Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e97969 OO)
doi: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e97969 open access
Taxonomy & Inventories

Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. (Trichoptera,
Limnephilidae), a new species from the Sharr
Mountains, Republic of Kosovo

Halil Ibrahimi*, Astrit Bilalli8, Agim Gashi*, Linda Grapci Kotorit, Valentina Slavevska Stamenkovicl,
Donard Gecit

+ Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina,
Kosovo

§ Faculty of Agribusiness, University of Peja “Haxhi Zeka”, Peja, Kosovo

| Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje, Macedonia

Corresponding author: Astrit Bilalli (astrit.bilalli@unhz.eu)
Academic editor: Henrique Paprocki
Received: 24 Nov 2022 | Accepted: 06 Jan 2023 | Published: 11 Jan 2023

Citation: Ibrahimi H, BilalliA, Gashi A, Grapci Kotori L, Slavevska Stamenkovic V, Geci D (2023) Potamophylax
humoinsapiens sp. n. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), a new species from the Sharr Mountains, Republic of
Kosovo. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e97969. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e97969

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AF39F073-E04C-4765-8B87-4CB7DEA2102C

Abstract

Background

The Sharr Mountains are one of the most important hotspots of terrestrial and freshwater
biodiversity in the Balkan Peninsula, with many endemic and rare species. The caddisfly
studies in this area increased during the past years, although insufficiently investigated
areas still remain.

New information

In this paper, we describe a new species, Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. from the
Sharr Mountains in the Republic of Kosovo, which is morphologically closest to
Potamophylax idliri \brahimi, Bilalli & Kucinic, 2022 and Potamophylax juliani

© Ibrahimi H et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY
4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.

2 lbrahimi H et al

Kumanski, 1999. The males of the new species differ from all known species of the
Potamophylax winneguthi Species Group by their uniquely-shaped parameres, which are
long, bulbous in their basal half and thin in the remaining length, with a bunch of very thin
and long, hair-like spines, grouped uniformly at the apex. The new species further differs
from its most similar congeners by its very wide distance between the dorsal and ventral
edges of the apical part of inferior appendages in lateral view. The new species was found
at three localities from 1416 to 1505 m a.s.l.

Similar to the other species of the Potamophylax winneguthi Species Group, which have
very narrow distribution areas, we posit that Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. is a
microendemic of the Sharr Mountains. The new species is the second known caddisfly
species occurring only in the Kosovan part of the Sharr Mountains.

Keywords

endemic species, Western Balkans, Potamophylax winneguthi Species Group, microscale
distribution

Introduction

The knowledge about the caddisflies of Kosovo has increased significantly over the past
decade. Only few species were known before 2011 (e.g. Pongracz 1923, Marinkovic-
Gospodnetic 1975, Marinkovic-Gospodnetic 1980, Malicky 1986) and the number has
increased to 169 now (e.g. Ibrahimi et al. 2012, lbrahimi et al. 2014, lbrahimi et al. 2015,
lbrahimi et al. 2016, Karaouzas et al. 2018, lbrahimi et al. 2019a, lbrahimi et al. 2019b,
lbrahimi et al. 2022). Despite this, there are still areas which are not completely
investigated and new records, or even species, can still be expected from isolated habitats
of different mountain ranges, such as the the Sharr Mountains, for example.

The Sharr Mountains are one of the most important hotspots of freshwater and terrestrial
biodiversity in the Balkan Peninsula, with many endemic and rare plant and animal species
(e.g. Ibrahimi et al. 2016, lbrahimi and Vehapi 2017, Komnenov 2017, Grapci-Kotori et al.
2022, Halilaj et al. 2021). This mountain range is shared between Kosovo and North
Macedonia, while a smaller portion lies in Albania as well. The largest part of the Sharr
Mountains lies in Kosovo, with a significant portion being a protected area since 1980.
During 2014, the then existing National Park of the Sharr Mountains extended into the
Dragash Municipality and the total protected area in this mountain range now counts for
53,471.48 ha (Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Republic of Kosovo 2015).
Recently, a National Park was proclaimed in the part of the Sharr Mountains belonging the
Republic of North Macedonia as well (Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning,
Republic of North Macedonia 2021).

Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), a new species ... 3

In this paper, we describe a new species of the Potamophylax winneguthi Species Group
from the Sharr Mountains in Kosovo and also discuss morphological, molecular and
ecological features of the Potamophylax winneguthi Species Cluster.

Materials and methods

Fieldwork, identification and taxonomic work. We collected adults of the new species
with ultraviolet light traps. Nocturnal light trapping followed Malicky (2004). Specimens
were stored directly into 90% ethanol. The collected material is deposited at the
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of
Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina’, Prishtiné, Kosovo. For comparative assessments of
morphological features of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n., we used specimens of
Potamophylax juliani Kumanski, 1999, Potamophylax winneguthi Malicky, 1999 (in
Kumanski and Malicky 1999), Potamophylax idliri lbrahimi, Bilalli & Kucinic, 2022 (in
lbrahimi et al. 2022) and Potamophylax coronavirus |brahimi, Bilalli & Vitecek, 2021 (in
lbrahimi et al. 2021), collected in Osogovo Mountain in Bulgaria, Zlatibor Mountain in
Serbia, Jastrebac Mountains in Serbia and Bjeshkét e Nemuna in Kosovo, accordingly. For
the lacking species, comparative assessment was done, based on literature (Kumanski
and Malicky 1999, Malicky 2004).

, 4

Figure 1. EESl

Type locality of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n.: a tributary of the Lepenc River along the
Brezovicé - Prevallé road.

Morphological characteristics of male terminalia of the new species were examined in
specimens cleared in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH). Nomenclature of male terminalia

follows Nielsen (1957) for Limnephilus flavicornis (Fabricius, 1787) and Kumanski and

lbrahimi H et al

Malicky 1999. Systematic nomenclature follows Morse (2023).

Morphological features of genitalia of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. were analysed
from 12 male specimens by using the Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope. Illustrations
were prepared in Adobe Illustrator (version Creative Cloud 2018) by digitising pencil

templates drawn in the pictures taken with Olympus SC50 camera.

Specimens of the new species were collected at three localities in the Sharr Mountains,

belonging to the Shtérpce and Prizren Municipalities (Fig. 1)

Taxon treatment

Potamophylax humoinsapiens \|brahimi & Bilalli, sp. n.

ZooBank 95A49795-937A-419F-BA72-A85AD2C1C98E

Materials

Holotype:

a.

class: Insecta; order: Trichoptera; family: Limnephilidae; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN;
genus: Potamophylax; continent: Europe; waterBody: Aegean Sea Basin; country:
Kosovo; countryCode: XKS; municipality: Shtérpce; locality: main road towards Prevallé;
verbatimLocality: sidestream of the Lepenc River; verbatimElevation: 1416;
decimalLatitude: 42.172804; decimalLongitude: 20.969464; samplingProtocol: UV light
trap; year: 2021; month: 11; day: 12; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult;
recordedBy: Halil lbrahimi, Astrit Bilalli; occurrence!D: 6£91A186-F8FF-5E67-A55C-
F4BF514BD704

Paratypes:

a.

class: Insecta; order: Trichoptera; family: Limnephilidae; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN;
genus: Potamophylax; continent: Europe; waterBody: Aegean Sea Basin; country:
Kosovo; countryCode: XKS; municipality: Shtérpce; locality: main road towards Prevallé;
verbatimLocality: sidestream of the Lepenc River; verbatimElevation: 1416;
decimalLatitude: 42.172804; decimalLongitude: 20.969464; samplingProtocol: UV light
trap; year: 2021; month: 11; day: 12; individualCount: 12; sex: males; lifeStage: adults;
recordedBy: Halil Ibrahimi, Astrit Bilalli; occurrence!D: 89E22BF4-8039-5F0B-
A92B-6620CF80DFB8

class: Insecta; order: Trichoptera; family: Limnephilidae; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN;
genus: Potamophylax; continent: Europe; waterBody: Aegean Sea Basin; country:
Kosovo; countryCode: XKS; municipality: Shtérpce; locality: 2 km away from the main
road Shtérpce - Prevallé; verbatimLocality: Lepenc River; verbatimElevation: 1505;
decimalLatitude: 42.176299; decimalLongitude: 20.9841 70; samplingProtocol: UV light
trap; year: 2021; month: 11; day: 20; individualCount: 20; sex: males; lifeStage: adults;
recordedBy: Halil lbrahimi, Astrit Bilalli; occurrence!|D: 97FDA7E5-5061-50AA-9C21-
CEOADE296551

class: Insecta; order: Trichoptera; family: Limnephilidae; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN;
genus: Potamophylax; continent: Europe; waterBody: Aegean Sea Basin; country:
Kosovo; countryCode: XKS; municipality: Shtérpce; locality: few kilometers before

Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), a new species ... 5

Brezovica ski center; verbatimLocality: tributary of the Lepenc River; verbatimElevation:
1457; decimalLatitude: 42.185053; decimalLongitude: 21.006089; samplingProtocol: UV
light trap; year: 2021; month: 11; day: 12; individualCount: 7; sex: males; lifeStage: adults;
recordedBy: Halil lbrahimi, Astrit Bilalli; occurrence!|D: 68CC6836-CFAE-5D3A-8226-
FA10865B105E

Description

Male. General appearance (Fig. 2). Head and appendages brown, prothorax, sclerites
of meso- and metathorax, coxae and femora dark brown to brown; tibiae and tarsi
brown. Wings light brown with brown setae. Male maxillary palps each 3-segmented.
Length of each forewing 14.9-15.9 mm. Spur formula 1-3-4. Antennae brown.

Male genitalia (Figs 3, 4, 5, 6). Tergite VIII generally light brown with only a few darker
patches, in dorsal view roughly rectangular, with apical portion slightly narrower,
several irregularly distributed setae concentrated on proximal sclerotised portion of
segment VIII, spinate area located on semi-membranous distal portion of segment VIII
with slightly wider proximal portion in dorsal view, elongated, covered by small black
spines. Segment IX light brown with few darker patches, with narrow dorsal and ventral
portions, laterally broad, convex anteriorly. Superior appendages light brown, in lateral
view long, subrectangular, with rounded tips, covered with fine pale setae of medium
length, base slightly narrower than the apex. Intermediate appendages, sickle-shaped
with accuminate apex, strongly turned upwards. Inferior appendages with bifid apex,
turned upwards, each with longer ventral edge. Phallic apparatus consisting of
aedeagus of medium length and a pair of parameres. Aedeagus bulbous in ventral
view, wide at tip, with bifid apex, apicomesal excision medium-U-shaped; parameres
long, with very wide basal half and slender apical half in lateral view, bearing a bunch
of apical thin and long hair-like spines, grouped uniformly.

. 7 *
- 4 y
a ‘a
ba = A -
Le =e
pe 7

Figure 2. EES]
Male adult of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n.

Ibrahimi H et al

Figure 3. EESl

Male genitalia of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n.: A. left lateral view; B. dorsal view.

Figure 4. El

Male genitalia of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n.: A. left lateral view; B. dorsal view.

Diagnosis

Males of the new species are most similar to those of Potamophylax idliri. They have
some resemblance with P. coronavirus and P juliani as well and, thus, we compare it
with all the three species (Figs 7, 8). The males of the new species differ from all
known species of the Potamophylax winneguthi Species Group primarily by their
uniquely-shaped parameres and inferior appendages. The P- humoinsapiens sp. n.
male differs from that of its most similar congeners mainly in exhibiting the combination
of the following characters: (1) in lateral view very long paramere shaft, bulbous in
basal half, thin in the remaining length; (2) median ventral incision on paramere shaft in

Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), a new species ... if

lateral view; (3) parallel set-up of the basal 2/3" of parameres on ventral view, with
distal thirds diverging greatly from each other; (4) 30-40 very thin and long apical hair-
like spines on parameres, grouped uniformly, curved and directed mesad in lateral
view, almost reaching apex of the aedeagus in ventral view; (5) very wide distance
between the dorsal and ventral corners of the apical part of inferior appendages, 2.1
times wider than in P. coronavirus, 1.4 times wider than in P idlin and 1.2 times wider
than in P juliani; and (6) longer ventral edge of inferior appendages. The P idliri male
has long shaft of parameres, very narrow mesally, wide apically on lateral view; ventral
incision on paramere shaft is located right after the basal third on lateral view; parallel
set-up of the basal 1/3 of parameres, with the remaining length gradually diverging
from each other on ventral view; 10-15 medium long and very thick apical spines of
different sizes on parameres, grouped irregularly, directed mesad; longer ventral edge
of inferior appendages on lateral view. The P juliani male has a short shaft of
parameres with wider basal half on lateral view without any incision; parallel set-up of
parameres, only with apices diverging from each other on ventral view; medium long
5-10 medium thick apical spines on parameres; ventral and dorsal corners of inferior
appendages parallel to each other, directed mesad on lateral view. The P. coronavirus
male has a short shaft of parameres, slightly wider on basal half on lateral view; ventral
margin of paramere shaft straight, without any incision on lateral view; parallel set-up of
parameres, only with apices diverging from each other, on ventral view; short, thick
5-10 apical spines on parameres; ventral and dorsal corners of inferior appendages
parallel to each other, directed mesad on lateral view.

Figure 5. EES]

Aedeagus and parameres of the male genitalia of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n.: A.
ventral view; B. lateral view.

8 lbrahimi H et al

Figure 6. El

Aedeagus and parameres of the male genitalia of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n.: A.
ventral view; B. lateral view.

Etymology

The species epithet is a combination of two Latin words, ‘humo’, which in English
means ‘to cover with soil, to bury’ and ‘insapiens’ meaning ‘unwise’ and refers to the
unwise and careless treatment of habitats of the new species, degraded greatly during
the past years by hydropower plants and other activities. In some segments, the whole
parts of the Lepenc River are ‘buried’ in large pipes.

Ecology

Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. was found at three localities during 2021 in the
Sharr Mountains, in the tributaries of the Lepenc River. All sampling sites are located
inside a forested area. The substrates of streams close to the sampling sites were
dominated by meso- to macrolithal substrate, surrounded by dense riparian vegetation.
The species was captured only by ultraviolet light traps. The species was collected
during October and November, implying it has an autumn flying period. All sampling
sites are located in upstream sections of streams and rivers.

Discussion

Two male specimens of Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. have been found during 2009
in tributaries of the Lepenc and Lumbardhi i Prizrenit Rivers. The genetic distinction,
calculated based on sequencing of the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit

Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), a new species ... 9

| gene (CO/) between Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. and other species of the
Potamophylax winneguthi Species Group, was found to be on par with those of the other
morphologically recognised species in the group and especially the other five species of
the P. winneguthi Species Cluster (Ibrahimi et al. 2021, lbrahimi et al. 2022). These
molecular analysis showed that the closest species to Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n.
is Potamophylax idliri from the Jastrebac Mountains in Serbia, with the p-distance of 4%.
However, due to the low number of specimens, we refrained from describing it as a new
species at that time. During 2021, we collected a large number of male specimens and,
based on a large scale analysis of more than 40 male specimens, we realised that the
differences in paramere shape, spine pattern, inferior appendages and other characters
are stable and easily distinguishable from all other species of this Species Group.

Figure 7.

Lateral profiles of male genitalia of four species of the Potamophylax winneguthi Species
Cluster.

a: Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp.n. EFS]

b: Potamophylax idliri Ibrahimi, Bilalli & Kucinic, 2022. EER

c: Potamophylax coronavirus Ibrahimi, Bilalli & Vitecek, 2021. EFS]

d: Potamophylax juliani Kumanski, 1999. EPS

Currently the Potamophylax winneguthi Species Cluster contains six species, all of them
confined to certain mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. Species of this cluster have
diversified in several characters of the male terminalia, the most visible being paramere

10 lbrahimi H et al

shaft shape and size, paramere spine pattern and length and inferior appendages shape.
Paramere shaft varies in length, width of basal and apical parts, as well as the curvature.
Paramere spine pattern is especially diverse in this species complex. Spines vary from
being very thick in P winneguthi, medium thick in P juliani, P. idliri and P. coronavirus and
very thin and hair-like in P humoinsapiens sp. n. Length of paramere spines varies from
very short as 1/5" of the total paramere shaft lengh in P. juliani and P. coronavirus, as 1/3"
of paramere shaft in P /dliri, as half of paramere shaft in P humoinsapiens sp. n. and as
long as paramere shaft in P winneguthi. In P haidukorum Malicky, 1999 spines are lacking
completely and paramere shaft is long and slender. The level of divergence in the female
terminalia remains to be studied, as currently only females of P juliani, P winneguthi and P.
haidukorum are described (Kumanski and Malicky 1999, Olah and Kovacs 2012, Olah and
Kovacs 2013).

Figure 8.

Lateral profiles of male genitalia of four species of the Potamophylax winneguthi Species
Cluster: 1. lateral view; 2; dorsal view of intermediate appendages; 3. lateral view of
parameres.

a: Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp.n. EFS]

b: Potamophylax idliri Ilbrahimi, Bilalli & Kucinic, 2022. EE

c: Potamophylax coronavirus Ibrahimi, Bilalli & Vitecek, 2021. EES]

d: Potamophylax juliani Kumanski, 1999. ERS]

Species of the Potamophylax winneguthi Species Group are all found at isolated habitats
at different mountain ranges of the Balkan Peninsula, usually at upstream segments of
streams and rivers. These habitats have deteriorated heavily during the past decades by
illegal logging, pollution and water extraction. Considering the fact that all species of this
cluster up to now are known to be microscale endemics of certain mountain ranges, we
posit that other new species will be found in the Balkans in future.

Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), a new species ... 11

Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n. is the second known endemic caddisfly species
occurring only in the Kosovan part of the Sharr Mountains, the first one being Drusus
sharrensis lbrahimi, Kucinic & Vitecek, 2015. This part of the Sharr Mountains represents
the spring and upstream area of two rivers, namely Lepenc and Lumbardhi i Prizrenit.
During the past decade, both rivers have deteriorated heavily, primarily by construction of
dams and hydropower plants, illegal logging and pollution. Some of these activities occur in
the very vicinity of the freshwater ecosystems where the new species is found. During the
sampling of 2021, the new species was not found at one of the localities where it was
sampled during 2009. Although large areas of upstream segments of both rivers are within
the borders of the protected area, more law enforcement activities in the field are needed
in order to protect unique freshwater diversity of this part of the Sharr Mountains, including
the newly-described species Potamophylax humoinsapiens sp. n.

Acknowledgements

This investigation was financed by the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and
Information of the Republic of Kosovo within the project "Identification of some rare
NATURA 2000 and other invertebrate species in the Aegean Basin, Kosovo", project holder
Halil lbrahimi.

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