Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e61848 CO)
doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e61848 open access
Taxonomic Paper

An update to the distribution of invasive
Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich in
northern Europe, with an overview of other
records of Estonian synanthropic bristletails
(Insecta: Zygentoma)

Kaarel Sammet?, Mati Martin, Toénu Keskilat, Olavi Kurinat

+ Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
§ Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Corresponding author: Kaarel Sammet (kaarel.sammet@gmail.com)

Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev

Received: 09 Dec 2020 | Accepted: 19 Jan 2021 | Published: 27 Jan 2021

Citation: Sammet K, Martin M, Keskila T, Kurina O (2021) An update to the distribution of invasive Ctenolepisma

longicaudatum Escherich in northern Europe, with an overview of other records of Estonian synanthropic
bristletails (Insecta: Zygentoma). Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e61848. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e61848

Abstract

Background

Previously, two species of Zygentoma have been reported as synanthropic in Estonia
(Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758 and Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873)).
Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905 is an invasive species that is currently
expanding its range in Europe, but had no published records from the northern Baltic
Region.

New information

Ctenolepisma longicaudatum was first found in Estonia in 2018. It has currently several
established populations in public buildings in Tartu and Tallinn, but has not been found in

© Sammet K et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY
4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.

2 Sammet K et al

private households, nor in other places in Estonia. A brief overview of its invasion history in
northern Europe is given.

Keywords

invasive species, Ctenolepisma longicaudatum, northern Europe

Introduction

Zygentoma Borner, 1904 is a small order (with over 500 described species; Zhang 2013),
of primitive insects. They are more common in warmer climates, but some species of
Zygentoma are synanthropic and distributed worldwide. Two species of Zygentoma —
Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758 (= Lepisma saccharina, as widely used prior to the
ICZN decision, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2018) and
Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873) — have been previously recorded from Estonia (see
below), both only indoors in human settlements. Cfenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich,
1905 is an invasive synanthropic species that has been rapidly expanding its range in
recent years (Goddard et al. 2016, Kulma et al. 2018, Lock 2007, Meineke and Menge
2014, Pape and Wahlstedt 2002, Thomsen et al. 2019) and is considered a pest of paper
and stored materials.

Ctenolepisma longicaudatum was first found in Estonia in 2018 and has since been
detected at multiple locations. Here, we report for the first time these findings and provide
an overview of recent knowledge of that and two other inavsive species of Zygentoma in
Estonia. In addition, the invasion history of C. longicaudatum in northern Europe is
summarised.

Materials and methods

All preserved material of Zygentoma in Estonian natural history collections was examined
and a list of earlier literature records was compiled. Specimens were actively searched for
in suitable habitats and about 30 volunteers were asked to report sightings and, if possible,
collect specimens of larger than usual silverfish (in 2020). Most material is preserved in
80% ethanol and some specimens were mounted on to microscope slides after clearing in
20% potassium hydroxide (KOH). All studied material is deposited in the Entomological
Collection of Estonian University of Life Sciences (IZBE) and the private insect collection of
Allan Selin.

An update to the distribution of invasive Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich ...

Taxon treatments

Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905

Materials

a.

scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum; country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: Estonian University of
Life Sciences; decimalLatitude: 58.39219; decimalLongitude: 26.69395;
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 01.X.2018; preparations: specimen in
alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0880013; recordedBy: Ténu Keskila; identifiedBy: Kaarel
Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum; country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: National Archives of
Estonia; decimalLatitude: 58.36578; decimalLongitude: 26.69236;
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 05.V1.2019; preparations: specimen in
alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0880010; identifiedBy: Mati Martin; tyoe: PhysicalObject;
basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum; country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: National Archives of
Estonia; decimalLatitude: 58.36578; decimalLongitude: 26.69236;
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 28.V.2020; preparations: specimen in
alcohol; identifiedBy: Mati Martin, Kaarel Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord:
PreservedSpecimen

scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum; country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: Estonian University of
Life Sciences; decimalLatitude: 58.39219; decimalLongitude: 26.69395;
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 14.VIII.2020; preparations: specimen in
alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0880023; recordedBy: Ténu Keskila; identifiedBy: Kaarel
Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum; country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: Estonian University of
Life Sciences; decimalLatitude: 58.39219; decimalLongitude: 26.69395;
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 23.1X.2019; preparations: specimen in
alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0880015; recordedBy: Ténu Keskila; identifiedBy: Kaarel
Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum; country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: Estonian University of
Life Sciences; decimalLatitude: 58.39219; decimalLongitude: 26.69395;
coordinateUncertaintylnMeters: 50; eventDate: 25.VIII.2020; preparations: specimen in
alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0880022; recordedBy: Mart Kruus; identifiedBy: Kaarel
Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum; country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: Estonian National
Museum; decimalLatitude: 58.39588; decimalLongitude: 26.7464;
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 10.VIII.2020; preparations: dried
specimen; catalogNumber: IZBE0880024; recordedBy: Ulle Jae; identifiedBy: Kaarel
Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum, country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: Tartu, Kvartal

4 Sammet K et al

supermarket; decimalLatitude: 58.37701; decimalLongitude: 26.72889;
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 23.X.2020; preparations: specimen in
alcohol; recordedBy: Erika Alexandra Milani; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet, Olavi Kurina;
type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

i. scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum; country: Estonia; locality: Tartu; verbatimLocality: Tartu University,
Chemicum (Fungal herbarium); decimalLatitude: 58.36739; decimalLongitude: 26.69281;
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 09.X1.2020; preparations: specimen in
alcohol; recordedBy: Kadri Partel; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet, Olavi Kurina; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

j. scientificName: Ctenolepisma longicaudatum; genus: Ctenolepisma; specificEpithet:
longicaudatum, country: Estonia; locality: Tallinn; verbatimLocality: Tallinn, Pirita tee 56
(Estonian History Museum laboratory); decimalLatitude: 59.4525; decimalLongitude:
24.81013; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 16.X11.2020; preparations: dried
specimen; catalogNumber: IZBE0880032; recordedBy: Ann Aaresild; identifiedBy: Kaarel
Sammet, Olavi Kurina; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Figure 1. EES]

Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905 (A—D) and a comparison of damaged (E) and
undamaged (F) paper. A. General facies, dorsal view; part of dorsal scales are detached; B.
Closer view of the head, dorsal view; C. Posterior part of the abdomen, dorsal view; red
arrows show three bristle-combs on abdominal tergite V and two bristle-combs on abdominal
tergite VIII|; D. Closer view of feathered setae on the head.

Notes

First registered in Estonia in 2018 in Tartu (see the Materials and Methods section),
now clearly established there (being repeatedly collected or observed in five localities
over the period of two years). First found in Tallinn in 2020. No published records. The

An update to the distribution of invasive Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich ... 5

species is easily distinguished from related synanthropic species by its relatively large
size (up to 18 mm in adults), feathered setae, long antennae and caudal filaments,
abdominal tergites I] — VI with three and tergites VII-IX with two pairs of bristle-combs,
segment X trapezoidal (Chick 2018, Aak et al. 2019, Molero-Baltana et al. 2000; Fig.
1A-D).

Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758

Materials

a. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Maardu; decimalLatitude: 59.47111; decimalLongitude:
24.93972; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 18.XI1.2003; preparations:
specimen in alcohol; recordedBy: Allan Selin; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

b. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Maardu; decimalLatitude: 59.47111; decimalLongitude:
24.93972; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 18.XI1.2003; preparations:
specimen in alcohol; recordedBy: Allan Selin; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

C: scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Maardu; decimalLatitude: 59.47111; decimalLongitude:
24.93972; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 15.1.2004; preparations:
specimen in alcohol; recordedBy: Allan Selin; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

d. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Kokora; decimalLatitude: 58.6333; decimalLongitude:
27.0002; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 500; eventDate: 16.V.2004; preparations:
pinned; recordedBy: Ténu Keskila; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type: PhysicalObject;
basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

e. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Tartu, Riia 181; decimalLatitude: 58.35667;
decimalLongitude: 26.67861; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 17.11.2006;
preparations: pinned; recordedBy: Ténu Keskiula; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

f. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Tartu, Aardla 124; decimalLatitude: 58.35289;
decimalLongitude: 26.68347; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 22.1I|.2006;
preparations: pinned; recordedBy: Ténu Keskila; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

g. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Maardu; decimalLatitude: 59.471110;
decimalLongitude: 24.93972; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 08.V1.2006;
preparations: pinned; recordedBy: Allan Selin; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

h. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Maardu; decimalLatitude: 59.471110;
decimalLongitude: 24.93972; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 15.1.2007;
preparations: pinned; recordedBy: Allan Selin; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Sammet K et al

i. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: lgnase; decimalLatitude: 58.25111; decimalLongitude:
26.83194; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 03.IX.2015; preparations:
specimen in alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0740006; recordedBy: Mart Kruus;
identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

j. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: lgnase; decimalLatitude: 58.25111; decimalLongitude:
26.83194; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 03.IX.2015; preparations:
specimen in alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0740007; recordedBy: Mart Kruus;
identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

K. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Tartu, Estonian University of Life Sciences;
decimalLatitude: 58.39219; decimalLongitude: 26.69395; coordinateUncertaintylnMeters:
50; eventDate: 21.IX.2016; preparations: specimen in alcohol; catalogNumber:
IZBE0740000; recordedBy: T6nu Keskila; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

I. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Tartu, Estonian University of Life Sciences;
decimalLatitude: 58.39219; decimalLongitude: 26.69395; coordinateUncertaintylnMeters:
50; eventDate: 14.XII.2016; preparations: specimen in alcohol; catalogNumber:
IZBE0740002; recordedBy: T6énu Keskila; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type:
PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

m. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Tartu, Emajée 3; decimalLatitude: 58.38695;
decimalLongitude: 26.71958; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 27.IV.2018;
preparations: specimen in alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0880018; recordedBy: Kaarel
Sammet; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord:
PreservedSpecimen

n. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Tartu, Kreutzwaldi 52; decimalLatitude: 58.38758;
decimalLongitude: 26.69523; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 25.V.2020;
preparations: specimen in alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0880020; recordedBy: Sirle
Varusk; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord:
PreservedSpecimen

O. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Maardu; decimalLatitude: 59.471110;
decimalLongitude: 24.93972; coordinateUncertaintylnMeters: 50; eventDate: 01.X.2020;
preparations: specimen in alcohol; recordedBy: Allan Selin; identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet;
type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

p. scientificName: Lepisma saccharinum; genus: Lepisma; specificEpithet: saccharinum;
country: Estonia; verbatimLocality: Tartu, Kaunase pst. 36; decimalLatitude: 58.37239;
decimalLongitude: 26.76815; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 50; eventDate: 06.XI1.2020;
preparations: specimen in alcohol; catalogNumber: IZBE0880031; recordedBy: R. Lokk;
identifiedBy: Kaarel Sammet; type: PhysicalObject; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Notes

This species was recorded in Estonia as Lepisma saccharina by Remm (1966) and
Vilbaste (1968). Widespread both in public buildings and private households.

An update to the distribution of invasive Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich ... 7

Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873)

Notes

Thermobia domestica was recorded from Estonia by Martin (2007). Its only confirmed
occurrence was in a rural household in south-western Estonia in 2005. The species
was identified, based on dead specimens and exuvia, but live specimens were also
observed. The specimens were likely brought in with imported second-hand clothes.
No voucher specimens have been preserved.

Discussion

The presence of L. saccharinum in Estonia has been well known for a long time. It is
unclear when it first appeared in the Baltic Region, but it is notable that J. B. Fischer does
not mention the species in his 1778 monograph on Liviand’s fauna (c.f. Fischer 1778). The
‘Handbook of Alien Species in Europe’ lists C. longicaudatum as a cosmopolitan
cryptogenic species (i.e. of unknown origin) (Drake 2009). In recent decades, it has been
reported from several northern European countries and regions (Fig. 2). According to the
public databases (GIBIF, Shah and Coulson 2020 and iNaturalist, Ueda 2020), the species
has been recorded repeatedly from Helsinki, southern Finland since 2018, with first records
from central Finland in 2020 and in the surroundings of Vilnius, Lithuania in 2019 (Ueda
2020). Moreover, there is an unconfirmed record from St. Petersburg, north-western
Russia. However, there are no confirmed records from European Russia as yet (Vladimir
Kaplin, pers. comm.) and also no records from Latvia (Voldemars Spungis, pers. comm.).
Some papers reporting new findings of the species in Europe hypothesise that the species
was introduced considerably earlier, as it was already widely distributed in the country, for
example, in Sweden (Pape and Wahlstedt 2002) and Faroe Islands (Thomsen et al. 2019).
As for Estonia, it seems unlikely that the species has been overlooked for much longer,
while the initial finding localities (Estonian University of Life Sciences Entomological
collection and Estonian National Archive, both in Tartu) have been constantly monitored for
potential pests. All current findings are from large public buildings, whereas there are, as
yet, no records from private households (but is expected to be ultimately found in the
latter). Compared with other synanthropic Zygentoma species, C. longicaudatum has much
lower moisture demand and thus has a good chance of surviving in archives, libraries and
museums, where there is plenty of suitable food for it (Aak et al. 2019). The species,
expanding its range northwards (see Fig. 2), is considered a substantial pest especially of
paper (see Fig. 1E,F, Szpryngiel 2018, Kulma et al. 2018). Therefore, its monitoring and
being included to IPM (Integrated Pest Management) plans of museums, libraries and
archives is inevitable (Querner 2015). Extended information on efficient and safe control
can be found, for example, in Aak et al. 2020a, Aak et al. 2020b, Gutsmann 2019. There
are currently no known established populations of Thermobia domestica in Estonia.
However, the species is known for its requirement of higher temperature in order to
successfully establish. Two other Ctenolepisma species, C. /ineatum (Fabricius, 1775) and

8 Sammet K et al

C. calva (Ritter, 1910) have been recently found in Norway (Hage et al. 2020), warranting
further studies on Nordic Zygentoma diversity and distribution.

Faore Islands

2019*

Figure 2. EES]

The years of first findings of Ctenolepisma longicaudatum from northern European countries
and regions. The source references are: Belgium (Lock 2007), United Kingdom (Goddard et
al. 2016), The Netherlands (Nierop and Hakbijl 2002, Schoelitsz and Brooks 2014), Germany
(Meineke and Menge 2014), Denmark (Thomsen et al. 2019), Poland (Aak et al. 2019), Faroe
Islands (Thomsen et al. 2019), Norway (Aak et al. 2019), Sweden (Pape and Wahlstedt 2002,
Shah and Coulson 2020), Finland (Ueda 2020), NW Russia (Ueda 2020), Estonia (original
data), Lithuania (Ueda 2020). The asterisk indicates a suspicion of an earlier observation
(Schoelitsz and Brooks 2014, Thomsen et al. 2019, Anders Aak, pers. comm.).

Acknowledgements

Our thanks are due to Allan Selin (Tallinn, Estonia), Ann Aaresild (Tallinn, Estonia), Ulle
Jae, Thea Kull, Villu Soon, Kadri Partel, Kaia lvask, Mari Ilvask, Ruth Tiidor, Erika
Alexandra Milani, Irja Saar and Sirle Varusk (all in Tartu, Estonia) who collected specimens
for the present study and Voldemars Spungis (Latvia) and Vladimir Kaplin (St. Petersburg,
Russia) who provided information. We would also like to thank Anders Aak, Rafael Molero
and Miquel Gaju-Ricart for their helpful comments on the initial draft of the manuscript.

An update to the distribution of invasive Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich ... )

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