Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e63945 OO) doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e63945 open access Taxonomic Paper Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Shuting Qiu*, Bin Chen*§, Jianguo Du*§, Kar-Hoe Loh, Jianji Liao*, Xinming Liu, Wen Yang* $ Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China § Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory ofMarine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, China | Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, China Corresponding author: Jianguo Du (dujianguo@tio.org.cn) Academic editor: Yahui Zhao Received: 04 Feb 2021 | Accepted: 01 Mar 2021 | Published: 08 Mar 2021 Citation: Qiu S, Chen B, Du J, Loh K-H, Liao J, Liu X, Yang W (2021) Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e63945. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e63945 Abstract Background The Xisha Islands are composed of the Yongle Islands and the Xuande Islands in Hainan Province, China. It has one of the highest species diversity in the world and is also a typical oceanic distribution area of coral reefs globally. The ichthyofauna of the Xisha Islands were recorded by underwater visual census in May 2019 and July 2020. The survey data were combined with previous records of species into the checklist of the Xisha Islands presented herein. A total of 691 species, belonging to 24 orders and 97 families, was recorded. The major families were Labridae, Pomacentridae, Serranidae, Chaetodontidae, Hexanchidae, Lutjanidae, Scaridae, Gobiidae, Scorpaenidae and Carangidae. In this study, the Coral Fish iversity Index (CFDI) of six families (Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae, Scaridae and Acanthuridae) was 229, indicating 756 coral fishes. In terms of the IUCN Red List, one species is Critically Endangered (G/yphis gangeticus), six species are Endangered (Stegostoma fasciatum, Aetomylaeus maculatus, Aetomylaeus vespertilio, Epinephelus akaara, Cheilinusundulatus sp. and Xiphias gladius), 16 species are Vulnerable, and 13 species are Near Threatened in the Xisha Archipelago, so conservation should be strengthened in this area in the future. © Qiu S et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Qiu S et al New information One species is a new record for China (Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus) and 23 species are newly found in the Xisha Islands. Keywords Ichthyofauna, Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI), Xisha Islands, newly-recorded species Introduction The Xisha Archipelago is in the midwest of the South China Sea and it is at the northern margin of the Coral Triangle, which has the highest biodiversity in the world (Allen 2008). The Xisha Islands comprise the Yongle Islands and the Xuande Islands and begins in the north from the Beijiao Atoll and ends at the Songtao Bank in the south; Xidu Bank is in the east and Zhongjian Island in the west. Altogether, there are 29 islands, sandbars and four atolls. The coral reefs of the Xisha Islands are the oldest and most primitive in China. It is also the birthplace of the coral reef ecosystem in the coastal areas of China (Huang et al. 2020). The Xisha Coral Reef Ecological Monitoring Zone was established in 2005 by the State Oceanic Administration of China to monitor and assess the health of coral reefs. The coral reef coverage declined from 53.8% in 2007 to 5.44% in 2016, due to anthropogenic activities, outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish, coral diseases, typhoons and global warming (Li et al. 2017). Several studies have focused on the fishes in the Xisha Islands. For example, 261 species belonging to 48 families of coral reef fishes were found in Beijiao Atoll, Yongxing Island, Huaguang Atoll and five other islands by gillnet and angling (Sun et al. 2004). A total of 146 species belonging to 31 families of fish was reported from the main reefs in Xisha Islands by bottom gillnet (Wang et al. 2011). There were 119 species belonging to 73 genera and 30 families of coral reef fish species reported in the Xisha Islands by underwater visual censuses and 643 species were recorded in combination with other previous studies (Gao et al. 2014). However, several new studies have been published. For example, in Zhaoshu Island, a total of 58 coral reef fish species was recorded, belonging to one class, three orders, 18 families and 37 genera by underwater visual censuses (Yang et al. 2018).The diversity of reef fishes declined from 3.10/m? in 2005 to 1.23/m? in 2013, due to reef degradation and overfishing (Li et al. 2017). The fish list of the Xisha Islands remains incomplete and taxonomic revisions are urgently needed to provide scientific support for follow-up research and protection of reef fishes in the Xisha Islands, especially against the background of intense human activity and rapid global change. Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China 3 Materials and methods In May 2019 and July 2020, a total of 27 sites in the Xisha Islands (Fig. 1) was investigated by underwater visual censuses and more than 50 dives were performed, using a Canon 5D4, together with Seacam 150D and Sea&Sea YS-D2 flashlights. The photos were taken ranging from 5 to 30 m. The species were identified according to the following resources: Reef fishes of the East Indies (Allen and Erdmann 2012), Coral reef atlas of Xisha Islands (Huang 2018), Reef fish identification of Nansha Islands (Fang and Lv 2019), Coral reef fishes of the South China Sea (Fu 2014) and FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2020, Fig. 1) Figure 1. EESl The map showing the survey locations. The Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) is an evaluative index proposed by Allen (1988) to measure the diversity of coral reef fishes using the following formula: Total fish fauna = 3.39 (CFDI) - 20.595 used by for areas under 2,000 km. The CFDI is based on the total number of species in each of the six indicator families (Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, Labridae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae and Scaridae). All selected families are crucial parts of reef communities, widely distributed and firmly related to coral reef ecosystems. This checklist has been arranged in the evolutionary order of class, order, family and species and families are arranged in the evolutionary order of genera and then species name.The newly-recorded species in the Xisha Archipelago are marked with r11 only in the Table. For habitats types, these abbreviations have been used: reef associated (RFA); brackish (BRA); demersal (DEM); amphidromous (AMP); pelagic (PEL); bathydemersal (BAD); benthopelagic (BEP); bathypelagic (BAP); pelagic-neritic (PE); oceanodromous (OD). The IUCN status is indicated as: Critically Endangered (CE); Endangered (EN); Vulnerable (VU); Near Threatened (NT); Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (LC). Threat to humans: Other; Traumatogenic; Poisonous to eat; Venomous; Reports of ciguatera poisoning. 4 Qiu S et al There were 197 species belonging to 28 families found in this survey, of which, one species represented a new record in China (Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus) and 23 species represent new records in the Xisha Islands (Table 1), combined with eight previous studies by Gao et al. (2014) and Sun et al. (2004)Li et al. 2017, Li et al. 2007, Wang 1981, Wang et al. 2011, Yang et al. 2018, Zeng 2004. In total, 690 species were recorded from the Xisha Islands, belonging to 24 orders and 97 families. The order Perciformes was the most dominant order, with 496 species belonging to it. The most dominant family was the family Labridae, which had 75 species; followed by Pomacentridae with 63 species; the third, fourth and and fifth largest families were Serranidae, Chaetodontidae and Hexanchidae, which had 42 species, 39 species and 29 species, respectively. Other major families were Lutjanidae and Scaridae, which both had 26 species, Gobiidae had 22 species; Scorpaenidae and Carangidae had 16 species (Table 1). Table 1. Checklist of the coral fish fauna of the Xisha Islands, China. Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Class Chondrichthyes Order Chimaeriformes Family Chimaeridae Genus Chimaera Chimaera phantasma Jordan & Snyder, BAD 3.5 r1 1900 Order Orectolobiformes Family Orectolobidae Elasmobranchii Order Orectolobiformes Genus Stegostoma Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) RFA Traumatogenic EN 3.1 r1 Family Ginglymostomatidae Genus Vebrius Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831) RFA Traumatogenic VU 4.1 r1,5 Order Lamniformes Family Myliobatidae Genus Aetobatus Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) BRA Traumatogenic NT 4.2 r2 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Genus Aetomylaeus Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray, 1834) BRA Traumatogenic EN 3.8 r2 Aetomylaeus vespertilio (Bleeker, 1852) BEP EN 3.8 r2 Family Alopiidae Genus Alopias Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) PEL VU 4.5 r1,r6 Family Lamnidae Genus /surus Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 PEL Traumatogenic NT 4.5 r2 Order Carcharhiniformes Family Scyliorhinidae Genus Atelomycterus Atelomycterus marmoratus (Anonymous RFA NT 4.1 r [Bennett], 1830) Genus Cephaloscyllium Cephaloscyllium isabellum (Bonnaterre, RFA LC 4.2 r2 1788) Cephaloscyllium umbratile Jordan & RFA 4.5 r4 Fowler, 1903 Family Triakidae Genus Mustelus Mustelus griseus Pietschmann, 1908 DEM 3.5 r3 Family Carcharhinidae Genus Carcharhinus Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Ruppell, RFA Traumatogenic VU 4.2 r1 1837) Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, PN Traumatogenic NT 4.2 r1,r7 1934) Carcharhinus falciformis (Miller & Henle, © RFA Traumatogenic VU 4.5 r1 1839) Carcharhinus limbatus (Miller & Henle, BRA Traumatogenic NT 4.4 r2 1839) 6 Qiu S et al Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) PEL Traumatogenic VU 4.2 r Genus Galeocerdo Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, BRA Traumatogenic NT 4.5 r1 1822) Genus Glyphis Glyphis gangeticus (Muller & Henle, 1839) DEM; Traumatogenic CE 4.2 r1 AMP Genus Hemigaleus Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker, 1852 DEM VU 4.2 r4 Genus Prionace Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) BRA Traumatogenic NT 4.4 r1 Genus Rhizoprionodon Rhizoprionodon acutus (Ruppell, 1837) BEP; LC 4.3 r2 AMP Genus Scoliodon Scoliodon laticaudus Muller & Henle, 1838 BRA NT 3.8 r14r7 Genus Triaenodon Triaenodon obesus (Ruppell, 1837) RFA Traumatogenic NT 4.2 r1 Family Sphyrnidae Genus Sphyrna Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) BRA Other VU 4.1 r1 Order Hexanchiformes Family Hexanchidae Genus Hexanchus Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) BAD Poisonous to eat NT 4.5 r1,r7 Hexanchus nakamurai Teng, 1962 BAD 4.2 r Genus Notorynchus Notorynchus cepedianus (Péron, 1807) BRA Traumatogenic LR 4.7 r4 Genus Myripristis Myripristis botche Cuvier, 1829 RFA LC 4.0 r1 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann, BEP LC 4.0 r2 1903 Myripristis kuntee Valenciennes, 1831 RFA LC 3.4 r6,r8 Myripristis murdjan (Forsskal, 1775) RFA Reports of ciguatera LC 3.4 r1,r7 poisoning Myripristis pralinia Cuvier, 1829 RFA LC 3.5 r1 Myripristis violacea Bleeker, 1851 RFA LC 3.5 r4 Myripristis vittata Valenciennes, 1831 RFA LC 3.8 r3 *Myripristis robusta Randall & Greenfield, DEM r11 1996 Genus Neoniphon Neoniphon argenteus (Valenciennes, RFA LC 4.0 r3 1831) Neoniphon opercularis (Valenciennes, RFA Venomous LC 3.6 r1,r6 1831) Neoniphon sammara (Forsskal, 1775) RFA Venomous LC 3.6 r1,r6,r8,r11 Genus Ostichthys Ostichthys kaianus (Gunther, 1880) BAD LC 4.0 r3 Ostichthys sheni Chen, Shao & Mok, 1990 DEM 3.7 r3 Genus Sargocentron Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskal, 1775) RFA Reports of ciguatera LC 3.6 r1 poisoning Sargocentron violaceum (Bleeker, 1853) RFA Venomous LC 3.6 r1 Sargocentron caudimaculatum (Ruppell, RFA Venomous LC 3.9 r4,r6,r11 1838) Sargocentron cornutum (Bleeker, 1854) BRA Venomous LC 3.6 r4 Sargocentron diadema (Lacepéde, 1802) RFA Venomous LC 3.4 r1 Sargocentron ensifer (Jordan & RFA LC 4.0 r1r7 Evermann, 1903) Sargocentron punctatissimum (Cuvier, RFA LC 3.4 r1r7 1829) Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskal, 1775) RFA Venomous LC 3.6 r4,r7 8 Qiu S et al Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskal, 1775) RFA Reports of ciguatera LC 3.6 r4 poisoning Sargocentron tiere (Cuvier, 1829) RFA Venomous LC 4.2 r3 Sargocentron violaceum (Bleeker, 1853) RFA Venomous LC 3.6 r4 Sargocentron melanospilos (Bleeker, RFA Venomous LC 4.0 r9,r11 1858) Sargocentron microstoma (Gunther, 1859) RFA Venomous LC 3.6 r10,r11 Order Squatiniformes Family Squalidae Genus Centrophorus Centrophorus tessellatus Garman, 1906 BEP 4.3 r1 Genus Squalus Squalus brevirostris Tanaka, 1917 DEM 4.2 r Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881) DEM 4.3 r2 Order Rajiformes Family Rhinobatidae Genus Rhina Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider, RFA Other VU 3.6 r1 1801 Genus Rhynchobatus Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskal, 1775) BRA VU 3.6 r1 Order Myliobatiformes Family Dasyatidae Genus Hemitrygon Hemitrygon bennettii (Miller & Henle, DEM 4.5 r2 1841) Hemitrygon sinensis (Steindachner, 1892) DEM 3.7 r2 Genus Neotrygon Neotrygon kuhilii (Muller & Henle, 1841) RFA Venomous 3.3 r2 Genus Pteroplatytrygon Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Genus Taeniurops Taeniurops meyeni (Muller & Henle, 1841) Genus Urogymnus Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Family Gymnuridae Genus Gymnura Gymnura japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Order Anguilliformes Family Muraenidae Genus Echidna Echidna delicatula (Kaup, 1856) Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789) Echidna polyzona (Richardson, 1845) Genus Gymnomuraena Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw, 1797) Genus Gymnothorax Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett, 1832) Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Ruppell, 1830) Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson, 1845) Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw, 1795) Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789) Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby, 1895 Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker, 1853) Habitat types PEL RFA BRA DEM RFA RFA RFA RFA BRA RFA RFA RFA BRA RFA RFA Threat to humans Venomous Venomous Traumatogenic Venomous Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC VU VU LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 44 4.2 3.5 3.8 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.4 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.2 3.7 Other remarks r r r2 r2 r r r1 r r r r4 r1,r6,r11 r r3 r4 10 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson, 1845) Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker, 1852) Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland, 1844) Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson, 1845) Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepéde, 1803) Genus Scuticaria Scuticaria tigrina (Lesson, 1828) Family Ophichthyidae Genus Myrichthys Myrichthys colubrinus (Boddaert, 1781) Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier, 1816) Genus Pisoodonophis Pisoodonophis rubicundus Order Clupeiformes Family Clupeidae Genus Amblygaster Amblygaster clupeoides Bleeker, 1849 Genus Conger Conger cinereus Rippell, 1830 Order Gonorhynchiformes Family Chanidae Genusa Chanos Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775) Family Centriscidae Genus Aeoliscus Aeoliscus strigatus (Gunther, 1861) Order Stomiiformes Family Sternoptychidae Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA BRA RFA BRA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA BRA RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.0 3.1 4.3 2.4 3.5 Other remarks r r r r r r r r r r r r r6 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Sternoptyx Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781 Sternoptyx obscura Garman, 1899 Family Phosichthyidae Genus Polymetme Polymetme corythaeola (Alcock, 1898) Order Aulopiformes Family Synodontidae Genus Saurida Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Genus Synodus Synodus jaculum Russell & Cressey, 1979 Synodus variegatus (Lacepéde, 1803) Family Alepisauridae Genus Alepisaurus Alepisaurus ferox Lowe, 1833 Order Myctophiformes Family Myctophidae Genus Myctophum Myctophum aurolaternatum Garman, 1899 Order Polymixiiformes Family Polymixiidae Genus Polymixia Polymixia berndti Gilbert, 1905 Order Ophidiiformes Family Carapidae Genus Carapus Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934) Genus Encheliophis Encheliophis homei (Richardson, 1846) Habitat Threat to humans types BAP BAP BEP RFA RFA RFA BAP BAP RFA RFA DEM IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.4 3.3 44 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.6 3.7 11 Other remarks r r r r r r r r1 r r r 12 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup, 1856) Family Bythitidae Genus Dinematichthys Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Bleeker, 1855 Order Lophiiformes Family Antennaridae Genus Antennatus Antennatus dorehensis (Bleeker, 1859) Family Chaunacidae Genus Chaunax Chaunax fimbriatus Hilgendorf, 1879 Family Ogcocephalidae Genus Halicmetus Halicmetus reticulatus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 Genus Halieutaea Halieutaea indica Annandale & Jenkins, 1910 Order Mugiliformes Family Mugilidae Genus Crenimugil Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskal, 1775) Genus Ellochelon Ellochelon vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Genus Moolgarda Crenimugil seheli (Forsskal, 1775) Genus Oedalechilus Plicomugil labiosus (Valenciennes, 1836) Order Atheriniformes Qiu S et al Habitat types IUCN status Threat to humans DEM RFA RFA BAD BAD DEM BRA LC RFA; LC RFA; RFA Trophic level 3.4 2.6 4.3 3.9 3.3 3.4 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.1 Other remarks r r r r r r r r r r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Family Atherinidae Genus Atherinomorus Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) Family Exocoetidae Genus Cheilopogon Cheilopogon arcticeps (Gunther, 1866) Cheilopogon atrisignis (Jenkins, 1903) Cheilopogon cyanopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) Cheilopogon katoptron (Bleeker, 1865) Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus pinnatibarbatus (Bennett, 1831) Cheilopogon spilopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) Genus Cypselurus Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker, 1865) Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) Genus Exocoetus Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Hirundichthys Hirundichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1853) Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes, 1847) Genus Parexocoetus Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson, 1846) Family Hemiramphidae Genus Euleptorhamphus Euleptorhamphus viridis (van Hasselt, 1823) Habitat types RFA; PN PEL PEL PN PN PN PN PN; OD PN; OD PN; OD PEL; OD PN; OD PEL; OD Threat to humans IUCN status LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.4 Other remarks r r r r r r r r r r1,r6 r r r r1r8 13 14 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Hyporhamphus Hyporhamphus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1847) Hyporhamphus gernaerti (Valenciennes, 1847) Family Belonidae Genus Ablennes Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846) Genus Platybelone Platybelone argalus argalus (Lesueur, 1821) Genus Tylosurus Tylosurus acus acus (Lacepéde, 1803) Order Gasterosteiformes Family Pegasidae Genus Pegasus Pegasus laternarius Cuvier, 1816 Family Aulostomidae Genus Aulostomus Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Genus Centriscus Centriscus scutatus Linnaeus, 1758 Family Fistulariidae Genus Fistularia Fistularia petimba Lacepéde, 1803 Order synbranchiformes Family Syngnathidae Genus Corythoichthys Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Ruppell, 1838) Genus Doryrhamphus Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans IUCN types status RFA PN RFA; OD LC RFA LC RFA Traumatogenic LC DEM RFA LC RFA LC RFA LC RFA LC Trophic level 3.5 3.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.3 4.2 3.3 44 3.6 Other remarks r r r r r r r r r1,r8 r1,r6 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Doryrhamphus excisus excisus Kaup, 1856 Genus Trachyrhamphus Trachyrhamphus serratus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Order Scorpaeniformes Family Dactylopteridae Genus Dactyloptena Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier, 1829) Family Scorpaenidae Genus Dendrochirus Dendrochirus bellus (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925) Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier, 1829) Genus Parapterois Parapterois heterura (Bleeker, 1856) Genus Parascorpaena Parascorpaena aurita (Riippell, 1838) Parascorpaena picta (Cuvier, 1829) Genus Pterois Pterois radiata Cuvier, 1829 Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Scorpaena Scorpaena hatizyoensis Matsubara, 1943 Scorpaena neglecta Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 Genus Scorpaenodes Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Scorpaenodes scaber (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) Habitat types RFA RFA RFA DEM RFA DEM RFA RFA RFA RFA DEM DEM RFA RFA Threat to humans Venomous Venomous Venomous Venomous Venomous Venomous IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.6 44 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.6 Other remarks r1 r1 r r r r r r r1,r6 r1,r6 r r r r 15 16 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Scorpaenopsis Scorpaenopsis cirrosa (Thunberg,1793) Genus Sebastapistes *Sebastapistes cyanostigma (Bleeker, 1856) Sebastapistes nuchalis (Gunther, 1874) Genus Synanceia Synanceia verrucosa Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Genus Vespicula Vespicula trachinoides (Cuvier, 1829) Order perciformes Family Serranidae Genus Aethaloperca Aethaloperca rogaa (Forsskal, 1775) Genus Anyperodon Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828) Genus Cephalopholis Cephalopholis argus Schneider, 1801 Cephalopholis aurantia (Valenciennes, 1828) Cephalopholis formosa (Shaw, 1812) Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepéde, 1801) Cephalopholis miniata (Forsskal, 1775) Cephalopholis sonnerati (Valenciennes, 1828) Cephalopholis urodeta (Forster, 1801) Genus Epinephelus Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans types DEM Venomous RFA DEM RFA Venomous DEM RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.5 3.8 3.8 4.2 3.1 4.2 3.9 4.5 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.3 3.8 4.0 Other remarks r r14 r r r r1.r11 r r1,r6,r11 r r r r r r1,r6,r11 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Epinephelus akaara (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskal, 1775) Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) Epinephelus cyanopodus (Richardson, 1846) Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskal, 1775) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskal, 1775) Epinephelus heniochus Fowler, 1904 Epinephelus hexagonatus (Forster, 1801) Epinephelus latifasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) Epinephelus longispinis (Kner, 1864) Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch, 1790) Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 Epinephelus morrhua (Valenciennes, 1833) Epinephelus poecilonotus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) Epinephelus retouti Bleeker, 1868 Epinephelus spilotoceps Schultz, 1953 Epinephelus summana (Forsskal, 1775) Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskal, 1775) Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA DEM RFA DEM RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Traumatogenic Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA; OD Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status EN LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 4.0 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.7 4.1 3.8 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.8 4.1 Other remarks r1 r r r r r4,r6 r1r7,r11 r r r1.r11 r r r r5 r1,r6,r8,r11 r r r r1.r11 r r 17 18 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Gracila Gracila albomarginata (Fowler & Bean, 1930) Genus Grammistes Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg, 1792) Genus Plectropomus Plectropomus areolatus (Riippell, 1830) Plectropomus laevis (Lacepéde, 1801) Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepéde, 1802) Plectropomus oligacanthus (Bleeker, 1855) Genus Pogonoperca Pogonoperca ocellata Gunther, 1859 Genus Pseudanthias Pseudanthias cichlops (Bleeker, 1853) Pseudanthias pascalus (Jordan & Tanaka, 1927) Pseudanthias tuka (Herre & Montalban, 1927) Genus Saloptia Saloptia powelli Smith, 1964 Genus Variola Variola louti (Forsskal, 1775) Family Pseudochromidae Genus Labracinus Labracinus cyclophthalmus (Muller & Troschel, 1849) Genus Pseudochromis Qiu S et al Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC VU LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 4.2 4.0 4.5 4.1 44 4.0 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3 3.9 Other remarks r r1.r11 r r1 r r1r7 r r5 r6,r11 r1 r r r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Pseudochromis fuscus Muller & Troschel, 1849 Family Plesiopida Genus Plesiops Plesiops coeruleolineatus Ruppell, 1835 Family Priacanthidae Genus Heteropriacanthus Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepéde, 1801) Genus Priacanthus Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskal, 1775) Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier, 1829 Family Apogonidae Genus Cheilodipterus Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier, 1828 Genus Fowleria Fowleria aurita (Valenciennes, 1831) Genus Nectamia Nectamia bandanensis (Bleeker, 1854) Genus Ostorhinchus Ostorhinchus nigrofasciatus (Lachner, 1953) Ostorhinchus novemfasciatus (Cuvier, 1828) Ostorhinchus cookii (Macleay, 1881) Genus Pristicon Pristicon trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1828) Genus Sphaeramia Sphaeramia orbicularis (Cuvier, 1828) Family Malacanthidae Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA; OD RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.6 Other remarks r1 r r r1r7 r6 r1,r8,r11 r r r8,r11 r1.r11 r6,r11 r r 19 20 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Malacanthus Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot, 1848 Malacanthus latovittatus (Lacepéde, 1801) Family Microdesmidae Genus Ptereleotris Ptereleotris microlepis (Bleeker, 1856) Family Coryphaenidae Genus Coryphaena Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 Family Echeneidae Genus Echeneis Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Remora Remora albescens (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Remora brachyptera (Lowe, 1839) Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Rhombochirus Remora osteochir (Cuvier, 1829) Family Carangidae Genus Carangoides Carangoides ferdau (Forsskal, 1775) Genus Caranx Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal, 1775) Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA PN; OD _ Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA PEL; OD PEL; OD RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.5 3.5 3.4 44 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.5 Other remarks r r1 r r r r r r r r r1,r7 r1,r11 r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Decapterus Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker, 1851 Genus Elagatis Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Genus Vaucrates Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Scomberoides Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal, 1775) Genus Selar Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) Genus Selaroides Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier, 1833) Genus Seriola Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 Genus Trachinotus Trachinotus baillonii (Lacepéde, 1801) Genus Alectis Alectis indica (Ruppell, 1830) Genus Caranx Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860 Family Bramidae Genus Brama Brama japonica Hilgendorf, 1878 Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA Other RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA; AMP RFA; OD Reports of ciguatera poisoning BEP DEM; OD RFA RFA BEP;OD_ Reports of ciguatera poisoning PEL; OD IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.4 4.3 3.4 4.0 3.8 3.8 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.6 4.1 4.5 4.4 Other remarks r1r7 r r r r1,r7 r r r r r r r1 r 21 22 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Family Lutjanidae Genus Aphareus Aphareus furca (Lacepéde, 1801) Aphareus rutilans Cuvier, 1830 Genus Aprion Aprion virescens Valenciennes, 1830 Genus Eftelis Etelis carbunculus Cuvier, 1828 Genus Lutjanus Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal, 1775) Lutjanus bohar (Forsskal, 1775) Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, 1790 Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskal, 1775) Lutjanus fulvus (Forster, 1801) Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskal, 1775) Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal, 1775) Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier, 1828) Lutjanus quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790) Lutjanus russellii (Bleeker, 1849) Lutjanus sebae (Cuvier, 1816) Lutjanus stellatus Akazaki, 1983 Genus Macolor Macolor niger (Forsskal, 1775) Qiu S et al Habitat types RFA RFA RFA BEP RFA; OD RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.5 3.6 4.3 4.5 3.8 3.6 4.1 3.9 4.3 3.7 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 Other remarks r r r1,r6,r11 r r r r r r1,r11 r1.r11 r1r7 r r1 r r r r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Paracaesio Paracaesio sordida Abe & Shinohara, 1962 Paracaesio xanthura (Bleeker, 1869) Genus Pristipomoides Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1832) Pristipomoides auricilla (Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, 1927) Pristipomoides filamentosus (Valenciennes, 1830) Pristipomoides flavipinnis Shinohara, 1963 Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871) Pristipomoides sieboldii (Bleeker, 1855) Genus Symphorichthys Symphorichthys spilurus (Gunther, 1874) Family Caesionidae Genus Caesio Caesio caerulaurea Lacepéde, 1801 Caesio lunaris Cuvier, 1830 Caesio teres Seale, 1906 Caesio xanthonota Bleeker, 1853 Genus Pterocaesio Pterocaesio digramma (Bleeker, 1864) Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, 1830) *Pterocaesio trilineata Carpenter, 1987 Family Gerridae Genus Gerres Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, 1829 Gerres longirostris (Lacepéde, 1801) Habitat types RFA RFA RFA BEP BEP RFA DEM BEP RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA DEM; AMP RFA Threat to humans IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 2.8 3.4 4.2 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.5 Other remarks r1 r r r r r1 r1r7 r5 r r1.r11 r1r7 r6 r r1,r6,r7 r1,r6,r11 r10,r11 r r 23 24 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Gerres oblongus Cuvier, 1830 Gerres oyena (Forsskal, 1775) Family Callionymidae Genus Neosynchiropus Neosynchiropus ocellatus (Pallas, 1770) Family Haemulidae Genus Diagramma Diagramma pictum (Thunberg, 1792) Genus Plectorhinchus Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides Lacepéde, 1801 Plectorhinchus diagrammus (Linnaeus, 1758) Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus (Cuvier, 1830) Plectorhinchus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Plectorhinchus picus (Cuvier, 1828) Plectorhinchus vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Nemipteridae Genus Pentapodus Pentapodus caninus (Cuvier, 1830) Pentapodus nagasakiensis (Tanaka, 1915) Genus Scolopsis Scolopsis aurata (Park, 1797) Scolopsis bilineata (Bloch, 1793) Scolopsis lineata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Scolopsis monogramma (Cuvier, 1830) Scolopsis taenioptera (Cuvier, 1830) Family Lethrinidae Genus Gnathodentex Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA DEM IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.9 Other remarks r r r r r1,r8,r11 r1 r r r r1.r11 r1.r11 r r r1.r11 r,r8,r11 r6 r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Gnathodentex aureolineatus (Lacepéde, 1802) Genus Gymnocranius Gymnocranius griseus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Genus Lethrinus Lethrinus haematopterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1844 Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepéde, 1802) Lethrinus miniatus (Forster, 1801) Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal, 1775) Lethrinus ornatus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato, 1978 Lethrinus variegatus Valenciennes, 1830 Lethrinus xanthochilus Klunzinger, 1870 Genus Monotaxis Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskal, 1775) Genus Pentapodus Pentapodus setosus (Valenciennes, 1830) Family Sparidae Genus Dentex Dentex tumifrons (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Family Mullidae Genus Mulloidichthys Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacepéde, 1801) Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA DEM RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.9 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 25 Other remarks r1,r6,r7,r8 r1,r7 r r1r7 r r1,r6 r r1.r11 r1r7 r r1,r8,r11 r r1 r r1,r6 26 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Parupeneus Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepéde, 1801) Parupeneus ciliatus (Lacepéde, 1802) Parupeneus crassilabris (Valenciennes, 1831) Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepede, 1801) Parupeneus forsskali (Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1976) Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Parupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett, 1831) Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacepéde, 1801) Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepéde, 1802) Genus Upeneus Upeneus subvittatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Family Pempheridae Genus Pempheris Pempheris oualensis Cuvier, 1831 Family Kyphosidae Genus Kyphosus Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskal, 1775) Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Family Chaetodontidae Genus Chaetodon Chaetodon adiergastos Seale, 1910 Chaetodon auriga Forsskal, 1775 Chaetodon auripes Jordan & Snyder, 1901 Chaetodon bennetti Cuvier, 1831 Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA DEM RFA RFA Poisonous to eat RFA; OD RFA RFA RFA RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 4.2 3.6 2.9 2.0 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.1 Other remarks r1,r6,r7,r8,r11 r1,r6 r6 r1,r6,r8,r11 r4,r6 r6,r8,r11 r1,r6 r1.r11 r7 r r2,r6 r1 r1 r r1,r8,r11 r6,r11 r1,9 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon collare Bloch, 1787 Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon falcula Bloch, 1795 Chaetodon guttatissimus Bennett, 1833 Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790 Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon lunula (Lacepéde, 1802) Chaetodon madagaskariensis Ahl, 1923 Chaetodon melannotus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Chaetodon ornatissimus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon rafflesti Anonymous [Bennett], 1830 Chaetodon semeion Bleeker, 1855 Chaetodon speculum Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Chaetodon trifasciatus Park, 1797 Chaetodon ulietensis Cuvier, 1831 Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758 Chaetodon wiebeli Kaup, 1863 Chaetodon xanthurus Bleeker, 1857 Chaetodon lunulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Genus Coradion Coradion chrysozonus (Cuvier, 1831) Genus Forcipiger Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level on 3.4 3.0 3:5 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.7 2.8 44 3.3 3.4 4.3 2.7 3.6 3.3 3.3 2:7 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.3 2.8 Other remarks r1r11 r r1,r8 r r r1,r11 1.111 r1,r6,r8 r1,r6,r11 r1,r6,r8 r1,r6,r11 r1,r6,r11 r2,r6,r11 r r1.r11 r1,r6,r11 r r6 r1,r6 r1,r6,r11 r1,r6 r6,r7,r8,r11 r10,r11 r 27 28 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Forcipiger flavissimus Jordan & McGregor, 1898 Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet, 1782) Genus Hemitaurichthys Hemitaurichthys polylepis (Bleeker, 1857) Hemitaurichthys zoster (Bennett, 1831) Genus Heniochus Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Heniochus chrysostomus Cuvier, 1831 Heniochus monoceros Cuvier, 1831 Heniochus singularius Smith & Radcliffe, 1911 Heniochus varius (Cuvier, 1829) Genus Roa Roa modesta (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) Genus Parachaetodon Parachaetodon ocellatus (Cuvier, 1831) Family Pomacanthidae Genus Apolemichthys Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1831) Genus Centropyge Centropyge bispinosa (Gunther, 1860) Centropyge heraldi Woods & Schultz, 1953 Centropyge vrolikii (Bleeker, 1853) *Centropyge tibicen (Cuvier, 1831) Genus Genicanthus Genicanthus melanospilos (Bleeker, 1857) Genus Pomacanthus Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch, 1787) Qiu S et al Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA; OD RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.1 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.5 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.4 2.6 Other remarks r6,r11 r1.r11 r6,r11 r r r1,r8,r11 r r r r r r1.r11 r1,r6,r8,r11 r1.r11 r1,r6 r14 r1 r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch, 1787) Pomacanthus semicirculatus (Cuvier, 1831) Pomacanthus sexstriatus (Cuvier, 1831) Genus Pygoplites Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert, 1772) Family Pentacerotidae Genus Histiopterus Histiopterus typus Temminck & Schlegel, 1844 Family Theraponidae Genus Therapon Terapon jarbua (Forsskal, 1775) Terapon theraps Cuvier, 1829 Family Kuhliidae Genus Kuhlia Kuhlia mugil (Forster, 1801) Family Cirrhitidae Genus Cirrhitichthys Cirrhitichthys aureus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) Cirrhitichthys falco Randall, 1963 Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) Genus Cirrhitus Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster, 1801) Genus Paracirrhites Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier, 1829) Family Pomacentridae Genus Abudefduf Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier, 1830) Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Lacepéde, 1801) Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA DEM RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 3.5 3.9 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.0 2.7 Other remarks r1,r6,r11 r r1,r6 r1,r6,r11 r1 r r r r r6,r11 r9,r10,r11 r1.r11 r1,r6,r11 r r1.r11 29 30 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Abudefduf sordidus (Forsskal, 1775) Abudefduf vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) *Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch, 1787) Genus Amblyglyphidodon Amblyglyphidodon aureus (Cuvier, 1830) Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster (Bleeker, 1847) Amblyglyphidodon curacao (Bloch, 1787) Genus Amphiprion Amphiprion akallopisos Bleeker, 1853 Amphiprion bicinctus Ruppell, 1830 Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830) Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort, 1856 Amphiprion perideraion Bleeker, 1855 *Amphiprion percula (Lacepéde, 1802) Genus Chromis Chromis chrysura (Bliss, 1883) Chromis dimidiata (Klunzinger, 1871) Chromis margaritifer Fowler, 1946 Chromis notata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker, 1856) Chromis xanthura (Bleeker, 1854) *Chromis fumea (Tanaka, 1917) *Chromis lepidolepis Bleeker, 1877 Chromis ovatiformes Fowler, 1946 *Chromis caudalis Randall, 1988 *Chromis viridis (Cuvier, 1830) Genus Chrysiptera Qiu S et al Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 2.9 2.6 3.1 2.7 3.4 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.7 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.0 2.9 Other remarks r1,r6,r7 r1,r6,r8,r11 r11 r r1,r6,r11 r8,r11 r r r6,r11 r1,r6,r11 r1,r6 r14 r r r6,r11 r1 r1,r6 r1,r11 r11 r11 r9,r10,r11 r11 r9,r11 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Chrysiptera biocellata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Chrysiptera brownriggii (Bennett, 1828) Chrysiptera cyanea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier, 1830) Chrysiptera chrysocephala Manica, Pilcher & Oakley, 2002 *Chrysiptera unimaculata (Cuvier, 1830) *Chrysiptera talboti (Allen, 1975) Genus Dascyllus Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Dascyllus marginatus (Ruppell, 1829) Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson, 1846) Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riippell, 1829) Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson, 1846) Genus Dischistodus Dischistodus melanotus (Bleeker, 1858) Dischistodus perspicillatus (Cuvier, 1830) *Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus (Allen & Robertson, 1974) Dischistodus prosopotaenia (Bleeker, 1852) *Dischistodus chrysopoecilus (Schlegel & Miller, 1839) Genus Hemiglyphidodon Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon (Bleeker, 1852) Genus Neoglyphidodon Neoglyphidodon melas (Cuvier, 1830) Neoglyphidodon thoracotaeniatus (Fowler & Bean, 1928) Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA RFA PN RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA IUCN status LC Trophic level 2.0 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.1 2.8 3.3 2.7 3.1 2.8 3.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.7 2.0 3.4 2.7 Other remarks r1,r8,r11 r r1,r6 r r9,r11 r11 r14 r1,r8,r11 r r6 r1,r6,r11 r9,r10,r11 r1,r6,r8.r11 r1,r6,r8,r11 r11 r8,r11 r14 r r1,r6 r1,r6 31 32 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Neopomacentrus Neopomacentrus azysron (Bleeker, 1877) Genus FPlectroglyphidodon Plectroglyphidodon dickii (Lienard, 1839) Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus (Bleeker, 1859) Genus Pomacentrus Pomacentrus brachialis Cuvier, 1830 Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan & Starks, 1901 Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker, 1853 Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch, 1787) Pomacentrus philippinus Evermann & Seale, 1907 Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier, 1830 Pomacentrus vaiuli Jordan & Seale, 1906 Pomacentrus bankanensis Bleeker, 1854 Genus Pomachromis Pomachromis richardsoni (Snyder, 1909) Genus Stegastes Stegastes albifasciatus (Schlegel & Miller, 1839) Stegastes fasciolatus (Ogilby, 1889) Stegastes lividus (Forster, 1801) *Stegastes insularis Allen & Emery, 1985 Stegastes lividus (Forster, 1801) Stegastes nigricans (Lacepeéde, 1802) Family Labridae Genus Anampses Qiu S et al Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Traumatogenic Trophic level 3.4 3.7 2.2 2.0 2.6 3.2 2.4 3.0 2.7 2.0 3.1 2.7 3.0 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 Other remarks r6 r1,r6,r11 r1,r6,r8,r11 r8 r r6,r8,r11 r1,r6,r8,r11 r1.r11 r1,r6,r8,r11 r r8,r11 r8,r11 r r1,r8 r1,r8,r11 r r11 r r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Anampses caeruleopunctatus Ruppell, 1829 Anampses melanurus Bleeker, 1857 Anampses meleagrides Valenciennes, 1840 Anampses twistii Bleeker, 1856 Genus Bodianus Bodianus axillaris (Bennett, 1832) Bodianus bilunulatus (Lacepéde, 1801) Bodianus loxozonus (Snyder, 1908) Bodianus macrourus (Lacepéde, 1801) Bodianus mesothorax (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Bodianus oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1862) Genus Cheilinus Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch, 1791) Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1791) Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853 Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepéde, 1801 Cheilinus undulatus Rippell, 1835 Genus Cheilio Cheilio inermis (Forsskal, 1775) Choerodon melanostigma Fowler & Bean, 1928 Choerodon schoenleinii (Valenciennes, 1839) Genus Cirrhilabrus Cirrhilabrus melanomarginatus Randall & Shen, 1978 Cirrhilabrus solorensis Bleeker, 1853 Cirrhilabrus brunneus Allen, 2006 Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC EN LC LC NT LC Trophic level 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.2 Other remarks r r1.r11 r r r1.r11 r,r8 r6 r r6 r r1,r6 r1,r6,r8 r r1.r11 r1.r11 r r r r6,r11 r r 33 34 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura (Bleeker, 1851) *Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Smith, 1957 Genus Coris Coris gaimard (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) *Coris aygula Lacepéde, 1801 Coris dorsomacula Fowler, 1908 Genus Cymolutes Cymolutes lecluse (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Genus Epibulus Epibulus insidiator (Pallas, 1770) Genus Gomphosus Gomphosus varius Lacepéde, 1801 Genus Halichoeres Halichoeres biocellatus Schultz, 1960 Halichoeres chrysus Randall, 1981 Halichoeres hartzfeldii (Bleeker, 1852) Halichoeres hortulanus (Lacepéde, 1801) Halichoeres margaritaceus (Valenciennes, 1839) Halichoeres marginatus Ruppell, 1835 Halichoeres prosopeion (Bleeker, 1853) Halichoeres nigrescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) *Halichoeres melasmapomus Randall, 1981 Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) *Halichoeres zeylonicus (Bennett, 1833) Genus Hemigymnus Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.5 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 Other remarks r9,r11 r10,r11 r1.r11 r14 r9,r10,r11 r1 r1,r8,r11 r1.r11 r11 r6 r r1,r6,r8,r11 r1.r11 r1,r11 r3,r11 r1,r11 r11 r1,r8.r11 r14 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch, 1792) Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch, 1791) Genus Hologymnosus Hologymnosus annulatus (Lacepéde, 1801) Hologymnosus doliatus (Lacepéde, 1801) Genus /niistius Iniistius aneitensis (Gunther, 1862) Iniistius melanopus (Bleeker, 1857) Iniistius pavo (Valenciennes, 1840) Genus Labrichthys Labrichthys unilineatus (Guichenot, 1847) Genus Labroides Labroides bicolor Fowler & Bean, 1928 Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839) Genus Labropsis Labropsis manabei Schmidt, 1931 Genus Macropharyngodon Macropharyngodon meleagris (Valenciennes, 1839) Genus Novaculichthys Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepéde, 1801) Genus Oxycheilinus Oxycheilinus celebicus (Bleeker, 1853) Oxycheilinus digramma (Lacepéde, 1801) Oxycheilinus mentalis (Ruppell, 1828) Oxycheilinus orientalis (Giinther, 1862) Oxycheilinus unifasciatus (Streets, 1877) Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.5 3.6 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.3 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.8 oat 3.8 3.8 4.1 35 Other remarks r1,r6,r11 r1,r6,r11 r1.r11 r9,r10,r11 r r r r1,r6 r6,r11 r1,r6,r11 r1,r6 r1,r8,r11 r1 r1.r11 r1.r11 r r r6,r11 36 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Oxycheilinus bimaculatus (Valenciennes, 1840) Genus Pseudocheilinus Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan & Evermann, 1903 Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (Bleeker, 1857) Genus Pseudocoris Pseudocoris yamashiroi (Schmidt, 1931) Genus Pteragogus Pteragogus flagellifer (Valenciennes, 1839) Genus Stethojulis Stethojulis balteata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Stethojulis bandanensis (Bleeker, 1851) Stethojulis interrupta (Bleeker, 1851) Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett, 1833) Genus Thalassoma Thalassoma cupido (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett, 1830) Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus, 1758) Thalassoma purpureum (Forsskal, 1775) Thalassoma quinquevittatum (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Thalassoma trilobatum (Lacepéde, 1801) Thalassoma lutescens (Lay & Bennett, 1839) Thalassoma amblycephalum (Bleeker, 1856) Family Scaridae Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA DEM RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.1 Other remarks r9,r11 r11 r1,r6 r r1 r r1.r11 r1,r8 r1.r11 r6 r1,r6,r8,r11 r1,r6,r11 r1,r6 r1,r6,r11 r1,r6 r9,r10,r11 r9,r10,r11 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Calotomus Calotomus japonicus (Valenciennes, 1840) Calotomus spinidens (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Genus Cetoscarus Cetoscarus bicolor (Ruppell, 1829) Genus Chlorurus Chlorurus microrhinos (Bleeker, 1854) Chlorurus sordidus (Forsskal, 1775) Chlorurus gibbus (Ruppell, 1829) Chlorurus bleekeri (de Beaufort, 1940) Chlorurus japanensis (Bloch, 1789) Genus Hipposcarus Hipposcarus longiceps (Valenciennes, 1840) Genus Leptoscarus Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Genus Scarus Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker, 1859 Scarus ferrugineus Forsskal, 1775 Scarus festivus Valenciennes, 1840 Scarus forsteni (Bleeker, 1861) Scarus frenatus Lacepéde, 1802 Scarus ghobban Forsskal, 1775 Scarus globiceps Valenciennes, 1840 Scarus niger Forsskal, 1775 Scarus oviceps Valenciennes, 1840 Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA; OD RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 37 Other remarks r r r1,r11 r r1,r6,r7,r8,r11 r r10,r11 r6,r9,r10,r11 r r r1,r8,r11 r1,r7 r1.r11 r1,r8,r11 r1,r11 r r1.r11 r1.r11 r1r7,r11 38 Qiu S et al Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Scarus prasiognathos Valenciennes, 1840 RFA LC 2.0 r1r7 Scarus psittacus Forsskal, 1775 RFA LC 2.0 r1r7,r11 Scarus rivulatus Valenciennes, 1840 RFA LC 2.0 r1,r11 Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1847 RFA LC 2.0 r Scarus scaber Valenciennes, 1840 RFA LC 2.0 r Scarus tricolor Bleeker, 1847 RFA LC 2.0 r1,r7 Scarus schlegeli (Bleeker, 1861) RFA LC 2.0 r9.r10,r11 Family Pinguipedidae Genus Parapercis Parapercis clathrata Ogilby, 1910 RFA 3.6 r1,r11 Parapercis cylindrica (Bloch, 1792) RFA 3.0 r1,r8,r11 Parapercis pacifica Imamura & Yoshino, RFA 3.6 r1,r6,r8,r11 2007 *Parapercis millepunctata (Gunther, 1860) RFA 3.5 r11 *Parapercis xanthozona (Bleeker, 1849) RFA LC 3.6 ri Parapercis hexophtalma (Cuvier, 1829) RFA 3.6 r11 Family Uranoscopidae Genus Uranoscopidae Uranoscopus japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 BAD Venomous LC 4.0 r1 Family Tripterygiidae Genus Helcogramma *Helcogramma chica Rosenblatt, 1960 RFA LC 3.0 r11 Family Blenniidae Genus Aspidontus Aspidontus tractus Fowler, 1903 RFA 2.9 r1 Aspidontus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 3.8 r8,r11 1834 Genus Blenniella Blenniella periophthalmus (Valenciennes, RFA LC 3.3 r1 1836) Genus Cirripectes Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Cirripectes castaneus (Valenciennes, 1836) Cirripectes variolosus (Valenciennes, 1836) Genus Entomacrodus Entomacrodus caudofasciatus (Regan, 1909) Genus /stiblennius Istiblennius dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1836) Istiblennius edentulus (Forster & Schneider, 1801) Istiblennius lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) Genus Meiacanthus Meiacanthus atrodorsalis (Gunther, 1877) Genus Plagiotremus Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852) Plagiotremus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1857) Genus Salarias Salarias fasciatus (Bloch, 1786) Genus praealticus Praealticus margaritatus (Kendall & Radcliffe, 1912) Family Ptereleotridae Genus Nemateleotris Nemateleotris magnifica Fowler, 1938 Genus Ptereleotris Ptereleotris evides (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925) Family Gobiidae Genus Acentrogobius Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA PN RFA RFA Threat to humans Venomous Other IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.5 4.5 3.8 2.0 2.0 3.1 3.4 Other remarks r6,r11 r r r r r1 r6 r6,r11 r6,r11 r r r6,r11 r6,r11 39 40 Qiu S et al Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes, DEM; Poisonous to eat LC 3.5 r1 1837) AMP Genus Amblygobius Amblygobius albimaculatus (Ruppell, RFA 2.6 r1 1830) *Amblygobius nocturnus (Herre, 1945) RFA 2.7 r11 Amblygobius phalaena (Valenciennes, RFA 3.6 r9,r11 1837) Genus Asterropteryx Asterropteryx semipunctata Ruppell, 1830 RFA 2.4 r1 Genus Bathygobius Bathygobius fuscus (Ruppell, 1830) RFA LC 3.4 r1 Genus Callogobius Callogobius sclateri (Steindachner, 1879) RFA 3.3 r1 Genus Ctenogobiops Ctenogobiops feroculus Lubbock & RFA LC 3.4 r8 Polunin, 1977 Genus Eviota Eviota abax (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) RFA 3.2 r1 Eviota prasites Jordan & Seale, 1906 RFA LC 3.1 r9,r11 Genus Gobiodon Gobiodon erythrospilus Bleeker, 1875 RFA 3.4 r1 Gobiodon multilineatus Wu, 1979 RFA 3.2 r Gobiodon oculolineatus Wu, 1979 RFA 3.2 r Gobiodon okinawae Sawada, Arai & Abe, RFA 3.2 r 1972 Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Valenciennes, RFA 3.4 r1 1837) Genus /stigobius Istigobius ornatus (Rippell, 1830) RFA LC 3.5 r1 Genus Paragobiodon Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Ruppell, RFA LC 3.2 r1 1830) Paragobiodon melanosoma (Bleeker, RFA LC 3.1 r1 1853) Paragobiodon xanthosoma (Bleeker, RFA LC 3.2 r1 1853) Genus Priolepis Priolepis semidoliata (Valenciennes, 1837) RFA LC 3.1 r1 Genus Valenciennea Valenciennea longipinnis (Lay & Bennett, RFA 3.0 r1 1839) Valenciennea strigata (Broussonet, 1782) RFA 4.0 r1,r6,r11 Family Ephippidae Genus Platax Platax orbicularis (Forsskal, 1775) RFA LC 3.3 r2 Platax teira (Forsskal, 1775) RFA; LC 4.0 r2 AMP Family Siganidae Genus Siganus Siganus argenteus (Quoy & Gaimard, RFA Venomous LC 2.0 r1 1825) Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) RFA; OD Venomous LC 2.8 r1 Siganus corallinus (Valenciennes, 1835) RFA Venomous LC 2.0 r1 Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn, 1782) RFA Venomous LC 2.0 r1 Siganus guttatus (Bloch, 1787) RFA Venomous LC 2.7 r1,r7 Siganus puellus (Schlegel, 1852) RFA Venomous LC 3.0 r1,r11 Siganus punctatus (Schneider & Forster, RFA Venomous LC 2.0 r1,r11 1801) Siganus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) RFA Venomous LC 2.0 r1 Siganus virgatus (Valenciennes, 1835) RFA Venomous LC 2.7 r2 Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel & Miller, RFA Venomous LC 2.7 r1,r6 1845) 42 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Family Acanthuridae Genus Ctenochaetus Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Randall & Clements, 2001 Genuus Naso Naso annulatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Naso brachycentron (Valenciennes, 1835) Naso brevirostris (Cuvier, 1829) Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855) Naso lituratus (Forster, 1801) Naso lopezi Herre, 1927 Naso thynnoides (Cuvier, 1829) Naso unicornis (Forsskal, 1775) Naso viamingii (Valenciennes, 1835) Genus Prionurus Prionurus scalprum Valenciennes, 1835 Genus Zebrasoma Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett, 1828) Zebrasoma scopas (Cuvier, 1829) Zebrasoma velifer (Bloch, 1795) Family Zanclidae Genus Zanclus Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Acanthuridae Genus Acanthurus Qiu S et al Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Venomous Reports of ciguatera poisoning Venomous IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.7 2.2 3.1 2.3 2.9 3.0 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 Other remarks r1,r6,r8,r11 r9,r11 r3 r2 r1.r11 r1r7,r11 r1,r6 r2 r1,r6 r r r1r7 r1,r8 r6,r8,r11 r1,r6,r8,r11 r1,r6,r8,r11 Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Acanthurus dussumieri Valenciennes, 1835 Acanthurus gahhm (Forsskal, 1775) Acanthurus japonicus (Schmidt, 1931) Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829) Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forsskal, 1775) Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Acanthurus thompsoni (Fowler, 1923) Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835 Family Sphyraenidae Genus Sphyraena Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier, 1829 Sphyraena helleri Jenkins, 1901 Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829 Family Gempylidae Genus Gempylus Gempylus serpens Cuvier, 1829 Genus Lepidocybium Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1843) Genus Promethichthys Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier, 1832) Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA RFA Venomous RFA Venomous RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA Venomous RFA Traumatogenic RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA PEL; OD BEP; OD BEP; OD Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.3 3.6 2.8 2.9 4.5 44 4.5 4.5 44 4.3 4.2 Other remarks r1 r4 r6,r11 r r 2 r1r7,r11 r1,r6,r11 r r1,r6,r11 r2 r1,r7 r1,r7 r r r1 r r 43 44 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Genus Rexea Rexea prometheoides (Bleeker, 1856) Genus Ruvettus Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1833 Genus Thyrsitoides Thyrsitoides marleyi Fowler, 1929 Family Scombridae Genus Acanthocybium Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) Genus Auxis Auxis thazard (Lacepéde, 1800) Genus Euthynnus Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) Genus Grammatorcynus Grammatorcynus bicarinatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Genus Gymnosarda Gymnosarda unicolor (Ruppell, 1836) Genus Katsuwonus Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Rastrelliger Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) Genus Thunnus Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) Family Xiphiidae Genus Xiphias Qiu S et al Habitat types BEP BEP; OD BEP PEL; OD PN; OD PN; OD RFA; OD RFA; OD PEL; OD PN; OD PEL; OD PEL; OD Threat to humans Poisonous to eat Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning Reports of ciguatera poisoning IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT VU Trophic level 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 44 4.5 4.5 4.5 44 3.2 44 4.5 Other remarks r3 r1,r7 r1,r7 r r r r r r r r r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 PEL; OD EN 4.5 r1 Family Istiophoridae Genus Histiophofus Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw, 1792) PEL; OD LC 4.5 r1 Genus /stiompax Istiompax indica (Cuvier, 1832) PEL; OD 4.5 r Family Psettodidae Genus Psettodes Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider, DEM 4.4 r 1801) Family Bothidae Genus Bothus Bothus mancus (Broussonet, 1782) RFA LC 4.4 r1 Bothus pantherinus (Ruppell, 1830) RFA LC 3.5 r1 Family Soleidae Genus Aseraggodes Aseraggodes dubius Weber, 1913 DEM 3.5 r5 Order Tetraodontiformes Family Balistidae Genus Abalistes Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous, 1798) RFA 3.4 r1,r7 Genus Balistapus Balistapus undulatus (Park, 1797) 3.4 r1 Genus Balistes Balistes rotundatus Marion de Procé, 1822 RFA Traumatogenic 3.5 r1 Genus Balistoides Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & RFA Reports of ciguatera 3.3 r1 Schneider, 1801) poisoning Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & RFA Reports of ciguatera 3.3 r2 Schneider, 1801) poisoning Genus Melichthys 46 Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786) Melichthys vidua (Richardson, 1845) Genus Odonus Odonus niger (Rippell, 1836) Genus Pseudobalistes Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (RUppell, 1829) Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Genus Rhinecanthus Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Genus Sufflamen Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille, 1804) Genus Xanthichthys Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard, 1854) Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett, 1832) Family Monacanthidae Genus Aluterus Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765) Genus Cantherhines Cantherhines dumerilii (Hollard, 1854) Cantherhines pardalis (Riippell, 1837) Genus Chaetodermis Chaetodermis penicilligerus (Cuvier, 1816) Genus Oxymonacanthus Qiu S et al Habitat Threat to humans types RFA RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA; OD RFA RFA RFA Reports of ciguatera poisoning RFA RFA RFA IUCN status LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 2.4 3.4 3.2 2.8 4.0 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.5 2.8 Other remarks r2 r1.r11 r r r r1,r11 r1.r11 r1.r11 r3,r6 r r9,r11 r1 r1,r6,r11 r1.r11 r Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and species Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Genus Paraluteres Paraluteres prionurus (Bleeker, 1851) Genus Pervagor Pervagor janthinosoma (Bleeker, 1854) Pervagor melanocephalus (Bleeker, 1853) Family Ostraciidae Genus Lactoria Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Ostracion Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758 Ostracion meleagris Shaw, 1796 Ostracion rhinorhynchos Bleeker, 1851 Family Tetraodontidae Genus Arothron Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arothron meleagris (Anonymous, 1798) Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Arothron stellatus (Anonymous, 1798) Genus Canthigaster Canthigaster jactator (Jenkins, 1901) Canthigaster rivulata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker, 1853) Canthigaster coronata (Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875) Genus Lagocephalus Habitat types RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA RFA Rfa Threat to humans Reports of ciguatera poisoning Venomous Venomous Poisonous to eat Poisonous to eat Poisonous to eat Poisonous to eat Venomous Poisonous to eat Other IUCN status VU LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Trophic level 3.3 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.5 3.4 2.7 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.7 2.8 3.1 2.8 3.5 Other remarks r1,r6 r6 r1 r1,r6 r r1,r6 r2 r2 r r1 r1,r6,r11 r2 r1 r r6,r11 r10,r11 47 48 Qiu S et al Subclass, Order, Family, Genus, and Habitat Threat to humans IUCN Trophic Other species types status level remarks Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus, BEP;OD_ Other LC 3.7 r1 1758) Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) = RFA Poisonous to eat LC 3.7 r1 Genus Sphoeroides Sphoeroides pachygaster (Muller & BEP VU 4.2 r3 Troschel, 1848) Family Diodontidae Genus Chilomycterus Chilomycterus reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) RFA Venomous LC 3.5 r2 Genus Diodon Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758 RFA Reports of ciguatera LC 3.9 r1 poisoning Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 RFA Poisonous to eat LC 3.7 r1 Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804 RFA Reports of ciguatera 3.5 r2 poisoning Other abbreviations and references include: Institute, South China Sea Fisheries 1979 [r1], Li et al. 2007 [r2], Sun et al. 2004 [r3], Zeng 2004 [r4], Wang 1981 [r5], Gao et al. 2014 [r6], Wang et al. 2011 [r7], Yang et al. 2018 [r8], Huang 2018 [r9], Fu 2014 [r10] and the current study [r11]. Taxon treatment Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus Allen & Robertson, 1974 Nomenclature Common name: Monarch damsel Material Holotype: a. island: Xisha Island; country: China; stateProvince: Hainan Taxon discussion Maximum size of 18 cm Fig. 2. Dark brown (nearly black) with blue streak on each scale, blue lines and spots on head and white spot on middle of upper back. Coral thickets interspersed with open sand or dead coral in 1-5 m (Allen and Erdmann 2012). Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China 49 ee Figure 2. EESl Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus — a newly-recorded species in China What we captured underwater in Xisha Islands is the state of the juvenile fish, which is very different from the adult fish. We have checked the main domestic fish checklists (Liu 2008, Chen and Zhang 2015, Shen and Wu 2011) and relevant literature, but there is no record of this species. Therefore, we believe it is a newly-recorded species in China. Discussion According to previous research, the order Perciforms is the most dominant order in the Xisha Islands (Li et al. 2007) and the major families in the Xisha Islands are Labridae and Pomacentridae (Gao et al. 2014) which concur with our study. Combined with studies over the years, in the past 20 years, Hyperoglyphe perciformis has been the dominant species in both underwater visual censuses and gillnet surveys. The CFDI value for the Xisha Archipelago was 229, such that we could estimate put it into the formula proposed by Allen 1988, we estimated that Xisha Islands had 756 coral reef fishes. However, only 690 species were found, which is relatively comprehensive, but there is still a need for more surveys in different seasons within different sites in the future. In term of the IUCN Red List Anonymous (2020a), one species is Critically Endangered ( Glyphis gangeticus); six species are Endangered (Stegostoma fasciatum, Aetomylaeus maculatus, Aetomylaeus vespertilio, Epinephelus akaara, Cheilinus undulatus and Xiphias gladius), 16 species are Vulnerable (Nebrius ferrugineus, Alopias vulpinus, Carcharhinus albimarginatus, Carcharhinus _ falciformis, Carcharhinus longimanus, Hemigaleus microstoma, Sphyrna lewini, Rhina ancylostoma, Rhynchobatus djiddensis, Taeniurops meyeni, Urogymnus asperrimus, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Plectropomus areolatus, Thunnus obesus, Oxymonacanthus longirostris and Sphoeroides pachygaster) and 13 species are Near Threatened in the Xisha Archipelago (Aetobatus narinari, Isurus 50 Qiu S et al oxyrinchus, Atelomycterus marmoratus, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides, Carcharhinus limbatus, Galeocerdo cuvier, Prionace glauca, Scoliodon laticaudus, Triaenodon obesus, Hexanchus griseus, Chaetodon trifascialis, Choerodon schoenleinii and Thunnus albacares). Thus, policy-makers and scientists should pay more attention to these species, by controlling coral reef degradation and overfishing and conducting coral reef restoration to strengthen the conservation of the fishes and the whole reef ecosystem. (Du et al. 2019). According to the data, 5.25% of the fish species are in the IUCN Red List, which is close to the number of the Redang Islands in Malaysia, at 5.1%. Reef associated fish (FRA) are the dominant type in the Xisha Islands, which have 500 species. They constitute 83% of the total fish. Other types of fishes make up less than 5% of the total fish in the Xisha Islands. According to Pauly et al. (2002), a trophic level of more than 3.5 is considered a high-grade carnivorous fish and nearly half (306 species) of all fishes in the Xisha Islands belong to this type. Intriguingly, we found some species (for example: Sco/opsis aurata) that were recorded in the Xisha Islands (Zeng 2004), but according to the Computer-Generated Native Distribution Map from Fishbase, this species currently is distributed in the Indian Ocean: Maldives, Sri Lanka and southern Indonesia. This may support the hypothesis of species shifting northwards, but more research is needed. Acknowledgements This study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFC1406503), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41676096), the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund project “Monitoring and conservation of the coastal ecosystem in the South China Sea’ and Top 100 Universities in the World Fund (TU001-2018). Author contributions Design research: ST Qiu, B Chen, JG Du, and KH Loh Acquisition of funding: JG Du, B Chen Analysis of data: ST Qiu and JG Du Writing (original manuscript): ST Qiu and JG Du Writing (review and editing): J Du, B Chen, KH Loh, XM liu, W Yang Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China 51 References ° Allen GR (1988) Reef and shore fishes of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Werner TB, Allen GR (Eds) A rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. ° Allen GR (2008) Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 541-556. ° Allen GR, Erdmann MV (2012) Reef fishes of the East Indies. Volumes I-III. Tropical Reef Research, Perth, Australia. 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