Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e62886 OO) doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e62886 open access Data Paper Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails of the native forests of the Azores (Portugal) Rui Carvalho?S, Pedro Cardoso$+, Artur Gill, Maria Teresa Ferreirat, Candida Ramos?, Lucas Lamelas-Lopez*, Fernando Pereira*, Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte?S, Alejandra Ros-Prieto*, Mario Boieiro*, Paulo A. V. Borges*1 $ cE3c — Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Acores, Rua Capitao Jodo d’Avila, Sao Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal § Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland | cE3c — Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Acores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal q IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal Corresponding author: Rui Carvalho (rui.m.carvalho@gmail.com), Paulo A. V. Borges (paulo.av.borges@uac.pt) Academic editor: Jeremy Miller Received: 07 Jan 2021 | Accepted: 22 Mar 2021 | Published: 16 Apr 2021 Citation: Carvalho R, Cardoso P, GilA, Ferreira MT, Ramos C, Lamelas-Lopez L, Pereira F, Malumbres-Olarte J, Ros-Prieto A, Boieiro M, Borges PAV (2021) Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails of the native forests of the Azores (Portugal). Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e62886. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e62886 Abstract Background The sharp increase in tourist visitation of the Azores Archipelago from 2015 onwards raised concerns about the impacts of recreational tourism on native habitats. In response, a project was financed by the Azorean Government to investigate the drivers of biodiversity erosion associated with recreational tourism. Here, we present the data on spider biodiversity found on trails located within the native Azorean forests as they are home to several endemic species of great conservation value. We applied an optimised and standardised sampling protocol (COBRA) in twenty-three plots located in five trails on © Carvalho R et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Carvalho R et al Terceira and Sao Miguel Islands and assessed diversity and abundance of spider species at different distances from the trail head and the trail itself. New information Of the 45 species (12435 specimens) collected, 13 were endemic to the Azores (9690 specimens), 10 native non-endemic (2047 specimens) and 22 introduced (698 specimens). This database will be the baseline of a long-term monitoring project for the assessment of touristic impacts on native forest trails. This methodology can also be used on other habitats and biogeograhical regions. Keywords Arthropoda, hiking, recreation ecology, Macaronesia, endemic species, checklist Introduction In the Azores, as in many other temperate, semi-tropical and tropical islands, historical patterns of habitat loss have typically resulted in lowland clearance, meaning that the last remnants of the pre-human pristine forest that covered the major parts of oceanic islands are in the mountain areas (Gaspar et al. 2011). The communities of these mountain forests are of critical importance for the protection of current island biodiversity since they are home to many Azorean endemic species (Borges et al. 2017, Borges et al. 2018, Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2019) and provide a variety of ecosystem services (e.g. water storage, erosion control, pollination, pest-control, food supply, recreation and tourism), contributing to the local economy and welfare (Fernandez-Palacios et al. 2017). The recent increase in recreational tourist activities in native habitats of the Azores (SREA 2018) raises concerns about the use of trails being a threat to the already imperilled native forest biodiversity. Hiking trails in particular have been found to be promoting the spread of invasive plants (Barros and Pickering 2014), which may cause adverse cascading effects on arthropods. The spider communities of the Azores are exceptionally well known due to ongoing inventorying and monitoring projects carried out since 1999 (Borges et al. 2016, Emerson et al. 2017, Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2019). The protocol used in NETBIOME ISLANDBIODIV and in this project is part of a long term monitoring proposal for oceanic islands (Borges et al. 2018). General description Purpose: We aimed to characterise the richness and abundance of spiders in areas surrounding trails in native Azorean forest and to assess if the distance to the head of Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails ... 3 hiking trails or to the trail itself explains shifts in spider community composition, compared with areas undisturbed by tourists. Project description Title: Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from Azorean native forest trails Personnel: Rui Carvalho led the sampling in the field with the participation of Alejandra Ros-Prieto, Candida Ramos, Fernando Pereira, Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte, Maria T. Ferreira, Mario Boieiro, Lucas Lamelas-Lopez and Paulo A. V. Borges. Study area description: We focused on the Azorean forests of Terceira and Sao Miguel Islands, as they have pedestrian trails going through native forests with a relevant level of visitation (Fig. 1). Terceira Island (area: 400.6 km?; elevation: 1021.14 m) and Sao Miguel Island (area: 744.6 km?; elevation: 1103 m) are two of the nine islands from the Azores Archipelago. The climate in the Azores is temperate oceanic, with regular and abundant rainfall, with high levels of relative humidity and persistent winds, mainly during winter and autumn seasons. Terceira Island is known for the presence of some very important pristine areas at high elevation (Gaspar et al. 2011). Funding: This research was supported by the Rui Carvalho Ph.D. DRCT scholarship from the Azores Government (M3.1.a/F/135/2015). Data was obtained mostly during the Ph.D. DRCT scholarship, but some samples ("Control 250", see below) are from a previous project (ERA-Net NetBiome research framework, financed through Portuguese FCT- NETBIOME ISLANDBIODIV grant 0003/2011). Sampling methods Study extent: We selected six 50 x 50 m sampling sites in native forest patches along the studied trails, at increasing distances from the trail head: 0 m, 50 m and 250 m. Another sampling site, termed Max, was set independently from distance - it was located where the forest adjacent to the trail was most pristine. Finally, two control sites were selected at 50 m and 250 m from the closest trail point (Table 1). This setup is repeated at each trail. In Terceira, the Control 250 data were retrieved from NETBIOME-ISLANDBIODIV samples from 2012 (see Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2019). Table 1. Island, fragment, trail name and coordinates of sampling sites Island Fragment Trail Sampling sites Latitude Longitude Terceira Santa Barbara Lagoinha 0 38.7496 -27.3340 Terceira Santa Barbara Lagoinha 50 38.74946 -27.3333 Terceira Santa Barbara Lagoinha 250 38.7497 -27.3320 4 Carvalho R et al Island Fragment Trail Sampling sites Latitude Longitude Terceira Santa Barbara Lagoinha Control 50 38.7496 -27.3304 Terceira Santa Barbara Lagoinha Control 250 38.7521 -27.3313 Terceira Santa Barbara Mistérios Negros 0 38.7383 -27.2786 Terceira Santa Barbara Mistérios Negros 50 38.7383 -27.2789 Terceira Santa Barbara Mistérios Negros 250 38.7390 -27.2801 Terceira Santa Barbara Mistérios Negros Max 38.7394 -27.2824 Terceira Santa Barbara Mistérios Negros Control 50 38.7390 -27.2819 Terceira Santa Barbara Mistérios Negros Control 250 38.7372 -27.2899 Terceira Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 0 38.7322 -27.3111 Terceira Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 50 38.7325 -27.3106 Terceira Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 250 38.7336 -27.3088 Terceira Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Max 38.7347 -27.3073 Terceira Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Control 50 38.7348 -27.3090 Terceira Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Control 250 38.7356 -27.3074 Terceira Guilherme Moniz Guilherme Moniz 0 38.7087 -27.1904 Sao Miguel Pico da Vara Malhadas 0 37.8170 -25.1848 Sao Miguel Pico da Vara Malhadas 50 37.8164 -25.1855 Sao Miguel Pico da Vara Malhadas 250 37.8157 -25.1864 Sao Miguel Pico da Vara Malhadas Max 37.8163 -25.1900 Sampling description: The inventory COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment) protocol (Cardoso 2009) was used at the most pristine area in the studied fragment, firstly to assess whether completeness is sufficient to use the less time-intensive protocols; secondly, in order to be used as alpha and beta diversity baselines (Borges et al. 2018). It is composed of four hours of aerial search, four hours of tree beating, four hours of vegetation sweeping and pitfall sampling using 48 traps. The traps containing propylene glycol were active for 15 days and, during sample collection, they were arranged in groups of four to make 12 sample units. For the remaining sampling areas of each trail, the much less intensive monitoring COBRA protocol was used. It is composed of four hours of aerial search and two hours of beating trees using a drop cloth (see Borges et al. 2018 for details). The COBRA protocol has been proposed as part of standard inventorying and monitoring programmes targeting spiders and beetles and has been used on island and continental ecosystems, from subarctic regions to the tropics (Cardoso 2009, Borges et al. 2018, Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2019, Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2020). Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails ... 5 Figure 1. EES Location of trails in Terceira: Lagoinha (pink), Santa Barbara (yellow), Mistérios Negros (blue), Guilherme Moniz (red); in S. Miguel: Malhadas (purple). Quality control: All the spider specimens were first sorted into morphospecies by R Carvalho and later identified by a trained taxonomist (one of the authors: PAV Borges). Geographic coverage Description: Terceira and Sao Miguel Islands, Azores, Portugal Bounding Coordinates: South West [37.579, -27.466], North East [39.045, -25.049] Taxonomic coverage Taxa included: Rank Scientific Name Common Name order Araneae Spiders Traits coverage Macias-Hernandez et al. (2020) published the database of functional traits for all species in the study. 6 Carvalho R et al Temporal coverage Notes: July to August 2012 for the Control 250 samples; July to October 2017 for all other samples. Collection data Collection name: Dalberto Teixeira Pombo insect collection at the University of Azores. Collection identifier: DTP Specimen preservation method: All specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol. Curatorial unit: Dalberto Teixeira Pombo insect collection at the University of the Azores (Curator: Paulo A. V. Borges) Usage licence Usage licence: Open Data Commons Attribution License IP rights notes: CC-BY 4.0 Data resources Data package title: Diversity of Spiders from Azorean Trails Resource link: https:/Awww.gbif.org/dataset/76e75816-b0dc-4460-9de2-294f3e05ad83 Alternative identifiers: hittps://doi.org/10.15468/wgnw57 Number of data sets: 1 Data set name: Diversity of Spiders from Azorean Trails Download URL: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=spiders of azorean trails Data format: Darwin Core Archive Data format version: version 1 Description: The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: event (as core) and occurrences. The data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 194 records (eventID) and the occurrences file 1290 records (occurrencelD). This IPT (integrated publishing toolkit) archives the data and thus serves as the data Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails ... 7 repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download from Carvalho et al. (2021). Column label Table of Sampling Events id eventID stateProvince islandGroup island country countryCode municipality decimalLongitude decimalLatitude geodeticDatum coordinateUncertaintyInMetres coordinatePrecision georeferenceSources locationID locationRemarks locality minimumElevationInMetres maximumElevationInMetres habitat year month day eventRemarks Column description Table with sampling events data (beginning of table) Unique identification code for sampling event data Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset Name of the region of the sampling site Name of archipelago Name of the island Country of the sampling site ISO code of the country of the sampling site Municipality of the sampling site Approximate centre point decimal longitude of the field site in GPS coordinates Approximate centre point decimal latitude of the field site in GPS coordinates The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot Precision of the coordinates Alist (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources. Identifier of the location Details on the locality site Name of the locality The lower limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in metres. The upper limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in metres. The surveyed habitat Year of the event Month of the event Day of the event Comments or notes about the Event samplingProtocol sampleSizeValue sampleSizeUnit samplingEffort fieldNumber eventDate Table of Species Occurrence id type licence institutionID collectionID institutionCode collectionCode datasetName basisOfRecord dynamicProperties occurrencelD recordedBy individualCount sex lifeStage establishmentMeans eventID scientificName kingdom phylum class order family Carvalho R et al The sampling protocol used to capture the species The numeric amount of time spent in each sampling The unit of the sample size value The amount of time of each sampling An identifier given to the event in the field. Often serves as a link between field notes and the Event. Date or date range the record was collected Table with species abundance data (beginning of new table) Unique identification code for species abundance data Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard Reference to the licence under which the record is published The identity of the institution publishing the data The identity of the collection publishing the data The code of the institution publishing the data The code of the collection where the specimens are conserved Name of the dataset The nature of the data record The name of the scientific project funding the sampling Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier Name of the person who performed the sampling of the specimens Total number of individuals captured The sex and quantity of the individuals captured The life stage of the organisms captured The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: ‘naturalised’, ‘introduced’, 'endemic’, "unknown" Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset Complete scientific name including author and year Kingdom name Phylum name Class name Order name Family name Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails ... 9 genus Genus name specificEpithet Specific epithet taxonRank Lowest taxonomic rank of the record scientificNameAuthorship Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record Additional information Results We collected a total of 12435 specimens belonging to 45 species of spiders. A total of 13 species are endemic to the Azores Archipelago (9690 specimens), 10 are native non- endemic (2047 specimens) and 22 are introduced (698 specimens) (Table 2, Table 3). Table 2. Diversity and abundance for the collected species, according to biogeographic origin and sampling area. Endemic Native Introduced Trail / Sampling Area Species Abundance Species Abundance Species Abundance richness richness richness Lagoinha 0 5 479 10 62 5 7 Lagoinha 50 7 364 14 91 7 15 Lagoinha 250 5 534 12 64 7 11 Lagoinha Control 50 9 419 15 174 3 5 Lagoinha Control 250 5 417 14 187 10 27 Mistérios Negros 0 6 466 17 94 14 33 Mistérios Negros 50 8 421 15 55 7 14 Mistérios Negros 250 8 418 18 119 18 184 Mistérios Negros Max 9 628 20 64 15 57 Mistérios Negros Control 6 993 13 187 10 27 50 Mistérios Negros Control 9 394 17 128 7 12 250 Santa Barbara 0 8 325 13 17 2 12 Santa Barbara 50 7 230 13 38 5 22 Santa Barbara 250 6 417 11 43 3 7 10 Endemic Trail / Sampling Area Species richness Santa Barbara Max 8 Santa Barbara Control 7 50 Santa Barbara Control 10 250 Guilherme Moniz 0 8 Malhadas 0 6 Malhadas 50 7 Malhadas 250 5 Malhadas Max 7 Carvalho R et al Table 3. Native Abundance Species richness 410 15 463 16 405 17 903 26 148 18 245 22 232 14 378 22 Abundance 40 26 75 220 41 63 43 217 Introduced Species richness 4 6 Abundance 10 17 57 20 79 30 46 Spider species abundance in each study area and their biogeographic origin. Abbreviations: Biogeographic origin (Biog. origin); Endemic (END); Introduced (INT); Native (NAT). Family Scientific name Araneidae Gibbaranea occidentalis Wunderlich, 1989 Araneidae Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) Araneidae Neoscona crucifera (Lucas, 1838) Clubionidae Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, 1859) Dictynidae Lathys dentichelis (Simon, 1883) Dictynidae Nigma puella (Simon, 1870) Dysderidae Dysdera crocata C. L. Koch, 1838 Cheiracanthiidae Cheijracanthium erraticum (Walckenaer, 1802) Biog. | Lagoinha Mistérios Santa Guilherme origin Negros Barbara Moniz END 813 1754 365 563 INT 0 138 0 1 INT 0 0 0 0 NAT 2 1 0 4 NAT 337 507 151 168 INT 0 0 0 0 INT 0 3 0 1 INT 51 7 20 0 Malhadas 140 18 198 27 Family Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Scientific name Acorigone acoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992) Agyneta decora (O.P.- Cambridge, 1871) Canariphantes acoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992) Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 Erigone autumnalis Emerton, 1882 Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) Meioneta fuscipalpa (C.L. Koch, 1836) Mermessus bryantae (Ivie & Barrows, 1935) Mermessus fradeorum (Berland, 1932) Microlinyphia johnsoni (Blackwall, 1859) Minicia floresensis Wunderlich, 1992 Neriene clathrata (Sundevall, 1830) Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) Palliduphantes schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1899) Porrhomma borgesi Wunderlich, 2008 Prinerigone vagans (Audouin, 1826) Biog. origin END INT END INT INT INT INT INT INT NAT END INT INT NAT END INT Lagoinha Mistérios 12 16 Negros 4 17 19 Santa Barbara 11 91 12 Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails ... Guilherme Moniz 1 16 11 Malhadas 12 Family Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Lycosidae Mimetidae Pisauridae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae Tetragnathidae Tetragnathidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Scientific name Savigniorrhipis acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 Tenuiphantes miguelensis (Wunderlich, 1992) Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) Walckenaeria grandis (Wunderlich, 1992) Pardosa acorensis Simon, 1883 Ero furcata (Villers, 1789) Pisaura acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867) Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867) Neon acoreensis Wunderlich, 2008 Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763) Sancus acoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992) Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart, 1886) Lasaeola oceanica Simon, 1883 Rhomphaeéa nasica (Simon, 1873) Rugathodes acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) Carvalho R et al Biog. origin END NAT INT END END INT END NAT NAT END INT END INT END INT END INT Lagoinha Mistérios 430 97 97 831 53 61 Negros 537 22 23 13 55 146 621 105 263 Santa Barbara 384 20 11 45 57 16 15 974 304 Guilherme Moniz 60 28 35 165 103 Malhadas 184 46 14 72 10 21 63 78 505 68 11 Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails ... 13 Family Scientific name Biog. | Lagoinha Mistérios Santa Guilherme Malhadas origin Negros Barbara = Moniz Theridiidae Theridion musivivum NAT 0 0 0 0 2 Schmidt, 1956 Thomisidae Xysticus cor Canestrini, = NAT 27 42 36 4 46 1873 Thomisidae Xysticus nubilus Simon, — INT 0 0 32 0 0 1875 The five most abundant species were Gibbaranea occidentalis Wunderlich, 1989 (3635 specimens) (endemic), Sancus acoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992) (3096 specimens) (endemic), Savigniorrhipis acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 (1595 specimens) (endemic), Lathys dentichelis (Simon, 1883) (1361 specimens) (native non-endemic) and Rugathodes acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 (799 specimens) (endemic). These five species accounted for 84% of all individuals of the total. The most abundant introduced species was Metellina merianae Scopoli, 1763 with 279 specimens. This database will be used in future studies where the variation of the spider communites amongst the various sites will be tested against variables that are known to be relevant for understanding the impact of touristic activities, such as the distance to the trail head and the distance from the sampling area to the nearest trail point. We will use GLMMs, where the trail identity will be used as random effect and the edge effect will be added as an independent variable in order to avoid spurious results. This will respond to the questions of whether there is a detectable effect of recreational activities on the spiders community structure and what is contributing to this ecological shift. Contrary to Canary Islands and Madeira, the Azorean Archipelago has not yet experienced continuous high levels of visitation. This sampling was made at the early times of a noticeably higher touristic pressure in the Azores and will allow for future monitoring events to have a comparable baseline and better isolate the touristic factors from others, thus improving the management outlook on tourism's ecological effects on spider communities. Acknowledgements This research was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from the Azores Governmentto to Rui Carvalho (DRCT M3.1.a/F/135/2015). Data was obtained mostly during the Rui Carvalho DRCT scholarship, but some samples are from a previous project (ERA-Net NetBiome research framework, financed through Portuguese FCT-NETBIOME ISLANDBIODIV grant 0003/2011). Open access was funded by FEDER in 85% and by Azorean Public funds by 15% through Operational Programme Azores 2020, under’ the _ project AZORESBIOPORTAL —PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-F EDER-000072) 14 Carvalho R et al Author contributions RC, PC and PAVB conceived the study design and the sampling programme. 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Turismo URL: https://srea.azores.gov.pt/Conteudos/Relatorios/lista_relatorios.aspx? idc=392&idsc=6454&lang_id=1