Biodiversity Data Journal 9: €62157 OO) doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e62157 open access Data Paper Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic impacted habitats in the Azores archipelago José Marcelinot, Paulo A. V. BorgesS!, Isabel Borges*, Enésima Pereira$, Vasco Santos?, Anténio Onofre Soarest $ cE3c — Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Agores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500, Ponta Delgada, Portugal § cE3c — Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Acores, Rua Capitao Joao d’Avila, Sado Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal | IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal Corresponding author: Paulo A. V. Borges (paulo.av.borges@uac.pt) Academic editor: Pedro Cardoso Received: 17 Dec 2020 | Accepted: 15 Feb 2021 | Published: 10 Mar 2021 Citation: Marcelino J, Borges PAV, Borges |, Pereira E, Santos V, Soares AO (2021) Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic impacted habitats in the Azores archipelago. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e62157. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e62157 Abstract Background In this paper, we present an extensive checklist of selected arthropods and _ their distribution in five Islands of the Azores (Santa Maria. Sao Miguel, Terceira, Flores and Pico). Habitat surveys included five herbaceous and four arboreal habitat types, scaling up from native to anthropogenic managed habitats. We aimed to contribute to the ongoing effort to document the terrestrial biodiversity of the world, in particular the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, as islands harbour a significant portion of unique terrestrial biodiversity. Selection of Arthropoda groups for the current checklist was based on their Known richness and abundance (Arachnida, Collembola, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera), in almost all terrestrial ecosystems, as well as their importance in current Integrated Pest Management and alternative Biocontrol protocols at large (i.e. hymenopteran parasitoids and beneficial Coleoptera). In addition, we include the list of © Marcelino J et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Marcelino J et al Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Psocoptera and Thysanoptera species. These assembled groups represent part of the monitoring programme EDEN Azores (2008-2014), where all Arthropod fauna, at all strata, within nine representative habitats of the abovementioned five Islands of the Azores was recorded. New information In this study, a total of 116,523 specimens, belonging to 483 species and subspecies of selected groups of arthropods, are reported by order, family and, when possible, genus and species. Hymenopteran, mostly parasitoids, accounted for the most represented taxa across all the monitoring and sampling phase of EDEN Azores (193 species and mophospecies), followed by Coleoptera (95 species); Collembola (89 species); and Araneae (72 species). A total of 37 non-native species are reported for the first time in the Azores. Coleoptera: Asaphidion flavipes (Linnaeus, 1761) (Carabidae); Tachyporus dispar (Paykull, 1789) (Staphylinidae). Hemiptera: Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, 1861 (Pentatomidae). Collembola: Entomobrya regularis Stach, 1963 (Entomobryidae); Lepidocyrtus lusitanicus piezoensis (Simon-Benito, 2007) (Entomobryidae); Jordanathrix articulata (Ellis, 1974) (Sminthuridae); Sminthurinus quadrimaculatus (Ryder, 1879) (Katiannidae); Himalanura sp. (Entomobryidae); Protophorura sp. (Onychiuridae). Hymenoptera, parasitoids: Aphidius colemani Viereck, 1912 (Braconidae); Aphidius ervi Haliday, 1834 (Braconidae); Aphidius matricariae Viereck, 1912 (Braconidae); Aphidius rhopalosiphi Stefani-Perez, 1902 (Braconidae); Aphidius rosae (Haliday, 1834) (Braconidae); Aphidius urticae Haliday, 1834 (Braconidae); Centistidea ectoedemiae Rohwer, 1914 (Braconidae); Meteorus unicolor (Wesmael, 1835) (Braconidae); Meteorus collaris (Spin.) Hal. - Ruschka, Fulmek, 1915 (Braconidae); Orthostigma cratospilum (Thomson, 1895) (Braconidae); Orthostigma latriventris Ratzeburg, 1844 (Braconidae); two other species of Orthostigma sp.; Pseudopezomachus bituberculatus (Marshall, 1905) (Braconidae); Tanycarpa punctata (van Achterberg, 1976) (Braconidae); Gonatopus clavipes (Thunberg, 1827) (Dryinidae). New genera not previously recorded for the Azores include: Pycnetron sp. (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae); four species of Aspilota sp. (Braconidae: Alysiinae); four species of Chorebus sp. (Braconidae: Aphidiinae: Alysiinae); Microgaster sp. (Braconidae: Microgastrinae); Homolobus sp. (Braconidae: Homolobinae); Lodbrokia sp. (Braconidae: Alysiinae). These 37 taxa were found in several Islands and five are new species for Flores Island, 10 species are new for Pico Island, 12 species are new for Terceira Island, 19 species are new for S. Miguel Island and five species are new for S. Maria Island. Additional species records for the Islands included: Flores (5 Collembola, 9 Araneae; 2 Hemiptera; 8 Coleoptera, 8 Hymenoptera), Pico (4 Collembola; 7 Araneae; 4 Hemiptera; 11 Coleoptera; 9 Hymenoptera), Terceira (4 Collembola; 1 Araneae; 3 Hymenoptera), S. Miguel (1 Araneae; 2 Coleoptera; 3 Hymenoptera), S. Maria (5 Collembola; 3 Araneae; 2 Hemiptera; 2 Hymenoptera). Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 3 Keywords Arthropoda, Azores, Sao Miguel, Terceira, Flores, Santa Maria, Pico, Island, anthropogenic impact gradient, habitat types Introduction Biodiversity loss is accelerating at an unprecedented rate (Maxwell et al. 2016, Borges et al. 2019, Wagner et al. 2021), particularly in islands (Whittaker et al. 2017). Current drivers of biodiversity loss include habitat change (i.e. habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation), invasive species, pollution and contamination and climate change (Titeux et al. 2016, Sanchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019). Land-use reconversion is a catalyst for major biodiversity changes in the world, namely in island ecosystems (Russell and Kueffer 2019). The inventory and monitoring of island biodiversity is critical for understanding current and future trends in biodiversity erosion (Borges et al. 2019) as remote archipelagoes enclose high endemism levels and a significant portion of terrestrial biodiversity. In the current study, we focus in Azores Islands (Portugal) and on its arthropod diversity inventory. Arthropods are recognised as one of the most endangered taxa in the globe, vital for ecosystem stability and food security (Hochkirch 2016, Harvey et al. 2020, Raven and Wagner 2021, Wagner et al. 2021). Composed of nine Islands lying on the North Atlantic Ocean, (39°43'23" N [Corvo] - 36°55'43" N [Santa Maria]; 24°46'15" WG [Formigas islets] - 31°16'24" WG [Monchique Islet — Flores]), these Islands, when discovered, were completely covered by dense forests (Frutuoso 1978). These forests included Erica- Morella woodlands at levelled coastal areas and Picconia-Morella forests up to 300 m a.s.l. From 300 m to 600 a.s.|., the sub montane forests dominated (the Azorean Laurel forests, predominatly Laurus azorica), which probably covered more than two thirds of the Islands (Elias et al. 2016). Above the Laurus forests, between 600 m and 1000 a.s.I., Juniperus- llex forests and Juniperus woodlands would have covered most of the areas (Elias et al. 2016). At higher elevations, Cal/una-Juniperus scrublands may have covered mountain ridges and Calluna-Erica scrublands and Calluna scrublands would have occupied Pico Mountain, above 1200 m a.s.I., as they still do today (Elias et al. 2016). The topography of the Azores is characterised by the presence of numerous catchments, ravines and mainly seasonal water streams. Climate and hydrography, together with remote geographic isolation (i.e. central zone of the North Atlantic) and absence of any close continental masses (the nearest landmasses are Europe > 1300 km away and North America > 3200 km away), as well as the complex marine Current System (Caldeira and Reis 2017), contribute to a temperate climate and high humidity throughout the year. These environmental conditions and a nutrient-rich volcanic soil, still support an abundant flora in spite of intense anthropogenic influence and land reconversion to agriculture and forestry activities. Mixed and pristine forests [predominantly native evergreen Laurel forests (Laurisilva), a humid broadleaf Laurus azorica (Seub.) Franco forest] covers many islands’ 4 Marcelino J et al hillsides (Cardoso et al. 2007, Hortal et al. 2006). Thirteen percent of their land surface is protected (World Heritage, Biosphere and Natura 2000 Networks). The Azorean Islands have a long history of habitat loss and land-use changes, with only circa 5% of the native forest remaining intact (Borges et al. 2020). Deforestation has occurred extensively, initially at low elevations, but subsequently extended to mid- and higher elevations due to anthropogenic intervention and timber use as an energy source. Currently, six main habitats can be found in Azores, i.e. i) the original native forests, restricted to high elevations with some small pockets at mid-elevations and disturbed mixed vegetation at low elevation; ii) exotic fast-growing tree plantations, dominated by Cryptomeria japonica; iii) exotic mixed forests, dominated by the invasive tree Pittosporum undulatum; iv) several types of grasslands, including high elevation natural grasslands, although mostly dominated by intensive pastureland at low and mid-elevations and semi- natural pastures at mid- and high elevations; v) native bogs and fens at high elevations; and vi) several types of agro-ecosystems including vineyards, orchards and corn fields. The Azorean arthropod fauna is well known and includes approximately 2332 species and subspecies, with less than 300 of these being endemic (Borges et al. 2010). Land-use changes had an impact on the composition of Azorean arthropod fauna, now dominated by exotic species, particularly in anthropogenic habitats (Borges et al. 2008), but also, to some extent, in native forest, such as in the case of soil arthropods, particularly Collembola (Cicconardi et al. 2017). Endemic arthropods are mostly restricted to native habitats (Borges et al. 2008, Rigal et al. 2018). However, endemic and native insect pollinators successfully adapted to new anthropogenic habitats and are providing essential ecosystem services in agro-ecosystems (Picango et al. 2017). The impact of anthropogenic disturbance on vascular plants was also investigated in parallel with the arthropod distribution (Marcelino et al. 2013, Silva et al. 2017), observing that endemic and native plant species are not restricted only to natural habitats, but also occur in human-managed arborescent habitats. Invasive species dominate human-managed habitats, whilst also found at the edges of natural habitats. General description Purpose: This study intended to contribute to the current international directives concerning biodiversity, aiming to document and safeguard biological resources of the globe. Our objective was to present the most widely distributed and diverse taxa recorded during the sampling phase of the EDEN project (2008-2014) (Marcelino et al. 2013, Marcelino et al. 2020), specifically all arthropod fauna, at all strata, within eight representative habitats of five Islands of the Azores archipelago (Santa Maria, Sao Miguel, Terceira, Flores and Pico) (Fig. 1). In the current study, we present an extensive checklist of Arthropoda for the following taxa: Araneae, Collembola, with emphasis on auxiliary predatory Coleoptera (Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae); Hymenopteran parasitoids (Aphelinidae, Bethylidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae, Chrysididae, Diapriidae, Dryinidae, Elasmidae, Encyrtidae, Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 5 Eupelmidae, Figitidae, Ichneumonidae, Megaspilidae, Mymaridae, Proctotrupidae, Pteromalidae, Scelionidae, Sphecidae, Tetracampidae). These groups are _ particularly relevant for the following reasons: 19) © Flores S Sio Miguel 32 Km Santa Maria Figure 1. EESI The distribution of sampling sites across the five studied Islands (n = 80). Arachnida: Araneae - i) ubiquitous presence across all terrestrial habitats; ii) recognised as indicators of ecological change due to their sensitivity to cryptic changes in their habitats (Pearce and Venier 2006); iii) important predators across trophic levels (e.g. pollinators, parasitoids, saprophytes etc.), thereby impacting ecosystems’ community dynamics (Oberg and Ekbom 2006). Collembola - i) the existence of a profuse diversity and abundance in a wide variety of soil systems from Islands to Continents to Antarctic habitats (Hawes et al. 2007); ii) their rapid response to changes in ecological and pedological patterns within a given ecosystem (Sousa et al. 2006). Hymenopteran parasitoids - i) important role as regulators of host density (Henri and Van Veen 2011); ii) critical biological pest control agent, with circa $20 billion/year beneficial impact on US agriculture (Pennisi 2010). Beneficial Coleoptera - i) the Coccinellidae groups ca. 6,000 species (Vandenberg 2002) with an ubiquitous distribution worldwide. The majority of species are predators providing relevant ecosystem and agricultural services, constituting one of the most studied groups of beneficial insects (Hodek et al. 2012, Ameixa et al. 2018 for a comprehensive revision). The rove-beetles (Staphylinidae) are one of the most diverse lineages of arthropods, inhabiting practically all terrestrial niches (Thayer 2005). They are also an ecologically- important component of soil fauna, reported to be potential bioindicators of environmental quality (Pohl et al. 2007) due to their sensitivity in detecting cryptic changes in the ecological dynamics of their ecosystems (Hodkinson and Jackson 2005) In addition, we report widely-distributed species across sampling sites or new records for the Azores, in the orders Dermaptera, Heteroptera: Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Psocoptera and Thysanoptera. 6 Marcelino J et al Project description Title: Species inventory of Arthropoda across anthropogenically-impacted habitats in the Azores archipelago Personnel: Plant identifications were performed by the botanist Luis Silva, from the University of the Azores. Arthropoda sampling was performed by Jose A. P. Marcelino, Antonio O. Soares, Patricia V. Garcia and Roberto Resendes. Sorting, morphospecies IDs, image gallery stocks, digital data assembling and 96% EtOH-based collections, required a substantial number of technical staff (circa 15 people from 2010 to 2013). Species identifications were performed, initially, by José A. P. Marcelino, corroborated by Fernando Pereira and Paulo A. V. Borges using a reference collection (Dalberto Teixeira Pombo insect collection from the University of the Azores) and, subsequently, by reference taxonomists on the different Arthropoda groups, i.e. Collembola (Felipe Soto-Adames, Florida Dept. Agriculture and Consumer Services, USDA, Florida, USA), Araneae (Paulo Borges, University of the Azores), Hymenoptera (Kees van Achterberg, National History Museum Netherlands and Vladimir Ziki¢, University of Ni8, Serbia), Coccinellidae (Antonio O. Soares and Isabel Borges, University of the Azores), Staphylinidae (Volker Assing, Hannover, Germany) and one new record of Carabidae for the Azores by Bob Davidson at Carnegie Museum on Natural History, USA. Collembola were also genetically profiled (Marcelino et al. 2011), as well as Staphylinidae (Marcelino et al. 2016). Study area description: We selected the Islands, based on the relative proportion of land used in agriculture and pristine areas (based on published data by Costa et al. 2014), taking into consideration all possible combinations, i.e. Sao Miguel (SMG), with a high proportion of land allocated to pastureland (61%) and a low proportion of scattered native and naturalised habitats (19.1%); (ii) Terceira (TER), with high proportion of pastureland (66.9%) and a similar proportion of native and naturalised habitats as SMG, but less fragmented (21.3%); (iii) Pico (PIC), with high proportion of pastureland (50.3%) and medium/high proportion of native habitats at higher elevation (35.5%); (iv) Flores (FLO), with scarce agricultural development (17.7%) and a high proportion of native and naturalised habitats (43%); and, (v) Santa Maria (SMR), with high proportion of agricultural land (56.7%) and a low proportion of native and naturalised habitats (17.3%) (Table 1). Table 1. Sampled Sites (n = 80). Island Habitat Locality Elevation Latitude Longitude (m) Flores Corn Crop Faja Grande 64 39.4572 -31.2611 Flores Corn Crop Ponta Delgada 34 39.5187 -31.2102 Flores Invasive Forest Monte 190 39.4556 -31.1441 Flores Invasive Forest Saida das Lajes 256 39.3879 -31.1954 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 7 Island Habitat Locality Elevation Latitude Longitude (m) Flores Meadows Estrada para o Morro Alto 683 39.4536 -31.2354 Flores Meadows Zona das Lagoas / Fundao 697 39.4079 -31.1977 Flores Natural Forest Estrada para Ponta Delgada 729 39.4739 -31.2089 Flores Natural Forest Estrada para Ponta Delgada / Lixeira 579 39.4882 -31.1858 Flores Orchard Lajes (SDA) 109 39.3864 -31.1672 Flores Orchard Vales 186 39.4522 -31.1464 Flores Pasture Cedros 344 39.4808 -31.1594 Flores Pasture Lajes 205 39.3860 -31.1842 Flores Production forest Lajes Saida 1 270 39.3914 -31.2012 Flores Production forest Ponta Ruiva 494 39.4872 -31.1778 Flores Semi-natural Pasture Estrada para as Fajas 502 39.4322 -31.2339 Flores Semi-natural Pasture Leste do Morro Alto 619 39.4178 -31.2013 Pico Corn Crop Madalena (Sete Cidades) 90 38.5337 -28.5097 Pico Corn Crop Piedade 115 38.4216 -28.0513 Pico Invasive Forest Cabego do Chao 443 38.5424 -28.4829 Pico Invasive Forest Sao Roque 767 38.5170 -28.3170 Pico Meadows Encosta da Prainha 2 797 38.4406 -28.1866 Pico Meadows Meia encosta da Prainha 765 38.4422 -28.1919 Pico Natural Forest Estrada para as Lagoas 715 38.4674 -28.2967 Pico Natural Forest Mistério da Prainha 675 38.4822 -28.2610 Pico Orchard Madalena (Sete Cidades) 79 38.5337 -28.5097 Pico Orchard Prainha 41 38.4686 -28.2025 Pico Pasture Criagao Velha 214 38.5090 -28.4914 Pico Pasture S. Miguel Arcanjo 150 38.5036 -28.2952 Pico Production forest Candelaria 258 38.4705 -28.4929 Pico Production forest Prédio Mario Sequeira 419 38.4933 -28.2952 Pico Semi-natural Pasture Corre Agua 708 38.4768 -28.2975 Pico Semi-natural Pasture Longitudinal (Km 5) 896 38.4454 -28.3628 Santa Corn Crop Agua de Alto / Caminho Florestal do 227 36.9925 -25.1072 Maria Alto Island Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa Maria Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Habitat Corn Crop Invasive Forest Invasive Forest Natural Forest Natural Forest Orchard Orchard Pasture Pasture Production forest Production forest Semi-natural Pasture Semi-natural Pasture Semi-natural Pasture Low Altitude Semi-natural Pasture Low Altitude Corn Crop Corn Crop Marcelino J et al Locality Santa Barbara Anjos Estrada para Santo Espirito Estrada para o Pico Alto Pico Alto Malbusca Trevina Calheta, Saida da Maia Estrada para Santa Barbara / Forno Almagreira Fontinhas / Parque Florestal Arrebetao Loural / Estrada Aeroporto (100m) Paul / Estrada para o Anjo Contentores da Unileite Rabo de Peixe Elevation (m) 201 166 236 491 580 260 218 266 354 198 238 453 428 176 198 38 34 Latitude 36.9915 36.9922 36.9590 36.9758 36.9826 36.9471 36.9874 36.9436 36.9661 36.9715 36.9595 36.9738 36.9596 36.9715 36.9918 37.7415 37.8138 Longitude -25.0698 -25.1415 -25.0667 -25.0866 -25.0909 -25.0716 -25.1096 -25.0302 -25.0584 -25.1252 -25.0721 -25.0782 -25.0691 -25.1622 -25.1392 -25.6850 -25.5479 Island Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Sao Miguel Terceira Terceira Terceira Terceira Terceira Terceira Habitat Invasive Forest Invasive Forest Meadows Meadows Natural Forest Natural Forest Orchard Orchard Pasture Pasture Production forest Production forest Semi-natural Pasture Semi-natural Pasture Corn Crop Corn Crop Invasive Forest Invasive Forest Natural Forest Natural Forest Locality Pico das Camarinhas S. Pedro Encosta Sul para a Lagoa do Fogo Proximo do Monte Escuro / vertente virada a norte Abelheira Tronqueira - Miradouro Aflitos Malaca da Lagoa Calhetas, Rabo de Peixe Rocha da Relva Lagoa das Empadadas Sto Antonio Altiprado Lagoa do Fogo / Vertente Sul Etar S. Bras Biscoitos/ Estrada para Sul Estrada para a Agualva Caldeira Guilherme Muniz Algar do Carvao -Terra Brava Elevation (m) 175 378 745 824 490 627 104 203 30 101 775 190 640 660 51 159 315 409 537 621 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... Latitude 37.8583 37.8358 37.7650 37.7827 37.7590 37.7874 37.8126 37.7583 37.8213 37.7631 37.8265 37.8510 37.7706 37.7658 38.6543 38.7606 38.7716 38.7639 38.7060 38.7399 Longitude -25.8484 -25.1826 -25.5024 -25.4532 -25.6416 -25.2841 -25.6396 -25.5787 -25.6059 -25.7345 -25.7506 -25.2013 -25.3887 -25.5100 -27.2006 -27.1367 -27.2636 -27.1923 -27.2032 -27.2047 10 Marcelino J et al Island Habitat Locality Elevation Latitude Longitude (m) Terceira Orchard Biscoitos 125 38.7882 -27.2737 Terceira Orchard Terra Cha 72 38.6641 -27.2524 Terceira Pasture Agualva 234 38.7608 -27.1651 Terceira Pasture Estrada de Porto Santo/ Angra 294 38.6789 -27.2205 Terceira Production forest Lagoa das Papas 545 38.7161 -27.2894 Terceira Production forest Posto Santo/ Fim estrada 412 38.7003 -27.2423 Terceira Semi-natural Pasture Furna do Enxofre 554 38.7268 -27.2322 Terceira Semi-natural Pasture Pico Gaspar 461 38.7305 -27.2743 Terceira Semi-natural Pasture Low ___ Biscoitos 14 38.8000 -27.2505 Altitude Terceira Semi-natural Pasture Low Porto Martins 5 38.6773 -27.0622 Altitude The importance of incorporating ecological gradients, such as an anthropogenic impact gradient, in biodiversity and conservation projects, has been previously highlighted. They constitute valuable scenarios to infer possible causes for the distribution of species across the landscape (Ulrich et al. 2009). We therefore selected habitats that represented a gradient of increasing anthropogenic impact and management intensity. Nine habitat types, divided between herbaceous and arborescent habitats, were selected to represent a comprehensive range of the flora and fauna communities. We determined consistency, prevelance and fidelity of a given plant species across all habitats to define them, based on their flora. We used a metric called IndVal and developed another called SiteVal which can now be used to assign a location to a given habitat (and anthropogenic level of influence) (see more details in Marcelino et al. 2013, Marcelino et al. 2014, Silva et al. 2017). The herbaceous habitat gradient (Table 2) ranged from natural meadows (MED) to corn fields (COR). The arborescent habitat gradient (Table 2) ranged from natural pristine forests of Laurus azorica (NAT) to orchards of Citrus sp. (ORC). Pristine meadows were not present on Santa Maria and Terceira and semi-natural pastures at low altitude (SNPL) were used as a surrogate for MED on these Islands. Design description: In order to obtain the maximum information on arthropod biodiversity, all strata present at a given habitat type were sampled, i.e. micro-epigean fauna (Berlese- Tullgren trapping), soil fauna (Pitfall trapping), aerial vagility fauna (Suction with an aspirator) and canopy fauna (Sweeping nets). One Island per week was sampled during the summer 2009 (July-August). This eliminated seasonal effects in the sampling. The total number of samples was 4800 [80 sampling sites x 4 different types of traps x 15 samples per site]. Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 11 Table 2. Increasing gradients of anthropogenic influence in herbaceous communities (1-5) and arborescent communities (1-4). Description and characteristic plant species communities. Note: * - Semi-natural pastures, at low altitude (SNPL), replaced Meadow habitats (MED) in Santa Maria and Terceira Islands due to the lack of sampling sites of the latter community type in these Islands. Gradient of HERBACEOUS communities 1. Natural meadows (MED) 2. Semi-natural pastures at low altitude (SNPL)* 3. Semi-natural pastures at high altitude (SNP) 4. Artificial pastures (PAS) 5. Crops (COR) Gradient of ARBORESCENT communities 1. Natural Forests (NAT) 2. Exotic forests (INV) 3. Production Forest (PRO) Composition Indigenous taxa. Low management intensity and anthropogenic influence Annual populations of Daucus carota. Low management intensity and anthropogenic impact Non-indigenous taxa with seldom indigenous taxa. Low management intensity and anthropogenic influence Introduced taxa. High human- management intensity and anthropogenic influence Introduced taxa. High human- management intensity, high anthropogenic influence, as well as pesticide and fertiliser use Composition Indigenous taxa. Low management intensity and anthropogenic influence Non-indigenous invasive taxa. Low to medium management intensity and anthropogenic influence Human intentionally introduced taxa. High management intensity and anthropogenic influence Plant species communities Holcus rigidus, Festuca spp., Deschampsia foliosa, Leontodon spp., Tolpis azorica Sporobolus indicus, Briza minor, Lotus subbiflorus Holcus lanatus, Agrostis castellana, Polytrichum commune, Ranunculus repens, Juncus effusus, Selaginella kraussiana, Sibthorpia europeia, Eleocharis multicaulis, Sherardia arvensis, Anagallis arvensis Lolium perenne, Bromus willdenowii, Trifolium repens, Poa spp., Holcus lanatus, Rumex obtusifolius, Plantago lanceolata, Dactylis glomerata, Sporobolus indicus Zea mays, weeds and ruderal plants Main species Laurus azorica, Juniperus brevifolia, Erica azorica, Ilex perado subsp. azorica, Morella faya Pittosporum undulatum, Acacia melanoxylon, Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus pinaster, Solanum mauritianum Cryptomeria japonica (monocultural stands) 12 Marcelino J et al Gradient of Composition Plant species communities HERBACEOUS communities 4. Orchards Introduced taxa. Medium Citrus sinensis, Mallus domestica, Prunus spp., other (ORC) management intensity and crops, weeds, ornamentals and rudereal species anthropogenic influence The samples were subsequently processed in laboratory facilities and assigned to morphospecies groups, progressing to higher taxonomic degrees of identifications. Species richness and abundance were recorded. Species accumulation curves were performed for inventory completeness using EstimateS (using the ratio of observed to the estimated species richness with the non-parametric estimator Jackknife) (Colwell 2013). Inventory completeness was 70-75% for Staphylinidae and Collembola (Marcelino et al. 2011, Marcelino et al. 2016), reaching 80% for Araneae and Hymenoptera parasitoids (data not published). Funding: This study was financially supported by FLAD — Fundagao Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento and by the Diregao Regional da Ciéncia e Tecnologia (DRCT) & PROEMPREGO, of the Azores. This study was also financed by FEDER in 85% and by Azorean Public funds by 15% through Operational Programme Azores 2020, under the following projects AZORESBIOPORTAL —PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-F EDER-000072), and under the project ECO?-TUTA (ACORES-01-0145-F EDER-000081). Sampling methods Study extent: Five Islands of the Azores: Santa Maria, Sao Miguel, Terceira, Pico and Flores. Sampling description: Suction (SU), sweeping (SW) and soil (BT) sampling were obtained in parallel with the pitfall traps (PF) in the sites previously listed (Table 1), in equal numbers of samples and distance. SU and SW were done to record species at strata other than the epigeic stratum. SU was made with a hand-held aspirator (Stihl BG55), collecting the arthropods in shrubs, when available. SU was made individually for ca. 8 seconds, at each of four exposures (i.e. N, S, W, E) of the shrub or agro-culture plant. The specimens from all four cardinal exposures were transferred to a single cup for each SU and SW sampling spot, respectively. SW was made by gently sweeping with a 64 cm diameter sweeping net. Berlese-Tullgreen sampling (BT) was made by collecting ca. 100 grams of soil litter per sampling unit (15 samples for each transect established at PF sampling spots). Samples were immediately stored in a cooler to avoid proliferation of saprophytic fungi and sent by air transportation to the Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada where they were placed in a cooling chamber at 4°C for subsequent processing in BT traps. BT trap units consisted of two plastic darkened containers, assembled together to Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 13 provide an upper vented area (14 cm diameter x 11.5 cm high) with 4 openings (1 cm diameter covered with a 0.3 x 0.3 mm diameter mesh) and coupled with a 15 W lamp on top. The lower collecting area (13 cm diameter x 10 cm high) was partially filled with ca. 80 ml of the same mixture used in PF. Litter samples were placed on a 1.8 x 1.8 mm mesh, attached to a plastic funnel positioned in the assembling zone between the two halves of the device. In order to avoid heat and dryness, Collembola and other micro-arthropods crawled downwards to the littler sample and dropped through the funnel into the collecting mixture. Litter samples remained for 72 h in BT before specimen sorting at laboratory facilities. Two parallel transects with fifteen pitfall traps (PF) were placed in 150 x 150 m geo- referenced plots. PF consisted of plastic cylinder cups 78 mm deep and 42 mm diameter filled with ca. 80 ml of a mixture of 96% Ethanol and 0.05% liquid detergent. PFs were buried in the soil so that the lid was flush with the surface and covered with a plastic plate at ca. 3 cm height, to avoid desiccation, flooding or insectivore predation. Traps remained in the soil for 7 days prior to collection. For each habitat type and Island, two replicate sites were monitored (with a minimum distance of 5 km apart), for a total of 80 sampling sites (i.e. 5 Islands x 8 habitat types per Island x 2 sites for each habitat type). All specimens where stored in 96% EtOH in order to maintain viability for future genetic and/or taxonomic work, as well as voucher exchanges with other institutions. Quality control: Identifications were conducted in a progressive higher degree of taxonomy resolution, i.e. 1) morphospecies were generated and, concomitantly, an Ongoing web-based image gallery stock was created (at www.eden-azores.webs.com). This secured consistency in assigning specimens to morpho-species without duplications; 2) voucher specimens of all morphospecies were taxonomically assigned to a genus and, if possible, to species level; 3) species of Collembola and Staphylinidae were genetically profiled to match genetic and morphological IDs; 4) All voucher specimens where sent to taxonomist referees in the respective Order, family, genus or group (taxonomists listed in the Personnel section of this report), which corroborated identifications from steps 1, 2 and 3. Geographic coverage Description: Azores (Portugal). Islands of Santa Maria, Sao Miguel, Terceira, Pico and Flores Coordinates: 36.906 and 39.589 Latitude; -31.311 and -24.961 Longitude. Taxonomic coverage Description: Widely distributed Arthropoda groups are reported, i.e. Araneae, Collembola, Hymenopteran parasitoids and beneficial Coleoptera (e.g. Carabidae, Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae). In addition, Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Psocoptera 14 Marcelino J et al and Thysanoptera. Information can be retrieved in the data resources below (Table of Species Occurrence). Taxa included: Rank Scientific Name Common Name order Araneae Spiders order Collembola Springtails kingdom Dermaptera Earwigs order Orthoptera Grasshopper order Thysanoptera Thrips kingdom Hemiptera Tru bugs order Psocoptera Booklice order Coleoptera Beetles family Neuroptera Net-winged insects (lacewings) order Hymenoptera Wasps, ants Temporal coverage Notes: Vegetation landcover and Arthropoda biodiversity were sampled during the summer of 2009 (July-August). Collection data Collection name: Arthropoteca of the University of the Azores at Ponta Delgada, Sao Miguel Collection identifier: EDEN Azores Specimen preservation method: All specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol. Curatorial unit: EDEN Azores Arthropoteca at the University of the Azores Usage licence Usage licence: Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero) Data resources Data package title: EDEN Arthropod Azores Database Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 15 Resource link: https:/Avww.gbif.org/dataset/5cc85d78-4313-4959-b1 7d-cd3dc32cc155 Alternative identifiers: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=eden arthropod database azores Number of data sets: 1 Data set name: EDEN Arthropod Azores Database Download URL: hitp://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=eden_arthropod database azores Data format: Darwin Core Archive Data format version: Version 1 Description: The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: event (as core) and occurrences. The data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 3214 records (eventID) and the occurrences file 19555 records (occurrencelD). This IPT archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download from Marcelino et al. (2020). Column label Column description Table of Sampling Events Table with sampling events data (beginning of table) eventID Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset stateProvince Name of the region of the sampling site islandGroup Name of archipelago island Name of the Island country Country of the sampling site countryCode ISO code of the country of the sampling site locationRemarks Details on the locality site decimalLatitude Approximate centre point decimal latitude of the field site in GPS coordinates decimalLongitude Approximate centre point decimal longitude of the field site in GPS coordinates geodeticDatum The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based coordinateUncertaintyInMetres Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot coordinatePrecision A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude Marcelino J et al georeferenceSources A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources verbatimElevation Elevation in metres fieldNumber With a code for the sample samplingProtocol The sampling protocol used to capture the species eventDate Date or date range the record was collected year Year of the event month Month of the event day Day of the event habitat The surveyed habitat eventRemarks Comments or notes about the type of habitat locationID Identifier of the location Table of Species Occurrence Table with species abundance data type Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard licence Reference to the licence under which the record is published institutionID The identity of the institution publishing the data collectionID The identity of the collection publishing the data institutionCode The code of the institution publishing the data collectionCode The code of the collection where the specimens are conserved datasetName Name of the dataset basisOfRecord The nature of the data record occurrencelD Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier catalogNumber Record number of the specimen in the collection recordedBy Name of the person who performed the sampling of the specimens individualCount Total number of individuals captured establishmentMeans The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: ‘native’, ‘introduced’, 'endemic' eventID Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset identifiedBy The names of taxonomists who assigned the Taxon to the subject dateldentified The date on which the subject was determined as representing the taxon identificationRemarks Comments or notes about the Identification Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 17 scientificName Complete scientific name including author and year kingdom Kingdom name phylum Phylum name class Class name order Order name family Family name genus Genus name specificEpithet Specific epithet infraspecificEpithet Subspecies name taxonRank Lowest taxonomic rank of the record scientificNameAuthorship Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record Additional information We collected a total of 116,523 specimens belonging to 483 species and subspecies of selected groups of arthropods. Due to the unavailability of taxonomic expertise, these represent a sub-set of the Arthropoda recorded during the monitoring programme EDEN (2008-2014) carried out in the Azores archipelago. Hymenoptera, mostly parasitoids (193 species and mophospecies), Coleoptera (95 species); Collembola (89 species); and Araneae (72 species) are the most represented taxa (Table 3). A total of 28 species are endemic to the Azores archipelago (2511 specimens), 59 are native non-endemic (26,139 specimens) and 161 are introduced (54,601 specimens). For 238 taxa identified as morphospecies (mostly Collembola and Hymenoptera), the colonisation status is unknown (33,272 specimens) (see Table 3). Table 3. List of species and morphospecies with information on the colonisation status (CS) and abundance (n). The taxa are listed following the alphabetical sequence of classes, orders within classes, families within orders and finally species within families. When a species is a new record for a given Island, we add that information (codes for Islands as follows: FLO - Flores; PIC - Pico; TER - Terceira; SMG - S. Miguel; SMR - S. Maria). The top ten most abundant species are marked with an*. Class Order Family Species CS n Arachnida Araneae Agelenidae Lycosoides coarctata (Dufour, Introduced 9 1831) Arachnida Araneae Agelenidae Malthonica sp. Introduced 3 18 Class Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Order Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Family Agelenidae Agelenidae Araneidae Araneidae Cheiracanthiidae Cheiracanthiidae Clubionidae Clubionidae Clubionidae Dictynidae Dictynidae Dictynidae Dysderidae Gnaphosidae Gnaphosidae Gnaphosidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Marcelino J et al Species Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) Textrix caudata L. Koch, 1872 Gibbaranea occidentalis Wunderlich, 1989 Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) Cheiracanthium erraticum (Walckenaer, 1802) Cheiracanthium floresense Wunderlich, 2008 Clubiona terrestris Westring, 1851 Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, 1859) Porrhoclubiona genevensis (L. Koch, 1866) Emblyna acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 Lathys dentichelis (Simon, 1883) Nigma puella (Simon, 1870) Dysdera crocata C.L. Koch, 1838 Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch, 1839) Marinarozelotes lyonneti (Audouin, 1826) Zelotes tenuis (L. Koch, 1866) Agyneta depigmentata Wunderlich, 2008 Agyneta fuscipalpa (C.L. Koch, 1836) Agyneta sp. Canariphantes acoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992) CS Introduced (New to PIC) Introduced Endemic Introduced Introduced Endemic Introduced Native Introduced (New to FLO, SMG) Endemic (New to SMG, SMR) Native Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced (New to FLO, PIC) Introduced (New to FLO, PIC) Endemic Introduced Endemic n 7 45 12 87 90 40 133 168 24 12 642 10 27 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... Class Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Order Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Family Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Linyphiidae Species Entelecara schmitzi Kulczynski, 1905 Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 Erigone autumnalis Emerton, 1882 Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) Erigone sp. Mermessus bryantae (Ivie & Barrows, 1935) Mermessus fradeorum (Berland, 1932) Microctenonyx subitaneus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) Microlinyphia johnsoni (Blackwall, 1859) Minicia floresensis Wunderlich, 1992 Neriene clathrata (Sundevall, 1830) Oedothorax fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) Ostearius melanopygius (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879) Palliduphantes schmitzi (Kulczynski, 1899) Pelecopsis parallela (Wider, 1834) Prinerigone vagans (Audouin, 1826) Savigniorrhipis acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 Tenuiphantes miguelensis (Wunderlich, 1992) Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) CS Native Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced (New to FLO) Introduced Introduced Native Endemic (New to SMR) Introduced Introduced * Introduced Native Introduced Introduced Endemic Native Introduced 19 348 882 190 33 1991 129 174 74 221 467 417 1234 20 Class Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Order Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Family Linyphiidae Lycosidae Lycosidae Mimetidae Nesticidae Oecobiidae Phrurolithidae Phrurolithidae Pisauridae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae Tetragnathidae Tetragnathidae Tetragnathidae Marcelino J et al Species Walckenaeria grandis (Wunderlich, 1992) Arctosa perita (Latreille, 1799) Pardosa acorensis Simon, 1883 Ero furcata (Villers, 1789) Eidmannella pallida (Emerton, 1875) Oecobius similis Kulczynski, 1909 Liophrurillus flavitarsis (Lucas, 1846) Phrurolinillus lisboensis Wunderlich, 1995 Pisaura acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 Chalcoscirtus infimus (Simon, 1868) Heliophanus kochii Simon, 1868 Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867) Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867) Neon acoreensis Wunderlich, 2008 Pseudeuophrys vafra (Blackwall, 1867) Salticus mutabilis Lucas, 1846 Synageles venator (Lucas, 1836) Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763) Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall, 1830 Sancus acoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992) CS n Endemic 4 Introduced (new PIC, 27 SMR) Endemic 499 Introduced 3 Introduced 1 Native (New to PIC) 11 Introduced 5 Introduced 4 Endemic 2 Introduced 9 Introduced 15 Native 61 Native (New to FLO) 13 Endemic 6 Introduced 12 Introduced (New to PIC) 29 Introduced 2 Introduced 17 Introduced (New to FLO, 31 PIC) Endemic 7 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... Class Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Arachnida Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Order Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Family Theridiidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Theridiidae Thomisidae Thomisidae Zodariidae Zoropsidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Species Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart, 1886) Lasaeola oceanica Simon, 1883 Neottiura bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767) Rugathodes acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 Steatoda grossa (C.L. Koch, 1838) Theridion melanurum Hahn, 1831 Theridion musivivum Schmidt, 1956 Xysticus cor Canestrini, 1873 Xysticus nubilus Simon, 1875 Zodarion atlanticum Pekar & Cardoso, 2005 Zoropsis spinimana (Dufour, 1820) Entomobrya albocincta (Templeton, 1835) Entomobrya atrocincta Schott, 1897 Entomobrya multifasciata (Tullberg, 1871) Entomobrya nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Entomobrya regularis Stach, 1963 Entomobrya spp. (Potentially several species) Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 1 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 2 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 3 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 4 CS Introduced Endemic Introduced (New to FLO) Endemic Introduced Introduced (New to FLO, TER) Native Native Introduced Introduced (New to FLO) Introduced (New to PIC) Introduced (New to FLO) Introduced Introduced * Introduced Introduced (New to Azores: SMG) * 21 90 14 72 63 19 130 1 602 113 7162 1621 1885 22 Class Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Order Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Family Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Entomobryidae Hypogastruridae Isotomidae lsotomidae Isotomidae Isotomidae Isotomidae Marcelino J et al Species Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 5 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 6 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 7 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 8 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 9 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 10 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 11 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 12 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 13 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 14 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 15 Entomobryidae sp. Nr. 16 Heteromurus sp. Himalanura sp. Lepidocyrtus curvicollis Bourlet, 1839 Lepidocyrtus cyaneus Tullberg, 1871 Lepidocyrtus lusitanicus piezoensis (Simén-Benito, 2007) Lepidocyrtus sp. Pogonognathellus longicornis (Miller, 1776) Ceratophysella denticulata (Bagnall, 1941) Desoria sp. Desoria trispinata (MacGillivray, 1896) Folsomia sp. Folsomides sp. lsotoma sp. CS Introduced (New genus to Azores) Introduced * Introduced (New to FLO, PIC, TER) Introduced (New to Azores: TER, SMG, SMR) Introduced (New to FLO, TER, SMR) * Introduced (New to SMR) * Introduced Introduced (New to SMR) * 222 723 97 12 955 8430 45 2844 773 237 39 2007 15403 230 4085 780 1170 730 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... Class Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Order Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Family Isotomidae Isotomidae Isotomidae Isotomidae Katiannidae Katiannidae Katiannidae Neanuridae Neanuridae Onychiuridae Onychiuridae Poduridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Species Isotomidae sp. Nr. 1 lsotomurus palustris (Miller, 1776) lsotomurus spp. (potentially several species) Folsomia sp. Sminthurinus aureus (Lubbock, 1862) Sminthurinus elegans (Fitch, 1863) Sminthurinus quadrimaculatus (Ryder, 1879) Neanuridae sp. Nr. 1 Neanuridae sp. Nr. 2 Onychiurus spp. (potentially more than one species) Protophorura sp. Neanura sp. Bourletiella sp. Dicyrtomina minuta (O. Fabricius, 1783) Dicyrtomina ornata (Nicolet, 1842) Dicyrtomina sp. Jordanathrix articulata (Ellis, 1974) Jordanathrix sp. Lipothrix sp. Sminthuridae sp. Nr. 1 Sminthuridae sp. Nr. 2 Sminthuridae sp. Nr. 3 Sminthuridae sp. Nr. 4 CS Introduced (New to SMR) Introduced Introduced (New to FLO, PIC, SMR) Introduced (New to Azores: TER, SMR) Introduced (New genus to Azores) Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced (New to FLO, PIC, TER. SMR) Introduced Introduced (New to Azores: FLO, PIC, TER, SMG, SMR) 23 1644 256 1311 57 54 594 208 286 776 1170 321 136 46 249 374 49 24 Class Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Entognatha Order Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Collembola Family Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Sminthuridae Marcelino J et Species Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. Sminthuridae sp. al Nr. 5 Nr. 6 Nr. 7 Nr. 8 Nr. 9 Nr. 10 Nr. 11 Nr. 12 Nr. 13 Nr. 14 Nr. 15 Nr. 16 Nr. 17 Nr. 18 Nr. 19 Nr. 20 Nr. 21 Nr. 22 Nr. 23 Nr. 24 Nr. 25 Nr. 26 Nr. 27 Nr. 28 Nr. 29 Nr. 30 Nr. 31 Nr. 32 Nr. 33 Nr. 34 CS 994 109 189 11 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 25 Class Entognatha Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Collembola Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Family Sminthuridae Anobiidae Anthicidae Anthicidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Carabidae Chrysomelidae Chrysomelidae Chrysomelidae Species Sminthurus viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) Anobium punctatum (De Geer, 1774) Hirticollis quadriguttatus (Rossi, 1794) Hirticomus sp. Agonum muelleri muelleri (Herbst, 1784) Amara aenea (De Geer, 1774) Anisodactylus binotatus (Fabricius, 1787) Asaphidion flavipes (Linnaeus, 1761) Harpalus distinguendus distinguendus (Duftschmidt, 1812) Harpalus sp. Microlestes negrita negrita (Wollaston, 1854) Notiophilus quadripunctatus Dejean, 1826 Ocys harpaloides (Audinet- Serville, 1821) Pseudoophonus rufipes (De Geer, 1774) Pterostichus vernalis (Panzer, 1796) Stenolophus teutonus (Schrank, 1781) Chaetocnema hortensis (Fourcroy, 1785) Chrysolina bankii (Fabricius, 1775) Epitrix sp. CS n Introduced (New to FLO, 775 PIC, TER) Introduced 52 Native (New to PIC) 94 35 Introduced 2 Introduced 10 Introduced 3 Introduced (New to 1 Azores: SMG) Introduced 1 Introduced 5 Native (New to FLO, 15 PIC) Native (New to FLO, 3 PIC) Native 58 Introduced 138 Introduced 26 Native 1 Introduced 41 Native 81 43 26 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Family Chrysomelidae Chrysomelidae Coccinellidae Coccinellidae Coccinellidae Coccinellidae Coccinellidae Coccinellidae Coccinellidae Coccinellidae Coccinellidae Corylophidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Marcelino J et al Species Longitarsus kutscherae (Rye, 1872) Longitarsus lateripunctatus lateripunctatus (Rosenhauer, 1856) Adalia decempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi, 1794) Coccinella undecimpunctata undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758 Nephus sp. Nephus voeltzkowi (Weise, 1910) Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant, 1850) Scymnus interruptus (Goeze, 1777) Scymnus sp. Stethorus pusillus (Herbst, 1979) Sericoderus lateralis (Gyllenhal, 1827) Calacalles subcarinatus (Israelson, 1984) Coccotrypes carpophagus (Hornung, 1842) Drouetius sp. Mecinus pascuorum Gyllenhal, 1813 Orthochaetes insignis (Aubé, 1863) Otiorhynchus cribricollis Gyllenhal, 1834 CS Introduced (New to PIC) Introduced Introduced Introduced (New to PIC) Introduced Introduced Introduced Native Native (New to FLO, PIC) Introduced Endemic Introduced Endemic Introduced (New to FLO, SMG) Native Introduced 38 41 14 24 427 71 903 21 66 51 30 109 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Family Curculionidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Dryophthoridae Elateridae Hydrophilidae Latridiidae Mycetophagidae Nitidulidae Nitidulidae Nitidulidae Nitidulidae Nitidulidae Nitidulidae Nitidulidae Phalacridae Ptiliidae Ptinidae Scarabaeidae Scarabaeidae Species Pseudechinosoma nodosum Hustache, 1936 Pseudocaulotrupis parvus (Israelson, 1985) Pseudocaulotrupis sp. Xyleborus alni Nijima, 1909 Sitophilus sp. Heteroderes azoricus (Tarnier, 1860) Cercyon haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1775) Metophthalmus occidentalis Israelson, 1984 Typhaea stercorea (Linnaeus, 1758) Brassicogethes aeneus (Fabricius, 1775) Carpophilus fumatus (Boheman, 1851) Carpophilus hemipterus (Linnaeus, 1758) Carpophilus spp. (possibly more than one species) Epuraea biguttata (Thunberg, 1784) Epuraéa sp. Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825) Stilbus testaceus (Panzer, 1797) Ptenidium pusillum (Gyllenhal, 1808) Sphaericus sp. Calamosternus granarius (Linnaeus, 1767) Onthophagus taurus (Schreber, 1759) Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... CS Endemic Endemic Endemic Introduced Introduced Endemic Introduced Endemic Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced Native Introduced (blank) Introduced Introduced 27 25 15 97 10 20 703 19 28 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Family Scarabaeidae Scraptiidae Scydmaenidae Silvanidae Silvanidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Marcelino J et al Species Popillia japonica Newman, 1838 Anaspis proteus Wollaston, 1854 Euconnus sp. Cryptamorpha desjardinsii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) Silvanus sp. Aleochara clavicornis Redtenbacher, 1849 Aleochara sp. Anotylus nitidifrons (Wollaston, 1871) Astenus lyonessius (Joy, 1908) Atheta atramentaria (Gyllenhal, 1810) Atheta fungi (Gravenhorst, 1806) Atheta sp. (possibly more than one species) Carpelimus corticinus (Gravenhorst, 1806) Coproporus pulchellus (Erichson, 1839) Cordalia obscura (Gravenhorst, 1802) Euplectus infirmus (Raffray, 1910) Gabrius nigritulus (Gravenhorst, 1802) Gyrohypnus fracticornis (Muller, 1776) Medion sp. Ocypus aethiops (Waltl, 1835) Ocypus olens (Miller, 1764) Oligota pumilio Kiesenwetter, 1858 CS Introduced (New to PIC) Native Introduced Introduced Introduced Native Introduced Introduced Native Introduced Introduced Introduced (New to PIC, SMR) Introduced Introduced Native Native Native (New to FLO, PIC) 36 360 573 58 58 11 42 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... Order Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Dermaptera Dermaptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Family Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Zopheridae Zopheridae Anisolabidae Forficulidae Aphididae Aphididae Species Oligota sp. Oxytelus sculptus Gravenhorst, 1806 Philonthus sp. Phloeonomus punctipennis Thomson, 1867 Phloeonomus sp. Proteinus atomarius Erichson, 1840 Quedius curtipennis Bernhauer, 1908 Quedius simplicifrons Fairmaire, 1862 Rugilus orbiculatus (Paykull, 1789) Sepedophilus lusitanicus Hammond, 1973 Tachyporus chrysomelinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Tachyporus dispar (Paykull, 1789) Tachyporus nitidulus (Fabricius, 1781) Xantholinus longiventris Heer, 1839 Tarphius floresensis Borges & Serrano, 2017 Tarphius rufonodulosus Israelson, 1984 Euborellia annulipes (Lucas, 1847) Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758 Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 CS Introduced (New to PIC) Native (blank) Native Native (New to PIC) Native (New to FLO, SMG) Native Native Introduced Introduced (New to Azores: FLO, SMG) Introduced Introduced (New to FLO) Endemic Endemic Introduced Introduced Introduced (New to PIC) Native n 3 29 75 45 22 42 113 540 32 333 19 29 30 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Family Aphididae Aphididae Cicadellidae Cicadellidae Cixiidae Coccidae Cydnidae Delphacidae Diaspididae Diaspididae Flatidae Lygaeidae Margarodidae Miridae Miridae Pentatomidae Reduviidae Stenocephalidae Triozidae Marcelino J et al Species Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach, 1843) Cinara juniperi (De Geer, 1773) Anoscopus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1758) Aphrodes hamiltoni Quartau & Borges, 2003 Cixius spp. (several potential species and subspecies) Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell, 1894) Geotomus punctulatus (A. Costa, 1847) Megamelodes quadrimaculatus (Signoret, 1865) Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833 Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell, 1891) Cyphopterum adcendens (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835) Kleidocerys ericae (Horvath, 1908) Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1878 Monalocoris filicis (Linnaeus, 1758) Pinalitus oromii J. Ribes, 1992 Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, 1861 Empicoris rubromaculatus (Blackburn, 1889) Dicranocephalus agilis (Scopoli, 1763) Trioza laurisilvae Hodkinson, 1990 CS n Native (New to PIC) 1566 Native * 4261 Native 59 Endemic 100 Endemic 674 Introduced 361 Native 32 Native 220 Introduced 2 Native (New to PIC, 116 SMR) Native 1219 Native 18 Introduced (New to FLO, 609 SMR) Native 254 Endemic 88 Introduced (New to 6 Azores: FLO, TER) Introduced (New to FLO) 27 Native (New to PIC) 2 Native 70 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Family Aphelinidae Aphelinidae Aphelinidae Aphelinidae Aphelinidae Aphelinidae Aphelinidae Apidae Apidae Argidae Bethylidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Species Aphelinidae sp. Nr. 1 Aphelinidae sp. Nr. 2 Aphelinidae sp. Nr. 3 Aphelinidae sp. Nr. 4 Aphelinidae sp. Nr. 5 Encarsia citrina (Crawford, 1891) Encarsia sp. Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 Bombus ruderatus (Fabricius, 1775) Argidae sp. Gen. sp. Aphaereta difficilis Nixon, 1939 Aphaereta sp.1 Aphaereta sp.2 Aphaereta sp.3 Aphidius colemani Viereck, 1912 Aphidius ervi Haliday, 1834 Aphidius matricariae Viereck, 1912 Aphidius rhopalosiphi Stefani- Perez, 1902 Aphidius rosae (Haliday, 1834) Aphidius sp. Aphidius urticae Haliday, 1834 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... CS Native (New to FLO, PIC) Introduced Introduced Native (New to FLO, PIC, TER, SMR) Introduced (New to Azores: PIC, TER, SMG) Introduced (New to Azores: PIC, TER) Introduced (New to Azores: PIC, TER) Introduced (New to Azores: PIC, TER, SMG, SMR) Introduced (New to Azores: PIC) Introduced (New to Azores: FLO, PIC, TER, SMG) 31 72 44 43 615 36 30 46 13 33 18 21 15 32 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Family Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Braconidae Marcelino J et al Species Aspilota spp. (potentially four species) Bassus rugulosus (Nees, 1834) Bracon intercessor Nees, 1834 Braconidae sp. Nr. 1 Braconidae sp. Nr. 2 Centistidea ectoedemiae Rohwer, 1914 Chorebus spp. (Potentially four species) Dapsilarthra sp. Dinotrema sp. Braconidae sp. Homolobus sp. Lodbrokia sp. Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall, 1896) Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson, 1880) Macrocentrus collaris (Spinola, 1808) Meteorus collaris (Spin.) Hal. — Ruschka, Fulmek, 1915 Meteorus unicolor (Wesmael, 1835) Microgaster sp. Opius sp. Orthostigmceratoa cratospilum (Thomson, 1895) Orthostigma latriventris Ratzeburg, 1844 CS Introduced (New genus to Azores) Native (New to FLO, PIC) Native (New to PIC) Introduced (New to Azores: FLO, PIC, TER, SMR) Introduced (New genus to Azores) Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced (New genus to Azores) Native (New to FLO, PIC) Native (New to FLO, PIC, SMG) Native (New to PIC, TER) Introduced (New to Azores: PIC, TER) Introduced (New to Azores: FLO, PIC, TER) New genus to Azores Introduced Introduced (New to Azores: PIC, TER, SMG) Introduced (New to Azores: PIC, TER, SMR) 49 10 175 29 13 16 19 18 109 8 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... Class Order Family Species CS n Insecta Hymenoptera Braconidae Orthostigma spp. Introduced (Potentially 179 new records to Azores) Insecta Hymenoptera Braconidae Pentapleura pumilio (Nees, Introduced (New to FLO, 295 1812) PIC; SMG) Insecta Hymenoptera Braconidae Pentapleura spp. (Potentially Introduced 39 several species) Insecta Hymenoptera Braconidae Pseudopezomachus Introduced (New to 2 bituberculatus (Marshall, 1905) = Azores: PIC, SMG) Insecta Hymenoptera Braconidae Tanycarpa punctata (van Introduced (New to 1 Achterberg, 1976) Azores: SMG) Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcididae Gen. sp. 10 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 1 273 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 10 7 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 11 6 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 12 1 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 2 112 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 3 52 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 4 38 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 5 4 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 6 2 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 7 167 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 8 26 Insecta Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea sp. Nr. 9 273 Insecta Hymenoptera Chrysididae Chrysis ignita ignita (Linnaeus, Native (New to FLO) 1 1758) Insecta Hymenoptera Cynipidae Cynipidae sp. Nr. 2 25 Insecta Hymenoptera Cynipidae Cynipidae sp. Nr. 3 86 Insecta Hymenoptera Cynipidae Cynipidae ssp. Nr. 1 26 Insecta Hymenoptera _ Diapriidae Diapriidae sp. Nr. 4 Insecta Hymenoptera Diapriidae Diapriidae sp. Nr. 1 242 Insecta Hymenoptera Diapriidae Diapriidae sp. Nr. 10 25 Insecta Hymenoptera Diapriidae Diapriidae sp. Nr. 2 57 34 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Family Diapriidae Diapriidae Diapriidae Diapriidae Diapriidae Diapriidae Diapriidae Dryinidae Elasmidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Marcelino J Species Diapriidae sp. Diapriidae sp. Diapriidae sp. Diapriidae sp. Diapriidae sp. Diapriidae sp. Diapriidae sp. Gonatopus clavipes (Thunberg, 1827) Gen. sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. et al Nr. 3 Nr. 4 Nr. 5 Nr. 6 Nr. 7 Nr. 8 Nr. 9 Nr. 9 CS Introduced (New to Azores: SMG) 159 161 209 18 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Family Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Species Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Encyrtidae sp. Nr. 22 Nr. 23 Nr. 24 Nr. 25 Nr. 26 Nr. 27 Nr. 28 Nr. 29 Nr. 30 Nr. 31 Nr. 32 Nr. 33 Nr. 34 Nr. 35 Nr. 36 Nr. 37 Nr. 38 Nr. 39 Nr. 40 Nr. 41 Nr. 42 Nr. 43 Nr. 44 Nr. 45 Nr. 46 Nr. 47 Nr. 48 Nr. 49 Nr. 50 Eulophidae sp. Nr. 1 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... CS 62 58 36 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Family Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Encyrtidae Eupelmidae Figitidae Formicidae Formicidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonidae Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonoidea Megachilidae Megaspilidae Mymaridae Mymaridae Mymaridae Marcelino J et al Species CS Eulophidae sp. Nr. 2 Eulophidae sp. Nr. 3 Eulophidae sp. Nr. 4 Gen. sp. Gen. sp. Lasius grandis Forel, 1909 Native * Temnothorax unifasciatus Native (Latreille, 1798) Gen. sp. Ichneumonidae sp. Nr. 1 Ichneumonidae sp. Nr. 2 Ichneumonidae sp. Nr. 3 Ichneumonidae sp. Nr. 4 Ichneumonidae sp. Nr. 5 Ichneumonidae sp. Nr. 6 Ichneumonidae sp. Nr. 7 Ichneumonidae sp. Nr. 8 Ichneumonoidea sp. Nr. 1 Ichneumonoidea sp. Nr. 2 Ichneumonoidea sp. Nr. 3 Ichneumonoidea sp. Nr. 4 Ichneumonoidea sp. Nr. 5 Ichneumonoidea sp. Nr. 6 Ichneumonoidea sp. Nr. 7 Ichneumonoidea sp. Nr. 8 Gen. sp. Gen. sp. Mymar taprobanicum Ward, 1875 Native (New to FLO, PIC, TER, SMG, SMR) Mymaridae sp. Nr. 1 Mymaridae sp. Nr. 2 15469 26 24 35 29 14 26 23 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Order Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Family Mymaridae Mymaridae Mymaridae Mymaridae Proctotrupidae Proctotrupidae Proctotrupidae Proctotrupidae Proctotrupidae Pteromalidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Scelionidae Species Mymaridae sp. Nr. 3 Mymaridae sp. Nr. 4 Mymaridae sp. Nr. 5 Mymaridae sp. Nr. 6 Proctotrupidae sp. Nr. 1 Proctotrupidae sp. Nr. 2 Proctotrupidae sp. Nr. 3 Proctotrupidae sp. Nr. 4 Proctotrupidae sp. Nr. 5 Pycnetron sp. Scelionidae sp. Nr. 1 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 2 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 3 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 4 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 5 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 6 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 7 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 8 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 9 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 10 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 11 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 12 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 13 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 14 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 15 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 16 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 17 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 18 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 19 Scelionidae sp. Nr. 20 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... CS 48 13 160 83 72 37 38 Marcelino J et al Class Order Family Species CS n Insecta Hymenoptera Sphecidae Gen. sp. 5 Insecta Hymenoptera Tetracampidae Gen. sp. 178 Insecta Neuroptera Chrysopidae Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix, Introduced 9 1912) Insecta Neuroptera Hemerobiidae Hemerobius azoricus Tjeder, Endemic 3 1948 Insecta Neuroptera Hemerobiidae Hemerobius humulinus Native 55 Linnaeus, 1758 Insecta Orthoptera Gryllidae Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer, Introduced 5 1773 Insecta Orthoptera Gryllidae Gryllus sp. 59 Insecta Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Neoconocephalus sp. 16 Insecta Psocoptera Caeciliusidae Valenzuela flavidus (Stephens, Native 86 1836) Insecta Psocoptera Ectopsocidae Ectopsocus briggsi McLachlan, Introduced 694 1899 Insecta Psocoptera Elipsocidae Elipsocus brincki Badonnel, 1963 Endemic 6 Insecta Psocoptera __Trichopsocidae —‘ Trichopsocus clarus (Banks, Native 39 1908) Insecta Thysanoptera Phlaeothripidae Hoplothrips sp. 446 Insecta Thysanoptera Thripidae Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Introduced 564 (Bouché, 1833) The ten most abundant species account for 54% of all the sampled specimens. These ten species include only two native non-endemic taxa, the ant Lasius grandis Forel, 1990 (that ranks as second) and the aphid Cinara juniperi (De Geer, 1773) (that ranks as fifth), a specialist species associated with the Azorean endemic tree Juniperus bervifolia. All the other dominant species include six introduced species and two morphospecies of unknown status (see Table 3). The most relevant data reported in this study are the new non-native species for the Azores, i.e. two beetles (Coleoptera), one Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Pentatomidae, six Collembola and 29 Hymenoptera micro-parasitoids (see Table 3 and Borges et al. 2010). These 37 taxa were found in several Islands (see below) and correspond to the addition of five new species for Flores Island, 10 species for Pico Island, 12 species for Terceira Island, 19 species for S. Miguel Island and five species for S. Maria Island. Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 39 Additional species records for the Islands included: Flores (5 Collembola; 9 Araneae; 2 Hemiptera; 8 Coleoptera; 8 Hymenoptera), Pico (4 Collembola; 7 Araneae; 4 Hemiptera; 11 Coleoptera; 9 Hymenoptera), Terceira (4 Collembola; 1 Araneae; 3 Hymenoptera), S. Miguel (1 Araneae; 2 Coleoptera; 3 Hymenoptera), S. Maria (5 Collembola; 3 Araneae; 2 Hemiptera; 2 Hymenoptera) (see Table 3). The two species of beetles include a ground-beetle Asaphidion flavipes (Linnaeus, 1761) (Carabidae) found in an exotic forest (Eucalyptus spp. plantation) in S. Miguel Island and the rove-beetle Tachyporus dispar (Paykull, 1789) (Staphylinidae), found in Flores and S. Miguel Islands, in pasture land and also in Cryptomeria japonica plantations. The bug Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, 1861 (Pentatomidae) was found in corn fields, pastures and orchards in the Islands of Flores and Terceira. Concerning the Collembola, the new species, recorded to Azores, include: Entomobrya regularis Stach, 1963 (Entomobryidae) found in Cryptomeria japonica plantations from S. Miguel Island; Lepidocyrtus lusitanicus piezoensis (Simon-Benito, 2007) (Entomobryidae) found in pastures, corn fields and exotic forests in three Islands (Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria); Sminthurinus quadrimaculatus (Ryder, 1879) (Katiannidae) found in native forest and Cryptomeria japonica plantations in Terceira and S. Maria Islands and Jordanathrix articulata (Ellis, 1974) (Sminthuridae) found in all the studied Islands and in almost all sampled habitats, this being a very common species. Two Collembola genera are also new records for Azores: Himalanura Baijal, 1958 (Entomobryidae) and Protophorura Absolon, 1901 (Onychiuridae). Further taxonomic resolution is needed to confirm their status and species assignation. Concerning the Hymenoptera parasitoids, several species and genera are also new records for the Azores: Gonatopus clavipes (Thunberg, 1827) (Dryinidae), sampled in corn fields in S. Miguel Island. Aphidius colemani Viereck, 1912 (Braconidae), sampled in pastures, corn fields and native forest in Pico, Terceira and S. Miguel Islands. Aphidius ervi Haliday, 1834 (Braconidae), sampled in pastures and corn fields in Pico and Terceira Islands. Aphidius matricariae Viereck, 1912 (Braconidae), sampled in pastures and native forest in Pico and Terceira Islands. Aphidius rhopalosiphi Stefani-Perez, 1902 (Braconidae), sampled in all types of pastures (i.e. low and high altitude), corn fields, orchards and native forest in Pico, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria Islands. Aphidius rosae (Haliday, 1834) (Braconidae), sampled in semi-natural pastures in Pico Island. 40 Marcelino J et al Aphidius urticae Haliday, 1834 (Braconidae), sampled in all types of pastures and corn fields, in Flores, Pico, Terceira and S. Miguel Islands. Centistidea ectoedemiae Rohwer, 1914 (Braconidae), sampled in pastures, orchards and Cryptomeria japonica plantations, in Flores, Pico, Terceira and S. Maria Islands. Meteorus unicolor (Wesmael, 1835) (Braconidae), sampled in all types of pastures, orchards, exotic forest and native forest in Flores, Pico and Terceira Islands. Meteorus collaris (Spin.) Hal. — Ruschka, Fulmek, 1915 (Braconidae), sampled in corn fields and exotic forest in Pico and Terceira Islands. Orthostigma cratospilum (Thomson, 1895) (Braconidae), sampled in pastures, orchards, exotic forest and native forest in Pico, Terceira and S. Miguel Islands. Orthostigma latriventris Ratzeburg, 1844 (Braconidae), sampled in pastures, corn fields and orchards in Pico, Terceira and S. Maria Islands. Two other morphospecies of Orthostigma sp. are recorded occurring in all the Islands and habitats, but for which further taxonomic resolution is needed to confirm their status and species assignation. Pseudopezomachus bituberculatus (Marshall, 1905) (Braconidae), sampled in semi-natural pastures in Pico and S. Miguel Islands. Tanycarpa punctata (van Achterberg, 1976) (Braconidae), sampled in Cryptomera Japonica plantations, on S. Miguel Island. New genera, not previously recorded in the Azores, include: Pycnetron sp. (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae); four species of Aspilota sp. (Braconidae: Aphidiinae); four species of Chorebus sp. (Braconidae: Alysiinae); Microgaster sp. (Braconidae: Microgastrinae); Homolobus sp. (Braconidae: Homolobinae); Lodbrokia sp. (Braconidae: Alysiinae). Further taxonomic resolution is needed to confirm their status and species assignation. We wish also to call attention to three species collected in our study for the first time in Azores, but reported in previous publications: two spiders species of the family (Phrurolithidae): Liophrurillus flavitarsis (Lucas, 1846) found in an exotic forest in S. Maria Island and Phrurolinillus lisboensis Wunderlich, 1995 found in pastures in Pico and Terceira Islands (see Borges et al. 2013); the ladybird Nephus voelizkowi (Weise, 1910) (Coccinellidae) found in orchards and semi-natural pastures in Terceira Island (see Magro et al. 2020). The staggering number of Hymenoptera, mostly parasitoids (193 species and morphospecies) concurs with reports of an increasingly unreported high number of species in this group, which, due to their size, makes capture and identification difficult and, therefore, underestimated (Lobo and Borges 2010). Their number might rival Coleoptera, commonly reported as the most speciose animals on Earth (Zhang et al. 2018). The number of Hymenoptera parasitoid species is thought to be 2.5-3.2-fold higher than the one of Coleoptera species (Forbes et al. 2018). We hypothesise that the same pattern for Collembola exists as identifications, based on morphological characters, is usually Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 41 insufficient to discriminate phenotypic identical species. This was the case for Collembola (Marcelino et al. 2011) and Staphylinidae (Marcelino et al. 2016), in which, after matching morphological identifications with genetic profiles, undetected cryptic species complexes were found. Our results indicate that increasing anthropogenic impact is a major driver for species diversity in habitats ranging from pristine to highly human-influenced habitats. Our results support the mission statement of Borges et al. (2018) that there is the urgent need to inventory and monitor island biodiversiy. Acknowledgements This study was financed by FLAD — Fundagao Luso-Americana para 0 Desenvolvimento and by the Diregao Regional Ciencia, Tecnologia e Comunicagdes (DRCTC) & PROEMPREGO, of the Azores. This study was also financed by FEDER in 85% and by Azorean Public funds by 15% through the Operational Programme Azores 2020, under the following projects AZORESBIOPORTAL —PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072) and under the project ECO?-TUTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000081). We wish to also thank all colleagues who helped in the identification of species, nameley Bob Davidson, Felipe Soto-Adames, Fernando Pereira, Kees van Achterberg, Vladimir Ziki¢ and Volker Assing. References ° Ameixa OM, Soares AO, Soares AM, Lilleb@ Al (2018) Ecosystem services provided by the little things that run the world. In: Sen B, Grillo O (Eds) Selected studies in biodiversity. IntechOpen Limited, 400 pp. [ISBN 9781789232332]. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen. 74847 ° Borges PAV, Ugland KI, Dinis FO, Gaspar C (2008) Insect and spider rarity in an oceanic island (Terceira, Azores): true rare and pseudo-rare species Insect ecology and conservation. In: Fattorini S (Ed.) Insect ecology and conservation. Research Signpost, Kerala, 47-70 pp. ° Borges PAV, Costa A, Cunha R, Gabriel R, Gongalves V, Martins AF, Melo I, Parente M, Raposeiro P, Rodrigues P, Santos RS, Silva L, Vieira P, Vieira V (2010) A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Cascais, 432 pp. URL: http://islandlab.uac.pt/fotos/publicacoes/publicacoes Listagem_ml.pdf [ISBN 978-989-8131-75-1] ° Borges PAV, Reut M, Ponte NB, Quartau JA, Fletcher M, Sousa AB, Pollet M, Soares AO, Marcelino J, Rego C, Cardoso P (2013) New records of exotic spiders and insects to the Azores, and new data on recently introduced species. Arquipelago Life and Marine Sciences 30: 57-70. URL: http:/Awww.okeanos.uac.pt/storage/2018/06/Borges- etal-2013.pdf ° Borges PAV, Cardoso P, Kreft H, et al (2018) Global Island Monitoring Scheme (GIMS): a proposal for the long-term coordinated survey and monitoring of native island forest 42 Marcelino J et al biota. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 2567-2586. https://doi.org/10.1007/ $10531-018-1553-7 Borges PAV, Gabriel R, Fattorini S (2019) Biodiversity erosion: causes and consequences. In: Leal Filho W, Azul A, Brandli L, Ozuyar P, Wall T (Eds) Life on Land. Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals. Springer, Cham, 10 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5 78-1 Borges PAV, Santos AMC, Elias RB, Gabriel R (2020) The Azores Archipelago: Biodiversity erosion and conservation biogeography. Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes 2020: 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11949-9 Caldeira RMA, Reis JC (2017) The Azores Confluence Zone. Frontiers in Marine Science 4 (37). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.201 7.00037 Cardoso P, Borges PAV, Gaspar EC (2007) Biotic integrity of the arthropod communities in the natural forests of Azores. Biodiversity and Conservation 16: 2883-2901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9078-x Cicconardi F, Borges PAV, Strasberg D, Orom P, Lpez H, Perez-Delgado AJ, Casquet J, Caujape-Castells J, Fernandez-Palacios JM, Thebaud C, Emerson BC (2017) MtDNA metagenomics reveals large-scale invasion of belowground arthropod communities by introduced species. Molecular Ecology 26: 3104-3115. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec. 14037 Colwell RK (2013) EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 9. User’s Guide and application. Software and User's Guide URL: http://viceroy.colorado.edu/estimates/ Costa H, Bettencourt MJ, Silva CM, Teodosio J, Gil A, Silva L (2014) Invasive alien plants in the Azorean protected areas: invasion status and mitigation actions. In: Foxcroft LC, PySek P, Richardson DM (Eds) Plant Invasions in Protected Areas. Springer, Dordrecht, 656 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7750-7 17 Elias RB, Gil A, Silva L, Fernandez-Palacios J, Azevedo EB, Reis F (2016) Natural zonal vegetation of the Azores Islands: characterization and potential distribution. Phytocoenologia 46 (2): 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2016/0132 Forbes AA, Bagley RK, Beer MA, Hippee AC, Widmayer HA (2018) Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera, not Coleoptera, is the most speciose animal order. BMC Ecology 18: 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-01 8-01 76-x Frutuoso G (1978) Livro sexto das saudades da terra (1589). [Book six of land story (1589)]. I. Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada, Ponta Delgada. [In Portuguese]. Harvey JA, Heinen R, Klein A-M, Armbrecht |, Basset Y, Baxter-Gilbert JH, Bezemer M, Bhm M, Bommarco R, Borges PAV, Cardoso P, Clausnitzer V, Cornelisse T, Crone EE, Goulson D, Dicke M, Dijkstra K-D, Dyer L, Ellers J, Fartmann T, Forister ML, Furlong MJ, Garcia-Aguayo A, Gerlach J, Gols R, Habel J-C, Haddad NM, Hallmann CA, Henriques S, Herberstein ME, Hochkirch A, Hughes AC, Jepsen S, Jones TH, Kaydan BM, Kleijn D, Latty T, Leather SR, Lewis SM, Lister BC, Losey JE, Lowe. EC, Macadam CR, Montoya-Lerma J, Nagano C, Ogan §S, Orr M, Painting CJ, Pham T-H, Potts SG, Rauf A, Roslin TL, Samways MJ, Sanchez-Bayo F, Sar SA, Schultz CB, Soares AO, Thancharoen A, Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Umbers KDL, Vet LEM, Visser ME, Vujic A, Wagner DL, Devries MFW, Westphal C (2020) International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 4 (2): 174-176. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1079-8 Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 43 Hawes TC, Worland MR, Convey P, Bale JS (2007) Aerial dispersal of springtails on the antarctic peninsula: implications for local distribution and demography. Antarctic Science 19: 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102007000028 Henri DC, Van Veen FJ (2011) Body size, life history and the structure of host parasitoid networks. Advances in Ecological Research 45: 135-180. httos://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-386475-8.00004-6 Hochkirch A (2016) The insect crisis we can’t ignore. Nature 539 (7628): 141-141. https://doi.org/10.1038/539141a Hodek |, Van Emden HF, Honk A (2012) Ecology and behaviour of the ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, 600 pp. [ISBN 1405184221] https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118223208 Hodkinson ID, Jackson JK (2005) Terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as bioindicators for environmental monitoring, with particular peference to mountain ecosystems. Environmental Management 35: 649-666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0211-x Hortal J, Borges PAV, Gaspar C (2006) Evaluating the performance of species richness estimators: sensitivity to sampling grain size. Journal of Animal Ecology 75: 274-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01048.x Lobo J, Borges PAV (2010) The provisional status of arthropod inventories in the Macaronesian islands. In: Serrano ARM, Borges PAV, Boieiro M, Orom P (Eds) Terrestrial arthropods of Macaronesia Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution. Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia, Lisboa, 33-47 pp. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1982 Magro AEL, Hemptinne J-L, Soares AO, Dutrillaux A-M, Murienne J, Frsch H, Dutrillaux B (2020) First case of parthenogenesis in ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) suggests new mechanisms for the evolution of asexual reproduction. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 58 (1): 194-208. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/jZs.12339 Marcelino J, Borges PAV, Borges I, Soares AO (2020) Eden Arthropod Azores Database. v1.9. Universidade dos Acores. Dataset/Samplingevent. Universidade dos Acores https://doi.org/10.15468/38ccb3 Marcelino JA, Giordano R, Soto-Adames F, Garcia PV, Webber E, Silva L, Soares AO (2011) Unobserved diversity in Darwin's appraisal of the Azores. Darwin's mistake and what we are doing to correct it. A¢oreana Suppl. 7: 229-240. Marcelino JA, Silva L, Garcia PV, Webber E, Soares AO (2013) Using species spectra to evaluate plant community conservation value along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185: 6221-6233. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10661-012-3019-9 Marcelino JA, Giordano R, Borges PA, Garcia PV, Soto-Adames F, Soares AO (2016) Distribution and genetic variability of Staphylinidae across a gradient of anthropogenically influenced insular landscapes. Bulletin of Insectology 69 (1): 117-126. Marcelino JAP, Webber E, Silva L, Garcia PV, Soares AO (2014) Expedient metrics to discriminate plant communities across gradients of anthropogenic disturbance. Environmental Management 54: 1121-1130. hitps://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0321-z Maxwell S, Fuller R, Brooks T, Watson JM (2016) Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature 536 (7615): 143-145. https://doi.org/10.1038/536143a Oberg S, Ekbom B (2006) Recolonisation and distribution of spiders and carabids in cereal fields after spring sowing. Annals of Applied Biology 149: 203-2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/).1744-7348.2006.00088.x 44 Marcelino J et al Pearce JL, Venier LA (2006) The use of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) as bioindicators of sustainable forest management. Ecological Indicators 6: 780-793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.03.005 Pennisi E (2010) The little wasp that could. Science 327: 260-262. https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.327.5963.260 Picango A, Rigal F, Matthews TJ, Cardoso P, Borges PAV (2017) Impact of land-use change on flower-visiting insect communities on an oceanic island. Insect Conservation and Diversity 10: 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12216 Pohl GR, Langor DW, Spence JR (2007) Rove beetles and ground beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Carabidae) as indicators of harvest and regeneration practices in western Canadian foothills forests. Biological Conservation 137: 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.02.011 Raven P, Wagner D (2021) Agricultural intensification and climate change are rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (2). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002548117 Rigal F, Cardoso P, Lobo JM, Triantis KA, Whittaker RJ, Amorim IR, Borges PAV (2018) Functional traits of indigenous and exotic ground-dwelling arthropods show contrasting responses to land-use changes in an oceanic island, Terceira, Azores. Diversity and Distributions 24: 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12655 Russell JC, Kueffer C (2019) Island biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44: 31-60. httos://doi.org/10.1146/annurev- environ-101718-033245 Sanchez-Bayo F, Wyckhuys KG (2019) Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological Conservation 232: 8-27. htips://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon. 2019.01.020 Silva L, Le Jean F, Marcelino J, Soares A (2017) Using Bayesian inference to validate plant community assemblages and determine indicator species. In: Pinto A, Zilberman D (Eds) Modeling, Dynamics, Optimization and Bioeconomics II. 195. Springer, The Netherlands, 532 pp. [ISBN 9783319552354]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-319-55236-1 21 Sousa JP, Bolger T, Gama MM, Lukkari T, Ponge J-F, Simn C, Traser G, Vanbergen AJ, Brennan A, Dubs F, lvitis E, Keating A, Stofer S, Watt AD (2006) Changes in Collembola richness and diversity along a gradient of land-use intensity: a pan European study. Pedobiologia 50: 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.005 Thayer MK (2005) Staphylinoidea. 11.7. Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. In: Beutel RG, Leschen RA (Eds) Handbook of Zoology. IV. De Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 567 pp. [ISBN 3110171309]. Titeux N, Henle K, Mihoub J, Regos A, Geijzendorffer IR, Cramer W, Verburg PH, Brotons L (2016) Biodiversity scenarios neglect future land-use changes. Global Change Biolog 22 (7): 2505-2515. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13272 Ulrich W, Almeida-Neto M, Gotelli NG (2009) A consumers guide to nestedness analysis. Oikos 118: 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17053.x Vandenberg NJ (2002) Coccinellidae Latreille 1807. In: Arnett RH, Thomas MC, Skelly PE, Frank JH (Eds) American beetles 2, Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. Edition 1, Volume 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, 880 pp. [ISBN 0849309549]. Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic ... 45 Wagner D, Grames E, Forister M, Berenbaum M, Stopak D (2021) Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Global Insect Decline Issue. 118 (2). httos://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 2023989118 Whittaker RJ, Fernndez-Palacios JM, Matthews TJ, Borregaard MK, Triantis KA (2017) Island biogeography: Taking the long view of nature's laboratories. Science 357 (6354). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8326 Zhang SQ, Che LH, Li Y, Dan L, Pang H, Slipifski A, Zhang P (2018) Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species. Nature Communications 9: 205. https://doi.org/10.1038/s4146 7-01 7-02644-4