Short Communication Journal of Orthoptera Research 2018, 27(2): 183-186 Gryllacrididae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) in southern Africa CLARKE SCHOLTz!, CORINNA S. BAZELET2, HENNIE DE KLERK? 1 University of Pretoria, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa. 2 Stellenbosch University, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. 3 14 Elgar Street SW5, Park South, Vanderbijlpark 1910, South Africa. Corresponding author: Clarke Scholtz (chscholtz@zoology.up.ac.za) Academic editor: Juliana Chamorro-Rengifo | Received 10 September 2018 | Accepted 20 November 2018 | Published 10 December 2018 http://zoobank.org/56481007-A1 75-41 F4-AC10-B3A15656E4A3 Citation: Scholtz C, Bazelet CS, de Klerk H (2018) Gryllacrididae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) in southern Africa. Journal of Orthoptera Research 27(2): 183-186. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.27.29645 Abstract Although Gryllacrididae are a largely southern hemisphere insect fam- ily, they are relatively poorly represented in southern Africa, with three genera (Ametroides Karny, 1928, Glomeremus Karny, 1937, and Stictogryl- lacris Karny, 1937) and ten species and subspecies recorded from the re- gion. All Ametroides and Glomeremus species are wingless while those of Stictogryllacris are long-winged. All species are arboreal and nocturnal, re- turning by day to characteristically silk-spun shelters between leaves. Here, we present a diagnosis, key to genera, and high-quality images to assist in identification of Gryllacrididae. By compiling all published information in one place, we hope to facilitate future researchers to investigate this poorly known group. Key words aptery, diagnosis, genera, macroptery, Stenopelmatoidea, silk production, taxonomic key Introduction Gryllacrididae (leaf-rolling or raspy crickets) are a cosmopoli- tan, though largely southern hemisphere (about one-third of the world’s 600-odd species are known from Australia; Rentz 1997), family of Stenopelmatoidea with only a few representatives in southern Africa. But since the group is poorly studied there, hav- ing been last revised by Karny (1929), the fauna is quite likely to be significantly richer than assumed. Three genera with a total of ten species and subspecies have been recorded from the region. Gryllacridids are robust, non-jumping crickets with stout, spiny legs. The exceptionally long antennae are rolled or curled around the body when the cricket is at rest (Figs 1-2). The south- ern African species are medium-sized (adults about 15 mm long), pale brown with soft bodies. Ametroides Karny, 1928 and Glom- eremus Karny, 1937 (Figs 1-3) species are totally wingless while Stictogryllacris Karny, 1937 species have long tegmina and func- tional hind wings (Figs 4-5). Mature females have an ovipositor of roughly body-length (Figs 2, 5). In Stictogryllacris the tegmina are about twice the length of the abdomen and protrude a con- siderable distance beyond the tip of the body (Figs 4-5). As far as is known, all southern African species are arboreal and nocturnal and build shelters by spinning leaves together; elsewhere soil-bur- rowing species are known in which the silk is used to stabilize the surrounding soil (Morton and Rentz 1983). Gryllacridids produce often loud sounds (the origin of the common name “raspy crick- ets” coined by Rentz (1996), specifically for Australian species) ei- ther during defensive displays or while drumming on the substrate in intra-specific communication. Sound is produced by rubbing spines on abdominal tergites against tubercles on the inner surface of the hind legs (Field and Bailey 1997). All species lack tympana so sound communication is via surface vibration. Silk-production has evolved at least 23 times in 17 orders of insects (Sutherland et al. 2010), sometimes multiple times in larg- er orders (twice in Neuroptera, twice in Coleoptera, three times in Diptera, and six times in Hymenoptera). Silk production has apparently evolved three times in Orthoptera: twice in different clades of Anostostomatidae — once in Lezina Walker, 1869 species, which occur in southwestern Asia and in northern and northeast- ern Africa, and once in Cnemotettix Caudell, 1916 of western North America (Vandergast et al. 2017) - and in Gryllacrididae where it is universal, and clearly monophyletic (Walker et al. 2012, Vander- gast et al. 2017). Although silk is used during some stage of the life-cycle of all of these insect groups, in most it is produced only during a short-lived process or during only one life-stage. In only two orders, Embioptera and Orthoptera, however, is silk produced throughout the life-cycle of its members. Members of the Gryllacrididae have certain unusual and unique characteristics, the foremost of which is the ability to pro- duce silk, while another, recorded in some Glomeremus, is that they feed on nectar which is imbibed through a network of special maxillary microtrichiae that connect the maxilla and mandibles by capillary tubes. This adaptation essentially deviates from the typical biting and chewing mouthparts in Orthoptera to function- JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2018, 27(2) 184 ally one of sucking or fluid-feeding (Hugel et al. 2010, Krenn et al. 2016). Due to this adaptation to nectar-feeding, one species of Gryllacrididae from La Réunion in the Mascarene Islands, Glomer- emus orchidophilus Hugel et al., 2010, evolved to become the only known orthopteran pollinator (Micheneau et al. 2010). Silk is produced in one of three positions on the insect body: in the labium (as modified “salivary” glands), Malpighian tubules, or in a variety of dermal glands. The latter include silk-secreting accessory sex glands. Labial glands account for most examples of silk-production in insects such as the ubiquitous silk-spinning in Lepidoptera larvae. Dermal glands follow in terms of frequency of occurrence, while the production of silk by Malpighian tubules is rare (Sutherland et al. 2010). Examples of dermal gland production are found in Embioptera of all stages and ages in which the glands are situated in the prothoracic tarsomeres. The main function of the silk is for lining residence tunnels amongst debris and under bark where they live. Sexual accessory glands as are found in male Archaeognatha Borner, 1904 and Zygentoma Borner, 1904, func- tion to spin silken threads that lead females to a spermatophore or silken mats on which spermatophores are deposited. The most familiar examples of Malpighian tubules producing silk are known from Neuroptera larvae, all of which spin pupal cocoons with silk. Gryllacridids of both sexes are capable of spinning silk from soon after hatching until they die and the function is exclusively for construction of day-time shelters. These may be completed within 24 hours and are returned to repeatedly unless damaged, apparently by following pheromone trails. Crickets seal them- selves into the shelters by closing the entrance with a silken flap through which they cut an access hole with the mandibles to en- able them to emerge to forage. This is done repeatedly after every emergence and return to the shelter. Adjacent leaves may be pulled together and held with the tarsi while they are spun together (Fig. 6). The shelters are thought to function mainly in anti-predator defense, although in soil-frequenting species in arid regions, pro- tection against desiccation is presumed (Walker et al. 2012). Most species are omnivorous although predation of sessile insects and spiders has been recorded (Hale and Rentz 2001). The diameter of each silk strand produced increases with age — in the Australian species, Apotrechus illawarra Rentz, 1990, the diameter of a strand increases threefold between early and late in- star crickets (Walker et al. 2012). Silk strands are produced by the labial glands from which a droplet of fluid issues and is formed when the labium is touched against the substrate then drawn away from the droplet (Figs 7-8). Single strands are spun from one sub- strate and attached to another. This is done repeatedly, resulting in thicker fibers, or individual strands are added together or crossed to form a film. Where fibers touch, they stick together, eventually forming a mat. Silk is added to the existing mats over time un- til the inside of the shelter is more or less covered in silk sheets (Walker et al. 2012; see Fig. 1). In this short communication, we review the limited informa- tion available regarding southern African Gryllacrididae in the hopes that future researchers will be encouraged to study this elu- sive, but fascinating, group. We present a key and images to gen- era found in southern Africa, which will hopefully assist in future identifications of southern African Gryllacrididae. Methods Detailed photographs illustrating elusive Gryllacrididae behav- iors were taken by H. de Klerk opportunistically from 1985-2017 during his hiking trips throughout southern Africa’s natural areas us- C. SCHOLTZ, C.S. BAZELET AND H. DE KLERK ing predominantly Nikon equipment. Most Gryllacrididae were en- countered at night by carefully surveying surrounding vegetation un- til movement of antennae was observed and an individual was spot- ted. All images were taken in situ with either a 105 mm or a 200 mm Nikkor macro lens with flash illumination using multiple flashes. Results and discussion Diagnosis of southern African Gryllacrididae.—Gryllacrididae are most easily confused with Stenopelmatidae but do form a distinct monophyletic clade (Vandergast et al. 2017). Southern African Stenopelmatidae tend to be more robust in appearance and have shorter and thicker antennae than southern African Gryllacrididae. Gryllacridids are characterized by depressed and soft tarsi with prominent lateral lobes (Hale and Rentz 2001). Female stenopel- matids have reduced, flap-like ovipositors (see Weissman and Baze- let 2013, fig. 7), whereas southern African Gryllacrididae have long, sword-like ovipositors typical of Ensifera. Adult male Stenopelma- tidae have lateral hooks on the anal plate (tenth tergite + epiproct, see Weissman and Bazelet 2013, fig. 6), while Gryllacrididae males Fig. 1. Glomeremus sp. 1. From the Drakensberg, South Africa, il- lustrating the long, curled antennae and the silk matting on the inner surface of the leaf shelter. Body length about 15 mm. Fig. 2. Glomeremus sp. 2. From the mountains of the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Body length about 15 mm. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2018, 27(2) C. SCHOLTZ, C. S. BAZELET AND H. DE KLERK Fig. 3. Glomeremus sp. 3. A mating pair from the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. The female is on top, the male be- low her. Spermatophores, produced by the male during copula- tion, and characteristic of Ensifera, are clearly visible. Body length about 15 mm. Photo by C. S. Bazelet. ee ki eee NE <3 Fig. 4. Stictogryllacris lyrata from the northern face of the Soutpans- berg range in South Africa. Body length about 15 mm. 185 Fig. 5. Stictogryllacris sp. (lyrata?) from Highveld riverine habitat in Malolotja Nature Reserve, Eswatini (Swaziland). Body length about 15 mm. Fig. 6. The same individual as in Fig. 5; grasping two leaves with fore tarsi and pulling them together while attaching them with silk strands. have an enlarged ninth tergite at their abdominal apex (Gorochov 2001). All southern African Stenopelmatidae are obligatorily apter- ous, while Gryllacrididae can be either macropterous or apterous, depending on the species. Gryllacrididae have mouthparts specially adapted for silk production, which include well-developed maxil- lae and labial palps with specialized structures, while Stenopelma- tidae have simple chewing mouthparts with well-developed, long, but unmodified labial palps. Both gryllacridids and stenopelmatids in southern Africa may have pegs interior to the hind femur used for femoro-abdominal stridulation, and both groups lack tympana on the fore tibiae. Furthermore, gryllacridids have heart-shaped heads when viewed head-on; stenopelmatids do not. Ametroides (no images available) is an African genus with two of the 13 species found in southern Africa — the rest are restricted to central Africa. Males and females are totally without tegmina or hind wings. Glomeremus (Figs 1-3) is the largest gryllacridid genus in Africa, with a total of 18 species spread across sub-Saharan Af- rica and some Mascarene Islands. Six species and subspecies are known from southern Africa. Both sexes lack both fore- and hind wings. Stictogryllacris (Figs 4-8) has nine species, seven from central Africa and two from southern Africa. All species are fully-winged. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2018, 27(2) 186 Fig. 7. The same individual as in Fig. 5; spinning silk strands to secure leaves for shelter construction. Fig. 8. The same individual as in Fig. 5; spinning silk strands to secure leaves for shelter construction. C. SCHOLTZ, C.S. BAZELET AND H. DE KLERK Key to the southern African genera of Gryllacrididae; adapted from Karny (1929) 1 Tegmina and wings fully developed... Stictogryllacris Karny (Figs 4-5) - Tegnuinarand.wines totally: aDSent ¢. vhs tseeresveloessaventsleausesesliguelenals 2 2 Fore and middle tibiae with 3 to 4 spines on either side (the apical Spitiessexeep led |e. Maa seul acne otevncBeabreeates Glomeremus Karny (Figs 1-3) - Fore and middle tibiae with only 2 spines on either side (the apical SPUMeStCXC PLCC) x, tres oa aches come He he ee eee toe Ametroides Karny References Field LH, Bailey WJ (1997) Sound production in Orthoptera from Western Australia: sounds used in defence and social communi- cation in Ametrus sp. and Hadrogryllacris sp. (Gryllacrididae: Or- thoptera). Journal of Natural History 31: 1127-1141. https://doi. org/10.1080/00222939700770591 Gorochov AV (2001) The higher classification, phylogeny, and evolution of the superfamily Stenopelmatoidea. In: Field LH (Ed.) 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