field and laboratory work); Resources; Data Curation; Formal analysis and interpretation; Paper writing References ° Abecasis RC, Afonso P, Colao A, Longnecker N, Clifton J, Schmidt L, Santos RS (2015) Marine conservation in the Azores: Evaluating marine protected area development in a remote island context. Frontiers in Marine Science 2: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2015.00104 ° Afonso-Carrillo J, Sanson M (1989) Clave ilustrada para la determinacion de los macrofitos marinos bentonicos de las Islas Canarias. [Illustrated key for the determination of the benthic marine macrophytes of the Canary Islands]. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal (Botanica), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 55 pp. ° Amorim P, Atchoi E, Berecibar E, Tempera F (2015) Infralittoral mapping around an oceanic archipelago using MERIS FR satellite imagery and deep kelp observations: A new tool for assessing MPA coverage targets. Journal of Sea Research 100: 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2014.10.002 ° Borges PJ (2003) Ambientes litorais nos grupos central e oriental do arquipélago dos Agores. Tese de doutoramento. Universidade dos Acores, xxviit+413 pp. ° Boudouresque C-F, Meinesz A, Verlaque M (1992) Mediterranée. In: Boudouresque C- F, et al. (Ed.) Guide des Algues des Mers d'Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris, 138-231 pp. ° Bridsen D, Forman L (Eds) (1999) The Herbarium Handbook. 3. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, key, xii + 334 pp. [ISBN 1-900347-43-1] ° Brodie J, Maggs C, John DM (Eds) (2007) The green seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, Dunmurry, xii + 242 pp. ° Bruno de Sousa C, Cox CJ, Brito L, Pavo MM, Pereira H, Ferreira A, Ginja C, Campino L, Bermejo R, Parente M, Varela J (2019) Improved phylogeny of brown algae Cystoseira (Fucales) from the Atlantic-Mediterranean region based on mitochondrial sequences. PLOS One 14 (1): e€0210143. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210143 ° Burrows EM (1991) Seaweeds of the British Isles. 2. Chlorophyta. Natural History Museum, London, xii + 238 pp. ° Cabioc'h J, Floc'h JY, Le Toquin A (1992) Manche et Atlantique. In: Boudouresque C-F, et al. (Ed.) Guide des Algues des Mers d'Europe. Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris, 30-136 pp. ° Cacabelos E, Faria J, Martins GM, Mir C, Parente MI, Gabriel D, Snchez R, Altamirano M, Costa AC, Reine WF, Neto Al (2019) First record of Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskl) J.V.Lamouroux in the Azores. Botanica Marina 62 (2): 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1515/ bot-2018-0075 ° Cacabelos E, Martins GM, Faria J, Prestes AC, Costa T, Moreu I, Neto Al (2020) Limited effects of marine protected areas on the distribution of invasive species, despite positive effects on diversity in shallow-water marine communities. Biological Invasions 22 (3): 1169-1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02171-x ° Cardigos F, Tempera F, Avila S, Goncalves J, Colaco A, Santos RS (2006) Nonindigenous marine species of the Azores. Helgoland Marine Research 60: 160-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-006-0034-7 48 Neto A et al Cardoso P, Erwin T, Borges PV, New T (2011) The seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them. Biological Conservation 144 (11): 2647-2655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.024 Chainho P, Fernandes A, Amorim A, Avila SP, Canning-Clode J, Castro JJ, Costa AC, Costa JL, Cruz T, Gollasch S, Grazziotin-Soares C, Melo R, Micael J, Parente MI, Semedo J, Silva T, Sobral D, Sousa M, Torres P, Veloso V, Costa MJ (2015) Non- indigenous species in Portuguese coastal areas, coastal lagoons, estuaries and islands. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 167: 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss. 2015.06.019 Costa A (1994) Brachyura intertidais: estudo das populagées de trés praias de calhau rolado da Ilha de S. Miguel, Acores. Trabalho de sintese submetido no ambito das provas de APCC. Universidade dos Agores, 9 pp. Dixon SP, Irvine LM (1977) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. | Rhodophyta. Part 1 Introduction, Nemaliales, Gigartinales. British Museum (Natural History), London, xi + 252 pp. Faria J, Navas D, Prestes A, Cacabelos E, Moreu |, Martins GM, Pereira L, Neto Al (2020a) A guide for harvesting practices of macroalgae in Azores (NE Atlantic): The project ASPAZOR and the case study of Asparagopsis spp. Azorean Biodiversity Group- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (ABG-cE3c), 47 pp. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29603.48167 Faria J, Navas D, Prestes A, Cacabelos E, Moreu |, Martins GM, Pereira L, Neto Al (2020b) Guia de boas praticas para a apanha de algas nos Acores - O projeto ASPAZOR e 0 caso-estudo de Asparagopsis spp. Azorean Biodiversity Group- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (ABG-cE3c), 15 pp. https://doi.org/ 10.13140/RG.2.2.21298.84165 Fletcher RL (1987) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. Ill. Fucophyceae (Phaeophyceae). Part 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, x + 359 pp. Freitas R, Romeiras M, Silva L, Cordeiro R, Madeira P, Gonzalez JA, Wirtz P, Falcon JM, Brito A, Floeter SR, Afonso P, Porteiro F, Viera-Rodriguez MA, Neto Al, Haroun R, Farminho JN, Rebelo AC, Baptista L, Melo CS, Martinez A, Nufez J, Berning B, Johnson ME, Avila SP (2019) Restructuring of the Macaronesia biogeographic unit: A marine multi-taxon biogeographical approach. Scientific Reports 9: 15792. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51 786-6 Gaspar JL, Guest JE, Duncan AM, Chester DK, Barriga FJ (2015) Volcanic geology of Sao Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago): Introduction. In: Gaspar JL, Guest JE, Duncan AM, Barriga FJ, Chester DK (Eds) Volcanic Geology of Sao Miguel Island. 44. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, London, 1-3 pp. https://doi.org/10.1144/M44.1 Gayral P, Cosson J (1986) Connaitre et reconnaitre les algues marines. Ouest France, 220 pp. Guiry MD, Guiry GM (2021) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication. https:/Awww.algaebase.org. Accessed on: 2021-1-29. Haroun R, Machin-Snchez M, Neto Al, Viera-Rodriguez MA (2019) A review of current uses and new biotechnological roads for the seaweed resources of the Macaronesian region (Central-east Atlantic Ocean). Journal of Applied Phycology 31 (6): 3777-3790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01889-4 Hidrografico | (Ed.) (1981) Roteiro do Arquipélago dos Acores. PUB. (N) -lli-128-SN, Lisboa. Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 49 Hildenbrand A, Weis D, Madureira P, Marques FO (2014) Recent plate re-organization at the Azores Triple Junction: Evidence from combined geochemical and geochronological data on Faial, S Jorge and Terceira volcanic Islands. Lithos 210-211: 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.09.009 Hortal J, Bello F, Diniz-Filho JA, Lewinsohn TM, Lobo JM, Ladle RJ (2015) Seven shortfalls that beset large-scale knowledge of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 46: 523-549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev- ecolsys-112414-054400 Irvine LM (1983) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. | Rhodophyta. Part 2A Cryptonemiales (sensu stricto), Palmariales, Rnodymeniales. British Museum (Natural History), London, xii + 115 pp. Irvine LM, Chamberlain YM (1994) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. 1. Rhodophyta. Part 2B. Corallinales, Hildenbrandiales. Natural History Museum, London, vii + 276 pp. Katsanevakis S, Wallentinus |, Zenetos A, Leppakoski E, Ginar ME, Ozturk B, Grabowski M, Golani D, Cardoso AC (2014) Impacts of marine invasive alien species on ecosystem services and biodiversity: a pan-European review. Aquatic Invasions 9: 391-423. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2014.9.4.01 Kellaris A, Gil A, Faria J, Amaral R, Badia IM, Neto Al, Yesson C (2019) Using low-cost drones to monitor heterogeneous submerged seaweed habitats: a case study in the Azores. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29: 1909-1922. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqgc.3189 Lawson GW, John DM (1982) The marine algae and coastal environment of Tropical West Africa. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, J. CRAMER, Vaduz, 455 pp. Leon-Cisneros K, Tittley |, Terra MR, Nogueira EM, Neto Al (2012) The marine algal (seaweed) flora of the Azores: 4, further additions. Arquipelago - Life and Marine Sciences 29: 25-32. Levring T (1974) The marine algae of the archipelago of Madeira. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal 28 (125): 5-111. URL: http://publications.cm-funchal.ptlispui/ handle/1 00/1231 Lloréns JLP, Cabrero IH, Lacida RB, Gonzalez GP, Murillo FGB, Ofhate JJV (2012) Flora marina del litoral gaditano. Biologia, ecologia, usos y guia de identificacion. MCN Monografias de Ciencias de la Naturaleza. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, 368 pp. Maggs CA, Hommersand MH (1993) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol 1. Rhodophyta. Part 3A. Ceramiales. Natural History Museum, London, xv + 444 pp. Martins GM, Cacabelos E, Faria J, Alvaro NM, Prestes AC, Neto Al (2019) Patterns of distribution of the invasive alga Asparagopsis armata Harvey: a multi-scaled approach. Aquatic Invasions 14 (4): 582-593. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.4.02 Micael J, Parente MI, Costa AC (2014) Tracking macroalgae introductions in North Atlantic oceanic islands. Helgoland Marine Research 68 (2): 209-219. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10152-014-0382-7 Morton B, Britton JC, Martins AM (1998) Coastal ecology of the Azores. Sociedade Afonso Chaves, Ponta Delgada, 249 pp. Neto Al (1992) Contribution to the taxonomy and ecology of the Azorean benthic marine algae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 46: 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1095-8312.1992.tb00858.x 50 Neto A et al Neto Al (1994) Checklist of the benthic marine algae of the Azores. Arquiplago. Life and Marine Sciences 12A: 15-34. URL: http://ndl.handle.net/10400.3/1171. Neto Al (1997) Studies on algal communities of Sao Miguel, Azores. Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia, especialidade de Biologia Marinha. Universidade dos Agores, Ponta Delgada, x+309 pp. Neto Al (2000) Ecology and dynamics of two intertidal algal communities on the littoral of the Island of Sao Miguel (Azores). Hydrobiologia 432: 135-147. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1004042808901 Neto Al (2001) Macroalgal species diversity and biomass of subtidal communities of Sao Miguel (Azores). Helgoland Marine Research 55: 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/ $101520100074 Neto Al, Tittley |, Raposeiro P (2005) Flora Marinha do Litoral dos Agores. [Rocky Shore Marine Flora of the Azores]. Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e do Mar, Agores, 156 pp. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1677 [ISBN 972 99884 0 4] Neto Al, Viera MA, Haroun R (2014) A synthetic overview of marine phycological studies in the Macaronesian Archipelagos. Silva Lusitana 22: 217-244. Neto Al, Prestes AC, Alvaro NV, Resendes R, Neto RM, Moreu | (2020a) Marine algal (seaweed) flora of Terceira Island, Azores. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e57462. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e57462 Neto Al, Prestes AC, Alvaro NV, Resendes R, Neto RM, Tittley 1, Moreu | (2020b) Marine algal flora of Pico Island, Azores. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e57461. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e57461 Neto Al, Parente MI, Botelho AZ, Prestes AC, Resendes R, Afonso CL, Alvaro NV, Milla- Figueras D, Neto RM, Tittley |, Moreu | (2020c) Marine algal flora of Graciosa Island, Azores. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: €57201. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e57201 Neto Al, Parente MI, Cacabelos E, Costa AC, Botelho AZ, Ballesteros E, Monteiro S, Resendes R, Afonso P, Afonso CL, Patarra RF, Alvaro NV, Milla-Figueras D, Neto RMA, Azevedo JMN, Moreu | (2020d) Marine algal flora of Santa Maria Island, Azores. v1.1. Dataset/Samplingevent. Universidade dos Agores URL: http://ipt.gbif. pt/ipt/resource? r=santa_maria_macroalgal flora&v=1.1 Neto Al, Parente MI, Tittley |, Fletcher RL, Farnham WF, Costa AC, Botelho AZ, Monteiro S, Resendes R, Afonso P, Prestes ACL, Alvaro NV, Milla-Figueras D, Neto RMA, Azevedo JMN, Moreu | (2021a) Marine algal flora of Flores and Corvo Islands, Azores. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e60929. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e60929 Neto Al, Moreu I, Rosas-Alquicira EF, Leon-Cisneros K, Cacabelos E, Botelho AZ, Micael J, Costa AC, Neto RMA, Azevedo JMN, Monteiro S, Resendes R, Afonso P, Prestes ACL, Patarra RF, Alvaro NV, Milla-Figueras D, Ballesteros E, Fletcher RL, Farnham WF, Tittley |, Parente MI (2021b) Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores. v1.2. Dataset/Samplingevent. Universidade dos Acores via GBIF. https://doi.org/10.15468/xtuzd3 Parente M (2010) List of marine macroalgae (Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae). In: Borges PA, Costa AC, Cunha R, et al. (Eds) Description of the Terrestrial and marine biodiversity of the Azores. A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia Editora, Cascais, Lisboa, 275-286 pp. [ISBN 978-989-8131-75-1]. Parente MI, Gabriel D, Micael J, Botelho AZ, Ballesteros E, Milla D, Santos R, Costa AC (2019) First report of the invasive macroalga Acrothamnion preissii (Rhodophyta, Marine algal flora of Sao Miguel Island, Azores 51 Ceramiales) in the Atlantic Ocean. Botanica Marina 61 (1): 85-90. htips://doi.org/ 10.1515/bot-2017-0060 Parente MI, Fletcher RL, Costa FO, Saunders GW (2020) Taxonomic investigation of Ralfsia-like (Ralfsiales, Phaeophyceae) taxa in the North Atlantic Ocean based on molecular and morphological data, with descriptions of Pseudoralfsiaceae fam. nov., Pseudoralfsia azorica gen. et sp. nov. and Nuchella vesicularis gen. et sp. nov. European Journal of Phycology https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2020.1753245. Patarra RF, Carreiro AS, Lloveras AA, Abreu MH, Buschmann AH, Neto Al (2017) Effects of light, temperature and stocking density on Halopteris scoparia growth. Journal of Applied Phycology 29: 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0933-1 Patarra RF, Lloveras AA, Carreiro AS, Abreu MH, Buschmann AH, Neto Al (2019) Short term effects of irradiance on the growth of Pterocladiella capillacea (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta). Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 36: 85-94. Patarra RF, lha C, Pereira L, Neto Al (2020) Concise review of biological data on Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand. Journal of Applied Phycology 32: 787-808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-02009-y Rodriguez-Prieto C, Ballesteros E, Boisset F, Afonso-Carrillo J (2013) Guia de las macroalgas y faner6gamas marinas del Mediterraneo Occidental. Omega, S.A., Barcelona, 656 pp. Rosas-Alquicira EF, Riosmena-Rodriguez R, Afonso-Carrillo J, Neto Al (2011) Taxonomic biodiversity of geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales; Rhodophyta) from the Macaronesia region: summary and analysis. Helgoland Marine Research 65 (2): 133-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-010-0209-0 Schmidt OC (1931) Die marine vegetation der Azoren in ihren Grundztigen dargestellt. Bibliotheca Botanica, 24 (102), ix+116 pp. Sousa CB, Cox CJ, Brito L, Pavao MM, Pereira H, Ferreira A, Ginja C, Campino L, Bermejo R, Parente MI (2019) Improved phylogeny of brown algae Cystoseira (Fucales) from the Atlantic- Mediterranean region based on mitochondrial sequences. PLoS One 14: e0210143. Taylor W (1967) Marine algae of the northeastern coasts of North America. The University of Michigan Press, viiit509 pp. Taylor WR (1978) Marine algae of the eastern tropical and subtropical coasts of the Americas. The University of Michigan Press, xxi+870 pp. Tittley |, Neto Al (1995) The marine algal flora of the Azores and its biogeographical affinities. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal 4: 747-766. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1771 Tittley | (2003) Seaweed diversity in the North Atlantic Ocean. Arquiplago Life and Marine Sciences 19A: 13-25. Tittley |, Neto Al (2005) The marine algal (seaweed) flora of the Azores: additions and amendments. Botanica Marina 48: 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1515/BOT.2005.030 Tittley 1, Neto Al (2006) The marine algal flora of the Azores: Island isolation or Atlantic stepping stones? Occasional papers of the Irish Biogeographical Society 9: 40-54. Vaz-Pinto F, Torrontegi O, Prestes AC, Alvaro NV, Neto Al, Martins GM (2014) Invasion success and development of benthic assemblages: effect of timing, duration of submersion and substrate type. Marine Environmental Research 94: 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.12.007 52 Neto A et al ° Vieira C, Henriques F, D'hondt S, Neto Al, Almada CH, Kauffman M, Sanson M, Sangil C, De Clerck O (2020) Lobophora (Dictyotales) species richness, ecology and biogeography across the North-eastern Atlantic archipelagos and description of two new species. Journal of Phycology 56 (2): 346-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/JPY.12956 ° Wallenstein FM, Terra MR, Pombo J, Neto Al (2009a) Macroalgal turfs in the Azores. Marine Ecology-An Evolutionary Perspective 30 (Suppl. 1): 113-117. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00311.x ° Wallenstein FM, Neto Al, Alvaro NV, Tittley 1, Azevedo JMN (2009b) Guia para definicado de bidtopos costeiros em ilhas oceanicas. [Coastal biotope definition manual for oceanic islands]. Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e do Mar URL: hittp://hdl.handle.net/ 10400.3/1687 [ISBN 978-972-99884-9-3] ° Wallenstein FM, Peres SD, Xavier ED, Neto Al (2010) Phytobenthic communities of intertidal rock pools in the eastern islands of Azores and their relation to position on shore and pool morphology. Arquiplago. Life and Marine Sciences 27: 9-20. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/666 ° Zbyszewski G, Almeida FMO, Ferreira OV (1958) Carta geoldgica de Portugal. Noticia Explicativa da Folha "B" da Ilha de S. Miguel (Acores). Servigos Geoldgicos de Portugal, Lisboa, 35 pp. ° Zbyszewski G, Ferreira OV (1959) Carta geoldgica de Portugal. Noticia Explicativa da Folha "A" da Ilha de S. Miguel (Acgores). Servigos Geoldgicos de Portugal, Lisboa, 22 pp. Supplementary material Suppl. material 1: DP-SMG-id_15785_normalized.csv EE Authors: Ana | Neto Data type: Macroalgae taxonomic mismatching Brief description: GBIF does not have the more actualised nomenclature for some of the macroalgae species names. Therefore, the matching tools of its platform were applied to the species list, as required by Pensoft's data auditor, to identify the problematic taxonomic situations. The resulting file (DP-SMG-id_15785_normalized.csv) is included here, since the names will not be immediately updated in the GBIF Taxonomic Backbone. A request was already sent to GBIF helpdesk to solve this situation. Download file (66.21 kb)