Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e59202 CO) doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e59202 open access Data Paper Distribution of birds in Colombia Danny Vélez+, Edwin Tamayo§, Fernando Ayerbe-Quifiones!, Julian TorresS, Juan Rey$, Carolina Castro-Moreno§, Bryan Ramirez$, Jose Manuel Ochoa-Quintero$ $ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Museu Nacional (MN), Departamento de Entomologia, Laboratorio de Hymenoptera, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil § Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Bioldgicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia | Wildlife Conservation Society, Colombian Program, Popayan, Colombia Corresponding author: Fernando Ayerbe-Quifones (fayerbeqg@gmail.com), Carolina Castro-Moreno (acastro@humboldt.org.co) Academic editor: Christopher Heckscher Received: 01 Oct 2020 | Accepted: 07 Jan 2021 | Published: 03 Feb 2021 Citation: Vélez D, Tamayo E, Ayerbe-Quifiones F, Torres J, Rey J, Castro-Moreno C, Ramirez B, Ochoa- Quintero JM (2021) Distribution of birds in Colombia. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e59202. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e59202 Abstract Background 1. Colombia with 1941 known recorded bird species is one of the most species rich countries in the world. Efforts are necessary to conserve, study and promote sustainable use of this important taxonomic group throughout Colombia’s vast territory. 2. In an ideal world, informed decisions that are based on sound scientific information should be likelier to have successful outcomes. Nevertheless, there are barriers that make it difficult to access and use information in a timely fashion. Those same barriers impede the study, conservation and sustainable use of bird species in Colombia. On the other hand, given that there is good documentation about the ecology of a large number of species, information about the distribution of birds can be easily incorporated into decision- making processes, once this information becomes readily available in a consumable format using Geographic Information Sciences tools. 3. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to present the first compilation of the current distribution of 1889 (97%) species of birds in Colombia, using expert criteria. The © Vélez D et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Vélez D et al shapefiles were used to show the distribution and diversity of bird species in Colombia under both geopolitical and conservation geographic units. 4. The information provided in this paper can be used as a baseline for a huge number of initiatives that aim to strengthen conservation efforts and improve knowledge about one the most unique taxonomic groups in the country. These range from land use planning strategies at the municipal or department scale to sustainable use of bird species - such as those initiatives related to bird watching - in Colombia. New information This study has considered three key aspects: 1) the importance of birds for Colombia’s ecosystems, 2) the privileged place of Colombia in bird species richness and 3) the importance of data mobilisation in formats easily consumable by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to facilitate the processes of informed decision-making. We present the first compilation - in shapefile format - for 1889 of the 1941 bird species recorded from Colombia. Using this novel collection, we showed the species richness of birds in Colombia’s 33 Departments plus its Captial District (DPs), 1122 Municipalities (MNs), 58 protected areas (PAs), 39 Regional Autonomous Corporations (the authorities responsible within their respective jurisdictions for regulating the environment and renewable natural resources in Colombia; CARs) and 916 Collectively Titled Territories (including both indigenous reservations and afro-descendant communities; CTTs). In addition, we provide a list of Known bird species richness for the above geographic units found in the available literature. The information provided here can be used as a baseline for a huge number of initiatives concerning the study, conservation and sustainable use of bird species present in Colombia, providing access to key features of bird distribution that should facilitate decision-making. Keywords Aves, biodiversity, conservation, data mobilisation, decision-making, GIS, sustainable use Introduction Birds inhabit almost every ecosystem on earth and are amongst the most diverse, active and important ecosystem service providing groups (Sekercioglu 2006). Given the large body of knowledge about birds, they are frequently used in initiatives related to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity around the world (Hausmann et al. 2019). Colombia, with 1941 known bird species (Ayerbe-Quinones 2019), is amongst the countries with the highest species richness of this biological group worldwide. Given the above, special effort is required to make information about Colombian birds freely available for research, conservation and sustainable use management and planning. Distribution of birds in Colombia 3 In an ideal world, decisions that are informed by sound data should have better odds of producing successful outcomes. Actions related to the study, protection and sustainable use of birds must be supported by information about the species and their relationships with both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Activities that require data on bird distributions include: national planning and budgets for resource management in sectors such as agriculture, mining, infrastructure, protected areas, compliance with multilateral environmental agreements; development of environmental resource legislation; measurement and mitigation of human impact on the environment; mitigation of anthropogenic drivers and conflicts; and projects on sustainable use of biodiversity (Stephenson et al. 2017). Nevertheless, there are barriers that make it difficult for consumers to access and use information in a timely fashion. Stephenson et al. (2017) pointed out several barriers that make it difficult to access and use information for biodiversity management. The four groups of barriers identified in the aforementioned paper are: 1) data availability, 2) data quality and usability, 3) willingness to collect and use data and 4) technical and financial capacity. However, with both constant technological advances and increasing necessity for information, an important ecosystem of tools, institutions and initiatives has grown with the aim of increasing technical capacity in biodiversity data mobilisation, use and reuse. Nevertheless, there are key issues remaining to be addressed that concern both data and domain integration of biodiversity information (Konig et al. 2019). Data and information are valued in the degree in which they are findable, usable and in formats consumable by Geographic Information Sciences (GlScience), relevant to decision-making processes. Foody (2008) concluded that GlScience provides both data on environmental properties and techniques to explore, visualise, use and integrate geographic information with other data (e.g. biological data) for understanding biodiversity and conservation. For these reasons, we were inspired to create an invaluable information resource that would be useful as baseline to understand and conserve bird species based on their geographic distribution in Colombia. General description Purpose: Given the importance of data mobilisation for democratising information about birds in Colombia, the main objective of this paper is to present a shapefile with the current distribution of 1890 species of birds recorded from Colombia and use the obtained distribution to show some key features of bird species richness in Colombia in both geopolitical and conservation geographic units to facilitate decision-making processes, scientific research and sustainable use of biodiversity in Colombia. Sampling methods Step description: We used 1889 expert-based bird distribution maps obtained from the Guide to Birds of Colombia (Ayerbe-Quihones 2018). The bird distribution maps in PNG 4 Vélez D et al format were georeferenced and transformed into a raster format and posteriorly into a vector shapefile format using the Python Programming Language 2.7 and the software ArcGIS 10.7. Once we had the individual bird species maps in shapefile format, we used this information to obtain some key features and figures on bird species richness in Colombia. To perform this task, we evaluated distributions in three key management units in the country: geopolitical units, management and conservation units and collective territories. To obtain the bird species number per geopolitical, natural, management and collectively titled territories, we made layer intersections between the shapefile of bird distribution and the layers for each one of the selected territories, using the EPSG 4686 system in the software ArcGIS v. 10.7 software. Layers used for intersection were: DPs and MNs (IGAC 2019), PAs (PNNC 2019), CARs (IDEAM 2018) and CTTs (Etnoterritorios 2020a, Etnoterritorios 2020b). Metadata for each one of the layers can be consulted in the respective data resource. Finally, to make the compilation freely available, we uploaded it into the online data repository of the Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt (http://geonetwork.humboldt.org.co/geonetwork/srv/spa/catalog.search#/home/). In addition, the distribution map of each species was uploaded into the BioModelos platform where it can be consulted by species name (http://biomodelos.humboldt.org.co/). Geographic coverage Description: To establish the geographic coverage, we used the EPSG 4686 coordinates system. All the Colombian territory is included in this work. Coordinates: -4.204 and 13.390 Latitude; -81.763 and -66.829 Longitude. Taxonomic coverage Description: In this paper, we follow the taxonomic system of Ayerbe-Quifones (2019). Taxa included: Rank Scientific Name Common Name class Aves Birds Usage licence Usage licence: Other IP rights notes: Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License. Distribution of birds in Colombia 5 Data resources Data package title: Distribution of birds in Colombia. Year 2020 Resource link: http://geonetwork.humboldt.org.co/geonetwork/srv/spa/catalog.search#/ metadata/5c2b19d2-6893-4955-aa65-509d1c3f2706 Number of data sets: 2 Data set name: BIRD_Colombia Download URL: http://geonetwork.humboldt.org.co/geonetwork/srv/api/records/ 5c2b19d2-6893-4955-aa65-509d1c3f2706/attachments/BIRD Colombia.rar Data format: Shapefile Description: The .Zip file contains a shapefile with the distribution of bird species in Colombia. The shapefile has three attributes. Column label Column description Order Scientific name of the Order in which the species is classified Family Scientific name of the Family in which the species is classified Species Bird species Data set name: Additional data Download URL: http://geonetwork.humboldt.org.co/geonetwork/srv/api/records/ 5c2b19d2-6893-4955-aa65-509d1c3f2706/attachments/BIRD Colombia.rar Data format: EXCEL file Data format version: .xlsx Description: Within the same .Zip that contains the BIRD_Colombia shapefile, there is an Excel file with three sheets where the number of bird species per Municipalities, Indigenous Reservations and afro-descendant communities is shown. The Excel file has seven attributes. Column label Column description Code_Dane MN unique identifier assigned by the Colombian “Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica” (DANE) Department Name of the Department Municipality Name of the Municipality Spp Number of species 6 Vélez D et al Indigenous reservation Name of the reservation name Etnia Name of indigenous ethnicity Afro-descendant Name of the community community Additional information As pointed out by Chapman (2005) - referring to primary species-occurrence data - biodiversity information has endless uses in almost every aspect of human endeavour worldwide. These include aspects that are not so obvious, such as food security, education and recreation. The same author called attention to the fact that it is necessary to make maximum use of these data to better understand biodiversity, to mitigate and monitor changes to our environment and to improve, conserve and sustainably use our biodiversity. In this context, the Shapefile compilation presented here has the potential to facilitate and improve research, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Colombia, with a special focus on the country’s charismatic and ecologically-important birdlife. Expert-based range maps for species distribution - like those presented here - are useful tools that help in research and conservation of biodiversity. With some limitations, these kinds of distributional models, based on group expert criteria, become valuable in cases in which there is a lack of reliable information on the distribution of biological species (e.g. Fourcade 2016, Mainali et al. 2020) and as a complement to both species distribution and ecological niche modelling techniques (e.g. Fourcade et al. 2013, Merow et al. 2017). Such maps can help to establish an information baseline to understand biodiversity patterns in poorly-known species. We consider that the lack of information for several species of birds in Colombia can be remedied in the meantime by the models presented here, which can be used as a Starting point for many research, conservation and decision-making processes. A dynamic process for improving information on species distributions in one the most biodiverse countries of the world will make it possible to generate a Living Atlas of Colombian Biodiversity that can be improved over time with the help of experts and the inclusion citizen science data. Key figures on bird species richness in Colombia per different geographic units are presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Information provided in these Tables can be used for a quick comparison between the number of species in different geographic units. Here, we present diverse examples of the information and comparisons that can be made in different territories. Additionally, we provide a comparison to available information - including both eBird (2020) database and literature - of the number of species recorded per DPs and PAs (Tables 1, 4). The differences amongst the number of species presented by sources are due to differences in the methods and sampling effort used to obtain the information. Expert maps use a coarser resolution than other methods; this can explain the tendency to obtain the highest number of species per geographic unit with this method. As noted Distribution of birds in Colombia above, expert maps are used as a baseline and complement knowledge that can be used for education, decision-making processes and research. Table 1. Number of bird species per DPs in Colombia obtained in this paper and compared with available references, including eBird (2020). DP Cauca Narifio Antioquia Boyaca Meta Cundinamarca Choco Putumayo Caqueta Valle del cauca Norte de Santander Cordoba Cesar Santander Caldas Casanare Tolima Arauca La guajira Huila Bolivar Risaralda Magdalena Number of bird species this work 1409 1384 1125 1107 1063 1062 1059 1050 1046 982 940 929 882 874 861 858 822 798 770 748 728 719 697 Number of bird species eBird July 2020 1164 964 1047 913 1048 919 941 1000 850 1024 654 632 613 844 883 688 794 554 581 765 598 894 647 Number of bird species in other sources 1102 1048 941 989 504 923 507 512 References of other sources Ayerbe-Quinones et al. 2008 Calder6én-Leytén et al. 2011 Chaparro-Herrera et al. 2018 Cardenas et al. 2020 Ballesteros et al. 2015 Corporacion Aut6noma Regional de Caldas and Asociacion Calidris 2010 Zamudio et al. 2011 Izquierdo et al. 2019 8 Vélez D et al DP Number of Number of bird Number of bird References of other bird species species eBird species in other sources this work July 2020 sources Amazonas 690 639 Guaviare 678 579 Vichada 639 559 Quindio 633 687 Guainia 614 546 Sucre 584 405 Vaupes 572 610 558 Carrillo et al. 2018 Atlantico 510 403 363 Castro-Vasquez 2016 Bogota, D.C. 489 535 Archipiélago de san 198 180 Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina Table 2. Ten Colombian MNs with highest number of bird species recorded in this paper. DP MN Number of bird species Cauca Santa Rosa 1033 Putumayo Mocoa 1002 Narifo Ipiales 1000 Narifio Cordoba 993 Narifio Puerres 992 Narifio Potosi 991 Putumayo San francisco 983 Caqueta San Vicente del Caguan 949 Caqueta Florencia 928 Caqueta El paujil 911 Distribution of birds in Colombia Table 3. Number of bird species per CAR in Colombia obtained in this paper. CAR Corporacio6n Aut6noma Regional del Cauca Corporacio6n Aut6noma Regional de Narifio Corporacion para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Sur de la Amazonia Corporacion Aut6noma Regional de la Orinoquia Corporaci6n para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Area de Manejo Especial La Macarena Corporacioén Aut6noma Regional para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Chocé Corporacion para el Desarrollo Sostenible de Uraba Corporacioén Aut6noma Regional del Valle del Cauca Corporaci6n Autonoma Regional del Centro de Antioquia Corporacioén Aut6noma Regional de la Frontera Nororiental Corporacio6n Autonoma Regional de los Valles del Sinu y San Jorge Corporacio6n Aut6noma Regional del Guavio Corporaci6én Aut6noma Regional de Chivor Corporacion Aut6noma Regional de Boyaca Corporacion Aut6énoma Regional del Cesar Corporaci6n Aut6noma Regional de las cuencas de los rios Rionegro y Nare Corporacioén Aut6noma Regional de Caldas Corporacion Aut6noma Regional de Santander Corporacio6n Autonoma Regional de Cundinamarca Corporacion Autonoma Regional para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga Corporacién Aut6noma Regional del Tolima Corporacio6n Aut6noma Regional de la Guajira Corporacion Aut6noma Regional del Alto Magdalena Corporacion para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Norte y Oriente de la Amazonia Corporacioén Autonoma Regional de Risaralda Corporacion Aut6noma Regional del Magdalena Corporacio6n Aut6noma Regional del Sur de Bolivar Number of bird species this work 1409 1384 1199 1106 1065 1059 1041 983 963 940 928 924 896 893 882 862 861 861 835 824 821 770 748 725 719 697 636 10 Vélez D et al CAR Number of bird species this work Corporacioén Autonoma Regional del Quindio 633 Area Metropolitana del Valle de Aburra 510 Corporacion Aut6noma Regional del Atlantico 510 Corporacio6n Aut6noma Regional del Canal del Dique 506 Corporacion Autonoma Regional de Sucre 500 Departamento Administrativo Distrital del Medio Ambiente de Santa Marta 488 Establecimiento Publico Ambiental 486 Departamento Técnico Administrativo del Medio Ambiente Barranquilla 482 Corporacion para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Mojana y del San Jorge 479 Secretaria Distrital de Ambiente de Bogota D.C. 378 Departamento Administrativo de Gestiédn del Medio Ambiente de Santiago de Cali. 308 Corporacion para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Archipiélago de San Andrés 198 Providencia y Santa Catalina Table 4. Bird species per PAs in Colombia. Classification of PAs used here is: Parque Nacional Natural (PNN), Santuario de Flora (SF), Santuario de Fauna (SFA), Reserva Nacional Natural (RNN), Via Parque (VP), Santuario de Flora y Fauna (SFF) and Area Natural Unica (ANU). Category PA Number of bird Number of bird species References of other species this work in other sources sources PNN Sumapaz 919 PNN Chingaza 911 531 Linares-Romero et al. 2020 PNN Serrania de los 909 421 Salaman et al. 1999 Churumbelos PNN Alto Fragua Indiwasi 893 PNN Cordillera de los Picachos 877 SF Plantas Medicinales Orito 860 Ingi Ande PNN Paramillo 846 PNN Los Farallones de Cali 840 PNN El Cocuy 787 Distribution of birds in Colombia 11 Category PA Number of bird Number of bird species References of other species this work in other sources sources PNN Serrania de los Yariguies 775 583 Donegan et al. 2010 PNN Tama 737 PNN Las orquideas 729 PNN Munchique 711 PNN Sierra de la Macarena 697 183 Rangel-Ch. et al. 1995a PNN Serrania de Chiribiquete 465 355 Alvarez et al. 2003 PNN Tinigua 628 441 Cadena et al. 2000 PNN Sierra Nevada de Santa 616 Marta PNN Amacayacu 615 355 Rangel-Ch. 1995 PNN Los Katios 609 PNN La Paya 596 PNN Cahuinari 592 PNN Complejo volcanico Dona = 586 Juana Cascabel PNN Rio Pure 570 PNN Yaigojé Apaporis 562 SFA Acandi Playén 541 RN Nukak 539 RN Puinawai 516 PNN Utria 504 VP Isla de Salamanca 498 PNN Nevado del Huila 493 PNN Los Nevados 489 162 Rangel-Ch. and Garzon-C. 1995 PNN Tayrona 485 200 Rangel-Ch. and Lowy- C. 1995 SFF El Corchal “El Mono 484 Hernandez” PNN El Tuparro 482 320 Rangel-Ch. et al. 1995b PNN Puracé 477 12 Category PA PNN Sanquianga PNN Tatama SFF Los Flamencos PNN Catatumbo Bari PNN Los Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo PNN Uramba Bahia Malaga SFF Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta PNN Las Hermosas PNN Pisba SFF Los Colorados PNN Selva de Florencia SFF Isla de la Corota PNN Cueva de los Guacharos SFF Galeras ANU Los Estoraques SFF Otun Quimbaya SFF Guanenta Alto Rio Fonce SFF Iguaque PNN Bahia Portete-Kaurrele PNN Macuira PNN Old Providence Mc Bean Lagoon PNN Gorgona PNN Corales de Profundidad Vélez D et al Number of bird species this work 477 467 465 457 457 456 453 440 429 420 419 304 393 349 342 340 330 322 277 250 194 84 39 Number of bird species References of other in other sources sources 141 Duque-Garcia and Franke-Ante 2011 357 Gomez et al. 2020 Distribution of birds in Colombia 13 Table 5. Ten Colombian CTTs with highest number of bird species recorded in this paper. Territories included here are indigenous reservations and afro-descendant communities. Category Collective Titling Ethnic group or Number of bird Territory community species Indigenous reservation Kaméntsa Biya de Kamént8a 993 Sibundoy Afro-descendant La Nueva Esperanza La Nueva Esperanza 961 communities Indigenous reservation Nasa Uh Nasa 946 Indigenous reservation Yunguillo Inga 876 Indigenous reservation Simorna Embera Chami 875 Indigenous reservation La Florida Paéz 869 Indigenous reservation Alto Orito Embera Chami 865 Indigenous reservation Inga de Condagua Inga 862 Indigenous reservation San José Inga 861 Indigenous reservation Rumiyaco Pasto 856 Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Humboldt Institute for providing funding to make this publication possible. We thank the BioModelos team for uploading the species models in the BioModelos platform. We thank Laura Jaramillo Mejia for her work on the database of the Avifauna Colombiana project. We also thanks Lauren Raz and Christopher K. Starr for reviewing the early version of this paper. The Coordenagao de Aperfeigoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) provided financial support to DV. Author contributions DV conceived the idea, work coordination and wrote the manuscript; ET, JT and BR developed the shapefile compilation, GIS processing and wrote the manuscript; CC-M wrote the manuscript; JR eBird consultation and wrote the manuscript; FA-Q provided original species distribution models in digital format, taxonomic review and provided critical elements to develop the manuscript and shapefile compilation; JMO-Q provided critical elements to develop the manuscript and shapefile compilation and he critically reviewed the final manuscript. 14 Vélez D et al References ° Alvarez M, UmafiaA, Mejia G, Cajiao J, Hildebrand Pv, Gast F (2003) Aves del Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, Amazonia-Provincia de la Guyana, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 4 (1): 49-63. ° Ayerbe-Quifiones F, Lopez-Ordofiez J, Gonzalez-Rojas M, Estela F, Ramirez-Burbano M, Sandoval-Sierra J, Gomez-Berna L (2008) Aves del departamento del Cauca - Colombia. Biota Colombiana 9 (1): 77-132. ° Ayerbe-Quifiones F (2018) Guia ilustrada de la avifauna colombiana - Wildlife Conservation Society, Colombian Programme. First Edition. PuntoAparte, Bogota, 444 pp. ° Ayerbe-Quifiones F (2019) Guia ilustrada de la avifauna colombiana - Wildlife Conservation Society, Colombian Programme. Second Edition. PuntoAparte, Bogota, 444 pp. ° Ballesteros J, Vergara J, Linares J (2015) Aves de Cordoba. In: Ballesteros J, Linares J (Eds) Fauna de Cordoba, Colombia. Fondo Editorial de la Universidad de Cordoba, Colombia, 324 pp. ° Cadena D, Alvarez M, Parra J, Jiménez I, Mejia C, Santamaria M, Franco A, Botero C, Mejia G, Umana A, Calixto A, Aldana J, Londofio G (2000) The birds of CIEM, Tinigua National Park, Colombia: an overview of 13 years of ornithological research. Cotinga 13: 46-54. ° Calderon-Leyton JJ, Pai CF, Finley AC, Mora4 YR (2011) Aves del departamento de Narino, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 12 (1): 31-116. ° Cardenas G, Ramirez-Mosquera D, Eusse-Gonzalez D, Fierro-Calderon E, Vidal- Astudillo V, Estela F (2020) Aves del departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 21 (1). https://doi.org/10.21068/c2020.v21n02a04 ° Carrillo E, Jaramillo L, Portura M (2018) La avifauna del departamento de Vaupés, escudo guyanes, Amazonas Colombia. Revista Colombiana Amazonica 11: 121-148. ° Castro-Vasquez L (2016) Aproximacion al estado actual del conocimiento de la avifauna del departamento del Atlantico, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 17 (1): 90-117. https://doi.org/10.21068/C2016v17r01a07 ° Chaparro-Herrera S, Lopera-Salazar A, Stiles G (2018) Aves del departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia: conocimiento, nuevos registros y vacios de informacion. Biota Colombiana 19 (1): 160-189. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2018.v19n01a11 ° Chapman AD (2005) Uses of primary species-oOccurrence data. Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, 100 pp. ° Corporacion Autonoma Regional de Caldas, Asociacion Calidris (2010) Estado de conocimiento de las aves en el departamento de Caldas: prioridades de conservacion y vacios de informacion. Corporacion Autonoma Regional de Caldas, Manizales, 105 pp. ° Donegan T, Avendano JE, Briceno-L. E, Luna JC, Roa C, Parra R, Turner C, Sharp M, Huertas B (2010) Aves de la Serrania de los Yariguies y tierras bajas circundantes, Santander, Colombia. Cotinga 32: 72-89. ° Duque-Garcia D, Franke-Ante R (2011) Aves. In: Zarza-Gonzalez E (Ed.) El entorno ambiental del Parque Nacional Natural Corales Del Rosario y de San Bernardo. Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, Cartagena de Indias, 260 pp. Distribution of birds in Colombia 15 eBird (2020) eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. Accessed on: 2020-7-01. Etnoterritorios (2020a) Tierras comunidades negras. https://mig.etnoterritorios.org/ index.php/view/map/?repository=sig&project=Visor etnoterritorios. Accessed on: 2020-6-30. Etnoterritorios (2020b) Resguardos Indigenas. https://mig.etnoterritorios.org/index.php/ view/map/?repository=sig&project=Visor etnoterritorios. Accessed on: 2020-6-30. Foody GM (2008) GIS: biodiversity applications. Progress in Physical Geography 32 (2): 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133308094656 Fourcade Y, Engler J, Besnard A, Rédder D, Secondi J (2013) Confronting expert- based and modelled distributions for species with uncertain conservation status: A case study from the corncrake (Crex crex). Biological Conservation 167: 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.08.009 Fourcade Y (2016) Comparing species distributions modelled from occurrence data and from expert-based range maps. Implication for predicting range shifts with climate change. Ecological Informatics 36: 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.09.002 Gomez D, Orozco K, Cardona F, Pineda M, Bedoya M, Ocampo D (2020) Avifauna del Parque Nacional Natural Selva de Florencia (Samana, Caldas, Colombia): nuevos registros y ampliaciones de distribucion. Biota Colombiana 21 (2): 1-31. https://doi.org/ 10.21068/c2020.v21n02a03 Hausmann A, Toivonen T, Fink C, Heikinheimo V, Tenkanen H, Butchart S, Brooks T, Di- Minin E (2019) Assessing global popularity and threats to important bird and biodiversity areas using social media data. Science of the Total Environment 683: 617-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/).scitotenv.2019.05.268 IDEAM (2018) Mapa de Corporaciones Autonomas Regionales, de Desarrollo Sostenible y Autoridades Ambientales Urbanas. IGAC (2019) Limite de Entidades Territoriales de Colombia. https://geoportal.igac.gov.co/contenido/datos-abiertos-cartografia-y-geografia. Accessed on: 2020-7-10. Izquierdo E, Araujo A, Losada-Prado S, Ruiz J, Franco N (2019) Aves. In: Trujillo F, Anzola F (Eds) Biodiversidad en el departamento de Arauca. Gobernacion de Arauca, Fundacion Omacha and Fundacion Ecollano, Bogota, 384 pp. Konig C, Weigelt P, Schrader J, Taylor A, Kattge J, Kreft H (2019) Biodiversity data integration—the significance of data resolution and domain. PLOS Biology 17 (3): e3000183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000183 Linares-Romero L, Acevedo-Charry O, Avellaneda F, Cortés-Herrera O, Cuervo A, Galindo-T. R, Hernandez D, Pérez-Pefia S, Ramiro A, Pulido-Santacruz P, Santana D, Seeholzer G, Sierra-Buitrago M, Soto-Patino J, Laverde O (2020) Aves del Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza y zona de amortiguacion, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Biota Colombiana 21 (1): 117-129. https://doi.org/10.21068/c2020.v21n01a09 Mainali K, Hefley T, Ries L, Fagan W (2020) Matching expert range maps with species distribution model predictions. Conservation Biology https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13492 Merow C, Wilson A, Jetz W (2017) Integrating occurrence data and expert maps for improved species range predictions. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26 (2): 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12539 16 Vélez D et al PNNC (2019) Registro Unico Nacional de Areas Protegidas. http://mapas.parquesnacionales.gov.co/. Accessed on: 2019-8-02. Rangel-Ch. O (1995) Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu. In: Rangel-Ch. O (Ed.) Colombia Diversidad Biotica |. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Inderena, Bogota, 442 pp. Rangel-Ch. O, Garzon-C. A (1995) Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados. In: Rangel- Ch. O (Ed.) Colombia Diversidad Biotica |. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Inderena, Bogota, 442 pp. Rangel-Ch. O, Lowy-C. P (1995) Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona. In: Rangel-Ch. O (Ed.) Colombia Diversidad Biotica |. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Inderena, Bogota, 442 pp. Rangel-Ch. O, Aguilar-P. M, Lowy-C. P (1995a) Parque Nacional Natural Sierra de la Macarena. In: Rangel-Ch. O (Ed.) Colombia Diversidad Biotica |. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Inderena, Bogota, 442 pp. Rangel-Ch. O, Lowy-C. P, Garzon-C. A (1995b) Parque Nacional Natural El Tuparro. In: Rangel-Ch. O (Ed.) Colombia Diversidad Biotica |. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Inderena, Bogota, 442 pp. Salaman P, Donegan T, Cuervo A (1999) Ornithological surveys in Serrania de 10s Churumbelos, southern Colombia. Cotinga 12: 29-39. Sekercioglu C (2006) Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21 (8): 464-471. httos://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.05.007 Stephenson P, Bowles-Newark N, Regan E, Stanwell-Smith D, Diagana M, Hoft R, Abarchi H, Abrahamse T, Akello C, Allison H, Banki O, Batieno B, Dieme S, Domingos A, Galt R, Githaiga C, Bine A, Hafashiman D, Hirsch T, Hobern D, Kaaya J, Kaggwa R, Mphatso M, Linjouom |, Manaka B, Mbwambo Z, Musasa M, Okoree E, Rwetsiba A, Brahim A, Thiombiano A (2017) Unblocking the flow of biodiversity data for decision- making in Africa. Biological Conservation 213: 335-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon. 2016.09.003 Zamudio J, Ortega L, Castillo L (2011) Aves del Casanare. In: Usma J, Trujillo F (Eds) Biodiversidad del departamento de Casanare: identificacion de ecosistemas estrategicos. Gobernacion de Casanare - WWF Colombia, Bogota, 286 pp.