Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e103270 CO) doi: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e103270 open access Data Paper Surveying Cory Shearwater colonies with camera traps and identifying potential invasive nest predators Lucas Lamelas-Lopez*, Paulo A. V. Borges*§ + Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE — Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Rua Capitao Joao d ‘Avila, Pico da Urze, 9700-042, Angra do Heroismo, Azores, Portugal § IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Invertebrates Specialist Group, Angra do Heroismo, Azores, Portugal Corresponding author: Lucas Lamelas-Lopez (lucaslamelaslopez@gmail.com) Academic editor: Joao Pedro Barreiros Received: 09 Mar 2023 | Accepted: 17 Mar 2023 | Published: 03 Apr 2023 Citation: Lamelas-Lopez L, Borges PAV (2023) Surveying Cory Shearwater colonies with camera traps and identifying potential invasive nest predators. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e103270. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e103270 Abstract Background The Azores holds the largest population of Cory's shearwater Calonectris borealis (Cory, 1881) (Aves, Procellariiformes, Procellariidae) in the world. One of the major threats of this species in the Azores is the predation by invasive mammals, which were introduced during European colonisation of the islands. The present study provides a dataset from a camera-trapping survey performed in colonies of Cory’s shearwater. The sampling was conducted between 7 April and 23 October 2019, covering the entire breeding season, in three colonies of the Terceira Island (Azores). A total of 32 nests were sampled using motion-triggered cameras. The aims of this study are to provide information about the ecological patterns of the Cory shearwater and to identify potential nest predators. © Lamelas-Lopez L, Borges P. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Lamelas-Lopez L, Borges P New information Our results include a total of 6972 records of 15 species (nine species of birds, five of mammals and one reptile), of which 5414 records are of Cory’s shearwater, 478 of potential mammal predators and 1080 of another vertebrate species. Information about the biology of the species is also provided, as species circadian behaviour and habitat description. Keywords biodiversity, biological invasions, camera-traps, invasive predators, inventory, Oceanic Islands, seabirds. Introduction Biological invasions, climate change and habitat fragmentation, degradation and destruction are the main drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide (e.g. Vitousek et al. (1997), Bellard et al. (2014), Doherty et al. (2016)). These three biodiversity erosion drivers can act synergistically, but invasive species alone can affect dramatically the native species communities and ecosystems functioning (e.g. Capizzi (2020)). In comparison with mainland areas, island ecosystems are especially vulnerable to biological invasions (Blumstein and Daniel 2005, Bellard et al. 2014, Spatz et al. 2017). Mammal predators constitute an important threat to island native vertebrates, being responsible by the decline or extinction of hundreds of island species worldwide (Medina et al. 2014, Dawson et al. 2014, Doherty et al. 2016). Island terrestrial and marine birds have been particularly affected by the introduction of invasive mammals (Medina et al. 2014, Spatz et al. 2017). The Azores Archipelago comprises nine main islands of volcanic origin and it is located in the North Atlantic Ocean. The islands are considered a high priority area for seabird conservation, harbouring important populations of many seabird species, as for example, the globally endangered Monteiro's storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi Bolton et al. 2008 (Bolton et al. 2008, BirdLife-International 2016) or the Cory’s shearwater Calonectris borealis (Cory, 1881), for which the Azores population is one of the largest worldwide. Studies about seabirds and terrestrial birds’ populations in the Archipelago showed that mammal predators are probably the main cause of breeding failure (Monteiro et al. 1996, Amaral et al. 2010, Hervias et al. 2013a, Hervias et al. 2013b, Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2020, Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2021) or extinction (Monteiro et al. 1996). Mammals were introduced in the Archipelago as a consequence of the Portuguese arrival and settlement in the 15!" century. Currently, the mammal predators present in the Archipelago include rodents (house mouse Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758, black rat Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758 and Norway rat Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) and carnivores (ferret Mustela furo Linnaeus, 1758, weasel Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766, feral cat Felis silvestris catus Schreber, 1775 and feral dog Canis /upus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758). Surveying Cory Shearwater colonies with camera traps and identifying potential ... 3 Identification of predators and the knowledge about their ecological patterns are crucial to the conservation of native terrestrial and marine birds of the Azores (Rader et al. 2007, Richardson et al. 2009). In this context, camera-trapping has been demonstrated to be an efficient tool to answer a variety of research questions in the fields of animal ecology, behavioural studies and conservation biology or for the inventory and monitoring of wildlife (Tobler et al. 2008, O'Connell et al. 2011, Rendall et al. 2014), particularly applied to identify invasive predators and to assess their impacts on native biodiversity (Oppel et al. 2014, Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2020, Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2021). General description Purpose: The main objectives of this study are to provide a dataset of species present in three Cory Shearwater colonies of Terceira Island, obtained from camera-trap records; and to obtain information about the biology of the Cory Shearwater, through the description of habitat and circadian behaviour and to identify potential introduced mammal predators. Project description Title: Surveying seabird colonies with camera traps: The impacts of invasive predators on Cory Shearwater Personnel: Lucas Lamelas-Lopez, Paulo A.V. Borges Study area description: The study was conducted in three of Cory’s shearwater colonies, on Terceira Island (total area: 400.2 km?; maximum elevation: 1021 m a.s.l; -38°40'N, 27°10'W), which belongs to the Azores Archipelago (North Atlantic). Chanoca colony is located on the southern coast of the Island (maximum elevation: 21 m azss.l; 38°39'36.0288"N, 27°17'42.1872"W) and it is formed by cliffs and rocky bays, slightly covered by some herbaceous plants, such as sour fig Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. Raminho colony (maximum elevation: 90 m a.s.l; 38°46'50.5668"N, 27°21'23.6736"VW) is located in the north-west and it is characterised by cliffs dominated by native forests, mainly composed by Erica azorica Hochst. ex Seub, and Morella faya (Aiton) Wilbur. Finally, the Agualva colony (maximum elevation: 34 m a.s.l; 38°47'40.6068'N, 27°11'28.3452"W) is located in the north of the Island and it consists of a rocky area scarcely covered by patches of native vegetation (E. azorica). Design description: Motion-triggered infrared cameras (Bushnell Trophy HD, Moultrie 880i and 990i) were installed in the colonies at the beginning of the breeding season (e.g. Lamelas-Lopez et al. (2020)). We installed one camera per nest, which remained recording continuously until the end of the breeding season or until the nest was abandoned or depredated and then the camera was moved to another nest. The cameras were deployed at 50-100 cm of the nest entrances. Cameras were configured to take 8 MB-photos, with 30 seconds of delay between them (Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2021). Date and time were automatically recorded for each event. The nests were monitored each 10 days, in order to 4 Lamelas-Lopez L, Borges P assess the nest condition and to replace the SD cards and the batteries of the cameras, if necessary. The study was conducted from 7 April and 23 October 2019. The obtained photos were posteriorly analysed and identified by L.L.L. Funding: Fieldwork: Fundagao para a Ciéncia e Tecnologia - FCT (SFRH/BD/ 115022/2016) Database management: FCT-UIDB/00329/2020-2024 (Thematic Line 1 — integrated ecological assessment of environmental change on biodiversity) and also FCT-UIDP/ 00329/2020-2023. Sampling methods Description: The study was conducted in three of Cory’s shearwater colonies, on Terceira Island (total area: 400.2 km?; maximum elevation: 1021 m a.s.l; -38°40'N, 27°10'W). Chanoca colony is located on the southern coast of the Island (maximum elevation: 21 m a.s.l; 38°39'36.0288"N, 27°17'42.1872"W) and it is formed by cliffs and rocky bays, slightly covered by some herbaceous plants such as sour fig Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. Raminho colony (maximum elevation: 90 m a.s.l; 38°46'50.5668"N, 27°21'23.6736"W) is located in the north-west and it is characterised by cliffs dominated by native forests, mainly composed by Erica azorica Hochst. ex Seub and Morella faya (Aiton) Wilbur. Finally, the Agualva colony (maximum elevation: 34 m a.s.l; 38°47'40.6068'N, 27°11'28.3452"W) is located in the north of the Island and it consists of a rocky area scarcely covered by patches of native vegetation (E. azorica). Sampling description: Motion-triggered infrared cameras (Bushnell Trophy HD, Moultrie 880i and 990i) were installed in the colonies at the beginning of the breeding season (e.g. Lamelas-Lopez et al. (2020)). We installed one camera per nest, which remained recording continuously until the end of the breeding season or until the nest was abandoned or depredated and then the camera was moved to another nest. The cameras were deployed at 50-100 cm of the nest entrances. Cameras were configured to take 8 MB-photos, with 30 seconds of delay between them (Lamelas-Lopez and Salgado 2020, Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2021). Date and time were automatically recorded for each event. The nests were monitored each 10 days, in order to assess the nest condition and to replace the SD cards and the batteries of the cameras, if necessary. The study was conducted from 7 April and 23 October 2019. The obtained photos were posteriorly analysed and identified by L.L.L. Quality control: All the photos were carefully verified by the authors. Step description: Between 7 April and 23 October 2019, a total of 32 camera-traps were installed in three of Cory’s shearwater colonies on Terceira Island, covering the entire breeding period. We searched occupied nests and installed one camera per nest, which remained recording continuously until the end of the breeding season or until the nest was abandoned or depredated and then the camera was moved to another nest. Cameras were deployed at 50-100 cm of the nest entrance and were programmed to take photos, which recorded date and time of the event. Nests were monitored each 10 days, in order to Surveying Cory Shearwater colonies with camera traps and identifying potential ... 5 assess the nest condition and to replace the SD cards and batteries of the cameras. The obtained photos were posteriorly analysed and identified by L.L.L. The data have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. We provided an event data table, which contains 2976 records; and an occurrence data table, with 6972 records. Geographic coverage Description: Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Coordinates: 3843'17"N Latitude; 27°13'14"W Longitude and . Taxonomic coverage Description: The following Classes and Orders are covered: Aves: Procellariiformes, Columbiformes, Passeriformes; Mammalia: Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Rodentia; Reptilia: Squamata. Taxa included: Rank Scientific Name Common Name class Aves Birds class Mammalia Mammals class Reptilia Reptiles order Procellariiformes Petrels order Columbiformes Doves order Passeriformes Passerines order Carnivora Carnivores order Lagomorpha Rabbits order Rodentia Rodents Temporal coverage Data range: 2019-4-07 - 2019-10-23. Usage licence Lamelas-Lopez L, Borges P Usage licence: Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero) Data resources Data package title: Camera-traps_ Seabirds 2019 Resource link: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=camera-trap seabirds 2023 Alternative identifiers: https:/Awww.gbif.org/dataset/7fa446fd-caf6-43a4-83f6- b2cbb06c51c7 Number of data sets: 2 Data set name: Event Table Character set: UTF-8 Download URL: hitp://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=camera-trap seabirds 2023 Data format: Darwin Core Archive Data format version: version 1.2 Description: The dataset is available on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (Lamelas-Lopez and Borges 2023). The following data table includes records at species level. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: event and occurrence tables. The data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DWCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The event table contains 2976 records. This IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit) archives the data and, thus, serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download from Lamelas-Lopez and Borges (2023). Column label id eventID samplingProtocol sampleSizeValue sampleSizeUnit eventDate year month Column description Unique identification code for sampling event data. Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. The sampling method used to obtain the records. The number of days that the cameras remain active in each sampling. The unit of the sample size value. Date or date range the record was collected. Year of the event. Month of the event. Surveying Cory Shearwater colonies with camera traps and identifying potential ... 7 day Day of the event. habitat The habitat type in which the event occurred. fieldNotes Notes about the use or non-use of bait in the sampling sites. locationID Identifier of the location. islandGroup Name of archipelago. island Name of the island. country Country of the sampling site. countryCode ISO code of the country of the sampling site. stateProvince Name of the region of the sampling site. municipality Municipality of the sampling site. locality Name of the locality. decimalLatitude The geographic latitude, in decimal degrees. decimalLongitude The geographic longitude, in decimal degrees. geodeticDatum The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. coordinateUncertaintyInMeters Uncertainty of the coordinates, in metres. coordinatePrecision Precision of the coordinates. georeferenceSources A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources. Data set name: Occurrence Table Character set: UTF-8 Download URL: http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=camera-trap_seabirds_ 2023 Data format: Darwin Core Archive Data format version: version 1.2 Description: The dataset is available on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (Lamelas-Lopez and Borges 2023). The following data table includes records at species level. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: event and occurrence tables. The data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DWCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The occurrence table contains 6972 records. This IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit) Lamelas-Lopez L, Borges P archives the data and, thus, serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download from Lamelas-Lopez and Borges (2023). Column label Column description id Unique identification code for species abundance data. institutionID The identity of the institution publishing the data. institutionCode The code of the institution publishing the data. datasetName Name of the dataset. basisOfRecord The nature of the data record. occurrencelD organismQuantity organismQuantityType behaviour establishmentMeans Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier. A number or enumeration value for the quantity of organisms. The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms. Information about the circadian activity of the individuals. The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: 'native’, ‘introduced’, 'endemic’, 'Macaronesian native’. occurrenceStatus Information about the presence/absence of a taxon at a camera location. eventID Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. identifiedBy Name of the researcher who performed the identification of the photos. dateldentified Year of the identification of the photos content. identificationRemarks Additional information about species identity, according to species code on the Azorean Biodiversity Portal (https://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/). scientificName Complete scientific name including author and year. kingdom Kingdom name. phylum Phylum name. class Class name. order Order name. family Family name. genus Genus name. specificEpithet Specific epithet. infraspecificEpithet Infraspecific epithet. taxonRank Lowest taxonomic rank of the record. scientificNameAuthorship Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record. Surveying Cory Shearwater colonies with camera traps and identifying potential ... 9 Additional information A total of 6972 records of vertebrates were obtained, belonging to three classes, seven orders, 11 families and 15 species (Table 1). Nine species of birds were recorded, of which four are considered Azorean endemic subspecies (Columba palumbus azorica Hartert, 1905; Fringilla coelebs moreletti Pucheran, 1859; Sylvia atricapilla gularis Alexander, 1898; and Turdus merula azorensis Hartert, 1905), two native non-endemic (Ca/onectris borealis (Cory, 1881); and Erithacus rubecula rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758), one Macaronesian endemic (Serinus canaria (Linnaeus, 1758)) and two introduced (Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1758; and Passer domesticus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) (Borges et al. 2010). Five species of mammals were detected, namely Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758; Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758; Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766; Oryctolagus_ cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758); and Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758), which are all introduced species in the Azores. Finally, we recorded one single species of reptile, Teira dugesii (Milne- Edwards, 1829), which is also introduced coming from Madeira (native range). Most of records (n = 5414) were of C. borealis, given that the cameras were deployed focusing on nest entrances. The most abundant bird species detected were E. r. rubecula (n = 245) and 7. merula azorensis (n = 432), which are native and endemic species, respectively. Introduced bird species showed low abundance (C. livia domestica n = 13 records; P. d. domesticus n = 21 records). This is probably associated with the habitat types, given that native bird species are more frequent in native vegetation areas, as are the studied areas, while introduced bird species are commonly associated with more human-disturbed habitats. Table 1. Abundance, colonisation status (CS) and IUCN categories (IUCN) of species recorded in the three Cory’s shearwater colonies of Terceira Island (Azores), in 2019, based on camera-trapping data. Abbreviations: endemic subspecies of Azores (end); endemic of Macaronesia (mac); introduced (int); native non-endemic (nat); LC Least Concern; AGU Agualva Colony, CHA Chanoca colony, RAM Raminho colony. Class Order Species CS IUCN AGU CHA RAM Aves Columbiformes = Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1758 int LC 0 13 0 Aves Columbiformes § Columba palumbus azorica Hartert, 1905 end LC 2 2 13 Aves Passeriformes Fringilla coelebs moreletti Pucheran, 1859 end LC 1 3 7 Aves Passeriformes Serinus canaria (Linnaeus, 1758) mac LC 1 0 1 Aves Passeriformes Passer domesticus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 int LC 1 16 4 Aves Passeriformes Sylvia atricapilla gularis Alexander, 1898 end LC 33 0 8 Aves Passeriformes Erithacus rubecula rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758) nat LC 34 0 211 Aves Passeriformes Turdus merula azorensis Hartert, 1905 end LC 103 7 322 10 Lamelas-Lopez L, Borges P Class Order Species CS IUCN AGU CHA RAM Aves Procellariiformes Calonectris borealis (Cory, 1881) nat LC 939 1801 2674 Mammalia Carnivora Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 int LC 29 27 12 Mammalia Carnivora Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 int LC 4 0 0 Mammalia Lagomorpha Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) int LC 2 0 0 Mammalia Rodentia Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 int LC 4 82 24 Mammalia Rodentia Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) int LC 45 29 220 Reptilia Squamata Teira dugesii (Milne-Edwards, 1829) int LC 15 283 0 Most abundant mammal species were rodents R. rattus (n = 294) and M. musculus (n = 110) and the domestic cat (n = 68). These species were detected in all C. borealis colonies and they are known predators of terrestrial birds and seabirds in many islands worldwide (Bolton et al. 2008, Medina et al. 2014; Spatz et al. 2017) and particularly in the Azores islands (Monteiro et al. 1996, Hervias et al. 2013a, Hervias et al. 2013b, Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2020, Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2021; Fig. 1). M. nivalis has also been reported has a potential predator of native birds in the Archipelago, but our data suggest that the impact will be probably low (we only recorded four events in one colony). #MOULTRIECAM 25 JUL 2019 09:27 am Figure 1. EES Record of Felis catus predating on a chick of Calonectris borealis in Chanoca colony. Teira dugesii was detected in the colonies (n = 298), mainly in the Chanoca colony, which is dominated by rocky areas. Additionally, in the dataset, we also provided information about the behaviour of the species, particularly of the circadian activity of the species. Calonectris borealis Surveying Cory Shearwater colonies with camera traps and identifying potential ... 11 demonstrated to be more active during the dawn and dusk (n = 1738 records) and night (n = 3235 records), in comparison with day (n = 441 records). In general, introduced mammal predators were also more frequently observed during these periods. For example, R. rattus was mainly detected during the night (n = 217) or crepuscule (n = 64) in comparison with the day (n = 13). However, the F. catus was detected during all of the day (crepuscule n = 26, night n = 21, day n = 21). Identification of introduced predator species and information of their abundance, habitat preferences or behaviour are crucial for information to design effective management plans and conservation actions (Thompson 2007, Lamelas-Lopez et al. 2020). Acknowledgements We thank the Natural Park of Terceira Island for logistic support; and to Ana Sanchez, Giulia Spadoni, Jose Ortola, Natalia Fierro and Clara Polaino for field assistance. LLL was supported by a grant from the Fundagao para a Ciéncia e Tecnologia - FCT (SFRH/BD/ 115022/2016) and is currently funded by the project FCT-UIDP/00329/2020-2023. PAVB is supported by the project FCT-UIDB/00329/2020-2024 (Thematic Line 1 — integrated ecological assessment of environmental change on biodiversity). Author contributions LLL conceived the sampling protocols, performed the fieldwork and led the manuscript writing. LLL and PAVB contributed to dataset preparation and data analysis. PAVB contributed to final manuscript. References ° Amaral J, Almeida S, Sequeira M, Neves VC (2010) Black rat Rattus rattus eradication by trapping allows recovery of breeding roseate tern Sterna dougallii and common tern S. hirundo populations on Feno Islet, the Azores, Portugal. 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