Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e98935 CO)
doi: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e98935 open access
Taxonomy & Inventories

Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb.
nov. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae)

Héctor A. Vargas +

$+ Universidad de Tarapaca, Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas, Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Arica, Chile

Corresponding author: Héctor A. Vargas (lepvargas@gmail.com)
Academic editor: Shinichi Nakahara
Received: 16 Dec 2022 | Accepted: 04 Jan 2023 | Published: 11 Jan 2023

Citation: Vargas HA (2023) Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae,
Larentiinae). Biodiversity Data Journal 11: €98935. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e98935

Abstract

Background

The generic assignment of the geometrid moth Xanthorhoe edmondsii (Butler, 1882)
(Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), originally described under Hypochroma Guenée,
[1858], a junior homonym of Hypochroma Herrich-Schdaffer, [1855] (Geometridae,
Ennominae), is assessed using genitalia morphology and analysis of mitochondrial DNA
sequences.

New information

Morphological characters revealed closeness to the type species of Disclisioprocta
Wallengren, 1861 (Larentiinae). In agreement with morphology, the molecular analysis
clustered X. edmondsii with species of Disclisioprocta in a well-supported monophyletic
group distantly related to members of Xanthorhoe Hubner, [1825]. Accordingly,
Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. is proposed.

© Vargas H. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

2 Vargas H

Keywords

DNA barcoding, genitalia morphology, geometrid moths, Neotropical

Introduction

Natural environments of South America harbour a high diversity of geometrid moths
(Lepidoptera, Geometridae), whose taxonomy remains insufficiently studied (Hausmann
and Parra 2009, Brehm et al. 2016, Murillo-Ramos et al. 2021). Besides the frequent
discovery of new species (Brehm 2018, Ramos-Gonzalez et al. 2019, Moraes et al. 2021,
Vargas 2021), generic assignments of most of the already described species deserve
assessment, as suggested by new combinations arising in taxonomic revisions (Parra
2018) and molecular phylogenetic analyses (Brehm et al. 2019).

The geometrid moth Xanthorhoe edmondsii (Butler, 1882) (Geometridae, Larentiinae) is
known from Chile and Argentina (Butler 1882, Chalup 2014). It was originally described
under Hypochroma Guenée, [1858], a junior homonym of Hypochroma Herrich-Schéaffer,
[1855] (Geometridae, Ennominae) (Parsons et al. 1999). Individuals from northern Chile
reared from larvae collected on the ornamental plant Bougainvillea glabra Choisy
(Nyctaginaceae) were misidentified as Chrismopteryx undularia (Blanchard, 1852), based
on comparison with material from central Chile deposited in the Museo Nacional de
Historia Natural de Santiago (Vargas et al. 2010). Subsequent comparison with a photo of
the type material deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, UK, allowed
concluding that the specimens examined by Vargas et al. (2010) belong to X. edmondsii.

Morphological characters of the genitalia of geometrid moths are extremely useful in
generic assignments (Pitkin 2002, Parra 2018, Viidalepp and Lindt 2019), which can be
reinforced by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences (Brehm et al. 2019, Matson 2022,
Wanke et al. 2022). An examination of the genitalia of X. edmondsii revealed remarkable
morphological differences with Xanthorhoe montanata ([Denis & Schiffermuller], 1775), the
type species of Xanthorhoe Hubner, [1825], suggesting instead closeness with
Disclisioprocta stellata (Guenée, [1858]), the type species of Disclisioprocta Wallengren,
1861. The aim of this study is to propose a new generic assignment for xX. edmondsil,
based on genitalia morphology and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences.

Materials and methods

Specimens examined in this study were collected at light or reared from larvae collected on
B. glabra in the Azapa Valley (18°31'16”S, 70°10’42’W), Arica Province, northern Chile.
Photos of the genitalia were taken with a Leica Flexacam C1 digital camera attached to a
Leica M125 stereomicroscope. Each image was constructed with about 5—10 photos
assembled with the software Helicon Focus 8. The specimens of xX. edmondsii are
deposited in the “Coleccion Entomologica de la Universidad de Tarapaca’” (IDEA), Arica,

Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, ... 3

Chile. The specimens of D. stellata are deposited in the “Colegao Pe. Jesus de Santiago
Moure (DZUP)”, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.

Genomic DNA was extracted from two legs of a male adult using the QlAamp Fast DNA
Tissue Kit, following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA purification, PCR amplification
and sequencing of the barcode region (Hebert et al. 2003) with the primers LCO1490 and
HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994) were performed at Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, South Korea).
The PCR programme was 5 min at 94°C, 35 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 47°C, 1 min at
72°C and a final elongation step of 10 min at 72°C. Analysis of this mitochondrial marker
represents a helpful tool in generic assignments of Lepidoptera, including Geometridae
(Wanke et al. 2019, Wanke et al. 2022, Vargas et al. 2022). The sequence of X. edmondsii
was submitted to a Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis with additional representatives of
Larentiinae downloaded from BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007), following the
Classification provided by Brehm et al. (2019) in which Disclisioprocta belongs to an
unnamed clade sister to Euphyiini. The alignment included sequences of Euphyia Hubner,
[1825] and Oligopleura Herrich-Schéaffer, [1855] as representatives of this tribe, sequences
of Xanthorhoe due to the current generic adscription of X. edmondsii (Parsons et al. 1999)
and sequences of Scotopteryx Hubner, [1825] as outgroups. The software MEGA11
(Tamura et al. 2021) was used to perform sequence alignment with the ClustalW method
and to determine genetic distance using the Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) method. Before the
ML analysis, the substitution saturation of the alignment was assessed with the Xia test,
using the software DAMBE7 (Xia 2018). The ML analysis was performed using the
software IQTREE 1.6.12 (Nguyen et al. 2014) in the web interface W-IQ-TREE
(Trifinopoulos et al. 2016) with data partitioned to codon _ position. ModelFinder
(Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017) selected TNe+l, F81+F and TN+F+G4 as the best fit models
for 1st, 2nd and 3rd partitions, respectively. Branch support was assessed with 1000
replications of the Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT,
Guindon et al. (2010)) and ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot, Hoang et al. (2017)). The unrooted
tree was visualised in FigTree (Rambaut 2014) to root on Scotopteryx.

Taxon treatment

Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov.

Nomenclature

Hypochroma edmondsii Butler, 1882, p. 364. Angulo and Casanueva (1981), p. 21.
Xanthorhoe edmondsii (Butler, 1882): Parsons et al. (1999), p. 964.

Chrismopteryx undularia (Blanchard, 1852): Vargas et al. (2010), misidentification.

Materials

a. scientificName: Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882); higherClassification:
Insecta;Lepidoptera;Geometridae;Larentiinae; continent: South America; country: Chile;

Vargas H

stateProvince: Arica; locality: Azapa Valley; decimalLatitude: -18.52; decimalLongitude:
-70.18; samplingProtoco!: Two males, three females emerged February 2006, reared fom
larvae collected on Bougainvillea glabra January 2006; individualCount: 5; identifiedBy:
Héctor A. Vargas; identificationRemarks: Genitalia slides HAV-1281, 1284, 1286, 1583,
1584; type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: "Coleccién Entomoldgica de la
Universidad de Tarapaca" (IDEA); basisOfRecord: "PreservedSpecimen"; occurrence!D:
99F2E982-F CB8-5F F0-B368-3F 12C8EFFOA6

b. scientificName: Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882); higherClassification:
Insecta;Lepidoptera;Geometridae;Larentiinae; continent: South America; country: Chile;
stateProvince: Arica; locality: Azapa Valley; decimalLatitude: -18.52; decimalLongitude:
-70.18; samplingProtoco!: Two males, one female September 2006 at light;
individualCount: 3; identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; identificationRemarks: Genitalia slides
HAV-1283, 1285, 1287; type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: "Coleccién
Entomoldgica de la Universidad de Tarapaca” (IDEA); basisOfRecord:
"PreservedSpecimen"; occurrence!D: 591A91A6-F832-5EFC-85C4-F03775D0D824

C. scientificName: Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882); higherClassification:
Insecta;Lepidoptera;Geometridae;Larentiinae; continent: South America; country: Chile;
stateProvince: Arica; locality: Azapa Valley; decimalLatitude: -18.52; decimalLongitude:
-70.18; samplingProtoco!: One male May 2022 at light; individualCount: 1;
associatedSequences: BOLD Process ID GEONC001-22; identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas;
identificationRemarks: Genitalia slide HAV-1580; type: PhysicalObject; language: en;
institutionCode: "Coleccién Entomoldgica de la Universidad de Tarapaca" (IDEA);
basisOfRecord: "PreservedSpecimen"; occurrencelD:
6C800146-205F-5AA7-85A5-4470D74F CA88

Description

Male habitus in Fig. 1. Although the male abdominal segments VII and VIII are not part
of the genitalia, these are described here and illustrated because the morphology of the
sclerites of these segments can be modified in different groups of Larentiinae
(Viidalepp 2011).

Figure 1. EESl

Male adult of Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov., dorsal view. Scale bar 10
mm.

Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, ... 5

Male abdominal segments VII and VIII (Fig. 2). Segment VII mostly membranous;
tergum a transverse stripe strongly posteriorly folded in the middle; sternum a
transverse stripe; pleura with pair of coremata. Segment VIII mostly membranous;
tergum an anterior transverse stripe with semicircular expansion on tips, connected by
a short longitudinal stripe with a posterior rectangular transverse plate; sternum an
anterior transverse stripe posteriorly curved in the middle, projected as a narrow
longitudinal stripe posteriorly bifid, triangular expansion near tip of the anterior
transverse stripe.

Figure 2. EESl

Male abdominal segments VII and VIII of Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov.
A) Coremata (stars) of segment VII and sclerites of segments VII (closed arrows) and VIII
(open arrows); terga on left, sterna on right. B) Segments VII and VIII showing right corema of
segment VII expanded. Scale bar 1 mm.

Male genitalia (Fig. 3). Uncus bifid with broad posterior concavity in the middle,
truncate points slightly down-curved. Saccus with small rounded anterior projection.
Subscaphium slightly sclerotised. Labides with lobe-like tip bearing setae. Manica
heavily spinose. Juxta trapezoidal, ventral half of lateral margin broadly concave,
ventral margin broadly concave. Valva elongated; costal sclerotised band not reaching
apex; cucullus mostly membranous on distal half with abundant setae; sacculus broad,
well-sclerotised; sacculus projection stout, apex almost reaches that of the distal
margin of the cucullus, with a broader, dorsally projected basal process. Phallus
cylindrical, anterior half straight, posterior half curved, with a small spine-like projection
ventrally on posterior tip; vesica mostly membranous with a plate-like cornutus.

Female genitalia (Fig. 3). Papillae anales membranous, lobe-like, fused dorsally,
posterior edge with setae on dorsal and lateral parts and elongated, flattened scales on
ventral part. Apophyses posteriores rod-shaped, narrow, slightly longer than apophyses
anteriores. Antrum_ well-sclerotised, flattened, ventrally curved in the middle,
progressively straightening anteriorly. Ductus bursae membranous, about 2/3 length of
the antrum. Corpus bursae membranous, spherical, with 5-7 stout spine-like signa
arising ventrally from the anterior margin of a semicircular slightly sclerotised plate.
Ductus seminalis arising near the posterior tip of ductus bursae.

6 Vargas H

Figure 3. EESl

Genitalia of Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. A) Male genitalia, phallus
removed. B) Phallus. C) Female genitalia. Scale bar 1 mm.

Molecular analysis

Genetic distance of D. edmondsii (BOLD accession GEONC001-22) was 10.3-10.5%
(K2P) with D. natalata and 11.0-11.5% with D. stellata, while the distance between the
latter two was 6.2—7.1%. The alignment was suitable for phylogenetic analysis, as no
evidence of stop codons was detected and the index of substitution saturation was
smaller than the critical value (ISS < ISS.C; p < 0.001) in the Xia test. The ML analysis
(Fig. 4) clustered (D. edmondsii (D. natalata + D. stellata)) with high support. Although
each genus had reasonable statistical support in the ML analysis, relationships
between genera were not resolved.

Discussion

Although the identification of synapomorphies for Disclisioprocta deserves further
assessments based on better knowledge of the morphology of related genera, the
morphological similarities between the genitalia of D. edmondsii (Fig. 3) and D. stellata
(Fig. 5) provide support to consider them as congenerics. The two species have uncus
bifid, costal sclerotised band not reaching apex of the cucullus, a stout sacculus projection
and a plate-like cornutus in the male and a flattened elongated antrum and a cluster of
elongated spine-like signa arising from a plate on the corpus bursae in the female. The
same morphological characters support the removal of D. edmondsii from Xanthorhoe. The
type species of this genus has an elongated rod-like uncus, costa as a sclerotised free arm

Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, ... 7

extending beyond the cucullus apex, sacculus lacking a projection and numerous spine-
like cornuti in the male and a short antrum and two elongated plate-like signa with small
spines in the female (Exposito-Hermosa and Viidalepp 2011).

LPABC353-09 Xanthorhoe decoloraria
92h92 ABOLB838-15 Xanthorhoe montanata*
BLPAG888-07 Oligopleura aulaeata
S494 95/98 BLPAA16771-20 Oligopleura malachitaria*
CGUKD321-09 Euphyia unangulata
= 94/93 CGUKA838-09 Euphyia biangulata*
GEONC001-22 Disclisioprocta edmondsii comb. nov.
— GWOSI504-10 Disclisioprocta natalata
GWOTF283-12 Disclisioprocta natalata
98/98 29/43
ae GWOSI505-10 Disclisioprocta natalata
LNAUT1369-14 Disclisioprocta natalata
96/92 LOCBF4245-14 Disclisioprocta stellata*
100/100 | LOCBF 4249-14 Disclisioprocta stellata*
te LOCBF2619-13 Disclisioprocta stellata*
LOCBF2651-13 Disclisioprocta stellata*
GWOSB291-10 Scotopteryx coarctaria*

94/94 GWORA2583-09 Scotopteryx angularia

0.05

Figure 4. ETSI

Maximum Likelihood tree of Disclisioprocta edmondsii (Butler, 1882) comb. nov. (bold) and
representatives of the lEuphyiini + Xanthorhoini complex of Larentiinae, based on
mitochondrial DNA sequences. Grey rectangle indicates Disclisioprocta Wallengren, 1861.
Asterisks indicate type species. Numbers indicate SH-aLRT/UFBoot values (1000 replicates).

The result of the ML analysis is congruent with the genitalia morphology, since D.
edmondsii clustered with two other representatives of Disclisioprocta in a well-supported
clade, distantly related to members of Xanthorhoe (Fig. 4). The grouping of D. stellata and
D. natalata as sister species agrees with the already highlighted remarkable morphological
similarity of their genitalia (Hausmann 2009). The genetic distances of D. edmondsii with
D. natalata and D. stellata seem higher than commonly reported for other Larentiinae
genera (Stadie et al. 2014, Wanke et al. 2019, Guerrero et al. 2022). However, sequences
deposited in BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) suggest that Disclisioprocta harbours
several more species than the three recognised until recently (Parsons et al. 1999).
Accordingly, it is highly probable that, with an improvement in the knowledge of the
taxonomic diversity of Disclisioprocta, the genetic distance of D. edmondsii to other
congenerics would be smaller. Alternatively, further studies could reveal D. edmondsii as a
member of another, either described or undescribed, lineage of generic level, sister to
Disclisioprocta. In the meantime, its placement in this genus seems a better solution than
its previous adscription to Xanthorhoe, in spite the deep genetic distance with congenerics.

8 Vargas H

Figure 5. EES]

Genitalia of Disclisioprocta stellata (Guenée, [1858]) from Brazil. A Male genitalia, phallus
removed; B Phallus; C Female genitalia. Scale bar 1 mm.

Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses clustered Disclisioprocta with the Neotropical
Ptychorrhoe Warren, 1900 in a clade sister to Euphyiini (Brehm et al. 2019, Murillo-Ramos
et al. 2019). Unfortunately, the genitalia of Ptychorrhoe remain unknown, impeding
comparisons with D. edmondsii. Further morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies
involving members of the Euphyiini + Xanthorhoini complex (Brehm et al. 2019) are
encouraged to determine the circumscription of the genera, identifying their synapomorpies
and improving the current understanding of the evolution of Larentiinae.

Acknowledgements

| would like to thank Axel Hausmann for providing helpful comments and suggestions on a
previous version of the manuscript, Olaf H. H. Mielke for the loan of the R. affirmata
abdomens for dissection, Luis E. Parra for sharing a photo of the type material of D.
edmondsii and Lafayette Eaton for checking the English.

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