Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e98286 OO) doi: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e98286 open access Data Paper SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores: VI - Inventory of Arthropods of Azorean Urban Gardens Lucas Lamelas-Lopez*, Rosalina Gabriel*, Alejandra Ros-Prieto*, Paulo A. V. Borges*§ + cE3c- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE — Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Rua Capitao Joao d’Avila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042, Angra do Heroismo, Azores, Portugal § IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Island Invertebrate Specialist Group, Angra do Heroismo, Azores, Portugal Corresponding author: Paulo A. V. Borges (paulo.av.borges@uac.pt) Academic editor: Pedro Cardoso Received: 02 Dec 2022 | Accepted: 13 Jan 2023 | Published: 19 Jan 2023 Citation: Lamelas-Lopez L, Gabriel R, Ros-Prieto A, Borges PAV (2023) SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores: VI - Inventory of Arthropods of Azorean Urban Gardens. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e98286. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e98286 Abstract Background The data we present are part of the long-term project SLAM (Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores) aiming to assess the impact of biodiversity erosion drivers on Azorean native biota, using long-term ecological data. Additionally to SLAM (Sea, Land and Air Malaise) traps, nocturnal Active Aerial Searching and nocturnal Foliage Beating methods were used to sample, between 2017 and 2018, the arthropod biodiversity on two historical urban gardens of Azores, the “Jardim Botanico” of Faial Island and “Jardim Duque da Terceira’” of Terceira Island. © Lamelas-Lopez L et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Lamelas-Lopez L et al New information We provided an inventory of arthropods collected between 2017 and 2018 in two urban gardens of Faial and Terceira Islands (Azores). A total of 8342 specimens were collected, in which 7493 specimens were identified to species/subspecies level (Faial n = 3296; Terceira n = 4197). The identified specimens belong to four classes, 15 orders, 80 families and 159 species and subspecies of arthropods. A total of 84 species and subspecies are considered introduced (n = 2454 specimens), 50 native non-endemic (n = 4444 specimens), eight endemic (n = 217) and 17 have an indeterminate origin (n = 378). This study also revises the arthropod inventory of these Azorean gardens, by adding/updating the taxonomic names of three orders, ten families and 22 species. Keywords arthropods, biodiversity, dataset, inventory, introduced species, native species, Oceanic Islands, urban gardens Introduction Habitat loss, associated with landscape transformation, is one of the major causes of biodiversity loss worldwide (Diamond et al. 1989, Ntshanga et al. 2021). Particularly, the urbanisation process radically modifies the ecology of natural landscapes (Tratalos et al. 2007, Goddard et al. 2010). In addition to habitat loss, urbanisation also facilitates the introduction and establishment of exotic species and can affect the ecological interactions between local species (McKinney 2006). In this context, urban gardens may play an important role in biodiversity conservation by provisioning a refuge for native biota and mitigating the effects of landscape fragmentation (Smith et al. 2005, Fuller et al. 2007, Goddard et al. 2010, Arteaga et al. 2020). Although the design and planning of urban gardens can affect positively native biodiversity, many urban gardens include exotic plant species that could facilitate the establishment of generalist introduced species (Matteson et al. 2008, Kowarik 2011). This study complements the publication of Arteaga et al. (2020), which provides an inventory of arthropod diversity in Azorean urban gardens and studies the effect of plant species composition in the colonisation status of arthropods. Arteaga et al. (2020) demonstrated that, in general, arthropod communities are related with the plant species composition of gardens. More endemic and native arthropod species are found in gardens dominated by native plants, in comparison with gardens dominated by ornamental exotic plant species, where the proportion of introduced arthropods (individuals and species) was higher. SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... 3 General description Purpose: The main objective of this publication is to provide a recent inventory of the arthropod diversity present in two historical gardens of Azores, the “Jardim Botanico” of Faial Island and “Jardim Duque da Terceira” of Terceira Island, complementing the work of Arteaga et al. (2020). This study also updates the taxonomic inventory of Arteaga et al. (2020) and contributes to the study of the urban garden’s role in the conservation of native biodiversity. Additional information: The data we present are part of the long-term project SLAM (Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in the natural forest of Azores) aiming to assess the impact of biodiversity erosion drivers on Azorean native biota, using long-term ecological data. This is the sixth dataset contribution for this project (previous ones in Costa and Borges (2021), Borges et al. (2022b), Borges et al. (2022a), Lhoumeau et al. (2022), Lhoumeau and Borges (2022)). Another publication dedicated to Lepidoptera contributed with information about some new exotic species for Azores (Perez Santa-Rita et al. 2018). However, in the current study, additional sampling methods were also used, to include Active Aerial Searching and nocturnal Foliage Beating (see more details below). Project description Title: Inventory of Arthropods of Azorean Urban Gardens. Personnel: The project was conceived and is being led by Paulo A.V. Borges. Fieldwork: Terceira Island: Paulo A.V. Borges, Rosalina Gabriel, Alejandra Ros-Prieto. Faial Island: Paulo A.V. Borges, Rosalina Gabriel, Pedro Casimiro. Parataxonomists: Alejandra Ros-Prieto, Alba Arteaga. Taxonomists: Paulo A. V. Borges and Luis Carlos Crespo. Curation: Voucher specimen management was mainly undertaken by Alejandra Ros- Prieto, Alba Arteaga, Lucas Lamelas-Lopez and Paulo A. V. Borges. Study area description: The study area comprises Terceira (total area: 400.2 km’; maximum elevation: 1021 m a.s.|.) and Faial (total area: 172 km2; maximum elevation 1043 m a.s.l.) Islands. They are located in the central group of the Azores Archipelago (North Atlantic), roughly at: 38°43'40"N, 27°12'48"W (Terceira Island), and 38°34'57"N, 28°42'17"W (Faial Island). The climate of the Archipelago is temperate oceanic, characterised by regular and abundant rainfall, high levels of relative humidity and persistent winds. The landscape of the Islands is mainly dominated by urban and 4 Lamelas-Lopez L et al agricultural areas at the lowest elevations; pasturelands and exotic tree plantations inland; and native forests located at highest elevations (Gaspar et al. 2010). The study was carried out on two botanical gardens, named “Jardim Botanico”, in Faial Island and “Jardim Duque da Terceira’” in Terceira Island. The Faial Island Botanical Garden (“Jardim Botanico”) was initially implemented in 1986 with the aim to promote the conservation of the flora of the Azores (Melo 2020). Initially occupying an area of 5,600 m7, it is located in the parish of Flamengos, at an altitude of 118 m (Melo 2020). Additional terrain was added in the last decades and now it occupies 15,000 m? (1.5 ha) (Melo 2020). This is currently an iconic place in Faial Island visited by many tourists. In addition to a large collection of native and endemic plants, in 2003, this Boatnical Garden created the "Azores Seed Bank", whose purpose is to collect and maintain a collection of viable seeds of all Azorean species that are possible to conserve in a conventional seed bank (Melo 2020). The “Jardim Duque da Terceira” in Terceira Island is located in the historic centre of the main town, Angra do Heroismo, at an altitude of 34 m. Initially occupying an area of 16,000 m? in 1882, it now occupies a larger area that reaches 2 ha (Barcelos 2012). This Garden is dominated by exotic plants, transported to the Island since the period of the Portuguese discoveries and includes both tropical and subtropical species (Barcelos 2012). Design description: Passive Flight Interception traps (SLAM traps - Sea, Land and Air Malaise) (Fig. 1), nocturnal Active Aerial Searching (AAS) and nocturnal Foliage Beating (FBN) methods were used to sample the arthropod biodiversity on two historical urban gardens of Azores: the “Jardim Botanico”, located in the surroundings of Horta, in Faial Island and “Jardim Duque da Terceira” located in Angra do Heroismo, in Terceira Island. AAS and FBN are reliable methods to collect samples of arthropods that are mainly active during the night (Borges et al. 2018). The collected specimens were preserved in ethanol 96%. SLAM traps were placed in both gardens in order to collect mainly diurnal flying and non-flying arthropods, through interception and conservation on a_ propylene-glycol recipient of the captured specimens (Borges et al. 2017). The SLAM traps were placed during six consecutive months and checked monthly. Funding: Fieldwork: FEDER in 85% and by Azorean Public funds by 15% through Operational Programme Azores 2020, under the project Green Garden Azores (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000070). Taxomomic work: FEDER in 85% and by Azorean Public funds by 15% through Operational Programme Azores 2020, under the project AZORESBIOPORTAL (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072) and also the project Portal da Biodiversidade dos Acores (2022-2023) - PO Azores Project - M1.1.A/INFRAEST CIENT/001/2022. Data curation (Darwin Core): MACRISK-Trait-based prediction of extinction risk and invasiveness for Northern Macaronesian arthropods (FCT-PTDC/BIA-CBI/0625/2021). SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... 5 Figure 1. EES SLAM trap (Sea, Land and Air Malaise trap) located in a site on Terceira Island (Credit: Paulo A. V. Borges) Sampling methods Description: The study was conducted on two urban gardens, the “Jardim Botanico’, located in the surroundings of Horta, in Faial Island and “Jardim Duque da Terceira” located in Angra do Heroismo, in Terceira Island. The first is mainly composed of endemic and native plant species, but also includes some introduced species, common and widespread in the Azores. The second garden includes mainly collections of introduced trees, shrubs and palms from across the world (see for more details, Arteaga et al. (2020)). Sampling description: Passive Flight Interception traps (SLAM traps - Sea, Land and Air Malaise trap) (Fig. 1), nocturnal Active Aerial Searching (AAS) and nocturnal Foliage Beating (FBN) methods were used to sample the arthropod biodiversity (Arachnida, Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Insecta Classes) on two historical urban gardens of the Azores, between 2017 and 2018: the “Jardim Botanico”, located in Horta, in Faial Island and “Jardim Duque da Terceira”’, located in Angra do Heroismo, in Terceira Island. AAS 6 Lamelas-Lopez L et al consists on collecting arthropods found above knee-level by hand, forceps, pooter or brush and immediately transferring them into vials containing ethanol 96%. FBN consists of beating tree and shrub branches with a wooden stick and collecting the fallen specimens on a beating tray, posteriorly transferred to vials containing ethanol 96%. AAS and FBN are reliable methods to collect samples of arthropods that are mainly active during the night (Borges et al. 2018). The SLAM trap consists on a structure of 110 x 110 x 110 cm (MegaView Science Co.) designed to intercept flying and non-flying arthropods. They were placed in the gardens during six consecutive months, checked monthly. For more details about sampling methods, see Arteaga et al. (2020). Quality control: All collected specimens were sorted and posteriorly identified by an expert taxonomist (P.A.V.B) in the laboratory. Geographic coverage Description: Faial and Terceira Islands, Azores, Portugal Coordinates: 38.508 and 38.807 Latitude; -28.839 and -27.0389 Longitude. Taxonomic coverage Description: The following Classes and Orders are covered: Arachnida: Araneae; Opiliones; Pseudoscorpiones. Chilopoda: Scutigeromorpha. Diplopoda: Julida. Insecta: Archaeognatha; Blattodea; Coleoptera; Dermaptera; Hemiptera; Hymenoptera; Neuroptera; Phasmida; Psocodea; Thysanoptera. Temporal coverage Notes: The data were collected between April 2017 and 30 June 2018. Collection data Collection name: Entomoteca Dalberto Teixeira Pombo at University of the Azores. Collection identifier: DTP Specimen preservation method: Alcohol SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... 7 Usage licence Usage licence: Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero) Data resources Data package title: Inventory of Arthropods of Azorean Urban Gardens Resource link: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=arthropods _azorean_ urban gardens Alternative identifiers: https:/Awww.gbif.org/dataset/3c314464-509f-4971-80d7- cd9f02110ea7 Number of data sets: 2 Data set name: Event Table Character set: UTF-8 Download URL: hitp://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=arthropods _azorean_urban_ gardens Data format: Darwin Core Archive format Data format version: 1.5 Description: The dataset was published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (Borges and Lamelas-Lopez 2022). The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset that has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 20 records (eventID). This GBIF IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit, Version 2.5.6) archives the data and, thus, serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the Portuguese GBIF Portal IPT (Borges and Lamelas-Lopez 2022). Column label Column description eventID Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. stateProvince Name of the region of the sampling site. islandGroup Name of the archipelago. island Name of the island. country Country of the sampling site. countryCode ISO code of the country of the sampling site. municipality Municipality of the sampling site. locality locationID habitat decimalLongitude decimalLatitude geodeticDatum coordinateUncertaintyInMetres coordinatePrecision georeferenceSources minimumElevationInMetres samplingProtocol sampleSizeValue sampleSizeUnit eventDate year month day Lamelas-Lopez L et al Locality of the sampling site. Identifier of the location. The habitat of the sampling site. The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot in metres. A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude. A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources. The lower limit of the range of elevation (altitude, above sea level), in metres. The sampling protocol used to capture the species. The numeric amount of time spent in each sampling. The unit of the sample size value. Date or date range the record was collected. Year of the event. Month of the event. Day of the event. Data set name: Occurrence_ Table Character set: UTF-8 Download URL: hitp://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=arthropods _azorean_urban_ gardens Data format: Darwin Core Archive format Data format version: 1.5 Description: The dataset was published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (Borges and Lamelas-Lopez 2022), structured as an occurrence table that has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwWCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 762 records (occurrencelD). This GBIF IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit, SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... SS) Version 2.5.6) archives the data and, thus, serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the Portuguese GBIF Portal IPT (Borges and Lamelas-Lopez 2022). Column label eventID type licence institutionID institutionCode collectionID collectionCode datasetName basisOfRecord occurrencelD recordedBy identifiedBy dateldentified organismQuantity organismQuantityType Sex lifeStage identificationRemarks scientificName kingdom phylum class order family genus specificEpithet Column description Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard. Reference to the licence under which the record is published. The identity of the institution publishing the data. The code of the institution publishing the data. The identity of the collection publishing the data. The code of the collection where the specimens are conserved. Name of the dataset The nature of the data record. Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier. Alist (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who performed the sampling in the field. A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who performed the sampling in the field. The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon. A number or enumeration value for the quantity of organisms. The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms. The sex and quantity of the individuals captured. The life stage of the organisms captured. Information about morphospecies identification (code in Dalberto Teixeira Pombo Collection). Complete scientific name including author and year. Kingdom name. Phylum name. Class name. Order name. Family name. Genus name. Specific epithet. 10 Lamelas-Lopez L et al infraspecificEpithet Infraspecific epithet. scientificNameAuthorship Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record. taxonRank Lowest taxonomic rank of the record. establishmentMeans The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: 'native’, ‘introduced’, 'endemic’, ‘indeterminate’. Additional information We collected a total of 8342 individuals in both urban gardens, in which 7493 specimens were identified to species/subspecies level (Faial n = 3296; Terceira n = 4197). The identified specimens belong to four classes, 15 orders, 80 families and 159 species and subspecies of arthropods. A total of 84 species and subspecies are considered introduced (n = 2454 specimens), 50 native non-endemic (n = 4444 specimens), eight endemic (n = 217) and 17 have an indeterminate origin (n = 378) (Table 1). Table 1. Inventory of arthropods recorded in Azorean urban gardens of “Jardim Botanico” of Faial Island (FAI) and “Jardim Duque da Terceira” of Terceira Island (TER), between 2017 and 2018. The colonisation status (C.S.: End — Endemic; Nat — Native non-endemic; Int — Introduced; Ind — Indeterminate) and abundance values per island and total are provided. Class Order Family Scientific name C.S. FAI TER Total Arachnida Araneae Agelenidae Textrix caudata L. Koch, 1872 Int 10 0O 10 Arachnida Araneae Araneidae Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) Int 0 11 11 Arachnida Araneae Araneidae Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) Nat 0 2 2 Arachnida Araneae Araneidae Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, Int 1 0 1 1802) Arachnida Araneae Araneidae Neoscona crucifera (Lucas, 1838) Int 287 44 331 Arachnida Araneae Araneidae Zygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) Int 8 2 10 Arachnida Araneae Cheiracanthiidae § Cheiracanthium mildeiL. Koch, 1864 Int 2 0 2 Arachnida Araneae Clubionidae Clubiona terrestris Westring, 1851 Int 2 0 2 Arachnida Araneae Clubionidae Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, Nat 172 292 464 1859) Arachnida Araneae Clubionidae Porrhoclubiona genevensis (L. Koch, Int 3 2 5 1866) Arachnida Araneae Dictynidae Emblyna acoreensis Wunderlich, End 50 7 57 1992 Arachnida Araneae Dictynidae Nigma puella (Simon, 1870) Int 13 15 28 SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... 11 Class Order Family Scientific name C.S. FAI TER Total Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Agyneta fuscipalpa (C. L. Koch, Int O 8 8 1836) Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Entelecara schmitzi Kulczynski,1905 Nat 71 4 75 Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 Int 1 1 2 Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Erigone autumnalis Emerton, 1882 Int O 1 1 Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Mermessus bryantae (Ivie & Barrows, Int 1 0 1 1935) Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Mermessus fradeorum (Berland, Int 2 0 2 1932) Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Microlinyphia johnsoni (Blackwall, Nat 0 1 1 1859) Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Neriene clathrata (Sundevall, 1830) Int 1 1 2 Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Pelecopsis parallela (Wider, 1834) Int 1 1 2 Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, Int 23 14 37 1852) Arachnida Araneae Mimetidae Ero aphana (Walckenaer, 1802) Int O 5 5 Arachnida Araneae Oecobiidae Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 Int 0 1 1 Arachnida Araneae Pholcidae Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, Int 0 2 2 1775) Arachnida Araneae Salticidae Chalcoscirtus infimus (Simon, 1868) Int 0 2 2 Arachnida Araneae Salticidae Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867) Nat 0 17 17 Arachnida Araneae Salticidae Pseudeuophrys vafra (Blackwall, Int O 10 10 1867) Arachnida Araneae Salticidae Salticus mutabilis Lucas, 1846 Int 0 3 3 Arachnida Araneae Tetragnathidae Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763) Int 2 1 3 Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart, 1886) Int 15 4 19 Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Dipoena umbratilis (Simon, 1873) Int 23 O 23 Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Paidiscura orotavensis (Schmidt, Nat 0 15 15 1968) Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Parasteatoda tepidariorum (C. L. Int O 4 4 Koch, 1841) Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838) Int 43 O 43 Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) Nat 8 10 18 Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Theridion hannoniae Denis, 1945 Int O 1 1 Arachnida Araneae Theridiidae Theridion musivivum Schmidt, 1956 Nat 2 0 2 Arachnida Opiliones Leiobunidae Leiobunum blackwalli Meade, 1861 Nat 142 0 142 12 Lamelas-Lopez L et al Class Order Family Scientific name C.S. FAI TER Total Arachnida Pseudoscorpiones Chthoniidae Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, Int 2 0 2 1804) Arachnida Pseudoscorpiones Chthoniidae Ephippiochthonius tetrachelatus Int O 2 2 (Preyssler, 1790) Chilopoda Scutigeromorpha Scutigeridae Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, Int O 71 = «71 1758) Diplopoda Julida Julidae Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas,1860) Int 29 44 73 Insecta Archaeognatha Machilidae Dilta saxicola (Womersley, 1930) Nat 0 3 3 Insecta Blattodea Kalotermitidae Cryptotermes brevis (Walker, 1853) Int 0 1 1 Insecta Coleoptera Apionidae Aspidapion radiolus (Marsham, 1802) Int 6 8 14 Insecta Coleoptera Apionidae Kalcapion semivittatum semivittatum Ind 4 85 89 (Gyllenhal, 1833) Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae Dromius meridionalis Dejean, 1825 Int 3 0 3 Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Chaetocnema hortensis (Fourcroy, Int 0 62 62 1785) Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Epitrix cucumeris (Harris, 1851) Int O 172 172 Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer, 1847) Int 0 4 4 Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Longitarsus kutscherai (Rye, 1872) Int 25 0O 25 Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Psylliodes marcida (llliger, 1807) Nat 0 2 2 Insecta Coleoptera Coccinellidae Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi, 1794) Int O 7 7 Insecta Coleoptera Coccinellidae Scymniscus helgae (Firsch, 1965) Int O 13 13 Insecta Coleoptera Coccinellidae Scymnus interruptus (Goeze, 1777) Nat 0O 162 162 Insecta Coleoptera Coccinellidae Stethorus pusillus (Herbst, 1797) Nat 0 20 20 Insecta Coleoptera Corylophidae Sericoderus lateralis (Gyllenhal, Int 9 263 272 1827) Insecta Coleoptera Cryptophagidae Cryptophagus cellaris (Scopoli, 1763) Int 0 2 2 Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Calacalles subcarinatus (|sraelson, End 1 0 1 1984) Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Coccotrypes carpophagus (Hornung, Int 0O 69 69 1842) Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Derelomus piriformis (Hoffmann, Int O 1 1 1938) Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Lixus pulverulentus (Scopoli, 1763) Int 0 4 4 Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Mecinus pascuorum (Gyllenhal, Int 0 125 125 1813) Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Naupactus cervinus (Boheman, Int O 3 3 1840) Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... Order Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Family Curculionidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Curculionidae Dryophthoridae Elateridae Elateridae Latridiidae Latridiidae Mycetophagidae Mycetophagidae Nitidulidae Phalacridae Ptiliidae Ptinidae Scraptiidae Silvanidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Staphylinidae Scientific name Naupactus leucoloma Boheman, 1840 Otiorhynchus cribricollis Gyllenhal, 1834 Sirocalodes mixtus (Mulsant & Rey, 1859) Sitona cinnamomeus Allard, 1863 Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763) Heteroderes azoricus (Tarnier, 1860) Heteroderes vagus Candéze, 1893 Cartodere bifasciata (Reitter, 1877) Cartodere nodifer (Westwood, 1839) Litargus balteatus LeConte, 1856 Typhaea stercorea (Linnaeus, 1758) Phenolia limbata tibialis (Boheman, 1851) Stilbus testaceus (Panzer, 1797) Ptenidium pusillum (Gyllenhal, 1808) Anobium punctatum (De Geer, 1774) Anaspis proteus Wollaston, 1854 Cryptamorpha desjardinsii (Guérin- Méneville, 1844) Atheta fungi (Gravenhorst, 1806) Carpelimus corticinus (Gravenhorst, 1806) Carpelimus zealandicus (Sharp, 1900) Coproporus pulchellus (Erichson, 1839) Cordalia obscura (Gravenhorst, 1802) Hypomedon debilicornis (Wollaston, 1857) Myrmecocephalus concinnus (Erichson, 1839) Oligota pumilio Kiesenwetter, 1858 Oxypoda lurida Wollaston, 1857 C.S. FAI Int 0 Int 4 Int O Int O Int O End 2 Int O Int 1 Int 0 Int 0 Int O Int 0 Nat 0O Int 0 Int 0 Nat 1 Int O Ind 0O Ind 0O Int O Ind 0O Ind 0O Ind 0O Ind 0O Ind 0O Ind 0O 13 TER Total 4011 0 1 camel oc) 1 11 1 14 1 13 1 14 28 29 4 4 12 |12 7 |7 2 |2 68 68 a 6 6 o |1 ot abe 62 62 5 5 ona 6 6 gi ks 4011 4 {4 14. 14 1 14 14 Lamelas-Lopez L et al Class Order Family Scientific name C.S. FAI TER Total Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinidae Proteinus atomarius Erichson, 1840 Ind 0O 53 53 Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinidae Rugilus orbiculatus (Paykull, 1789) Ind O 3 3 Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinidae Scopaeus portai Luze, 1910 Ind 0 1 1 Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinidae Stenomastax madeirae Assing, 2003 Ind 0O 1 1 Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinidae Sunius propinquus (Brisout de Ind 1 0 1 Barneville, 1867) Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinidae Tachyporus chrysomelinus (Linnaeus, Ind 18 37 55 1758) Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinidae Tachyporus nitidulus (Fabricius, Ind 48 24 72 1781) Insecta Dermaptera Anisolabididae Euborellia annulipes (Lucas, 1847) Int 4 0 4 Insecta Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758 = Int = 2 0 2 Insecta Dermaptera Labiduridae Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773) Nat 4 0 4 Insecta Dermaptera Spongiphoridae Labia minor (Linnaeus, 1758) Int O 2 2 Insecta Hemiptera Anthocoridae Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius, Nat 0 11 11 1794) Insecta Hemiptera Anthocoridae Buchananiella continua (White, 1880) Int 0 4 4 Insecta Hemiptera Anthocoridae Orius laevigatus laevigatus (Fieber, Nat 2 14 16 1860) Insecta Hemiptera Aphididae Cinara juniperi (De Geer, 1773) Nat 374 0 374 Insecta Hemiptera Cicadellidae Eupteryx filicum (Newman, 1853) Nat 5 15 20 Insecta Hemiptera Cicadellidae Euscelidius variegatus (Kirschbaum, Nat 0 40 40 1858) Insecta Hemiptera Cicadellidae Sophonia orientalis (Matsumura, Int O 10 10 1912) Insecta Hemiptera Cixiidae Cixius azopifajo azofa Remane & End 1 0 1 Asche, 1979 Insecta Hemiptera Delphacidae Kelisia ribauti Wagner, 1938 Nat 0 5 5 Insecta Hemiptera Flatidae Cyphopterum adcendens (Herrich- Nat 725 0 725 Schaffer, 1835) Insecta Hemiptera Flatidae Siphanta acuta (Walker, 1851) Int O 163 163 Insecta Hemiptera Liviidae Strophingia harteni Hodkinson, 1981. End 39 0 39 Insecta Hemiptera Lyctocoridae Lyctocoris campestris (Fabricius, Int O 2 2 1794) Insecta Hemiptera Lygaeidae Kleidocerys ericae (Horvath, 1909) Nat 20 2 22 Insecta Hemiptera Microphysidae Loricula coleoptrata (Fallén, 1807) Nat 57 0O 57 Class Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta Insecta SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... Order Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Neuroptera Phasmida Psocodea Psocodea Psocodea Psocodea Family Miridae Miridae Miridae Miridae Miridae Miridae Nabidae Oxycarenidae Pentatomidae Reduviidae Rhyparochromidae Rhyparochromidae Rhyparochromidae Rhyparochromidae Triozidae Formicidae Formicidae Formicidae Formicidae Formicidae Formicidae Hemerobiidae Phasmatidae Caeciliusidae Caeciliusidae Ectopsocidae Ectopsocidae Scientific name Campyloneura virgula (Herrich- Schaeffer, 1835) Heterotoma planicornis (Pallas, 1772) Monalocoris filicis (Linnaeus, 1758) Pilophorus confusus (Kirschbaum, 1856) Taylorilygus apicalis (Fieber, 1861) Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy, 1902) Nabis pseudoferus ibericus Remane, 1962 Oxycarenus lavaterae (Fabricius, 1787) Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) Empicoris rubromaculatus (Blackburn, 1889) Aphanus rolandri (Linnaeus, 1758) Beosus maritimus (Scopoli, 1763) Emblethis denticollis Horvath, 1878 Scolopostethus decoratus (Hahn, 1833) Trioza laurisilvae Hodkinson, 1990 Hypoponera eduardi (Forel, 1894) Lasius grandis Forel, 1909 Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) Monomorium carbonarium (Smith, 1858) Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758) Tetramorium caldarium (Roger, 1857) Hemerobius azoricus Tjeder, 1948 Carausius morosus (Sinéty, 1901) Valenzuela burmeisteri (Brauer, 1876) Valenzuela flavidus (Stephens, 1836) Ectopsocus briggsi McLachlan, 1899 Ectopsocus strauchi Enderlein, 1906 C.S. Nat Nat Nat Nat Int Nat Nat Int Int Int Nat Nat Nat Nat Nat Nat Nat Int Nat Nat Int End Int Nat Nat Int Nat FAI 101 16 15 TER Total 0 37 o 6(|1 6 6 19 56 2 |2 Ze 1 1 281 281 1 |14 Ze fod 4 4 1 14 1 14 6 6 o {21 0 14 454 555 30 30 5 5 18 18 14. 14 5 92 0 4 1 6 6 14 50 66 90 91 16 Lamelas-Lopez L et al Class Order Family Scientific name C.S. FAI TER Total Insecta Psocodea Elipsocidae Elipsocus azoricus Meinander, 1975 End 18 5 23 Insecta Psocodea Elipsocidae Elipsocus brincki Badonnel, 1963 End 0 1 1 Insecta Psocodea Epipsocidae Bertkauia lucifuga (Rambur, 1842) Nat 21 1 22 Insecta Psocodea Peripsocidae Peripsocus phaeopterus (Stephens, Nat 0O 4 4 1836) Insecta Psocodea Psocidae Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen, 1865) Nat 98 5 103 Insecta Psocodea Trichopsocidae Trichopsocus clarus (Banks, 1908) Nat 502 667 1169 Insecta Thysanoptera Aeolothripidae Aeolothrips gloriosus Bagnall, 1914 Nat 1 1 2 Insecta Thysanoptera Phlaeothripidae Hoplothrips corticis (De Geer, 1773) Nat 2 0 2 Insecta Thysanoptera Thripidae Ceratothrips ericae (Haliday, 1836) Nat 42 0 42 Insecta Thysanoptera Thripidae Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché, Int 8 3 11 1833) Insecta Thysanoptera Thripidae Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall, Int 1 245 246 1919) Insecta Thysanoptera Thripidae Parthenothrips dracaenae (Heeger, Int O 12 12 1854) In general, the most abundant species were the barklice Trichopsocus clarus (Banks, 1908) (Psocodea, Trichopsocidae) (n = 1169), which were captured in both urban gardens (Faial n = 502; Terceira n = 667), the fulgoroid planthopper Cyphopterum adcendens (Herrich-Schaffer, 1835) (Hemiptera, Flatidae), recorded only in Faial urban garden (n = 725) and the ant Lasius grandis Forel, 1909 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (n = 555) being recorded in both Islands (Faial n = 101; Terceira n = 454; Table 2). These three species are considered native non-endemic in the Archipelago. The most common endemic species were the lacewing Hemerobius azoricus Tjeder, 1948 (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) (n = 92) and the spider Emblyna acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Araneae, Dictynidae) (n = 57), being more abundant in the Faial urban garden (n = 87 and n = 50, respectively), than in the Terceira urban garden (n = 5 and n = 7, respectively). The most abundant introduced species were the spider Nleoscona crucifera (Lucas, 1838) (Araneae, Araneidae) (n = 331) and the true bug Oxycarenus /avaterae (Fabricius, 1787) (Hemiptera, Oxycarenidae) (n = 281), the first species being more abundant in Faial (n = 287) than in Terceira (n = 44) and the second one absent in Faial urban garden (Table 1). The most common recorded arthropod families were Flatidae (Hemiptera; n = 888) and Trichopsocidae (Psocodea; n = 1169), being relatively abundant in both urban gardens (Table 2). Considering the identified taxa (Table 1), we recorded 72 species and subspecies in Faial, with 28 being considered native non-endemic, seven endemic, 33 introduced and four of indeterminate origin. On the other hand, in Terceira, a total of 124 species and subspecies were recorded, 37 being considered native non-endemic, five endemic, 67 introduced and 15 of indeterminate origin (Table 1). The proportion of native endemic and non-endemic species in Terceira urban garden (33.87%) is lower than in Faial (48.61%) and the SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... 17 proportion of introduced species is higher in Terceira urban garden (54.03%) in comparison with Faial (45.83%). Table 2. Ranking of the ten most abundant species per urban garden. The colonisation statuses (C.S.: End — Endemic; Nat — Native non-endemic; Int — Introduced) and abundance values (N) are provided. Class Order Family Scientific name C.S. N Faial Urban Garden Insecta Hemiptera Flatidae Cyphopterum adcendens (Herrich-Schaffer, 1835) Nat 725 Insecta Psocodea Trichopsocidae Trichopsocus clarus (Banks, 1908) Nat 502 Insecta Hemiptera Aphididae Cinara juniperi (De Geer, 1773) Nat 374 Arachnida Araneae Araneidae Neoscona crucifera (Lucas, 1838) Int 287 Arachnida Araneae Clubionidae Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, 1859) Nat 172 Arachnida Opiliones Leiobunidae Leiobunum blackwalli Meade, 1861 Nat 142 Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae Lasius grandis Forel, 1909 Nat 101 Insecta Psocodea Psocidae Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen, 1865) Nat 98 Insecta Neuroptera Hemerobiidae Hemerobius azoricus Tjeder, 1948 End 87 Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae Entelecara schmitzi Kulczynski, 1905 Nat 71 Terceira Urban Garden Insecta Psocodea Trichopsocidae Trichopsocus clarus (Banks, 1908) Nat 667 Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae Lasius grandis Forel, 1909 Nat 454 Arachnida Araneae Clubionidae Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, 1859) Nat 292 Insecta Hemiptera Oxycarenidae Oxycarenus lavaterae (Fabricius, 1787) Int 281 Insecta Coleoptera Corylophidae §_ Sericoderus lateralis (Gyllenhal, 1827) Int 263 Insecta Thysanoptera Thripidae Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall, 1919) Int 245 Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Epitrix cucumeris (Harris, 1851) Int 172 Insecta Hemiptera Flatidae Siphanta acuta (Walker, 1851) Int 163 Insecta Coleoptera Coccinellidae |§ Scymnus interruptus (Goeze, 1777) Nat 162 Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae §Mecinus pascuorum (Gyllenhal, 1813) Int 125 This study also updates the taxonomy of the arthropods of the Azorean urban gardens. A total of three orders, ten families and 22 species were taxonomically updated (Table 3). This publication includes a recent inventory and updates the knowledge about the arthropod diversity and taxonomy of Arteaga et al. (2020). In general, the Terceira garden is mainly dominated by exotic plant species and, consequently, the proportion of introduced arthropods species is higher than in Faial, which is mainly composed by native plant 18 Lamelas-Lopez L et al species. Contrarily, the proportion of native species (endemic and non-endemic) is higher in Faial than in Terceira. These results are according to the findings of Arteaga et al. (2020). Table 3. Update of the taxonomy of the species recorded in the Azorean urban gardens of Faial and Terceira Islands. *Some species of Anthocoridae family change to Lyctocoridae; **Some species of Lygaeidae family change to Oxycarenidae and Rhyparochromidae; MF Morphospecies; *** - Not recorded in Arteaga et al. 2020. Level Artega et al. (2020) New Taxonomy Order Psocoptera Psocodea Order Microcoryphia Archaeognatha Order Phasmatodea Phasmida Family Eutichuridae Cheiracanthiidae Family Phalangiidae Leiobunidae Family Anobiidae Ptinidae Family Brentidae Apionidae Family Lathridiidae Latridiidae Family Lachnidae Aphididae Family Anthocoridae* Lyctocoridae Family Lygaeidae** Oxycarenidae Family Lygaeidae** Rhyparochromidae Family Psyllidae Liviidae Species Meioneta fuscipalpa (C. L. Koch, 1836) Agyneta fuscipalpa (C. L. Koch, 1836) Species Carpelimus sp. Carpelimus zealandicus (Sharp, 1900) Species MF 1376 Derelomus piriformis (Hoffmann, 1938) Species Genus (?), species (?) *** Dipoena umbratilis (Simon, 1873) Species Chthonius tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) Ephippiochthonius tetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790) Species Kleidocerys ericae (Horvath, 1908) Kleidocerys ericae (Horvath, 1909) Species Loricula elegantula (Barensprung, 1858) Loricula coleoptrata (Fallén, 1807) Species Gymnetron pascuorum (Gyllenhal, 1813) Mecinus pascuorum (Gyllenhal, 1813) Species Monomorium carbonarium (F. Smith, 1858) Monomorium carbonarium (Smith, 1858) Species Myrmecocephalus concinnus (Erichson, 1840) Myrmecocephalus concinnus (Erichson, 1839) Species Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman, 1849) Naupactus cervinus (Boheman, 1840) Species MF 1385 Oxypoda lurida Wollaston, 1857 SLAM Project - Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change ... 19 Level Artega et al. (2020) New Taxonomy Species Psylliodes marcidus (llliger, 1807) Psylliodes marcida (Illiger, 1807) Species MF 551 Scopaeus portai Luze, 1910 Species Nephus helgae Fursch, 1965 Scymniscus helgae (Firsch, 1965) Species Sirocalodes mixtus (Mulsant & Rey, 1858) Sirocalodes mixtus (Mulsant & Rey, 1859) Species MF 1398 Sitona cinnamomeus Allard, 1863 Species MF 1274 Sophonia orientalis (Matsumura, 1912) Species Stethorus pusillus (Herbst, 1979) Stethorus pusillus (Herbst, 1797) Species MF Formicidae F6 Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758) Species MF Formicidae F6 Tetramorium caldarium (Roger, 1857) Species Theridion hannoniae Denis, 1944 Theridion hannoniae Denis, 1945 Public and botanical gardens are important green infrastructures that promote the conservation of plants species, Support science dissemination activities and people's health. Additional positive functions may include microclimatic regulation and water retention (Machac et al. 2022). However, there is an ongoing debate on the role of gardens dominated by exotic plants and their role as a source for the spread of exotic potentially invasive species (Dawson et al. 2008). Concerning arthropods, our study generated several interesting patterns: i) no introduced species had a dominant role in any garden, despite several being part of the 50% most abundant species in Terceira; iii) in Faial Botanical Garden, the 50% most abundant species are either endemic or native non-endemic, with only one introduced species; iii) most introduced and species of indeterminate status are particularly rare. In conclusion, in general, the origin of the plant composition of the urban gardens can have an effect on the arthropod biodiversity origin (native vs. introduced species) present in the gardens, but the two studied settings also constitute a repository of indigenous fauna playing an important role in the conservation of native biota of the Archipelago. In particular, the Faial Island Botanical Garden, which holds a large community of native species, can be part of a future corridor of native plants across the agricultural landscape in this Island. Acknowledgements We acknowledge the Municipality of Angra do Heroismo (Terceira, Azores) and the Botanic Garden of Horta (Faial) for providing the necessary authorisation for conducting the study. We are grateful to FEDER that financed project Green Garden Azores (ACORES-01-0145- FEDER-000070 - 85% through Azorean Public funds and 15% through Operational 20 Lamelas-Lopez L et al Programme Azores 2020) for supporting the fieldwork and _ the projects AZORESBIOPORTAL (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072) and Portal da Biodiversidade dos Acores (2022-2023) - PO Azores Project - M1.1.A/INFRAEST CIENT/001/2022, for supporting the taxonomic research. Lucas Lamelas-Lopez was supported by the Project FCT-UIDP/00329/2020-2023 and Paulo A. V. 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