Research Article Journal of Orthoptera Research 2024, 33(1): 59-66 Studies on chevron crickets: Iryposoma gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Anostostomatidae), a new genus from Tanzania Oscar J. CADENA-CASTANEDA!, CLAUDIA HEemp22 1 Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Grupo de Investigacion en Artropodos “Kumangui”, Bogota, Colombia. 2 University of Bayreuth, Deptartment Plant Systematics, Bayreuth, Germany. 3 Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany. Corresponding author: Oscar J. Cadena-Castafieda (ojccorthoptera@ gmail.com) Academic editor: Klaus-Gerhard Heller | Received 13 November 2023 | Accepted 6 December 2023 | Published 5 February 2024 https://zoobank. org/19E46430-5E96-42AF-8E7E-6053D7DADCE1 Citation: Cadena-Castaneda OJ, Hemp C (2024) Studies on chevron crickets: Tryposoma gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Anostostomatidae), a new genus from Tanzania. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 59-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.115670 Abstract A new genus, Tryposoma gen. nov., is introduced to accommodate two African anostostomatid species formerly classified under the genus Libanasa Walker (Tryposoma kilomeni (Hemp & Johns) comb. nov. and Tryposoma brachyurum (Karny) comb. nov.). This taxonomic revision includes a key of the species. Detailed discussions on the genital structure of the newly described genus are also provided. Keywords anostostomatids, Libanasa, megacephalization, phallic complex Introduction The African chevron crickets, commonly known as king crick- ets or weta (Johns 1997), are a diverse group comprising 75 spe- cies distributed among 14 genera, including the subfamilies and tribes Lezininae and Anostostomatinae (Anostostomatini and Anabropsini) (Cigliano et al. 2023). Within the African anostos- tomatids, several species are characterized by sexual specialization in the mandibles of adult males that display enlarged, arched, or horn-like structures (Gorochov 2001a). Notably, Henicus monstrosus (Herbst, 1803) exhibits the most pronounced variations in male head and jaw morphology, while Libanasidus impicta (Stal, 1876) features males with horn-like processes on their mandibles (Goro- chov 2001a, Toms 2001). Additionally, Spizaphilus Kirby, 1906 ex- hibits winged and wingless members, with males possessing re- markably elongated jaws (Griffini 1911, Karny 1937, Johns 1997). Also, male Nasidius Stal, 1876 have large, expanded mandibles, while females show no modifications of the mandibles. Extensive research on Anostostomatidae species in South Afri- ca has been conducted, contrasting with limited knowledge about other regions of the continent (Péringuey 1916, Karny 1929, Toms 2001, Brettschneider et al. 2007). Consequently, the status of many species in these latter regions remains uncertain (Johns 1997, Cadena-Castafieda and Cortés-Torres 2013). Moreover, the under- standing of genera and species across Africa and other parts of the world remains inadequate and perplexing. For instance, Henicus Gray, 1837 was previously considered synonymous with the ge- nus Mimnermus Stal, 1876 Johns 1997), despite both containing markedly distinct representatives (Gorochov 2001a). Therefore, a systematic study of African anostostomatids is imperative to as- certain species status, define genera using additional characteris- tics beyond traditional criteria, and enhance comprehension in this field. In this contribution to the knowledge of chevron crickets, we describe a new genus that includes the species Libanasa brachyura Karny, 1928, and L. kilomeni Hemp & Johns, 2015. We compare this new genus with other chevron cricket genera found in the region. This work builds upon previous studies on anostostomatids led by the first author of this paper (Cadena-Castaneda and Cortés-Torres 2013, Gorochov and Cadena-Castaneda 2016, Cadena-Castaneda and Monzon-Sierra 2017, Cadena-Castaneda and Weissman 2020, Cadena-Castaneda et al. 2020, 2022a, b, Mendes et al. 2020). Materials and methods Material studied.—All available specimens of the two species of Try- posoma gen. nov., including the type specimens. Genital preparations.—Genital dissections followed the methodol- ogy outlined in Cadena-Castaneda (2015). The nomenclature for genital structures adheres to Chamorro-Rengifo and Lopes-An- drade’s system (2014). External components included the dorsal fold (df), dorsal lobe (dl), lower folds of the ventral lobe (Iw.vl), titillatory structure (ti), upper folds of the ventral lobe (up.vl), tit- illator sclerite (TS), lateral folds of the dorsal lobe (Idl), fore fold of the dorsal lobe (fdl), and sclerotized plate of the dorsal lobe (Sp.dl). Internal components encompassed the ejaculatory duct (ejd), ejaculatory vesicles (ejv), and sclerite of the ventral fold of the dorsal lobe (VS). Copyright Oscar J. Cadena-Castaneda & Claudia Hemp. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2024, 33(1) 60 Photographic procedure.—Lateral and dorsal view photographs were captured using a Canon RP digital camera, while other morpho- logical characters were documented using an AmScope MU1803 camera attached to a Carl Zeiss Stemi 305 Trino-Stereomicroscope. Measurements.—Measurements were recorded in millimeters (mm) using the following criteria: the length of the body (LB) measured from the frons to the abdominal apex, excluding the ovipositor or wings; the dorsal length of the pronotum (Pr), defined as the maximum distance between the anterior and posterior pronotal margins; the length of the hind femur (HF), measured from the base to the genicular lobes; the length of the hind tibia (HT), from the genicular lobe to the apex; and the length of the subgenital plate (SP), corresponding to the distance from its base to its apex. Depositories —CAUD: Coleccién de Artr6podos y otros Invertebra- dos de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogota, Colombia. NHMW: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria. CCH: Collection of Claudia Hemp. Results Taxonomy Order Orthoptera Olivier, 1789 Suborder Ensifera Chopard, 1921 Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea Burmeister, 1838 Family Anostostomatidae Saussure, 1859 Subfamily Anostostomatinae Saussure, 1859 Tryposoma gen. nov. https://zoobank.org/DB7A1C07-354F-475F-BF2A-B6BC818E0800 Type species. —Tryposoma brachyurum (Karny, 1928) comb. nov. Generic diagnosis and comparison.—The new genus described in this study exhibits a morphology that aligns most closely with taxa within the tribe Lutosini. Therefore, we discuss the distinguishing features between Tryposoma gen. nov. and these related taxa. However, given its distribution across the African continent, which harbors several wingless genera of anostostomatids, we also conducted a comparative analysis with these genera. This approach solidifies the differentiation of Tryposoma gen. nov. from other taxa in the same geographic region. The new genus distinguishes itself from Neotropical Lutosini taxa in several key morphological aspects. Notably, it lacks a plas- tron and features a notably slender tenth tergite, as opposed to the characteristic division of the last tergite into two plates, acommon trait found in Lutosa Walker, 1869, Neolutosa Gorochov, 2001b and Rhumosa Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, 2018. Furthermore, cer- tain species of Lutosa and Neolutosa exhibit spiny projections at the apex of the subgenital plate near the base of the styli, a character absent in Tryposoma gen. nov. species. In addition, the paraprocts of the Lutosini are typically slender and narrow, with the epiproct predominantly covering them. In contrast, the species within the new genus possess distinctive paraprocts characterized by a rigid upper section and a ventrally prominent membranous section. The Sp.dl of Tryposoma gen. nov. is notably narrow, resembling a ribbon, whereas in the Lutosini, it takes the form of a plate shaped like a shoulder blade. Furthermore, the ti and TS are more pro- nounced in the new genus when compared to the taxa of Lutosini. O.J. CADENA-CASTANEDA AND C. HEMP The newly described genus, Tryposoma gen. nov., differs from African genera: The females of Tryposoma gen. nov. share similarities with those of Libanasa, although they are larger in size. In contrast, the males of Libanasa and Henicus exhibit notable modifications of the mouthparts, distinguishing them from the new genus. Tryposoma gen. nov. can be differentiated from other genera exhibiting sexual modification of the head and mouth- parts, such as Borborothis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888 and On- osandridus Péringuey, 1916, by the less conspicuous and thick dor- sal spines on the hind tibia. Another distinguishing character of the new genus is the absence of a developed horn-like process on the mandibles, which is present in Libanasidus Péringuey, 1916. In contrast to genera without sexual modification of the mouthparts and head, such as Bochus Péringuey, 1916, Onosandridus Péringuey, 1916, and Onosandrus Stal, 1876, Tryposoma gen. nov. stands out due to its larger body size, reaching approximately 30-40 mm. Most species in the previously mentioned genera are of medium size, typically ranging from 15-25 mm. Furthermore, Tryposoma gen. nov. exhibits a conspicuously developed median spur on the hind tibia, extending beyond the first tarsal segment. This is dis- tinct from Bochus, Onosandridus, and Onosandrus, which possess a medium-sized spur similar in size to the dorsal and ventral spurs that does not exceed half of the first tarsal segment. Additional differences between Tryposoma gen. nov. and Bochus include the absence of a rough rostrum in the former, while the latter possess- es a cylindrical and inflexible rostrum. Moreover, the paraprocts of Tryposoma gen. nov. are wide, flexible, and flattened, whereas Bochus has protruding cylindrical paraprocts extending toward the front of the terminalia. Included taxa.—Tryposoma brachyurum (Karny, 1928) comb. nov. (type species) and Tryposoma kilomeni (Hemp & Johns, 2015) comb. nov. Etymology.—From Greek — Trypes = hole, and — soma = body, Try- posoma = hole inhabiting, since all known Tryposoma species in East Africa stay in earth holes during the daytime and emerge in the evening and night hours only. The gender of the name is being established as neuter. Description.—The specimens under study are large in size, measur- ing between 28 and 40 mm. Coloration in life ranges from yellow to reddish-brown or golden brown, with darker brown pigmenta- tion observed on the posterior margins of the tergites. The hind femora exhibit a bright yellow color that slightly darkens to yellow- brown on the dorsum and apex. Preserved specimens (pinned) display a darker brown coloration (Figs 1, 4, 5). Head. The head is dorsally and frontally smooth, with the frontal region being higher than wide. Laterally, it appears widened, and the fastigium is twice as broad as the first antennal segment (Figs 2A, 5A). The eyes are frontally elevated, and the ocelli are conspicuous, with rounded lateral ocelli and an ovoid front ocellus (Figs 2B, 5B). The scapus and pedicellus are unarmed, and the antennae exceed the length of the body. The mandibles and maxilla exhibit symmetry without any sexual specialization (Figs 2A, 5A). The ventral pro- cess extends beside the base of the labial segment in front of the base of the lacinia. The palpi are thin, elongated, fully pilose, and dilated at the apex (Figs 2B, 5B). Thorax. The pronotum is slightly wider than it is long (Figs 1A, 5B) and does not cover the mes- onotum (Fig. 1B). The lateral margin of the pronotum is slightly rounded, and the pronotal disc displays a slight curvature at the anterior and posterior margins (Figs 1B, 5A). The pronotal lateral lobe has a nearly straight dorsal margin with a slight convexity at JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2024, 33(1) O.J. CADENA-CASTANEDA AND C. HEMP 61 Fig. 1. Tryposoma brachyurum comb. nov. male. A. Habitus in lateral and dorsal views, respectively. the ventral margin. The ventral edge of the mesopleuron forms a weakly projecting rounded flap (Figs 2B, 5B). The prosternum bears a pair of short cone-like processes. The mesosternum is bis- pinose, with horizontally compressed spines and slightly back- ward-bent apices. The metasternum features thorn-like processes with acute backward-bent tips and a broad laterally compressed base. Wings are absent. Legs. The fore coxae is equipped with one prominent lateral spine having a broad and pointed base. The fore and mid femora display several small tubercles from the base to the apex along with two longitudinal parallel carinae at the ventral margin. The fore and mid tibiae possess spines along the dorso- and ventrolateral margins. A tympanum is present on both sides of the fore tibia. The hind femur exhibits 14-16 distinct chevron ridges well-separated by a medial groove that extends from the base to the distal edge of the chevron area (Figs 1A, 5B). The api- cal spurs of the hind tibia are fully movable within insertion rings. The dorsal subapical pair is relatively short, the prolateral apical spur is slightly shorter than the metatarsus, and the retrolateral apical spur reaches the midpoint of the second tarsomere. A short ventroapical pair and an even shorter subapical ventral pair are present. Abdomen. Male individuals have minute pegs on the first six abdominal tergites that very likely serve as a stridulatory area (Fig. 2B). The sternites broaden distally. Tergite 9 exhibits posteri- or undulations. Tergite 10 is characterized by two well-sclerotized hooks moderately separated by a narrow, medial, and membra- nous area dorsally (Figs 2C, 5C). The epiproctus is rounded and has a width equal to its length. The paraprocts lack modifications and are relatively short, with each apex turned dorsal and featur- ing two very short spinous hooks (Figs 2D, 5C-E). The cerci are setose, thin, and elongated (Figs 2C-E, 5E). The subgenital plate is broad at the base, with the corners close to the tergite. It extends as a rounded bulbous plate with a weakly emarginate posterior notch. The styles are short and divergent, emerging before the apex of the subgenital plate (Figs 2E, 5C-E). Male genitalia: The surface of the dorsal lobe (dl) displays numerous ovoid microstructures (Fig. 3A). The posterior border of the dl projects toward the ante- rior margin and tapers into a lingual fold in its last section, curving backward and downward (Fig. 3C). The titillatory sclerite (TS) and the titillator (ti) form a peduncular system with medium-sized denticulate structures, which are surrounded ventrally and lateral- ly by the lateral folds of the dorsal lobe (Idl) (Fig. 3A). A thin and ribbon-shaped sclerotized plate (Sp.dl) is present on the dl and forks at the apex (Fig. 3A, C). The upper folds of the ventral lobe (up.vl) have a rounded distal margin while the lower folds of the ventral lobe (Iw.vl) are membranous and possess an angled poste- rior margin (Fig. 3B). The ejaculatory duct (ejd) is wide and lacks sclerotic structures, and the ejaculatory vesicles (ejv) are rounded and of medium size (Fig. 3B). The ventral sclerite (VS) internally covers the TS, and the fore fold of the dorsal lobe (fdl) forms a “U"-shaped fold surrounding the base of the TS (Fig. 3C). Female individuals have far fewer and sparser pegs on the stridulatory area. They possess an elongated ovipositor that is as long as the hind femur. The ovipositor exhibits a slight upward curve and has a sharp apex (Figs 2F 5F). The cerci are thin and medium-sized, and the subgenital plate is subtriangular with a wavy or acute apex (Figs 2G, 5G). Biology.—All recorded species of the genus Tryposoma gen. nov. in East Africa are nocturnal, living within closed forest from lowland to montane forests. During the day, they hide in holes dug into the ground (Fig. 6A). At night, they emerge from their shelters and are found on the forest floor among leaf litter or perched on low vegetation (Fig. 6B). It is noteworthy that all Tryposoma species and populations in this region are seasonal, with adult individuals be- ing observed during the warm period of the year, typically span- ning from December to April, the first wet period of the year. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2024, 33(1) O.J. CADENA-CASTANEDA AND C. HEMP Fig. 2. Tryposoma brachyurum comb. nov. A. Face; B. Detail of male body; C-E. Terminalia in axial, lateral (see paraproct detail), and ventral views, respectively; F. Ovipositor in lateral view; G. Subgenital plate of female. Distribution.—Africa, Northeast Tanzania, restricted to forest of the montane zone of the North Pare Mountains. Comments.—The type specimen of T: brachyurum comb. nov. was ini- tially described based on an immature female specimen (depicted in Fig. 4). By comparing it with additional immature and adult speci- mens that had been previously examined by Johns and Hemp (2015), as well as specimens subsequently collected by C. Hemp from Tan- zania, the accurate identification of these specimens was confirmed. Nnov.: 1928. Specimens examined.—Tryposoma brachyurum comb. Originally described as Libanasa_ brachyura_ Karny, JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2024, 33(1) O.J. CADENA-CASTANEDA AND C. HEMP 63 Holotype 9 nymph. labelled (1) Libanasa brachyura det Karny Type (in Karny’s hand) (2) Coll. Karny (handwritten) (3) Coll. Karny (printed) (NHMW) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. There is also a so called “allotype” that is a very small female nymph (NHMW). 2 3d, 1 9, 1 do nymph, 1 2 nymph, Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe District, Tanzania 39°3'E, 6°57'S. Coll. FRONTIER Tanzania, Jan-Feb. 1991 (ZMUC). 1 ¢ nymph, 3 92 nymphs, Kambai Forest Reserve, Muheza District, (Tanga Region), Tanzania. 4°59'S, 38°41'E. coll. FRONTIER Tanzania, Jan-Feb 1991 (ZMUC). 86 3d and 75 99 specimens (and 23 nymphs) of Tryposoma brachyurum coming from the following localities: East Usambara Mts (Zigi trail, Amani Nature Reserve, Nilo forest reserve, Magoroto Estate), West Usambara Mts (Mazumbai, Ndelemai, and Magamba forest reserves), (CCEO Tryposoma kilomeni comb. nov.: Originally described as Libanasa kilomeni Hemp & Johns, 2015. Holotype @. Tanzania, North Pare Mountains, Kindoroko forest reserve, 7°50'44.5"S, 36°53'00.2"E, montane forest, 1750 m, January 2015. Paratypes 4 3d, 9 99 and 5 nymphs, same locality as holotype. Key to species Iryposoma gen. nov. (adults only) 1 Large-sized (35-40 mm) (Fig. 2B). Distal lobes of the male subgeni- tal plates triangular (Fig. 2C), cylindrical styli (Fig. 2E). Female sub- genital plate with the distal edge wavy and no medial prolongation E22) er a cele ten tranatienne T. brachyurum (Karny, 1928) comb. nov. - Medium sized (28 mm) (Fig. 5B). Distal lobes of the male subgeni- tal plate rounded (Fig. 5C), styli divergent, progressively thickening from the base to the apex (Fig. 5E). Female subgenital plate with the distal edge wavy and with a small prolongation (Fig. 5G)... DC e oe I rea A, T. kilomeni (Hemp & Johns, 2015) comb. nov. QOL Kory | *Cull.Karny [a eéEalan | “ant a 7 5 He bur f 4 AO et. Kar Tt Par re q Finteg *ey se a ase is AP D B Fig. 4. Tryposoma brachyurum comb. nov. Female immature type. A, B. Habitus in lateral and dorsal views. C. Frons. D. Labels. © Natural History Museum Vienna, NOaS Image Collection/H. Bruckner; published with permission. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2024, 33(1) 64 OJ. CADENA-CASTANEDA AND C. HEMP Fig. 5. Tryposoma kilomeni comb. nov. A. Face; B. Detail of male body; C-E. Terminalia in axial, lateral, and ventral views, respectively; F. Ovipositor in lateral view; G. Subgenital plate of female. Discussion documented species with extensive available data, such as Libanasa signata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888), L. capicola (Péringuey, When comparing the large-sized species found in Tanzania 1916), and L. incisa Walker, 1869, exhibit a medium size, distinct with other species currently classified in the genus Libanasa, it be- pronotum, short body, and males with hyperdeveloped jaws. The comes evident that they belong to a newly described genus. Well- terminalia of these latter species differs from that observed in the JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2024, 33(1) O.J. CADENA-CASTANEDA AND C. HEMP species of the new genus, which comprises larger species without exaggerated development of the jaws. Additionally, the new genus has a morphology of the male genitalia that resembles the Neo- tropical Lutosini, so it is suggested that it should not be included in any of the current tribes until additional evidence is presented. The new genus can be distinguished from the Lutosini, including Lutosa, Neolutosa, and Rhumosa, by the division of the tenth tergite into two elongated plates on each side, surrounding the epiproct. This is in contrast to Tryposoma gen. nov., which have a narrow tenth tergite (Cadena-Castafieda et al. 2022b). Furthermore, the absence of a plastron, observed in Neotropical Lutosini genera such as Hy- drolutos Issa & Jaffe, 1999 and Tintiyakus Cadena-Castanieda et al. 2020 (Mendes et al. 2020, Cadena-Castaneda et al. 2022b), or the pronounced prolongation of the pronotum over the other thoracic segments, as seen in Apotetamenus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888 (Cadena-Castaneda and Cortés-Torres 2013, Cadena-Castafieda and Monzon-Sierra 2016), distinguish the Lutosini. These characters ex- clude Papuaistus Griffini, 1911, a genus more closely related to Aistus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888 and Carcinopsis Brunner von Watten- wyl, 1888, limiting the distribution of the Lutosini to the Neotropi- cal region and the Caribbean in line with the grouping proposed by Gorochov (2001a) comprising the previously described genera. Fig. 6. Tryposoma brachyurum comb. nov. A. Male specimen from Mazumbai forest reserve, West Usambra, Tanzania, sitting in its hole; B. Same specimen emerging at night. 65 In this investigation, we meticulously examined the male genitalia of T: brachyurum comb. nov., revealing an intriguing and unique organizational pattern characterized by several com- ponents that exhibit both internal and external sclerotization. Among the structures within the genitalia that we explored, a particularly striking feature, which we have denoted as Sp.dl, came to light. This component could potentially be mistaken for apodeme (AP) sclerites. Notably, this distinctive element, previ- ously unobserved in the genital structure of Tettigoniidea, led us to extrapolate the genital terminology from this family in order to interpret the phallus of the taxa under investigation. As a result, it was not included in the study conducted by Chamorro-Rengifo and Lopes-Andrade (2014). We consider Sp.dl to be a novel struc- tural element that has received limited documentation within the Stenopelmatoidea superfamily. Sp.dl can be distinguished from AP by its nature as an external rather than internal structure. It originates conspicuously from dl, contrasting with the flattened broad plate shape observed in the Neotropical Lutosini genera (Lutosa, Neolutosa, and Rhumosa) situ- ated on the sides of dl. In contrast, Tryposoma n. gen. exhibits two slender Sp.dl structures positioned sequentially from the back to the front of dl. The lateral sclerite of the titillator (LS) designa- tion was previously assigned to Sp.dl (interpreted by Heleodoro and Mendes 2016). Our observations indicate that Sp.dl does not derive from ti; instead, it is an autonomous component that likely functions as claspers, aiding in the intrusion and direction of a large spermatophore during copulation. Notably, copulation in this species involves the male providing a substantial nuptial gift to the female (see fig. 7 in Johns and Hemp 2015). Further investigations focusing on the genitalia of other Afri- can taxa belonging to the tribe Anostostomatini are necessary to confirm the presence of Sp.dl and ascertain whether it may serve as a synapomorphy facilitating the definition and differentiation of these higher-level taxa. Examining the phallus of chevron crick- ets could prove essential in complementing the current delimita- tion of taxa, which primarily relies on external morphology. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge grants from the Deutsche Forschun- gsgemeinschaft. Part of this research received support from the Syn- thesys Project (http://www.synthesys.info/), which is financed by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 Structuring the European Research Area Programme. We thank the Commission for Science and Technology, Tanzania, and the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Tanzania, for granting research permits. We thank Harald Bruckner and Susanne Randolf (NMW) for their help with the data on the type. We also thank Steven A. Trewick, David Weissman, and Klaus-Gerhard Heller for their valu- able comments during the revision of the manuscript. OJCC would like to express his gratitude to the Orthopterists’ Society for funding and approval of a Ted Cohn Grant for the purchase of equipment that has greatly improved the quality of his work. 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