Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e59648 (eo @) doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e59648 open access Taxonomic Paper Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including Italica heraclei sp. nov. Subodini N. Wijesinghe*S:!, Yong Wang*, Laura Zucconi", Monika C. Dayarathne?, Saranyaphat BoonmeeS'|, Erio Camporesi*, Dnanushka N. Wanasinghe™“”, Kevin D. HydeS:*"" + Department of Plant Pathology, Agriculture College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550025, China § Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand | School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 4] Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Universita snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy #A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forli, Italy = CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China « East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China » Honghe Center for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honghe County, Yunnan, China * Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Enginnering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, China Corresponding author: Yong Wang (yongwangbis@aliyun.com) Academic editor: Danny Haelewaters Received: 14 Oct 2020 | Accepted: 23 Dec 2020 | Published: 18 Jan 2021 Citation: Wijesinghe SN, Wang Y, Zucconi L, Dayarathne MC, Boonmee S, Camporesi E, Wanasinghe DN, Hyde KD (2021) Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including /talica heraclei sp. nov. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e59648. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e59648 Abstract Background In the last few years, many microfungi—including plant-associated species—have been reported from various habitats and substrates in Italy. In this study of pleosporalean fungi, we researched terrestrial habitats in the Provinces of Arezzo (Tuscany region), Forli- Cesena and Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna region) in Italy. © Wijesinghe S et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Wijesinghe S et al New information Our research on Italian pleosporalean fungi resulted in the discovery of a new species, ltalica heraclei (Phaeosphaeriaceae). In addition, we present a new host record for Pseudoophiobolus mathieui (Phaeosphaeriaceae) and the second Italian record of Phomatodes nebulosa (Didymellaceae). Species boundaries were defined, based on morphological study and multi-locus phylogenetic reconstructions using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. Our findings expand the knowledge on host and distribution ranges of pleosporalean fungi in Italy. Keywords one new species, Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, integrative taxonomy, morphology, phylogeny Introduction A number of prominent scholars contributing to the foundation of fungal classification were of Italian origin. Among the most important mycologists of the 19'" century are Giuseppe De Notaris and Pier Andrea Saccardo, who were the earliest mycologists to validate microscopic characteristics as important features in fungal taxonomy (Onofri et al. 1999). Currently, fungal taxonomy benefits from a combination of morphology and DNA-based molecular analyses to resolve species limits (e.g. Alors et al. 2016, Skrede et al. 2017, Haelewaters and De Kesel 2020). In the last few years, a high number of microfungal taxa have been recorded in different Italian habitats (Jensen et al. 2010, Rodolfi et al. 2016, Thambugala et al. 2017,Wanasinghe et al. 2018a, Liu et al. 2019, Marin-Felix et al. 2019, Hyde et al. 2020b). Currently, a database (https://italianmicrofungi.org/) for plant- associated Italian microfungi is being developed with past, present and upcoming studies being added. The order Pleosporales is amongst the most family-rich ones in Dothideomycetes (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009, Taylor et al. 2015, Brahmanage et al. 2020), with 91 families and 566 genera (Hongsanan et al. 2020, Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Luttrell (1955) suggested that Pleosporales should contain dothideomycetous species with perithecioid ascomata and pseudoparaphyses amongst the asci. After investigations by Luttrell (1973) and Barr (1983), the Pleosporales order was established by Barr (1987), based on Pleosporaceae with the type species Pleospora herbarum. The order includes taxa characterised by perithecioid ascomata with perithecia that have a papillate apex and ostiole, with or without periphyses, cellular pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate asci and ascospores with variable pigmentation, septation and shape and usually with bipolar asymmetry (Barr 1987, Hyde et al. 2013). In this study, we investigated three fungal taxa in pleosporalean families, two taxa belonging to Phaeosphaeriaceae and one to Didymellaceae. Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including ltalica heraclei sp. nov. 3 Phaeosphaeriaceae was introduced by Barr (1979). The family was typified by Phaeosphaeria and P. oryzae is the type species (Hongsanan et al. 2020). Members of this family can be saprotrophic, endophytic, pathogenic on economically-important plants and crops and hyper-parasitic on living plants and humans (Kirk et al. 2010, Bakhshi et al. 2019, Phookamsak et al. 2014, Senanayake et al. 2018, Roels et al. 2020). Phaeosphaeriaceous species associated with monocotyledons have been often described as having small to medium-sized ascomata and septate, ellipsoidal to fusiform or filiform ascospores (Zhang et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Hyde et al. 2016). Some species of Phaeosphaeriaceae have been recorded from dicotyledonous plants (Ariyawansa et al. 2015a, Hyde et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2020b, Brahmanage et al. 2020). Didymellaceae is another family in Pleosporales introduced by De Gruyter et al. (2009) to accommodate Ascochyta, Didymella (type), Phoma and Phoma-like species (Chen et al. 2015, Chen et al. 2017, Hongsanan et al. 2020). It is a species-rich family containing numerous plant pathogenic, saprotrophic and endophytic species associated with a wide range of hosts (Aveskamp et al. 2008, Aveskamp et al. 2010, Wanasinghe et al. 2018a, Hou et al. 2020). Species of Didymellaceae are cosmopolitan and have been reported from inorganic materials, water, air, soil and different environments, such as deep-sea sediments, deserts and karst caves (Wanasinghe et al. 2018a, Hongsanan et al. 2020, Hou et al. 2020). Currently, a total of 83 and 35 genera are accounted for Phaeosphaeriaceae and Didymellaceae, respectively (Hongsanan et al. 2020, Wijayawardene et al. 2020). New additions of phaeosphaeriaceous and didymellaceous species have been recorded from Italian localities in the last few years, from multiple hosts, substrates and geographical locations (Ariyawansa et al. 2015b, Marin-Felix et al. 2019, Farr and Rossman 2020). Here, we present the characterisation of three fungal strains isolated from dead attached stems of different dicotyledon hosts collected in Italy. Materials and methods Sample collection, morphological studies and specimen deposition Strains were isolated from dead stems of different host plants belonging to Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Urticaceae (dicotyledons) collected in the Provinces of Arezzo, Forli- Cesena and Ravenna (Italy) from September to December 2018. Samples were preserved in sterile Ziploc bags in the laboratory at 18°C. Macromorphological characters of the samples were observed using a Motic SMZ 168 compound stereomicroscope and micromorphology was examined from hand-sectioned structures using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound stereomicroscope, equipped with a Canon 600D digital camera. The measurements of photomicrographs were obtained using Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work version 0.9.7. Images were edited with Adobe Photoshop CS6 Extended version 13.0.1 software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, California). 4 Wijesinghe S et al Single-spore isolation was carried out as described by Chomnunti et al. (2014). Germinated spores were aseptically transferred into fresh potato dextrose agar medium (PDA, Merck KGaA of Darmstadt, Germany). Culture plates were incubated at 18°C for six weeks and inspected every week. Herbarium specimens are preserved at Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium (MFLU) in Chiang Rai, Thailand. All living cultures are deposited at Mae Fah Luang Culture Collection (MFLUCC). Facesoffungi and Index Fungorum numbers for new taxa were obtained (Jayasiri et al. 2015, Index Fungorum 2020). The administrative boundaries of Italy and geocodes for collecting sites related to our newly-isolated species were mapped by using QGIS version 3.14 (QGIS Geographic Information System, Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. http://qgis.org/). Geocodes of collecting locations were confirmed with GoogleEarthPro version 7.3.3 (the data providers were: Image Landsat/Copernicus, Data SIO, NOAA, US. Navy, NGA, GEBCO, US Dept. of State Geographer, hitps:/www.google.com/earth/). The data files (.cvs and .shp) for administrative boundaries were downloaded from DIVA-GIS for mapping and geographic data analysis (Hijmans et al. 2001, https:/Awww.diva-gis.org/). DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing and molecular analyses The methodology for DNA extraction, PCR, gel electrophoresis and sequencing was followed, as detailed in Dissanayake et al. (2020). The genomic DNA was extracted from fresh mycelium using EZgeneTM Fungal gDNA extraction Kit GD2416 (Biomiga, Shanghai, China), following the guidelines of the manufacturer. DNA sequences were obtained for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, 5.88, ITS2), the small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, translation elongation factor 1-a (TEF) and §-Tubulin (TUB2). PCR thermal cycle programmes for each locus region are presented in Table 1. Purification and sequencing were outsourced to the SinoGenoMax Sanger sequencing laboratory (Beijing, China). Newly-generated sequences were submitted to NCBI GenBank (https:/Awww.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/genbank/). Table 1. Gene regions, primers and PCR thermal cycle programmes used in this study, with corresponding reference(s). Genes/ PCR primers PCR conditions Reference(s) loci (forward/ reverse) ITS and —ITS5/ITS4 and 94°C; 2 min (95°C; 30s, 55°C; 50s, 72°C; | White et al. (1990), LSU LROR/LR5 90 s) x 35 thermal cycles, 72°C; 10 min. Vilgalys and Hester (1990), Hopple (1994), Rehner and Samuels (1994) SSU NS1/NS4 95°C; 3 min (95°C; 30 s, 55°C; 50 s, 72°C; | White et al. (1990) 30 s) x 35 thermal cycles, 72°C; 10 min. TEF EF1-983F/ 94°C; 2 min (95°C; 30 s, 58°C; 50s, 72°C; ~Rehner (2001) EF1-2218R 1 min), x 35 thermal cycles, 72°C; 10 min. Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including Italica heraclei sp. nov. 5 Genes/ PCR primers PCR conditions Reference(s) loci (forward/ reverse) TUB2 Bt2a/Bt2b 94°C; 2 min (94°C; 1 min, 58°C; 1 min, Glass and Donaldson (1995) 72°C; 90 s), x 35 thermal cycles, 72°C; 10 min. Contig sequences were checked with BLAST searches in NCBI for primary identifications. Sequences for phylogenetic analyses were downloaded from GenBank following Hyde et al. (2020b). Single and multiple alignments were generated with MAFFT version 7 (Katoh and Standley 2013, Katoh et al. 2019). When manual improvement was needed, BioEdit version 7.0.5.2 software was used (Hall 1999). Two separate phylogenetic analyses were conducted: Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (Bl). The following concatenated datasets were analysed: for Didymellaceae: ITS, LSU, RPB2, TUB2; for Phaeosphaeriaceae: SSU, ITS, LSU, TEF (sensu Hyde et al. 2020b). Phylogenetic analyses were run on the CIPRES Science Gateway portal (Miller et al. 2012). ML trees were generated for the final concatenated alignment by using RAxML- HPC2 on XSEDE (v. 8.2.10) tool (Stamatakis 2014) under the GTR+GAMMA substitution model. Bootstrapping was done with 1,000 replicates. For Bl, MrModeltest version 2.3 (Nylander 2004) was run under the Akaike Information Criterion implemented in PAUP version 4.0610 (Swofford 2003) to estimate the best evolutionary model, resulting in GTR+I+G as the best-fit model for each locus. The BI analysis was computed with MrBayes version 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012). Six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 3,000,000 generations (Didymellaceae) or 2,000,000 generations (Phaeosphaeriaceae). Trees were sampled every 1000 generations, ending the run automatically when the standard deviation of split frequencies dropped below 0.01. Phylogenetic trees were visualised with FigTree version 1.4.0 (Rambaut 2012) and edited in Microsoft PowerPoint (2016). The final alignments and trees were deposited in TreeBASE, with submission ID 27224 for Didymellaceae (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S27224) and submission ID 27225 for Phaeosphaeriaceae (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/ TB2:S27225). Phylogenetic analyses For the phylogenetic analysis of Phaeosphaeriaceae, Tinte/notia destructants (CBS 127737) and T. opuntiae (CBS 376.91) were selected as outgroup taxa. The dataset comprised 52 taxa, including our new isolates. The final concatenated dataset comprised 3307 characters including gaps. ML and BI analyses resulted in similar tree topologies. The final RAXxML tree is shown in Fig. 1 (-InL = 13938.841645). For the BI analysis, 20% of generations were discarded, resulting in 1583 remaining trees, from which 50% consensus trees and Posterior Probabilities (PP) were calculated. 6 Wijesinghe S et al Ophiobolopsis italica MFLUCC 17-1791" 83/1.00 [~ Ophiobolus disseminans MFLUCC 17-1787 Ophiobolus malleolus MFLUCC 15-1077 Ophiobolus senecionis MFLUCC 13-0575" Ophiobolus rossicus MFLU 17-1639" Chaetosphaeronema hispidulum CBS 216.75 1 Chaetosphaeronema Chaetosphaeronema achilleae MFLUCC 16-0476" 100/1.00| Muriphaeosphaeria galatellae MFLUCC:15-0769 % oe Muriphaeosphaeria galatellae MFLUCC14-0614T : Paraophiobolus plantaginis Paraophiobolus arundinis Ophiosimulans tanaceti MFLUCC 14-0525" Dihawksworthia clematidicola MFLUCC 17-0693 Dihawksworthia lonicera MFLUCC 14-0955" lito 86/1,00| = Dihawksworthia alliariae MFLUCC 13-0070T = rf) 100/1.00 | Neoophiobolus chromolaenae MFLUCC 17-1449 a Neoophiobolus chromolaenae MFLUCC 17- “i 100/1.00| Hydeomyces desertipleosporoides SQU: Hydeomyces desertipleosporoides SQU Arezzomyces cytisi MFLUCC 15-0649" Arezzomyces 100/1.00 f Dematiopleospora fusiformis MFLU 15-2133" : Dematiopleospora mariae MFLUCC 13-0612" — Dematiopleospora cirsii MFLUCC 15-0615 Pseudoophiobolus achilleae MFLU 17-0925" Pseudoophiobolus rosae MFLUCC 17-1786 Pseudoophiobolus urticicola KUMCC 17-0168" Pseudoophiobolus galii MFLUCC 17-2257" Pseudoophiobolus subhyalinisporus MFLU 17-0923" .00 Pseudoophiobolus mathieui MFLUCC 17-1785 Pseudoophiobolus mathieui MFLUCC 20-0150 Pseudoophiobolus italicus MFLUCC 17-2255" Pseudoophiobolus pseudoitalicus MFLUCC 14-0840 Nodulosphaeria multiseptata MFLUCC15-0078 | — a Nodulosphaeria guttulatum MFLUCC 15-0069 _ Nodulosphaeria Scabiosae MFLUCC 14-11117 Bhagirathimyces himalayensis AMH 10127 Clade A 73/1,00 {70 89/1.00 Italica luzulae MFLUCC 14-0932 Clade B 82/0, Italica achilleae MFLUCC 14-0955 =| Italica heraclei MFLU 18-1906" = Vittaliana mangrovei NFCCI 42517 Vittal 83/-- > Phaeosphaeria eustoma CBS 307.71 i 100/1.00\" phaeosphaeria juncophila CBS 575.86 91 Phaeosphaeria glyceriaeplicatae CBS 101261 Phaeosphaeria gahniae CPC 32454" a Wingtieldomyces Wingfieldomyces cyperi CBS 1414507 Sulcispora supratumida MFLUCC 14-0995" 84/099 Sulcispora pleurospora CBS 460.84 i Loratospora aestuarii CBS 117592 i vo iso] vo 1S} < _ vo SS S Q. n ° vo Ss xi On i Loratospora aestuarii JK 5535B t Loratospora arezzoensis MFLU 17-1942" 100/1.00 Tinteinotia destructans CBS 127737" 100/1.00) outgroup Tintelnotia opuntiae CBS 376.91" (Phaeosphaeriaceae) 0.03 Figure 1. EES] Phylogeny of the family Phaeosphaeriaceae, reconstructed from the combined SSU-ITS-— LSU-TEF dataset. Tintelnotia destructants (CBS 127737) and T. opuntiae (CBS 376.91) serve as outgroup taxa. ML 2 70 and PP 2 0.95 are presented above each node. The new isolates are indicated in bold; ' = type strains. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. In our phylogenetic analyses, the new species /talica heraclei (MFLUCC 20-0227) formed a phylogenetically-distinct lineage with high support (82 ML/0.98 PP) (Clade B, Fig. 1), within genus /talica. The generic placements of related /talica species were similar to the analysis performed by Hyde et al. (2020b). In addition, our Italian isolate of Pseudoophiobolus mathieui (MFLUCC 20-0150) and the ex-type strain of P mathieui (MFLUCC 17-1785) clustered together with high support (98 ML/1.00 PP) (Clade A, Fig. 1). Pseudoophiobolus mathieui was placed sister to Pseudoophiobolus italica, similar to the phylogenetic analysis performed by Phookamsak et al. (2017). For Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeria conoidea (CBS 616.75) and L. doliolum (CBS 505.75) were selected as outgroup taxa. The concatenated ITS—LSU-RPB2-TUB2 dataset comprised 55 taxa, including our new isolates. The final dataset comprised 2154 Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including Italica heraclei sp. nov. 7 characters including gaps. ML and BI analyses resulted in similar tree topologies. The final RAXxML tree is shown in Fig. 2 (-InL = 6261.962009). For the BI analysis, 20% of generations were discarded, resulting in 2401 remaining trees, from which 50% consensus trees and PP were calculated. Ascochyta fabae CBS 649.71 Ascochyta fabae CBS 524.77 96/1.00| Ascochyta fabae PD 83.492 Ascochyta viciae CBS 451.68 Ascochyta pisi CBS 108.49 Ascochyta pisi CBS 126.54 Ascochyta pisi CBS 122750 Ascochyta italica MFLUCC 15-0077 Ascochyta syringae CBS 545.72 Ascochyta premilcurensis MFLU 14-0518a Ascochyta nigripycnidia CBS 116.967 Ascochyta rabiei CBS 237.377 Ascochyta rabiei CBS 206.30 Ascochyta rabiei CBS 534.65 Ascochyta versabilis CBS 876.97 75/-- Ascochyta herbicola CBS 629.97 Ascochyta phacae CBS 184.557 Phomatodes nebulosa CBS 1 Clade A Neomicrosphaeropsis italica MFLUCC 16-0284 Neomicrosphaeropsis italica isolate MFLUCC 15-0484 Neomicrosphaeropsis italica MFLUCC 15-0485" Neomicrosphaeropsis tamaricicola MFLUCC 14-0439 Neomicrosphaeropsis tamaricicola MFLUCC 14-0443, 1 bi 00 ; Calophoma clematidina CBS 108. Calophoma clematidina CBS 102.66 Calophoma aquilegiicola CBS 107.31 Neodidymelliopsis cannabis CBS 121.757 Neodidymelliopsis farokhinejadii SCUA 6 EZ Neodidymelliopsis longicolla CBS 382.96 Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi MFLUCC 13-0490 Neodidymelliopsis sp. CBS 256.777 Neodidymelliopsis polemonii CBS 1091817 Neodidymelliopsis xanthina CBS 168.70 00; Neodidymelliopsis moricola MFLUCC 17-1063 Neodidymelliopsis negundinis JZB380011 100/1.00 Leptosphaeria conoidea CBS 616.75 outgroup Leptosphaeria doliolum CBS 505.75" (Leptosph aeriaceae) x2 0.05 Figure 2. EES] Phylogeny of the family Didymellaceae, reconstructed from the combined ITS—LSU-RPB2- TUB2 dataset. Leptosphaeria conoidea (CBS 616.75) and L. doliolum (CBS 505.75) serve as outgroup taxa. ML 2 70 and PP 2 0.95 are presented above each node. The new isolate is indicated in bold; ' = type strains. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. In our phylogenetic analyses, the newly-isolated Italian strain MFLUCC 20-0155 was grouped in Phomatodes (Clade A, Fig. 2), with high support values (99 ML/1.00 PP) with other strains of Phomatodes nebulosa: CBS 117.93, CBS 740.96, CBS 100191 and MFLU 18-0177. This, combined with the morphological study (below), confirmed the identity of our isolate as Phomatodes nebulosa. 8 Wijesinghe S et al Taxon treatments Italica heraclei Wijes., Yong Wang bis, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. ° IndexFungorum IF 557859 ° Facesoffungi number FoF 09223 Materials Holotype: a. scientificName: Italica heraclei Wijes., Yong Wang bis, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.; kingdom: Fungi; phylum: Ascomycota; class: Dothideomycetes; order: Pleosporales; family: Phaeosphaeriaceae; taxonRank: species; genus: /talica ; specificEpithet: heraclei; stateProvince: Province of Forli-Cesena [FC]; county: Italy; municipality: near Ranchio; year: 2018; month: 09; day: 10; habitat: on a dead aboveground stem of Heracleum sphondylium (Apiales, Apiaceae); field Notes: Terrestrial; recordedBy: Erio Camporesi; identifiedBy: S.N. Wijesinghe; institution|D: MFLU 18-1906; institutionCode: Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium (MFLU); owner!InstitutionCode: IT 4028 Other material: a. type: ex-type living culture; collection|D: MFLUCC 20-0227; collectionCode: Mae Fah Luang Culture Collection (MFLUCC) Description Saprobic on dead aboveground stem of Heracleum sphondylium L. (Apiales, Apiaceae). Sexual morph: Ascomata (Fig. 3a-c) 250-280 x 230-250 um (x = 257 x 237 um, n = 10), immersed to erumpent, solitary scattered, sessile, globose to subglobose, uniloculate, dark brown to black, coriaceous, ostiolate. Ostiole (Fig. 3c) papillate, 70-85 um long, 80-100 um wide, central, comprising blackish-brown to pale brown or hyaline cells. Peridium (Fig. 3d) 10-25 um (x = 16 ym, n = 15) wide, thin- walled, composed of 4-6 cell layers, outermost layers heavily pigmented, comprising dark brown to pale brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium comprising numerous, 2-3 wm wide (x = 2.5 um, n = 10), filamentous, branched pseudoparaphyses (Fig. 3e) with distinct septa. Asci (Fig. 3f-k) 80-120 x 8-9 um (x = 100 x 8.5 um, n = 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, apically rounded with thick-walled, minute ocular chamber, short pedicellate. Ascospores (Fig. 3l-n) 13— 22 x 4-5.5 um (xk = 18 x 5 um, n = 30), overlapping, uniseriate, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, 4-6 transversely septate, vertically aseptate, with rounded ends, widest at the middle cell when matured, constricted at the septa, initially hyaline, becoming yellowish-brown at maturity, smooth-walled, mucilaginous sheath absent. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: ASscospores germinating on MEA (malt extract agar) within 2 days, from single-spore isolation. Colonies (Fig. 30-p) on PDA reaching 5-10 mm diam. after 28 days at 18°C, circular, entire edge, flat, dense, bright yellow in both upper and lower sides. Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including Italica heraclei sp. nov. 9 GenBank accession numbers (ex-MFLU 18-1906'): SSU = MT881671, ITS = MT881676, LSU = MT881653, TEF = MT901290 Figure 3. EES Italica heraclei (MFLU 18-1906). a-b. Ascomata on a dead stem of Heracleum sphondylium (Apiales, Apiaceae). c. Section of an ascoma. d. Peridium. e. Pseudoparaphyses. f-j. Asci. k- n. Ascospores. o-p. Colonies on PDA from upper (0) and lower (p) sides. Scale bars: a-b = 200 um, c = 100 um, d-j = 20 um, k-n = 10 um. Etymology Etymology: heraclei, referring to the host genus Heracleum from which the strains were isolated. Notes Notes: /talica heraclei (holotype MFLU 18-1906) was isolated from a dead aerial stem of Heracleum sphondylium (Apiales, Apiaceae), whereas /. achilleae (MFLUCC 14-0955) and /. Juzulae (MFLUCC 14-0932) were previously isolated from Achillea millefolium (Asterales, Asteraceae) and Luzula sp. (Poales, Juncaceae), respectively. The strains of /talica heraclei (MFLUCC 20-0227) and /. achilleae (MFLUCC 14-0955) were collected from the same Province, Forli-Cesena; /talica luzulae (MFLUCC 10 Wijesinghe S et al 14-0932) was collected from Trento Province (Ariyawansa et al. 2015b, Wanasinghe et al. 2018b). ltalica heraclei (MFLUCC 20-0227) shows morphological characters that are typical for the genus, including coriaceous ascomata; filamentous, branched and septate pseudoparaphyses; and hyaline to yellowish-brown ascospores. /talica heraclei differs from other /talica species by its cylindrical asci and vertically aseptate (Fig. 3) and uniseriate-arranged ascospores in asci. From the comparison of the SSU, ITS, LSU and TEF sequences of /. heraclei (MFLUCC 20-0227) and /. /Juzulae (MFLUCC 14-0932, type species) strains, we detected 3/949 (0.31%), 67/517 (12.95%), 20/796 (2.51%) and 32/619 (5.16%) differences, respectively. From the comparison of SSU, ITS, LSU and TEF nucleotides of /. heraclei and |. achilleae (MFLUCC 14-0955), we found 1/950 (0.1%), 64/517 (12.37%), 7/796 (1.13%) and 28/619 (4.52%) differences, respectively. According to the results of our integrative taxonomy approach, we described /. heraclei (MFLUCC 20-0227) as a new species. Pseudoophiobolus mathieui (Westend.) Phookamsak., Wanas., S.K. Huang, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde (2017) IndexFungorum |F 554183 Facesoffungi number FoF 03804 Nomenclature Basionym: Sphaeria mathieui Westend., Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Belg., Cl. Sci., sér. 2: no. 5 (1859) Materials a. kingdom: Fungi; phylum: Ascomycota; class: Dothideomycetes; order: Pleosporales; family: Phaeosphaeriaceae; taxonRank: species; genus: Pseudoophiobolus; specificEpithet: mathieui; stateProvince: Province of Ravenna; county: Italy; municipality: near Brisighella; year: 2018; month: 9; day: 10; habitat: on a dead areail stem of Artemisia sp. (Asterales, Asteraceae); fieldNotes: Terrestrial; recordedBy: Erio Camporesi; identifiedBy: S.N. Wijesinghe; institution|D: MFLU 18-1907; institutionCode: Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium (MFLU); ownerInstitutionCode: IT4031 b. type: living culture; collection|D: MFLUCC 20-0150; collectionCode: Mae Fah Luang Culture Collection (MFLUCC) Description Saprobic on dead aerial stem of Artemisia sp. (Asterales, Asteraceae). Sexual morph: Ascomata (Fig. 4a-b, c - with ostiole) 170-300 x 140-250 um (x = 200 x 177 um, n = 10), solitary, scattered, dark brown to black, semi-immersed to erumpent, sessile, globose to subglobose, uni-loculate, coriaceous, ostiolate and papillate. Papilla (Fig. 4d) 70-150 x 60-120 um, mammiform to oblong, with a rounded to truncate apex, thick Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including ltalica heraclei sp. nov. 11 walled, composed of several layers, brown to dark brown cells of textura angularis, ostiole central, single and without periphyses. Peridium (Fig. 4e) 15-35 um (x = 20 um, n = 15), brown to black, thick-walled, pseudoparenchymatous cells, composed of 4—6 cell layers, outer layers composed of dark brown loosely packed cells of textura angularis, inner layers composed of light brown to hyaline flattened cells of textura prismatica. Hamathecium comprising numerous, 1.5—2.5 um wide (xX = 2 um, n = 15), filamentous, distinctly septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses (Fig. 4f) with guttules, slightly constricted at the septa, anastomosing at the apex, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci (Fig. 4g-j) 100-150 x 6-9 um (x = 132 x 8 um, n = 15), 8- spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindrical-clavate, short furcate pedicel, apically rounded, well-developed ocular chamber. Ascospores (Fig. 4k-m) 120-150 x 2-3 um (kK = 131 x 2.8 um, n = 25), fasciculate, lying parallel or spiral at the centre, scolecosporous, filiform or filamentous, narrowly rounded towards the ends, slightly swollen at the middle of 4'" or 5" cell from the apex (Fig. 4n), yellowish to yellowish brown, 15-18 septate and not constricted at the septa, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA within 4 days, from single- spore isolation. Colonies (Fig. 40-p) on PDA reaching 10-15 mm diam. after 14 days at 16°C, circular, entire edge, flat, dense, pale yellow in both upper and lower centres, white at the edges in both sides. GenBank accession numbers (ex-MFLUCC 20-0150): SSU = MT880290, ITS = MT880294, LSU = MT880292, TEF = MT901292 Notes Pseudoophiobolus was introduced by Phookamsak et al. (2017) to accommodate Ophiobolus-like taxa, including P mathieui, characterised by ascospores that are subhyaline to pale yellowish or yellowish, with a swollen cell, lacking terminal appendages and not separating into part spores. Both the new Italian strain (MFLUCC 20-0150) and the previously-isolated ex-type strain of P mathieui (MFLUCC 17-1785) were collected from the Province of Forli-Cesena, on Artemisia sp. (Asterales, Asteraceae) and Salvia sp. (Lamiales, Lamiaceae), respectively. Further records were reported for the same Province on Origanum vulgare (Lamiales, Lamiaceae) and Ononis spinosa (Fabales, Fabaceae) (Phookamsak et al. 2017). Characteristics of our material resemble the holotype (Phookamsak et al. 2017). The holotype of P mathieui (MFLUCC 17-1785) and our newly-isolated strain (MFLUCC 20-0150) were similar in ascomata, ostiole, peridium and asci, but the ascomatal ostiole of MFLUCC 20-0150 was composed of cells of textura angularis, whereas, in MFLUCC 17-1785, the cells were of textura angularis to textura prismatica (Fig. 4). From a comparison of ITS and LSU sequences between P mathieui (type) and MFLUCC 20-0150 strain, both were identical. However, seven nucleotide differences (1.13%) were found between the TEF sequences of two strains. Following the integrative taxonomic approach with both morphological data and molecular 12 Wijesinghe S et al phylogenetic analyses, we conclude that our new collection is Pseudoophiobolus mathieui and represents a new host record on Artemisia sp. (Asterales, Asteraceae). Figure 4. EESI Pseudoophiobolus mathieui (MFLU 18-1907). a-b. Ascomata on dead host surface of Artemisia sp. (Asterales, Asteraceae). c. Section of an ascoma. d. Close-up of ostiole. e. Peridium. f. Pseudoparaphyses. g-j. Asci. k-m. Ascospores. n. Ascospore with a swollen point (arrow). o-p. Colonies on PDA from upper (0) to lower (p) sides. Scale bars: b, d = 100 um, c, f= 50 um, e, g, h, |, m= 20 um, i,j = 10 um, n= 5 um. Phomatodes nebulosa (Pers.) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Stud. Mycol. 82: 191 (2015) ‘ IndexFungorum IF 814134 ° Facesoffungi number FoF 06803 Nomenclature = Sphaeria nebulosa Pers., Observ. mycol. (Lipsiae) 2: 69 (1800) [1799] Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including Italica heraclei sp. nov. 13 Materials a. namePublishedin: Phomatodes nebulosa (Pers.) Qian Chen & L. Cai, Stud. Mycol. 82: 191 (2015); kingdom: Fungi; phylum: Ascomycota; class: Dothideomycetes; order: Pleosporales; family: Didymellaceae; taxonRank: species; genus: Phomatodes; specificEpithet: nebulosa; stateProvince: Province of Arezzo [AR]; county: Italy; municipality: near Passo la Calla - Stia; year: 2018; month: December; day: 3; habitat: on a dead and aerial stem of Urtica dioica (Rosales, Urticaceae); field Notes: Terrestrial; recordedBy: Erio Camporesi; identifiedBy: S.N. Wijesinghe; institution!D: MFLU 18-2685; institutionCode: Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium (MFLU); owner!nstitutionCode: IT 4110 b. type: living culture; collection|D: MFLUCC 20-0155; collectionCode: Mae Fah Luang Culture Collection (MFLUCC) Description Saprobic on dead aboveground stem of Urtica dioica L. (Rosales, Urticaceae). Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata (Fig. 5a-c) immersed, raised as black spots on the host surface, pycnidial, 60-70 x 140-170 um (x = 66.5 x 155 um, n = 10), solitary, scattered, unilocular, globose or subglobose to irregular. Pycnidial wall (Fig. 5d) pseudoparenchymatous, 3—5-layered, 15-30 um (x = 25 um, n = 10) wide, thick walled, the outermost layer comprising dark brown cells of textura angularis, the inner layer comprising pale brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells (Fig. 5e-f) 4-5 x 2-4 um (x = 4.5 x 3.6 um, n = 5), enteroblastic, phialidic, ampulliform or short cylindrical, determinate, smooth, hyaline. Conidia (Fig. 5g-j) 4-7 x 1-2 um (x = 5.3 x 1.6 um, n = 30) ellipsoidal to cylindrical, aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled, hyaline. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h, from single-spore isolation. Colonies (Fig. 5I-m) on PDA reaching 5—10 mm diam. after 10 days at 18°C, circular, entire edge, flat, dense, white in both upper and lower sides. GenBank accession numbers (ex-MFLUCC 20-0155): ITS = MT880293, LSU = MT880295, TUB2 = MT901291 Notes Phomatodes was introduced by Chen et al. (2015) to accommodate Phoma-like taxa in Didymellaceae. The type species, Phomatodes aubrietiae, is characterised by globose to subglobose pycnidia, ostiolate conidiomata, solitary or confluent, with a 3—5-layered, pigmented pseudoparenchymatous pycnidial wall, phialidic, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to doliiform conidiogenous cells and cylindrical to allantoid, hyaline, thin- walled, smooth, aseptate, polar guttulate conidia (Chen et al. 2015). The morphology of our material (Fig. 5) agrees with that of the holotype (CBS 100191), with globose to subglobose conidiomata; phialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells; and_ hyaline, aseptate and polar guttulate conidia (5-7 x 1.5—2.5 ym). 14 Wijesinghe S et al From the comparison of ITS, LSU and TUB2 sequences between P nebulosa (CBS 100191-type) and P nebulosa (MFLUCC 20-0155), both strains were identical. In our multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, the new isolate (MFLUCC 20-0155) and the ex-type strains of P nebulosa (CBS 117.93, CBS 740.96, CBS 100191, MFLU 18-0177) clustered together with high support (99 ML/1.00 PP) (Fig. 2). Figure 5. EES] Phomatodes nebulosa (MFLU 18-2685). a-b. Conidiomata on a dead stem of U/rtica dioica Rosales, Urticaceae). c. Longitudinal section of a conidioma. d. Conidiomatal wall. e-f. Development stages of conidiogenesis. g-j. Conidiospores. k. Germinating conidium. I-m. Colonies on PDA (I upper, m lower). Scale bars: a = 100 um, c = 50 um, b, k = 20 um, d-e = 10 um, f-j = 5 um. Early records of Phomatodes nebulosa were reported on Armoracia rusticana (Brassicales, Brassicaceae) and Mercurialis perennis (Malpighiales, Euphorbiaceae) from the Netherlands, Thlaspi arvense (Brassicales, Brassicaceae) from Poland (Chen et al. 2015, Farr and Rossman 2020) and Datisca cannabina (Cucurbitales, Datiscaceae) from Uzbekistan (Gafforov 2017, Farr and Rossman 2020). Our new strain of P nebulosa from U. dioica was collected from the Province of Arezzo in Italy at Additions to Italian Pleosporinae, including ltalica heraclei sp. nov. 15 higher altitude (296 m a.s.|.), compared to the previous Italian record on the same host, but from the Province of Forli-Cesena (34 m a.s.l.) (Hyde et al. 2020a). Considering the results of our integrative taxonomic approach, we report this strain as a new record of P. nebulosa, the first for the Province of Arezzo and the second for Italy, widening its geographic distribution in the country. Discussion The pleosporalean fungal collections in this study originated from terrestrial habitats in the Provinces of Arezzo (Tuscany region), Forli-Cesena and Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna region) in Italy (Fig. 6). The fungal isolates were associated with hosts in Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Urticaceae, which are economically and ecologically valuable plants (Simpson 2010, Bennett 2011). The expansion of ecological and mycogeographical knowledge, other than the taxonomic knowledge, are prerequisites to understand fungal biology, diversity and conservation. Our new species (/talica heraclei) and the new record ( Pseudoophiobolus mathieul) of Phaeosphaeriaceae, reported in this study, led to an expansion of knowledge about the family Phaeosphaeriaceae. Pseudoophiobolus mathieui strain was found on a new host, Artemisia sp. (Asterales, Asteraceae), enlarging the host distribution of this species in Italy. The record of Phomatodes nebulosa (Didymellaceae) for the Province of Forli-Cesena represents the second record for Italy, widening the geographical range for this species. on Bis — Region of Efnilia-Romagna @ Collecting sites (2 Administrative boundaries of Italy Region of Tuscany Figure 6. EES] Geographical distribution of newly-isolated species in Italy. a. Administrative boundaries of Italy and collection regions (grey). b. More detailed map of the collection sites within the Provinces of Arezzo (Tuscany) and Ravenna and Forli-Cesena (Emilia Romagna). At times, members of these fungal families are able to have pathogenic relationships with different host plants in different environments (Hongsanan et al. 2020). Therefore, the accurate reporting of host-fungal records with their geographical locations is highly recommended to gain a better understanding of emerging plant pathogens (Dugan et al. 2009). In this study, we highlighted the expansion of the taxonomic framework and host- 16 Wijesinghe S et al fungal relationships of those studied taxa in different Italian geographic regions. Additionally, we combined morphological data and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses to verify their identities and assess their taxonomic placement amongst other pleosporalean taxa. Acknowledgements Y. Wang would like to thank National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31972222, 31560489), Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China (111 Program, D20023), Talent Project of Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Platform ([2017]5788-5, [2019]5641 and [2020]5001), Guizhou Science, Technology Department International Cooperation Basic project ([2018]5806). S.N. Wijesinghe would like to thank Mae Fah Luang University for financial support and S.C. Karunarathne, R.G.U. Jayalal and A.R. Rathnayaka for their precious assistance during this study. Further, S.N. Wijesinghe would like to acknowledge Robert Hijmans and team for offering free access data files in GIS mapping. D.N. Wanasinghe would like to thank the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his postdoctoral research (number 2019PCO0008), the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for financial support under the following grants: 41761144055, 41771063 and Y4ZK111B01. K.D. Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund (“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub-region RDG6130001"). References ° Alors D, Lumbsch HT, Divakar PK, Leavitt SD, Crespo A (2016) An integrative approach for understanding diversity in the Punctelia rudecta species complex (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). 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