Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e61349 OO)
doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e61349 open access
Research Article

First records of the pest leaf beetle Chrysolina
(Chrysolinopsis) americana (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Cyprus - a study

initiated from social media

Michael Hadjiconstantis*, Christos Zoumides$

+ Association for the Protection of Natural Heritage and Biodiversity of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
§ Energy, Environment & Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus

Corresponding author: Michael Hadjiconstantis (mikehadji@outlook.com)
Academic editor: Marianna Simoes
Received: 24 Nov 2020 | Accepted: 22 Jan 2021 | Published: 12 Feb 2021

Citation: Hadjiconstantis M, Zoumides C (2021) First records of the pest leaf beetle Chrysolina (Chrysolinopsis)
americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Cyprus - a study initiated from social media.
Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e61349. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e61349

Abstract

The leaf beetle Chrysolina (Chrysolinopsis) americana (Linnaeus, 1758), commonly known
as the Rosemary beetle, is native to some parts of the Mediterranean region. In the last
few decades, it has expanded its distribution to new regions in the North and Eastern
Mediterranean basin. Chrysolina americana feeds on plants of the Lamiaceae family, such
as Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula spp., Salvia spp., Thymus spp. and others.
Chrysolina americana is considered a pest, as many of its host plants are of commercial
importance and are often used as ornamentals in house gardens and green public spaces.
In this work, we report the first occurrence of C. americana in Cyprus and we present its
establishment, expansion and distribution across the Island, through recordings for the
period 2015 — 2020. The study was initiated from a post on a Facebook group, where the
species was noticed in Cyprus for the first time, indicating that social media and citizen
science can be particularly helpful in biodiversity research.

© Hadjiconstantis M, Zoumides C. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author
and source are credited.

2 Hadjiconstantis M, Zoumides C

Keywords

Rosemary beetle, distribution, pest, host plant, citizen science.

Introduction

There are currently 11 known Chrysolina species on the Island of Cyprus (Bienkowski
2001, Bienkowski 2010, Gruev 1995). In this study, we confirm the presence of one more
species, Chrysolina (Chrysolinopsis) americana (Linnaeus, 1758). Despite its name, this
species has not yet been found in the Americas. In the original description (Linnaeus 1758,
page 372), Linnaeus wrote “Habitat in America’. It seems that he mistakenly assumed the
specimen had been collected in the Americas. The native range of the Rosemary beetle
includes Mediterranean countries, such as Albania, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Malta,
Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Serbia, Macedonia, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey
(Beenen and Roques 2010, Kippenberg 2010, Pasqual C et al. 2017). From 1936 onwards,
the species expanded its native range and became invasive in many northern European
countries (e.g. Belgium, United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, Latvia and Germany), as
well as in Israel (Bienkowski and Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2018, Friedman 2016).

The adults and larvae of C. americana feed on the leaves of plants in the family
Lamiaceae, such as Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula spp., Salvia spp., Thymus spp. and
others (Friedman 2016). Some of these host plants are popular aromatic plants and are
commonly used in house gardens and in green public spaces (e.g. in urban parks and on
roadsides). They are also cultivated commercially and have multiple usages, such as in
cooking and as cosmetic aromatic ingredients. As C. americana can cause damage to the
foliage of these plants, it is considered a pest of such crops. Plants like Rosmarinus
officinalis and Lavandula spp. are often traded for these uses between many countries.
This fact is helping the expansion of the distribution of C. americana, which was probably
introduced in some countries along with the imported plants (Bienkowski and Orlova-
Bienkowskaja 2018). Adults and larvae of the Rosemary beetle can cause a small amount
of damage to the leaves of host plants (MacLeod 2002). In cases where the beetle is
abundant in commercial plantations of these plants, it can cause negative economic
consequences as it damages usable leaves, thereby reducing the harvested yields
(Bienkowski and Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2018).

The views on the flight capability of the Rosemary beetle are conflicting. MacLeod (2002)
mentioned that C. americana is flightless and spreads slowly. On the other hand, Beenen
and Roques (2010) reported that this species has good flight capacity and can disperse
naturally over long distances.

The Rosemary beetle was not reported in Cyprus until 2015 when a lady spotted the
species. She found a large number of Rosemary beetles on a Rosmarinus officinalis in her
garden and she posted a photo in the Facebook group ‘Biodiversity of Cyprus’, requesting
identification of the species. The authors identified the species and communicated with her
to collect specimens for this first record.

First records of the pest leaf beetle Chrysolina (Chrysolinopsis) americana ... 3

The objectives of this work are (i) to report the presence and confirm the reproduction of C.
americana on the Island of Cyprus, (ii) to record its distribution and use of host plants over
the past 5-year period (2015-2020) and (ili) to test, though experimentation, the flying
ability of the beetle.

Material and methods
Reproduction and current distribution

From 2015 to 2020, multiple excursions were undertaken across the Island of Cyprus to
locate C. americana. |n particular, we searched for larvae and mating adults, in order to
confirm the presence and local breeding of the species. We also searched repeatedly and
on an annual basis certain localities with a strong presence of the host plants, grown both
in natural and cultivated (e.g. garden) conditions. In addition, we checked new localities to
record the dispersal of the species at new sites. The excursions were undertaken
throughout the 5-year period. Road edges with planted Rosmarinus officinalis were
frequently checked, as well as every other locality where we noticed the presence of the
host plants. Rosemary is a common, native and widely-grown species in Cyprus and is
planted at road edges, in house gardens and in parks. Additionally, several previously-
recorded host plant species are native to Cyprus and occur naturally in the environment;
such localities were also examined.

In addition to site visits, we frequently checked for records of C. americana in online social
media groups on the fauna of Cyprus (e.g. in Facebook) where photos of insects are
posted for identification. These resources were examined at least once per month.

Flying ability experiment

To confirm the flying ability of C. americana, a small tree branch was attached on a piece of
modelling clay in the middle of a metal bowl with 2 cm of water (Figure 2J). We placed 10
adults of C. americana on the branch and the bowl was placed on a sunny outdoor place
for 24 hours. This process was repeated four times in warm, outdoor conditions and the
activity of the beetles was checked every 1 hour. During the third and fourth trial, the
experiment was carried out by adding a Rosemary plant at 1 m distance from the bowl, to
check if that triggers the beetles to fly. It should be noted that different individuals were
used each time the experiment was carried out. Individuals used for the experiment were
collected from Aglantzia and Strovolos, in Nicosia District. The dates the experiment was
performed are the following: 8 Feb 2020, 10 May 2020, 12 Aug 2020 and 5 Oct 2020. We
have also attempted to provoke and encourage individuals to fly in field conditions, at the
localities that were found, by moving the beetles on non-host plants and rocks near host
plants.

Additionally, we examined the wings of more than 20 specimens of both sexes to confirm if
the species is brachypterous (i.e. if it has reduced wings).

4 Hadjiconstantis M, Zoumides C

Results

Occurrence, reproduction, current distribution

The species Chrysolina americana was recorded at 31 localities in Cyprus, as shown on
the map (Fig. 1). The records occurred in five host plants: Rosmarinus officinalis L.,
Lavandula stoechas L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Salvia fruticosa Mill. and Salvia
Officinalis L. (Fig. 2). From the recorded host plants, Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula
stoechas and Salvia fruticosa are native to Cyprus. Additionally, Lavandula angustifolia is a
naturalised species and grows naturally (Tsintidis et al. 2002). The host plants identification
was performed by the authors, using the books of Christofides 2017 and Tsintidis et al.
2002. In controversial cases, a flora specialist was asked to advise and confirm the validity
of the identification. Both larvae and adults were present simultaneously at the majority of
the recorded localities. In many cases, adults were mating (Fig. 2A and B). The localities,
dates, coordinates, host plants and altitudes of the records are shown in Table 1. Records
of the same areas are shown on Fig. 1 and have been merged in Table 1.

Table 1.

Records of C. americana from 2015 to 2020, indicating locations, District, date of collection,
coordinates, host plant and altitudes.

ala Location District Date of collection Coordinates (lat/long) Host plant Altitude (m)
1 Strovolos Nicosia 24 Mar 2015 35.147°/33.353° R. officinalis 180
2 Agios Amvrosios Keryneia 20 Jan 2016 35.339°/33.580° R. officinalis 160
3 Klirou Nicosia 20 Mar 2016 35.031°/33.165° R. officinalis 423
4 Nisou Nicosia 25 Apr 2016 35.033°/33.381° R. officinalis 269
5 Eleutherias square Nicosia 4Apr 2017 35.168°/33.361° R. officinalis 152
6 The Cyprus Institute Nicosia 9Apr 2017 35.141°/33.381° R. officinalis 174
7 Aglantzia, Uchall Nicosia 13 Apr 2017 35.147°/33.409° S. officinalis 141
8 Agios Sozomenos Nicosia 9 Mar 2018 35.066°/33.440° R. officinalis 179
Frederick University Nicosia 26Apr 2018 35.180°/33.380° R. officinalis 138
10 Xyliatos Dam Picnic Sit Nicosia 7 Apr 2019 35.010°/33.037° R. officinalis 530
11. Kato Koutrafas Nicosia 14Apr 2019 35.112°/32.988° R. officinalis 207
12 Agia Marina (Xyliatou) Nicosia 11 Mar 2019 35.051 °/33.070° R. officinalis 390
13 Mitsero Nicosia 11 Mar 2019 35.040°/33.123° R. officinalis 400
14 Platanistasa Nicosia 21 Dec 2019 34.948°/33.043° R. officinalis 940
15 Tseri Nicosia 11 Feb 2020 35.074°/33.332° R. officinalis 282
16 Dromolaxia Larnaca 14 Mar 2020 34.899°/33.574° R. officinalis 34
17 Mosfiloti Larnaca 20 Mar 2020 34.954°/33.425° R. officinalis 250
18 Ayioi Trimithias Nicosia 3Apr 2020 35.123°/33.209° L. stoechas 258
19 Kouka Limassol 5 Apr 2020 34.851 °/32.887° R. officinalis 737

First records of the pest leaf beetle Chrysolina (Chrysolinopsis) americana ... 5
ala Location District Date of collection Coordinates (lat/long) Host plant Altitude (m)
20 Louvaras Limassol 5 Apr 2020 34.837°/33.039° R. officinalis 725
21 Chloraka Paphos = 7 Apr 2020 34.791°/32.407° R. officinalis 75
22 Mandres Nicosia 15 Apr 2020 35.226°/33.378° R. officinalis 155
23 Keryneia Town Keryneia 19 Apr 2020 35.327°/33.317° R. officinalis 62
24 Flasou Nicosia 21 Apr 2020 35.062°/32.888° R. officinalis 320
25 Stavrovouni Forest Larnaca 23 Apr 2020 34.888°/33.454° S. fruticosa 230
26 Karmi Keryneia 4 May 2020 35.318°/33.264° L. angustifolia 280
27 Mandra tou Kampiou Nicosia 11 May 2020 34.952°/33.228° L. stoechas 652
28 Mathiatis Nicosia 16 May 2020 34.951°/33.373° L. stoechas 354
29 Kato Drys Larnaca 23 May 2020 34.851 °/33.316° R. officinalis 544
30 Agros Limassol 27 May 2020 34.918°/33.021° R. officinalis 1037
31 Statos Paphos 1 June 2020 34.890°/32.608° R. officinalis 793

Regarding reports in social media, we found 12 cases where photos of the species had
been posted in the Facebook group ‘Biodiversity of Cyprus’. Some of these records were at
the same or a nearby locality to our previous records. When needed, we contacted the
people posting the records to ask about the location and the date in which the photos were
taken. In the majority of these cases, we visited the recording area for confirmation.

Flying ability experiment of Chrysolina americana

Regarding the flying ability experiment, in all four replicates, some of the beetles fell in the
water and were repositioned to the branch. No individual beetle was found outside the bowl
or attempted to fly. On the third replicate, we left the beetles on the branch for 9 days. Most
individuals (9 out of 10) eventually drowned in the water during the 6" day. The remaining
individual stood on the branch for 9 days; see the red arrow in Fig. 2J. On the fourth
replicate, three beetles remained alive on the branch for 15 days.

In the case of the field experiment, beetles were placed on high branches of bushes and
we observed their behaviour for 1 hour. None of the beetles attempted to fly. In all cases,
the beetles walked randomly on the branches or fell off when they felt threatened. Similarly,
beetles placed on rocks near the host plants walked randomly, but none of them attempted
to fly. We also noticed that the beetles opened their wings only in some cases, i.e. when
they fell upside down and in the attempt to reposition themselves.

From the examination of the beetles’ wings, the species seems to have normal length
wings for flight and it is not brachypterous. Two specimens showing the wing are presented
in Fig. 3.

6 Hadjiconstantis M, Zoumides C

@ Fisst record in 2015
| Records in 2016
| © Records in 2017
@ Records in 2018
@ Records in 2019
@ Records in 2020
[G) Major Cities Keryneia

“
‘a, Famagusta

ts Relies
Limassol

Figure 1. EES]

Locations of Chrysolina americana records, with numbers indicating the records in Table 1 and
colours indicating the chronological order in the legend since 2015; the first record at Strovolos
is indicated with a red dot.

Figure 2. EES
A — C: adults of Chrysolina americana on Rosmarinus officinalis; D: larva; E: hosted

Lavandula stoechas; F — G: hosted Salvia officinalis; H — |: hosted Lavandula angustifolia; J:
flying ability experiment set up with red arrow showing the remaining individual.

First records of the pest leaf beetle Chrysolina (Chrysolinopsis) americana ... 7

Figure 3. EES

Two specimens of Chrysolina americana showing a wing. Photographs were taken with the
same zoom. The camera was a Canon EOS 600D with a Canon EF 100 mm f/2.8L Macro IS
USM lens. Scale bar of 4 mm is shown.

Discussion

This paper confirms the presence and reproduction of C. americana in Cyprus. Since its
first appearance in March 2015, the species has been recorded in many areas and it has
spread across most of the Island. In particular, at the time of writing (November 2020), it
has been recorded at almost all districts of Cyprus, except Famagusta. Based on a 5-year
period of records, the altitudinal range of the beetle varies between 34 m a.s.l. at the
coastal area of Dromolaxia (March 2020) to 1037 m a.s.|. at the mountainous area of Agros
(May 2020), indicating its plasticity to various climatic conditions and environments. The
main host plant of the species in Cyprus is the Rosemary, especially on roadside
plantations.

Both the indoors and outdoors flying experiments cannot confirm that C. americana is able
to fly, despite the wings' examination showing that the species is not brachypterous (Fig.
3); this finding is not in agreement with MacLeod (2002). Nevertheless, C. americana could
be capable of flight. A definitive answer to the question of whether it can fly or not can be
given in a future examination of its flight muscles. From previous studies on other leaf
beetles, such as Galeruca tanaceti (Linnaeus, 1758) (Beenen 2005), it seemed that a part
of the fresh population of specimens had well-developed flight muscles and the old (post-
summer diapause) specimens did not. Beenen 2005) findings suggest that, although we
used individual specimens from different seasonal periods across a year for our
experiments, not all populations may include specimens capable of flight. Therefore, it
remains to be determined in a future study whether this species can fly or not.

Although we are not sure of the flying capabilities of the Rosemary beetle, it has evidently
a very good dispersal ability as it has spread over almost all of Cyprus in a period of five
years from the first record. We are certain that the beetle was not introduced to Cyprus
with the Rosemary plant of the first recording because the particular plantation existed
years before the beetle appeared and the diameter of the Rosemary trunk at the time of
recording was larger than 4 cm, indicating a relatively old Rosemary plant. We do not know

8 Hadjiconstantis M, Zoumides C

if our first record at Strovolos (March 2015) coincides with the original year of introduction
of the species to the Island or whether it arrived at an earlier date. What we can confirm,
however, is that the species was recorded 95 km away (in Chloraka) from the first recorded
site, 5 years later (April 2020, see Table 1). Such fast dispersal ability is unexpected for a
flightless species. Some possible explanations include the frequent transfer of host plants
by people, which potentially helps spread the species on the Island of Cyprus. Considering
that the Rosemary beetle cannot reach Cyprus by flight, we assume that it was imported
with its host plants relatively recently. This assumption is supported by new records in
many countries outside its natural distribution (Bienkowski and Orlova-Bienkowskaja
2018).

It is interesting to note that C. americana has also recently been reported from Israel with
the presumed first record being December 2014 (Friedman 2016), a few months before our
first record. This species probably arrived in Israel from imported host plants as it was first
found close to the main port of Haifa (Friedman 2016). However, it is not unreasonable to
assume that C. americana may have dispersed naturally into Israel. That is, from south-
western Turkey, where it occurs naturally (Bienkowski and Orlova-Bienkowskaja 2018),
eastwards along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey to Syria, Lebanon and into Israel; Haifa
is approx. 30 km south of the border with Lebanon. This hypothesis can be confirmed if
further research identifies C. americana in Syria and Lebanon and if its importation seems
unlikely. However, if this is found to be the case, then it seems likely that C. americana may
have been accidentally imported to Cyprus from southern Turkey into the northern part of
Cyprus. The fact that the presumed first record was in Nicosia, with the closest ports being
in Keryneia (21 km away), lends weight to this hypothesis.

Conclusions

Although the species has not been part of Cyprus fauna until now, it is a Mediterranean
species that seems to be well adapted to the climatic conditions of Cyprus. In addition,
owing to the fact that (i) a large number of its host plants are native to Cyprus or
naturalised and are found growing naturally or in cultivated conditions across the Island
(Tsintidis et al. 2002) and (ii) the species (both larvae and adults) have been found at forest
areas, we can safely conclude that it is established. From our observations, the species
can cause minor damage on the foliage of its host plants. Significant damage to the host
plants has been reported only on a few urban locations and, in particular, at house
gardens; these are cases where C. americana is abundant and has completely damaged
the plant’s foliage. This behaviour could be linked to areas with well-maintained gardens,
for example, in the absence of natural predators, the beetle can thrive and can potentially
cause significant damage. At the moment, no such extreme case has been reported in
commercial cultivations or protected areas, yet this behaviour of the species may cause
significant problems to farmers in the near future. As C. americana is a Mediterranean
species, its natural enemies are also part of the fauna of Cyprus. Known natural enemies
are Anaphes chrysomelae (Bakkendorf) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) which parasitised the
eggs of C. americana in Italy (Tarla and Tarla 2017) and parasitic flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)

First records of the pest leaf beetle Chrysolina (Chrysolinopsis) americana ... 9

which parasitised the larvae, such as Meigenia dorsalis (Meigen, 1824), Meigenia mutabilis
(Fallen, 1810), Macquartia dispar (Fallen, 1820), Macquartia tenebricosa (Meigen, 1824)
and Macquartia tessellum (Meigen, 1824) (Cerretti and Tschorsnig 2010). From those
enemies, Macquartia tessellum (Meigen, 1824) is present in Cyprus (Bergstrom et al.
2017). Keeping in mind that the commercially-grown aromatic plants are organically
cultivated and are typically used in cooking, farmers can use pesticides as a last resort;
alternatively, farmers can prevent damage by maintaining the appropriate conditions for the
natural enemies of the species. Additionally, control of the beetle population can be
achieved by removing the beetles and larvae manually, by hand-picking, net sweeping or
by shaking the plants and collecting the beetles from the ground, which, however, implies
additional labour hours and cost.

As a concluding note and given that the initiation of this study was a record first reported in
social media, we would like to emphasise the important role of citizen science and, in
particular, the participation and contribution of people using such networking platforms in
recording wildlife. Although citizen science — the collection of data relating to the natural
world by members of the general public — has been a part of observations of the natural
world for a very long time, digital developments in the past decade or so have vastly
expanded the potential for input from citizens into the study of biodiversity and associated
impacts (Bonney et al. 2014). Chrysolina americana is not the only recorded species in
Cyprus whose presence was first known through social media. Several species were
recorded in Cyprus for the first time from people posting photographs on social media and
were noticed by researchers. Most of them are in the process of preparation for publication
and scientists are collaborating with interested social media users in collecting more
information and records for these new findings.

Acknowledgements

We would like to warmly thank Sophia Papagregoriou who found and reported first the C.
americana beetle, as well as Maria Papagregoriou, loannis Sofokleous, Mustafa Ozhakki,
Michael Lloyd, Chrysanthi Kadji, Alison Sale, Jakovos Demetriou, Wesley Whittaker, Robin
Symeou, Filippos Georgiades, Theodoulos Poullis and the Cyprus Wildlife Research
Institute for providing information for recordings of the studied species. We are grateful to
Dr Marios Aristophanous, Dr Leonidas-Romanos Davranoglou, Christodoulos Makris,
George Constantinou and loulieta Michael for their support and feedback.

References

° Beenen R (2005) Flight muscles in Galeruca tanaceti. Chrysomela 45: 15-17.

° Beenen R, Roques A (2010) Leaf and seed beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae).
Chapter 8.3. BioRisk 4: 267-292. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.52

° Bergstrom C, Bystrowski C, Cerretti P, Tschorsnig DH, et al. (2017) Fauna Europaea:
Macquartia tessellum (Meigen, 1824). https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/
560fab51-870c-4f30-aeb2-dd8491dc72b5. Accessed on: 2020-12-21.

10

Hadjiconstantis M, Zoumides C

Bienkowski AO (2001) A study on the genus Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860, with a
checklist of all the described subgenera, species, subspecies, and synonyms
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). Genus 12 (2): 105-235.

Bienkowski AO (2010) A review of the leaf-beetle genus Chrysolina Motschulsky
(Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from Russia and European countries of the former USSR:
|. Akey to species with developed hind wings. Entomological Review 90 (7): 885-902.
https://doi.org/10.1134/s0013873810070079

Bienkowski AO, Orlova-Bienkowskaja MJ (2018) Alien leaf beetles (Coleoptera,
Chrysomelidae) of European Russia and some general tendencies of leaf beetle
invasions. PLOS One 13 (9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203561

Bonney R, Shirk JL, Phillips TB, Wiggins A, Ballard HL, Miller-Rushing AJ, Parrish JK
(2014) Next Steps for Citizen Science. Science 343 (6178): 1436-1437. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1251554

Cerretti P, Tschorsnig H (2010) Annotated host catalogue for the Tachinidae (Diptera) of
Italy. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A Neue Serie 3: 305-340.

Christofides Y (2017) Illustrated Flora of Cyprus. private publisher, 384 pp. [In English].
[ISBN 9789963854226]

Friedman ALL (2016) Rosemary beetle Chrysolina americana: A new invasive leaf
beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) in Israel. Israel Journal of
Entomology 46: 87-91. URL: http://zoobank.org/5793092c-9963-4863-85ab-
152c79d16b57

Gruev B (1995) Check-list of Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Hispinae and
Cassidinae in Cyprus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Deutsche Entomologische
Zeitschrift 42: 329-342. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19950420204

Kippenberg H (2010) Chrysomelinae. In: L6bl |, Smetana A (Eds) Catalogue of
Palaearctic Coleoptera. 6. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 390—443 pp.

Linnaeus C (1758) Systema Naturae. Plazi.org taxonomic treatments database Tomus

I: 372. https://doi.org/10.15468/edxcjn
MacLeod A (2002) CSL pest risk analysis for Chrysolina americana. Cited 27 March

2020. URL: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/viewPestRisks.cfm?
cslref=8564

Pasqual C, Kovar |, Beenen R, Van Vondel BJ, Audisio P (2017) Fauna Europaea:
Chrysolina (Taeniochrysea) americana. https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/
2154 7fb0-ef3a-44a7-b884-4f868b3847ff. Accessed on: 2020-3-30.

Tarla $, Tarla G (2017) First Report of Anaphes chrysomelae (Hymenoptera:
Mymaridae) on the Eggs of Chrysolina herbacea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in
Turkey. Florida Entomologist 100 (1): 180-181. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.100.0128
Tsintidis T, Hadjikyriakou G, Christodoulou C (2002) LABIATAE. In: Tsintidis T, et al.
(Ed.) Trees and Shrubs in Cyprus. A.G. Leventis Foundation — Cyprus Forest
Association, Nicosia, 442 pp. [In English & Greek]. [ISBN 9963560504].