Research Article Journal of Orthoptera Research 2019, 28(1): 37-105 A review of the Acridinae s. sir. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Acrididae) of eastern Africa with taxonomic changes and description of new taxa Georce B. Popov't, LINCOLN D. C. FIsHPooL2, C. HUGH F. ROWELL? 1 Agricultural Resources Management Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom. (tDeceased 22"! December 1998) 2 12 Mountain Street, Chilham, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom. 3 Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Basel, Switzerland. Corresponding author: C.H.F Rowell (hugh.rowell@gmail.com) Academic editor: Corinna S. Bazelet | Received 26 August 2018 | Accepted 31 December 2018 | Published 18 June 2019 http://zoobank.org/A7E7FE9F-FB53-4C5A-9AAD-D9IEF42792A8E Citation: Popov GB, Fishpool LDC, Rowell CHF (2019) A review of the Acridinae s. str. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Acrididae) of eastern Africa with taxonomic changes and description of new taxa. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(1): 37-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.29312 Abstract The Acridinae of eastern Africa are reviewed and recognized as com- prising 42 core genera, belonging to five different tribes, together with Xe- rophlaeoba and Dorsthippus, which are unclassified but appear to be related to some extra-limital genera. Keys are given to tribes and genus groups as well as to genera and, where necessary, species within each genus. The following new taxa are described: Anacteana gen. n.: A. hollisi sp. n. and A. neavei burtti subsp. n.; Brachybothrus gen. n.: B. phyllopterus sp. n. and B. hola sp. n.; Coryphosima stenoptera colorata subsp. n.; Duronia chloronota phippsi subsp. n.; Oxyduronia gen. n.: O. anablepioides sp. n.; Sumba exilis sp. n. Nine new synonyms are recognized: Sumba longicornis Ramme, 1929 = S. roseipennis 1. Bolivar, 1912, syn. n.; Orthochirista variegata Sjostedt, 1931 = Gymnobothrus linea alba |. Bolivar, 1889, syn. n.; Orthochirista elgonensis SjOstedt, 1931 = Gymnobothrus linea alba |. Bolivar, 1889, syn. n.; Gymnobo- thrus gracilis (Ramme, 1931) = Gymnobothrus anchietae I. Bolivar, 1889, syn. n.; Gymnobothrus subcarinatus (1. Bolivar, 1922) = Gymnobothrus flexuosus (Schulthess, 1898), syn. n.; Gymnobothroides montanus Kevan, 1950 = Gym- nobothrus levipes levipes (Karsch, 1896), syn. n.; Gymnobothroides keniensis Johnston, 1937 = Gymnobothrus levipes abbreviatus (Chopard, 1921), syn. n.; Gymnobothroides Karny, 1915 = Gymnobothrus |. Bolivar, 1889, syn. n.; Phloeochopardia Dirsh, 1958 = Gymnobothrus I. Bolivar, 1889, syn. n. The following 24 new or restored combinations, or new or restored states, are erected for previously described taxa: Chokwea backlundi res. comb. (formerly Chromochokwea backlundi (Uvarov, 1953)); Chokwea euc- teana comb. n. (formerly Platyverticula eucteana Jago, 1983); Sumba cal- losa comb. n. (formerly Rhabdoplea callosa Uvarov, 1953); Anacteana neavei comb. n. (formerly Acteana neavei I. Bolivar, 1912); Anacteana neavei neavei stat. n.; Duronia chloronota curta Uvarov, 1953, stat. n. et comb. (formerly Duronia curta Uvarov, 1953); Coryphosima abyssinica (Uvarov, 1934), res. stat. (formerly synonymized with C. elgonensis by Dirsh, 1966 (though this was ignored by Otte 1995)); Coryphosima amplificata (Johnston, 1937), res. stat. et comb. n. (formerly Rastafaria amplificata amplificata (Johnston, 1937)); Coryphosima morotoensis (Jago, 1968), stat. n. et comb. n. (former- ly Rastafaria amplificata morotoensis (Jago, 1968)); Coryphosima triangularis (Bouvy, 1982), comb. n. (formerly Rastafaria triangularis Bouvy, 1982); Gymnobothrus longicornis longicornis stat. n.; Gymnobothrus longicornis ephip- pinotus Jago, 1966, stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Gymnobothrus ephippi- notus Jago, 1966); Gymnobothrus longicornis sellatus Uvarov, 1953, stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Gymnobothrus sellatus Uvarov, 1953); Gymnobothrus anchietae anchietae stat. n.; Gymnobothrus anchietae bounites Jago, 1970, stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Gymnobothrus bounites Jago, 1970); Gymno- bothrus anchietae flaviventris Uvarov, 1953, stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Gymnobothrus flaviventris Uvarov, 1953). Gymnobothrus anchietae inflexus Uvarov, 1934, stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Gymnobothrus inflexus Uvarov, 1934); Gymnobothrus levipes (Karsch, 1896), comb. n.; Gymnobothrus levi- pes levipes (Karsch, 1896), stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Gymnobothroides levipes (Karsch, 1896)); Gymnobothrus levipes abbreviatus (Chopard, 1921), stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Phloeochopardia abbreviata (Chopard, 1921)); Gymnobothrus pullus (Karny, 1915), comb. n.; Gymnobothrus pullus pullus (Karny, 1915), stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Gymnobothroides pullus Karny, 1915); Gymnobothrus pullus minutus (Ramme, 1929), stat. n. et comb. n., nom. res. (formerly Gymnobothroides minutus Ramme, 1929); Gymnoboth- rus pullus hemipterus (Miller, 1932), stat. n. et comb. n. (formerly Gymno- bothroides hemipterus Miller, 1932). Key words bionomics, brachypterous, diagnostic features, genus groups, macropter- ous, micropterous, new genera, new species, tribes Preface The following article was written in 1995 and first accepted for publication, subject to an extensive revision, in 1997, at a time when the first author's health was beginning to deteriorate. Unfortunately, the manuscript’s revision was delayed, and death prevented George Popov from seeing this major taxonomic pa- per into its final form. Corrections and numerous minor changes were subsequently made by his colleagues, Drs N.D. Jago and S.V. Green, then at the Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK. The NRI discontinued acridology in the late 1990s and its acri- dological staff dispersed. The revised Popov manuscript was conse- quently not resubmitted for publication but copies of it circulated among interested acridologists. The third author (Rowell) is en- gaged in editing the Handbook to the Grasshoppers of East Africa JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 38 (Rowell and Hemp 2015, 2017, 2018), a project that had originally inspired much of the NRI’s acridological work but which had been halted by the death in 2005 of Dr. N.D. Jago, the prime mover. In preparing the treatment of the Acridinae for the Handbook, it be- came obvious that the incorporation of Popov’s revisionary work needed its formal publication. Dr. A. Hochkirch and Mrs. Margaret Jago kindly supplied Rowell with annotated PDFs of the original manuscript and these have served as the basis of the present paper. Dr. L.D.C. Fishpool, who had worked extensively with Popov, un- dertook much proofreading and editorial activity. Minor updates have been made to Popov’s original text, including the incorpora- tion of a few recently described species and synonyms and of some new distributional records, especially of Sahelian species from northern Uganda; also, edits were made to fit the manuscript to the requirements of the current journal and to include the usage of current African geopolitical names (e.g. D.R. Congo for the former Zaire, and to acknowledge the emergence of South Sudan). How- ever, all taxonomic decisions and treatment, the illustrations, the opinions expressed, and almost the entire text are solely the work of Popov. In a few places some editorial comment on taxonomic matters has, however, been necessary and is marked as such. The new taxa erected in this paper are therefore to be under- stood as authored by Popov alone, as the other authors’ contribu- tions have been exclusively editorial and not acridological. Since this text was originally drafted, the NRI’s grasshopper collection has been transferred to the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK). All material referred to in the text as originat- ing from the NRI now forms part of that museum's entomological collection. Table of contents Mero CU CH ON 11 mm. Median carinula of ver- tex continuous, sometimes lowered on occiput but never obsolete 5 5 Subgenital plate not carinulate but ending in a point. Anal area of tegmen only slightly lighter brown than pre-anal area. Hind margin of epiphallic lophi straight. TANZANIA: Udzungwa Mts.............:006 Mos Pathe Reyer ae Neel Peri Bie ere aca erat Byoet luci Hochkirch, 1998 JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 48 - Subgenital plate carinulate medially on dorsal surface, posterior to supra-anal plate. Anal area of tegmina light brown, distinctly lighter than pre-anal areas. Hind margin of epiphallic lophi concave ........ 6 6 Hind femora broader (3.1 mm), length to depth ratio 4.6; upper (hind) margin of tegmina convex; tegmina longer (3.5 mm) and broader (1.55 mm) reaching midway between abdominal segments I and II; eyes longer (2.76 mm) and broader (1.73 mm) in lateral view. Inner margin of epiphallic lophi straight. TANZANIA: Uluguru IVA Sea ilehesenpacur alba dcsncenadhetar bm deddecse ten teeale tees stoltzei (Johnsen, 1983) - Hind femora less broad (<3.0 mm) length to depth ratio >4.8; upper (hind) margin of tegmina straight; tegmina shorter (<3.0 mm) and not as narrow (<1.3 mm) reaching or only slightly exceeding rear margin of first abdominal segment; eyes shorter (2.61 mm) and nar- rower (<1.64 mm) in lateral view. Inner margin of epiphallic lophi concave. TANZANIA: E. Usambara Mts., Zanzibar, and Mafia Island; KENYA: Shimba Hills, Mrima Hill, Jilore Forest, and Gogoni Forest. AE a Rol Pa SRP I AY ES eT IY ST AT arachniformis Jago, 1983 Species notes Parodontomelus stoltzei (Johnsen, 1983) Fig. 62 Chokwea stoltzei Johnsen, 1983: 53-55, figs 5, 6a-l. Parodontomelus stoltzei Johnsen, 1990). Material.— Holotype male stoltzei: TANZANIA: Uluguru mts., Kim- boza forest, 18.VII.1981 Stoltze and Scharff (ZMUC). Description.—As in key above. Other diagnostic features include the following: antennae brownish to brownish black; exception- ally long. General coloration striking and variable; predomi- nantly buff-pale brownish, with a contrasting dark lateral band extending from antennal sockets across genae to upper edge of lateral pronotal lobe, sometimes invading hind part of metazona of disc, then upper part of pleura and to lower side of tegmen and tapering along side of abdominal tergites. Hind knee and most of hind tibia black, hind tarsus pale brownish. Upper area of tegmen and external and internal lower areas of hind femur sometimes reddish. Large size distinctive (see measurements in Johnsen 1983). Distribution. —E. TANZANIA: Uluguru Mts. Parodontomelus brachypterus (Karny, 1915) Fig. 60 Acteana brachyptera Karny, 1915: 132, by subsequent designation, Ramme, 1929: 262, 275. Material.—Holotype female: TANZANIA: nr. Dar es Salaam (NHMV). Description.—As in key above. Differs from the other members of genus in its combination of uniformly brown tegmina and robust hind femora and, in male, by hind femur length/depth ratio of 4.3. General coloration in dull shades of brown. Distribution.—Known only from the type locality, but probably oc- curs in other local forest relicts in the coastal area. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Parodontomelus mazumbaiensis Jago, 1983 Fig. 61 Parodontomelus mazumbaiensis Jago, 1983b: 111, figs 29, 33, 43, 44. Material.—Holotype male: TANZANIA: W. Usambara Mts., Ma- zumbai Forest Res., Vl. 1967 (NHMUK). Description.—As in key above. Known only from the unique male type. Similar to P. brachypterus in uniform brownish coloration of tegmina, but fastigium of vertex and pronotal disc narrower. Distribution. —TANZANIA: Eastern end of W. Usambara Moun- tains, in relict forest. Parodontomelus verticulus Jago, 1983 Fig. 63 Parodontomelus verticulus Jago, 1983b: 112, figs 29, 32, 35, 41, 42. Material.—Holotype male: TANZANIA: Pugu Hills, S.W. of Dar es Salaam, II. HI. 1967, N.D. Jago (NHMUK). Description.—As in key above. Generally similar to P. stoltzei, but size smaller; apex of head and frontal ridge narrower, and tegmen shorter and deeper. Coloration similar to stoltzei but lacking light ochre facial markings. Distribution. TANZANIA: known only from Pugu Hills. Editorial note.—Popov’s original manuscript synonomized P. arach- niformis Jago, 1983 under P. stoltzei. Although this was never actu- ally published, Hochkirch (1998) contested the proposed synon- omy and “prophylactically” restored arachniformis, mainly on the grounds of differences in the epiphallic lophi. We accept his argu- ments, and here list arachniformis and the subsequently described species O. luci and O. microptilus as valid species of the genus. Parodontomelus arachniformis Jago, 1983 Parodontomelus arachniformis Jago, 1983b: 108. Material.—Holotype male arachniformis: TANZANIA: E. Usambara Mts., Kwamkora For. Res., 7. IV. 1966, N.D. Jago (NHMUK). Description.—As in key above. Jago (1983) writes of male “Colour distinctive. Antennae black. Area between lateral carinae of frons grey or ochre, a band from base of antennae across genae being light brown to cream (sometimes fading on genae). Body with light brown dorsal stripe. Laterally dark brown stripe on head, as deep as eye, extending across lateral lobe of pronotum and oc- cupying about upper two thirds of that lobe, or reduced in depth across head and forming black band across upper fifth of prono- tal lateral lobe. Hind femora light brown, olivaceous externally, orange below and with apical quarter black. Hind tibiae black with black spines”. The female coloration is however variable. Hochkirch (1998) figures the epiphallic lophi of five species of the genus, showing differences in their outlines. Distribution. TANZANIA: E. Usambara Mts.; Zanzibar: Bububu; Coast region: Mafia district: Utende; KENYA: Shimba Hills, Jilore Forest, W. of Malindi; Mrima Hill Forest, S. of Kakoneni. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Parodontomelus luci Hochkirch, 1998 Description.—As in key above. Distribution. TANZANIA: Udzungwa Mts. Parodontomelus microptilus Baccetti, 1997 Description.—As in key above. Differs from all other species of the genus in being micropterous rather than brachypterous. Distribution. —SOMALIA: Basso Giuba, Belet Amin. Generic diagnosis Chokwea Uvarov, 1953 Fig. 18 Chokwea Uvarov, 1953: 153-54, figs 190, 191; 156. Type species.—Chokwea burri Uvarov, 1953: 154, 78, by original designation. Description.—As in the key to genera. Of medium size, slightly more robust and less elongate than Afrophlaeoba and Parodontome- lus, with somewhat shorter and broader vertex and disc of prono- tum. Arcuate transverse sulcus is always anterior to mid-point of fastigium, and often submarginal along to its front edge. Shape of pronotal disc variable in width and degree of flexure of lateral carinae but providing distinctive specific characters. Discussion.—The most widespread taxon in this genus group, be- ing recorded from Angola and Botswana to D.R. Congo, Zambia, and Malawi to southwestern Tanzania. Chokwea, as originally de- scribed by Uvarov (1953), contained four new species: burri (the type species for the genus) from Angola; bredoi from Zambia; and backlundi and fitzgeraldi, both from Tanzania. The last two were removed by Jago (1983b) to his new genus Chromochokwea, but backlundi is reinstated here as a Chokwea sp. Chromochokwea Jago thus becomes a monotypic genus with fitzgeraldi as type species. Platyverticula eucteana Jago, 1983b is newly transferred to Chokwea because its phallic structures are more typical of that genus. In ad- dition, Jago (1983b) described a new species C. malawii from the Chikangwa area of Malawi, while more recently Johnsen (1991) added another new species, C. forchhammeri, from the Serowe area of Botswana. Of the six current species of Chokwea just two, back- lundi and eucteana (both from the Ufipa area of Tanzania), are re- corded from eastern Africa. The nomen dubium Chokwea testacea Otte, 1995 is not treated here. Key to species in the genus Chokwea 1 Fastigium of vertex with centrally placed transverse arcuate sulcus . 2 - Fastigium of vertex with transverse arcuate sulcus well ahead of mid POSITION: Or wate it OTe Rie Ak Resid cats ctshtatearat aden ene Naa es ah bates 3 2 Coloration in shades of buff and light brown, tegmina similarly light brown sBO TSWANA «08 i0,..25 ltt. forchhammeri Johnsen, 1991 - Coloration in shades of light and dark brown and black; tegmina in male black, in female light brown above, dark below; knees in both Sexes lace MALAW.T mom Bekins eens Shue Satie malawii Jago, 1983 49 3 General coloration including tegmina in sombre shades of brown and grey; lateral pronotal carinae strongly incurved. ZAMBIA; TAN- WB Nn Bates 1 wy: ee AARNE ND eucteana (Jago, 1983), comb. n. - Coloration includes bright pigmentation, particularly strong in males; tegmina reddish, brownish, or purplish............ cece eeeeees 4 4 Lateral pronotal carinae moderately incurved, markedly divergent belted: the Typical! SULCUS 4..8, 1.8 ke pales Ravtecensorte tee Mace Rehan Sates 5 Lateral pronotal carinae almost straight in male, slightly divergent in female. TANZANIA ........:.:ceceees backlundi Uvarov, 1953, comb. res. 5 Hind knee reddish without any black. ANGOLA, D.R. CONGO........ scents adh tgrachida ites dept taal cade x dressed ea cc burri Uvarov, 1953 - Hind knee black. ZAMBIA: Mbala............::cce bredoi Uvarov, 1953 Only the two species with East African distribution are consid- ered below. Species notes Chokwea backlundi Uvarov, 1953, res. comb. Chokwea backlundi Uvarov, 1953: 155,156, figs 194, 195. Chromochokwea backlundi (Uvarov) (Jago 1983b). Description.—As in keys to genera and species. Rather robustly built, brightly colored species. Antennae very slightly compressed basally, reaching posterior edge of tegmina in male, markedly shorter in female. Pronotal disc particularly characteristic, with large shallow puncturation and with lateral carinae straight and parallel in prozona and weakly divergent in metazona, more markedly so in female. General coloration brownish with more or less olivaceous-green pigmentation; legs a brighter green; teg- mina reddish. Distribution. —TANZANIA: Ufipa plateau. Chokwea eucteana (Jago, 1983), comb. n. Fig. 58 Platyverticula eucteana Jago, 1983b: 120. Description.—As in the keys to genera and species. Size large and build elongate for genus. Pronotal disc with strongly incurved lat- eral carinae. In pronotal morphology species resembles Platyver- ticula ritchiei, but its genital structures are typical of Chokwea. Col- oration in subdued shades of brown and grey only. Distribution.—ZAMBIA: Abercorn, Mbala; TANZANIA: Ufipa, Mpui. Generic diagnosis Paralobopoma Rehn, 1914 Figs 16, 52-56 Paralobopoma Rehn 1914: 73. Type species.—Paralobopoma bugoiensis Rehn, 1914: 73, by original designation. Description.—As in key to genera (pp. 45). Close to Parodontomelus and Afrophlaeoba, but of somewhat more robust build, with short- er head and broader disc of pronotum, less than twice as long JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 50 as wide. Antennae narrowly ensiform longer than head and pro- notum together. Frontal ridge shallowly sulcate with obtuse cari- nulae. Fastigium of vertex elongate-parabolic with weak carinula and transverse sulcus just ahead of anterior edge of compound eyes. Pronotum weakly tectiform, median carina distinct; lateral carinae weaker, straight, parallel or weakly divergent and largely obliterated in metazona. Metazona about 1/3 length of prozona, its hind margin broadly emarginate. Tegmina reduced to narrow strap-like scales, their tips about level with hind margin of sec- ond abdominal tergite. Ovipositor unspecialized; male subgenital plate as in Parodontomelus. Hind femora with rounded genicular lobes. Coloration as a rule includes some green pigmentation, brighter in male. Color green or brown with a yellow marginal pronotal band, and often with a broad dark lateral stripe along upper margin of lateral pronotal lobes. Discussion.—In his revision of the genus, Jago (1983b) recognized four species. All species of the genus are found in or around the Western (Albertine) Rift Valley. P. sjostedti Ramme, 1931 was de- scribed from an unspecified locality in N.W. Tanzania, and is also known from extreme eastern D.R. Congo (Mt. Kabuzi, W. shore of Lake Kivu). P. viridifrons Jago, 1983 is widely distributed in W. Uganda. These are the only species of the genus known to occur in East Africa as it is politically defined. The other species are from eastern D.R. Congo or Rwanda. Jago (1983b) gives keys to all spe- cies. The genus is now in need of a further revision. Species notes As no taxonomic changes are proposed here, redefinition of the East African species is not attempted. Genus group diagnosis The Ocnocerus genus group Description.—This genus group is part of tribe Phlaeobini. Its members share the following combination of characters. Size small, of medium fusiform build. Integument characteristically sculptured, pitted, ridged, and more or less rugose. Antennae of variable structure, greatly shortened, flattened and modified in Hyperocnocerus, less so in Ocnocerus and Anacteana (and even less in the remaining genera), being nearly filiform and greatly elongate in some species and subspecies of Sumba. Head short, moderately pointed, fastigial foveolae absent; fastigium of vertex parabolic to trapezoidal. Pronotum weakly tectiform, more or less convex; medial carina weak but distinct, with lateral carinae weak- er and sometimes partly or completely obsolete. Pronotal meta- zona shorter than prozona, its hind angle incurved or straight (Anacteana spp., Rhabdoplea angusticornis), or obtuse-angular (the remaining taxa). Mesosternal interspace open, often tranverse; metasternal interspace closed or very narrow. Tegmina and wings fully developed, shortened or vestigial; micropterism may be gen- eral for a genus (Anacteana), or occur as a polymorphism within a species (Rhabdoplea munda). Wing venation and reticulation from sparse to dense when transverse veinlets become thickened and more serrated and membrane of tegmina opaquer (especially marked in Panzia). Hind femur moderately robust, knee lobes on both sides rounded and not expanded. External male genitalia simple, unspecialized, cerci conical. Supra-anal plate cordate; subgenital plate short, subconical. Phallic structures are of the G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL phlaeobine type with well-developed ancorae and spatulate lophi of variable depth and width. They bear an outer and sometimes an inner small spherical lobe and relatively short anterior and posterior processes. Uniquely, the ectophallic membrane is some- what thickened and, on each side, bears an area of appressed, fine, silky setae (Figs 64, 65). This feature was first noted by Descamps and Donskoff (1968) in their Sumba rubripes, but it is common to the whole genus group, although its development in some genera, e.g. Anacteana gen. n., is less marked. Valves of ovipositor unspe- cialized; lower pair with an external lateral projection. Subgeni- tal plate with a medial projection; spermathecal duct with basal loop, medial coil and spermatheca with apical and pre-apical di- verticula of somewhat variable shape (Fig. 66). Discussion.—The Ocnocerus genus group includes Ocnocerus I. Boli- var, 1884, Hyperocnocerus Uvarov, 1953, Anacteana gen. n., Sumba I. Bolivar, 1909, Panzia Miller, 1929, and Rhabdoplea Karsch, 1893. No changes are made here in Ocnocerus, with its two species bayaoi I. Bolivar, 1889 and diabolicus Karsch, 1893, or in the monotypic genera Hyperocnocerus and Panzia. Acteana alazonica Karsch, 1896 and Acteana neavei I. Bolivar, 1912 are not congeneric, so a new genus Anacteana gen. n. is erected here with neavei as the type. A. alazonica Karsch, 1893 is transferred to the Pargaini as the type species of Acteana Karsch, 1893. Rhabdoplea is now considered to contain only two species: R. munda Karsch, 1893 and R. angusticornis Uvarov, 1953, while R. callosa Uvarov, 1953 is transferred to Sumba. The following taxa are thus now placed in Sumba: granulifera, punctata, semicarinata, and callosa (all Uvarov, 1953), roseipennis I. Bolivar, 1912, rubripes Descamps & Donskoff, 1968, and exilis sp. n. Key to genera in the Ocnocerus genus group 1 Micropterous, organs of flight reduced to lateral scales.............0. 2 - Fe Ty e dte ths a BRA, sansa scipns aaa pe testes lo neteuinsg ast Note tebe ndusatlabzalsanesegh emeueela at 3 2 Antenna simple, narrowly ensiform; lateral pronotal carinae linear, low but distinct throughout; dorsum of pronotum with callose, par- allel, longitudinal ridges, especially in the metazona; hind margin broadly rounded........ Rhabdoplea Karsch, 1893 (micropterous form) - Flagellum of antennae divided into a broadly ensiform basal part, a narrowly ensiform middle part, and a cylindrical, more or less filiform, tapering apical part (Figs 69-72); lateral pronotal carinae obsolete throughout, or at least in the metazona, sculpturing of dor- sum of pronotum not in parallel ridges, hind margin of metazona sttaisht,-oremiatpinate’.i...a cto deni ienvon Anacteana gen. n. 3 Antennae strongly reduced, their length equal to that of head and modified as in Fig. 73. Disc of pronotum strongly ridged and fur- TOW. O chs stir Attar Maer odessa ieare Meortesnsdadieavates Hyperocnocerus Uvarov, 1953. - Antennae not strongly reduced and modified as above................0 + 4 Antennae much shorter than combined length of head and prono- tum; basal segments of flagellum flat and broad, their apical angles protruding; medial segments flat and narrow, but apical ones cylin- drical and tapering (Fig. 74). Pronotal disc with strongly punctate cuticle, but not longitudinally ridge or furrowed ...........e cece ag AaouegnsdoasOMoalMeae ast tasleesssencYeMsacuel suedenen Backes Ocnocerus |. Bolivar, 1889. - Antennae ensiform, basal segments of flagellum somewhat flattened and expanded (Fig. 75), but not modified as above, their length equal to, shorter than, or longer than combined length of head and PLO MOTI: u.ch lets Pet Ee eek eRe Mes Re hs il, 5 JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 5 As under couplet 2 above but fully winged; venation sparse, interca- lary vein distinct, membrane of tegmina transparent .............. cece waged trail ta CLA, aa yeah Rhabdoplea Karsch, 1893 (alate form) - Venation and reticulation relatively dense, intercalary vein weak, indis- tinct or absent; membrane of tegmina more or less opaque. Hind mar- gin of pronotum obtuse-angular, prozona/metazona ratio <1.2.......... 6 6 Reticulation in apical part of tegmina and wings regular, transverse veinlets thickened and dentate (Fig. 76)............... Panzia Miller, 1929 - Hind margin of pronotum broadly rounded, prozona/metazona ra- tio >1.2. Reticulation in apical part of wing and tegmen less regular, transverse veinlets not unduly thickened and dentate (Fig. 77)......... SAREE RP meCRR SOP oer SPs 2k OND Rene Nee Sed wD AT Sumba I. Bolivar, 1909 The Ocnocerus genus group can be divided into two genus sub- groups: Sumba-Rhabdoplea-Panzia and Ocnocerus-Hyperocnocerus- Anacteana (gen. n.). Genus sub-group diagnosis Sumba-Rhabdoplea-Panzia genus sub-group Description.—Separated from the Ocnocerus-Hyperocnocerus-Anacte- ana genus sub-group chiefly on the basis of their less modified antennal morphology. Discussion.—These three genera have many similar morphological facies: genital structures; general habitus and sculpturing of the integument; structure of antennae, frons and fastigium; prono- tum and sternum; wing shape, venation, and reticulation. Genital structures and coloration are rather unstable characters and sub- ject to intra- and inter-specific variation. Rhabdoplea and Panzia are readily redefined, while the remaining species and subspecies are newly placed under Sumba. Generic diagnosis Sumba I. Bolivar, 1909 Sumba I. Bolivar, 1909: 288, 289. Type species. —Sumba roseipennis I. Bolivar, 1912: 78, by subsequent designation (I. Bolivar 1912). Description.—Diagnosis in key to genera above (p. 50). Discussion.—While Rhabdoplea and Panzia can be defined on a suite of narrowly variable characters, Sumba is defined on charac- ters subject to a wider range of variation. These include sculptur- ing of the integument which, in Sumba, varies from relatively fine (but always distinct) to very coarse and rugulose, although never showing the distinctive regular parallel ribbing of Rhabdoplea. Likewise, wing shape and venation show a wide range of variation from narrow with sparse reticulation (as in S. roseipennis, which is similar to Rhabdoplea), to broad with sparse reticulation (as in S. granulifera, which is similar to Panzia). Table 3 summarizes geo- graphical variation in selected morphometric ratios. The genus was first described by I. Bolivar (1909) in a key with- out any species included. In 1912 he described the first species, Sumba roseipennis. The present study reduces S. longicornis Ramme to a synonym of S. roseipennis and describes Sumba exilis sp. n. 51 from the Ngaoundéré area of north central CAMEROON and western UGANDA. Sumba species fall into two distinct clusters: first, the wide- spread S. roseipennis species group consisting of closely related taxa, which are also similar in appearance to Rhabdoplea (includes S. rubripes and S. exilis sp. n.), and second, three species in the S. semicarinata species group, also including S. punctata and S. granu- lifera, together with the fourth, S. callosa (transferred from Rhab- doplea), which are local, rather distinctive endemics, of which S. granulifera shows some similarity to Panzia uvarovi. Table 3. Geographical variation in morphometric ratios amongst Sumba. rubripes exilis _ roseipennis (numbered by location) (mm) (mm) (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 Antennal length/ —1.7 1.25 15 1.4 1.1 1 0.8 pronotal length (male) Tegminal length/ NA 8.2 Cay 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.4 tegminal width (male) Locality no.: 1. Uganda, Kepeka; 2. Zaire, Park Nat. de Garamba; 3. Tanzania, Katavi; 4. Namibia, Waterberg; 5. Swaziland, Mbabana. Key to Sumba species (semicarinata species group) (Key 1) 1 Relatively slender, head pointed (Figs 78-81) sculpturing relatively smooth and shiny, not rugulose or granulose. Lateral pronotal cari- nae distinct, thick or linear, although weaker in the metazona. Teg- mina and wings natrow (tegmen length/width ratio >6), venation AVG RETGMIACIOMIS PALS Coc cus0 inches eh cncln aeration eta! 2 - More robust, head less acute, sculpturing coarse, with marked cal- losities and rugosities. Lateral pronotal carinae thick, callose and ir- regular in prozona, obsolete in metazona. Tegmina and wings broad, (tegmen length/width ratio <6), venation and reticulation dense... 3 2 Integument smooth and shiny, though coarsely punctured. Frontal ridge thick, not sulcate, fastigial and pronotal carinae thick and cal- lose hind wit hyalitres. sist. iettzi os. .234. 253i: punctata Uvarov, 1953 - Frontal ridge sulcate with well-defined margins. Fastigial and prono- tal carinae linear. Hind wing colored, or infumate (but hyaline in S. Pes LCS bain Bae Meac apse behave ee tae a Ik see roseipennis species group, Key 2 3 Head short, frons broadly concave; eye round, length/width ratio around 1.2. Fastigum of vertex very broad and short (Fig. 86) .......... eR cre Tat sitet RA RIT heme AGL sot TN callosa (Uvarov, 1953), comb. n. - Frons in profile only weakly convex or straight; eye elongate, length/ width ratio>1.2. Fastigium of vertex not unduly broad and short (EIOSTS RG Oa) rcs reseed coe at chote tts Mea rte rs oleate ey nent solos ata tea et 4 4 Sculpturing coarsely rugose and callose all over head and most of thorax, but roughly aligned as longitudinal callosities in metazona of pronotum. Base of antenna narrowly ensiform. Frontal ridge not expanded between antennae. Reticulation of tegmina rather loose and very irregular. Hind wings yellow basally. .........cceecceesceeeseeteeeeeee CE sh darial asada Seated t saat antode denauaratcinigna sighed semicarinata Uvarov, 1953 - Sculpturing on head and pronotum consisting of regularly scattered rounded tubercles; basal antennal segments broadly ensiform; fron- tal ridge distinctly expanded between antennae. Reticulation of teg- mina exceptionally dense. Hind wings rose colored at base, lightly IAM ate APICAl ly, ..2issseckaenseguesacsdarereasetesneauiees granulifera Uvarov, 1953 JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 52 Key to Sumba species (roseipennis species group) (Key 2) 1 Of slender elongate build; sculpturing on occiput as longitudinal dorso-lateral row of callose ridges separated by a deep furrow; face straight, or weakly concave in profile; fastigium triangular, elongate, pointed apically (Figs 82-83). Tegmina very narrow, tapering and down-curved apically; hind wing hyaline. CAMEROON, UGANDA. STINSON TSAO EEA TREY ATRIA ant r NUP DON RoRTS OTE DART tinier eeep rN exilis sp. n. - Of less slender and less elongate build; sculpturing fine but does not form a distinctive pattern. Face weakly convex in profile; fastigium parabolic, not distinctly pointed apically. Tegmina straight, not down-curved apically; hind wing colored, yellow, or pink basally and moreéordessintimaterapreallyt..i aac tatiscle nla wens lenctednols sltaded gutaes 2 Zz Antennae exceptionally long and narrow, reaching base of hind legs in male and flattened but scarcely widened basally. Lower sulcus of hind femur and hind tibia red. D.R. CONGO... eeeceeteereeteeeees NT hy et Rahs Bey Oa RS rubripes Descamps & Donskoff, 1968 - Of variable build, from relatively slender to robust. Antennae of vari- able length: as long as, shorter than, or longer than the combined length of head and pronotum, but not exceptionally long and nar- row as in S. rubripes. No red on hind legs. Grasslands of Africa south of the Salata: tcc. tentials roseipennis I. Bolivar, 1912 sensu lato Species notes Sumba roseipennis |. Bolivar, 1912 Figs 65, 66, 78-81 Sumba roseipennis |. Bolivar, 1912: 78. Sumba nigrescens Miller, 1929: 67, figs 17, 18 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Sumba longicornis Ramme, 1929 syn. n. Material.—Holotype female roseipennis: ZAMBIA (MRAC, Ter- vuren). Holotype male nigrescens: TANZANIA, Kalula (NHMUK). Paratype male longicornis. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, Ou- ham River, Bozoum (NHMUK). Further material (NHMUK, unless stated otherwise): SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, IV. SWAZILAND (now ESWATINI): Mbabane. NAMIBIA: Waterberg (Nat. Mus. Nam., Windhoek). ANGOLA: Villa Luso; Quirimbo, 3 mi. N. of Santa Comba; Mt. Lubiri, 6 mi. N.W. Alto Hama. D.R. CONGO: Lubumbashi; Parc National de Garamba. ZIMBABWE: Mashonaland, Harare (as Salisbury). ZAMBIA: Mbala (Abercorn), Lake Chila; Mweru wa Ntipa; Cham- bosi River. TANZANIA: Plateau 5 mi. S.W. of Sumbawanga; 8 mi. S. of Chala Mission; Ushirombo Road, 16 mi. W. Kahama; 13 mi. S. Biharamulo; Katavi plains; 137 kms. Sumbawanga-Mpando. UGANDA: mile 60, Mubende-Masaka; mile 35, Mbarare-Masa- ka; Kampala; Mbarara; Koki; Koki-Lawanda; Kapeka; Masaka; Buhimba; Msaka-Lwango. CAMEROON: 27 km N.W. Banyo, Ngaoundéré. Description.—As in the key. Coloration similar to that in Rhabdo- plea, in shades of stramineous and brown, occasionally in shades of grey. Greenish hues, mostly in dull olivaceous shades, occur lo- cally and apparently represent populations from particularly wet and green habitats. Fire melanism common and may predominate in some series. Hind wings pink or yellow at base; usually some- what infumate apically. Wing color forms often sympatric. Shade and depth of pigmentation varies, probably in relation to matura- tion; immature adults’ wings may be colorless. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Discussion.—Geographical variation in S. roseipennis parallels that of Orthochtha dasycnemis (Gerstaecker). Thus, the more slender, elongate individuals with narrower wings and fastigia are from D.R. Congo (Lubumbashi), and the stouter ones, with broader wings and shorter fastigia, from South Africa and Namibia; speci- mens from the intermediate areas and West Africa, are of an in- termediate build. Antennal length and width are also variable; stouter, more robust specimens in southern Africa have shorter antennae, while more slender ones in West Africa (the original S. longicornis) have longer antennae. Local variability is also great in some areas (populations in some parts of Uganda and Tanzania) whose structural differences almost span the extremes of the geo- graphical range of variation. Specimens from near Chala Mission in N.E. Tanzania are as robust as those from Swaziland (now eS- watini), while those from near Biharamulo in N.W. Tanzania are as slender as those from Lubumbashi. The phallic structures, how- ever, exhibit no notable differences between these populations. Table 4 (p. 54) gives morphometric data on roseipennis. Distribution. —A variable species of wide geographical distribution: TOGO to CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, CAMEROON, D.R. CONGO, UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA, ZAMBIA, ZIMBABWE, ANGOLA, NAMIBIA, and SOUTH AFRICA. Sumba rubripes Descamps & Donskoff, 1968 Sumba rubripes Descamps & Donskoff, 1968: 1225-8, figs 29-36. Material.—Holotype male, allotype female: CONGO REP., Brazza- ville (MNHN, Paris). Paratypes 3 males, 3 females, CONGO REP., Brazzaville; Odzala (MNHN, but donated to NHMUK). Description.—As outlined in Key 2; differs from S. roseipennis in its longer and narrower antennae and different coloration. Males usually with a yellow medial dorsal band extending from fasti- gium to tip of tegmina; head and thorax greenish or brownish, un- derside yellow. Anterior and middle legs greenish, hind legs red, hind knee with some black; hind wings yellow, or rose at base, infumate apically. Some of the long paratype series are all black, presumably a result of fire melanism. Females: coloration similar, but hind legs yellow. Table 4 gives morphometric data for rubripes. Discussion.—Closely similar to S. roseipennis. Apparently restricted to the Congo Republic. Distribution.—Known only from the original type material. Sumba exilis sp. n. http://zoobank.org/F8888FBE-32D8-4C83-A574-74555BDEA80B Figs 605A, 77A, 82-85, 88A Material.—Holotype male, CAMEROON: Scarp at Ngaoundéré, 23-27.X1.1980, Jago and Popov; | male, 1 female paratypes, same data. UGANDA: | female, Mbarara, 1.1934, Johnston (NHMUK). Description.—Head and thorax coarsely sculptured in ridged shiny callosities and intervening furrows (Figs 82-83). Antennae moderately widened in basal third, cylindrical apically, in males slightly longer and in female shorter than combined length of head and pronotum. Head acute, face oblique, straight to weakly concave in profile; frontal ridge with well-defined margins, fas- JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 53 | f ry = et << Figs 64-77. Morphology of the Ocnocerus genus group. Figs 64-66. Reproductive structures. 64, 65. Male phallic complex (lateral as- pect whole complex; epiphallus and ectophallic membrane; dorsal aspect epiphallus); 64. Rhabdoplea munda Karsch, 1893; 65. Sumba roseipennis I. Bolivar, 1912; 65A. S. exilis sp. n.; 66. S. roseipennis, female genitalic complex - (66. Spermathecal duct; 66A. Subgenital plate, entire from above, tip from ventral aspect and tip from lateral aspect, left side). Figs 67-68. Meso- and metasterna of: 67A. Acte- ana alazonica Karsch, 1896 male, and 68B. Same, female; 68C. Anacteana neavei neavei I. Bolivar, 1912 male; 68D. Same, female. (Note: Acteana is not a member of this genus group, it is a member of the Pargaini, but very similar to Anacteana. See Figs 331-340). Figs 69-75. Antennal morphology. Figs 69-72. Variation in antennae of Anacteana n. neavei. 69. Male Tanzania, Ufipa; 70. Female same locality; 71. Male Zambia, Mweru wa Ntipa; 72. Female, same locality. Figs 73-75. Antennal morphology, other genera. 73. Hyperoc- nocerus sulculatus; 74. Ocnocerus diabolicus; 75. Panzia uvarovi. Figs 76, 77, 77A. Fore and hind-wing apices. 76. Panzia uvarovi (including enlarged section showing thickened cross-veins); 77. Sumba callosa; 77A. Sumba exilis n. sp., showing longer and more pointed tegmen. All scale lines represent | mm: that under Fig. 66 applies to Figs 64, 65 and 65A; that under Fig. 66A applies uniquely to it; that under Fig. 77A applies to Figs 76-77A. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 54 Table 4. Measurements of Sumba species (mm). roseipennis rubripes M F M F Antennal length 5.1-5.8 6.5-7.0 8.0-9.0 7.0-8.0 Antennal width 2 2 0.3 0.25 Pronotal length 2.4-2.8 2.8-3.5 2.5-2.6 3.0-3.6 Prozona/metazona ratio 1.38 1.3 1.4 1.3 Tegminal length 12.5-13.5 13.2-15.5 11.2-12.9 12.3-14.3 Tegminal width 1.7 2.5 1.8 2.4 Length/width ratio tegmen 7.3-7.9 5.28-6.2 6.2-7.1 5.1-6.0 Hind femur length 8.2-10.0 10.0-12.0 9.6-10.7 10.4-11.9 Hind femur depth 1.6-1.7 1.8-1.9 1.7 1.9 Length/depth ratio hind femur # # # # Total length 14.0-16.0 17.0-22.0 16.7-18.9 17.9-20.5 ? = missing data # = single ratio cannot be calculated tigial constriction marked. Fastigium longer than wide in both sexes, margins and medial carinula linear and distinct, arcuate sulcus in mid position (Figs 82-83). Dorsum of pronotum regu- larly tectiform, hind angle broadly rounded, carinae low but dis- tinct; only typical and second sulci distinct; metazona/prozona ratio 2:3. Mesosternal lobes in both sexes weakly transverse, in- terspace longer than broad; metasternal interspace closed. Teg- mina narrow, tapering and down-curved apically; venation and reticulation sparse, intercalary vein absent (Fig. 77A). External genital structures unspecialized, as in S. roseipennis. Phallic struc- tures exceptionally small. Coloration in shades of light brown and stramineous, paler dorsally. Hind wings hyaline. Hind legs color of body; tibial spines black tipped. Table 4 gives morpho- metric data for exilis. Distribution.—Known to date only from CAMEROON and UGAN- DA. Quite possibly, the real distribution may be less disjunct than this suggests. Discussion.—Similar in size to S. roseipennis, but more slender build, sculpturing of dorsum of pronotum and colorless wings. Sumba punctata Uvarov, 1953 Sumba punctata Uvarov, 1953: 133, figs 145, 146. Material.—Holotype male: ANGOLA: Moxico dist. (NHMUK). Description.—As in Key 1. Of medium size, rather slender. Integu- ment shiny, coarsely punctured. Antenna slightly longer than com- bined length of head and pronotum. Frontal ridge rather thick, not sulcate, expanded above medial ocellus. Fastigium parabolic, about as wide as long, medial carinula distinct, arcuate sulcus well behind middle. Pronotal carinae thick, callose, but lateral carinae obsolete in metazona; metazona slightly shorter than prozona, its hind angle narrowly rounded. Tegmina extend beyond hind knees, venation sparse. Coloration uniformly buff with some scat- tered brown dots, particularly on face; sides of head and thorax somewhat darker. Wings hyaline. Table 4 gives morphometric data for punctata. Discussion.—A distinctive species only known from Angola and male holotype (females unknown). Distribution.—Known only from locality of unique holotype. AN- GOLA, Moxico distr., Upper Luena valley. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL exilis punctata semicarinata granulifera callosa M F M M F M F M F 6.2 6.3-8.2 6.3 7.1 5.0-6.2 6.2 5.6 6 6 2 2 0.42 0.42 0.5 2 0.55 0.2 0.2 2 3.0-3.3 3 2.8 3.5 3.3 3.4 3 3.5 2.3 2 1.15 1.3 12 TR 2 1.1 2 2 14 13.0-15.0 13.7 12.0-12.8 12.8-145 16 16.0-17.0 13.8 14 M7: 1.7-2.0 2 2.1 2.8 Deals 27. 2 2 8.82 # 6.85 6.00 5.0 6.50 6.00 7.00 7.00 9.8 9.2-10.0 8.6 8.5-9.0 10.5-11.0 11 12 93 11.2 i) 2.0-2.2 1.8 2.3 2.6 25 2.8 2.3 2.6 5.2 # 4.8 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.3 4 4.3 15.8 16.2-19.0 16 14.3-16.5 16.3-20.0 17.5 19.0-22.5 14 18 Sumba semicarinata Uvarov, 1953 Fig. 88 Sumba semicarinata Uvarov, 1953: 134, figs 147, 148. Material.—Holotype male: D.R. CONGO: Tenke, 30.VII-9. VIII.1931 (NHMUK); 1 paratype male, same data as type series. Besides the type, material examined from the following localities: 1 female, Elisabethville, 11-17.IX.1931, J. Ogilvie; | EF Sakania, IX.1931, A.A. Mackie; 1 male, 1 female, Nasantoye, XI-XII.1927, M. Burr (NHMUK); 1 male, 1 female, Lubumbashi, Bouvy (NHMUK). TANZANIA: 13 mi. S. Biharamulo; 29 mi S. Kibondo; 20 mi. S. Uvinza; 34 mi. S. Uvinza; [X.1964, N.D. Jago (NHMUK). Description.—As in Key 1. A distinctive species in its robust build, highly sculptured, rugose integument and broad tegmina and wings. Antennae rather narrow basally, in male slightly longer and in female shorter than combined length of head and prono- tum. Frontal ridge rather broad with wavy margins; fastigial con- striction weak. Fastigium parabolic, rather short, medial carinula distinct, arcuate sulcus behind middle (Fig. 88). Pronotal carinae thick, lateral irregularly wavy in prozona, obsolete in metazona; metazona slightly shorter than prozona. Tegmina extend beyond hind knee, broad, not tapering apically. Venation and reticulation very irregular. Coloration variable, ground pigment somewhat speckled in shades of brown and charcoal grey; hind femur and tibia brown, hind wings yellow basally, infumate apically. Table 4 gives morphometric data for semicarinata. Distribution. —D.R. CONGO, TANZANIA, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA (Dirsh 1970). Sumba granulifera Uvarov, 1953 Fig. 87 Sumba granulifera Uvarov, 1953: 134-135, figs 149, 150. Material.—Holotype male: ANGOLA: Villa Luso, Moxico dist. (NHMUK); 1 male, 2 females, same data as holotype; 5 females, Luchase dist.: river Lungue Bungu and river Quangu. Description.—As in Key 1. Antennae rather wide at base and slight- ly shorter than combined length of head and pronotum in both sexes. Frontal ridge rather narrow, weakly expanded between an- tennae, fastigial constriction narrow. Fastigium as in Fig. 87, its medial carinula weak. Pronotum and head granulate, but meta- JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 95 Figs 78-88. Figs 78-85. Morphology of Sumba spp. 78-81. S. roseipennis head and pronotum: 78. Female holotype from above; 79. Male topotype from above; 80. Female holotype from left side; 81. Male topotype from left side. Figs 82-85. S. exilis: 82. Female paratype, head and pronotum from above; 83. Male holotype, head and pronotum from above; 84. Male holotype from left side; 85. Left hind femur of male holotype. Figs 86-88. Morphology of fastigium verticis and pronotal disc in Sumba spp.: 86. S. callosa; 87. S. granulifera; 88. S. semicarinata; 88A. S. exilis (fastigium only, pronotal disc not shown). Scale lines represent 1 mm: that under Fig. 79 applies to Figs 78, 80-85 and to drawings of pronotal discs Figs 86-88; that under under Fig. 88 applies also to fastigium verticis depicted in Figs 86-88, 88A. zona longitudinally rugulose. Medial carina sharp, lateral carinae irregular in prozona, obsolescent in metazona. Tegmina broad, with very dense reticulation. Wings broad, with three anterior sec- tors produced and rounded apically. Genital structures of typical Sumba type, without specialized features. General coloration red- dish-ochraceous to brownish. Antennae blackish. In some female specimens abdominal tergites have alternating broad dark and narrow light bands. Wings bright rose (ANGOLA) to vermilion (D.R. CONGO: Katanga), lightly infumate apically. Some speci- mens from burnt areas are dark brown with brighter colored wings Table 4 gives morphometric data for granulifera. Discussion.—Similar morphologically to Panzia uvarovi Miller but lacking specialized venation of latter. Generally larger and more robust than other Sumba species and distinctive in the peculiar granular sculpturing of its integument and the dense reticulation of the tegmina. Distribution. —D.R. CONGO: Katanga, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA: Mbala, Kafue river at Chingola and Kabundi forest at Chingola. The habi- tat was given as grassland, some burnt, and Brachystegia-Isoberlinia woodland (Johnsen 1984). Sumba callosa (Uvarov, 1953), comb. n. Figs 77, 86 Rhabdoplea callosa Uvarov, 1953: 141-142, figs 169-171. Material.—Holotype male: ANGOLA: Moxico dist. river Munhan- go. (NHMUK). Type series including holotype 2 males ANGOLA, JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 56 Moxico district, Munhango river, VIH; 1 male, 4 females, Villa Luso, V; 1 female, middle Luena river, V; 1 male, Langiliko river, VI; 3 males, 4 females, Mu-Simoj river, IX—X; 3 males, 2 females, Bihe district, Cohemba, VIII; 9 males, 10 females, Luchase dist., Quangu river, 5000’ (1524m), X. 1 male, 1 female, D.R. CONGO: Katanga (as Shaba) province, river Lubudi, XI. Description.—As in Key 1. A distinctive species recognizable by its very short fastigium (Fig. 86) and round, bulging eyes. Of medium size, integument rugose. Antennae slightly longer than head and pronotum together, weakly expanded and flattened at base. Frons convex in profile, practically parallel-sided with wavy margins; fas- tigial constriction very weak. Fastigium very broad and short. Eyes round, large, bulging. Pronotum weakly tectiform, its surface cal- lose and rugose; medial carina smooth, lateral carinae callose and parallel in prozona, weaker and feebly divergent in metazona. Lat- eral lobes deeper than long, lower margin sinuate. Tegminal apices extend beyond hind knees of folded posterior femora. Venation fairly dense with incomplete false veins (Fig. 77). Coloration mot- tled reddish chocolate-brown and ivory-white with brown spots. Hind femur reddish-brown with blackish dots, knee blackish. Hind tibia dirty brown with black spines. Wings infumate, sometimes rose at base. Table 4 gives mor- phometric data for callosa. Discussion.—This species and S. granulifera Uvarov, 1953 form a bridge morphologically between Sumba and Panzia. Distribution. ANGOLA, D.R. CONGO. Editorial comment.—Johnsen 1984: 307 suggested that Rhabdoplea callosa might be synonymous with Sumba roseipennis, thus fore- shadowing Popov’s transfer to the latter genus. Generic diagnosis Rhabdoplea Karsch, 1893 Rhabdoplea Karsch 1893: 54, 69. Type species. —Rhabdoplea munda Karsch, 1893: 70, designated by Kirby, 1910: 147. Description.—Rather wide frontal ridge, with well-defined mar- gins and very weak fastigial constriction; parabolic fastigium with sharp margins and carinulae and arcuate sulcus behind middle. Pronotal sculpturing distinctive, including well-defined parallel lateral carinae and longitudinal callose striations. Micropterous and macropterous forms occur; latter with rather narrow tegmina and wings with loose venation and reticulation, plus presence of a distinct intercalary vein in medial field of tegmina. Epiphallus has rather short lophi, with elongate outer lobes (Fig. 64). Discussion.—Rhabdoplea s. str. now contains only the widespread R. munda Karsch, 1893, and the closely related R. angusticornis Uvarov, 1953 (ANGOLA). They share the same characteristic structure and sculpturing of pronotum and tegminal morphology described above. The medial field of the tegmina has a more trans- parent membrane and a rather looser reticulation than is usually found in Sumba spp. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Species notes Rhabdoplea munda Karsch, 1893 Figs 21, 64 Rhabdoplea munda Karsch, 1893. Rhabdoplea angustula Karsch, 1893 (syn. Dirsh 1970). Rhabdoplea elegans (Karny, 1907) (syn. Dirsh 1966). Rhabdoplea klaptoczi (Karny, 1915) (syn. Descamps & Donskoff 1968). Rhabdoplea mira Karsch, 1893 (syn. Descamps & Donskoff 1968). Material.—Male and female types: TOGO: Bismarckburg, (MfN, Berlin). Other specimens (*including micropterous insects): ETHIOPIA: Lake Zwai. SOUTH SUDAN: nr. Juba. UGANDA: * Ke- peka, *Bulumezi, *Nakasongola, *Buddu Kakuto, *Luwero, Lan- go; Bwamba; Karamoja; Bugoma Forest; Adachal; Dokolo; Hoima. TANZANIA: Morogoro; Rukwa valley; Kafukola; Old Shinyanga; 30 mi. N. of Kahama. Description.—R. munda, by comparison with R. angusticornis, has antennae somewhat shorter and broader; proportionally longer pronotal metazona; prozona/metazona ratio in R. munda is 1.3 (angusticornis 1.8); hind margin of metazona convex (straight in angusticornis); is micropterous, or macropterous (angusticornis al- ways micropterous). General coloration in shades of light brown to stramineous, with or without some darker speckling or stria- tion. Narrow, pale, more or less distinct band present along lower side of genae and lateral pronotal lobes; dorsum and underside generally paler. Darker shades of brown may occur in micropter- ous form, with the dorsum light brown and sides dark brown; nar- row lateral yellowish-white band is particularly contrasting, and hind femora are rusty-orange with dark knees. Table 5 gives mor- phometric data for R. munda. Discussion.—R. munda Karsch, 1893 and R. angusticornis Uvarov, 1953 are very similar in appearance. R. munda in macropterous form has wings extending well beyond the tip of the abdomen and the hind knees; in the micropterous form the wings are dor- so-lateral, well separated dorsally, varying in shape, being scale- like, or attenuate, but seldom extending beyond the middle of the abdomen. Distribution.—R. munda is a widespread species, found in grass- lands from western Africa to ETHIOPIA, eastern, central and southern Africa. Rhabdoplea angusticornis Uvarov, 1953 Rhabdoplea angusticornis Uvarov, 1953: 139, figs 166-168. Material.—Holotype female: ANGOLA: Moxico and Bihe disttr., Upper Luena River (NHMUK). Description.—Differs from R. munda in narrower, longer anten- nae and in shorter metazona of pronotum with a straighter hind margin (for further details see under munda). Coloration as in the brachypterous form of munda. Micropterous. Table 5 (p. 57) gives morphometric data for R. angusticornis. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Table 5. Measurements of Rhabdoplea spp. munda (mm) angusticornis (mm) M F M F Antennal length 6 6 8.2 7.0 Antennal width 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Pronotal length 3 3.5 3 3.6-4.0 Tegminal length 13.8 14 Other measurements as Tegminal width y) 2 in R. munda (macropter- Tegminal length/width ratio 7 7 ous form) Hind femur length 9.3 11.2 Hind femur depth 2.3 2.6 Discussion.—Nothing published on its bionomics, but likely to be similar to R. munda. Distribution. —ANGOLA, CONGO REP. (Descamps and Donskoff 1968), RWANDA (Dirsh 1970), ZAMBIA (Johnsen 1984). Generic diagnosis Panzia Miller, 1929 Panzia Miller, 1929: 68. Type species.—Panzia uvarovi Miller, 1929: 68, by monotypy and original designation. Material.—Holotype male: TANZANIA: Kalula (NHMUK). Description.—As for genus. Tegmen with broad, rounded tip, opaque membrane and dense reticulation; wing broadly rounded, with sparse reticulation and regularly spaced, strongly serrated transverse veinlets of dark apical fascia (Fig. 76). Integument ru- gose and tuberculate. Antennae shorter than combined length of head and pronotum in both sexes (Fig. 75); moderately ensiform basally. Frontal ridge narrow, deeply sulcate, with well defined, irregularly wavy margins and very narrow fastigial constriction. Fastigium triangular, rounded apically, about as long as wide. Pronotum relatively narrow, median carina strong; lateral carinae weak and irregular in prozona, indistinct in metazona. Metazona subequal to prozona, its hind margin obtuse angular. Mesosternal lobes quadrate with rounded angles. Discussion.—Genital structures in Panzia closely resemble those of Sumba. Species notes Panzia uvarovi Miller, 1929 Figs 75, 76 Panzia uvarovi Miller, 1929: 68, pl.5 f.2; pl.9 f.39, 40. Material.—Holotype male: TANZANIA: Kalula, 60 km S. of Tabora (NHMUK). Description.—As for the genus. Phallic structures as in Sumba. Col- oration uniform pinkish-brown or brownish, without any nota- ble markings, but occasionally with a narrow medial longitudinal dorsal stripe. Hind wings bright lemon-yellow to orange with a broad outer dark fascia. Measurements in Table 6. 57 Table 6. Morphometric measurements of Panzia uvarovi. M (mm) F (mm) Antennal length 6.5-7.2 7.5 Antennal max. width 0.7-0.8 0.7 Pronotal length 353 3.8 Prozona/metazona ratio 1.1 1.1 Tegminal length 16.5 17 Tegminal width 2.8 3 Tegminal length/width ratio 1.76 1.8 Hind femur length 10.5 11.6 Hind femur depth 2.5 2.6 Hind femur length to depth ratio 4.2 4.5 Total length 18.0-20.0 21.0-23.0 Distribution.—Apparently highly localized in central TANZANIA. Also in ZAMBIA (Kafue National Park). Genus sub-group diagnosis Ocnocerus-Hyperocnocerus-Anacteana (gen. n.) genus sub-group Description.—Separated from the Sumba-Rhabdoplea-Panzia genus sub-group chiefly on the basis of antennal morphology. In Oc- nocerus and Hyperocnocerus the antennae are strongly shortened, and clearly divided into basal, medial and terminal portions, each with differing morphology of the flagellar segments. Generic diagnosis Ocnocerus 1. Bolivar, 1889 Ocnocerus I. Bolivar, 1889: 89. Type species. —Ocnocerus bayaoi I. Bolivar, 1889: 99, pl. 1, f. 4, 4a, by original designation. Description.—See key to Ocnocerus genus group, p. 50. Discussion.—The genus includes two species, only one of which is East African. Details are given below. Key to species of Ocnocerus I. Bolivar, 1889 1 Antennae much shorter than head and pronotum, the basal flagellar segments strongly widened. Fastigium short and rounded ................ TAR eect te et ade a ag Arete ia tere ast Att abate diabolicus Karsch, 1893 - Antennae about as long as head and pronotum together, and basal flagellar segments only slightly widened. Fastigium relatively long acl atte, 12a cto te bee .at GARRET e fea Aant TARE bayaoi I. Bolivar, 1889 Species notes Ocnocerus bayaoi I. Bolivar, 1889 Ocnocerus bayaoi |. Bolivar, 1889. Ocnocerus burri Kevan, 1955 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Material.—Holotype male bayaoi: ANGOLA: Duque de Braganca (original type lost); neotype chosen by Dirsh (1966). Holotype male burri Kevan, 1955: 74: ANGOLA: Villa Luso (NHMUK). Synonymized by Dirsh (1966): 378, who designated the neotype for the species. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 58 Distribution. ANGOLA: In addition to the type localities, also re- corded from: Moxico Dist. and Bihe Dist. (Uvarov 1953); Dundo; Xa-Ua, R. Luita, Cuilo; Zovo, Mabete, Caungula; Roure Dondo Sombo; Alto Chicapa; Lunda; Kalakembe; Shukote (Dirsh 1966). Ocnocerus diabolicus Karsch, 1893 Fig. 74 Ocnocerus diabolicus Karsch, 1893: 63, 64, fig. 5. Material.—Holotype female: TOGO: Bismarckburg (MfN, Berlin). Description.—Smaller, and comparatively more slender, than O. bayaoi, with shorter and wider antennae (Fig. 74). Distribution.—West Africa: all countries from SENEGAL to NIGE- RIA, and Northern UGANDA (Arua, Adjumani, Acholi and Kara- moja) in grassland savannas. Generic diagnosis HAyperocnocerus Uvarov, 1953 Type species. —Ocnocerus sulculatus Karsch, 1893, by original desig- nation (Uvarov 1953:138). Material.—Holotype male: TOGO: Bismarckburg. Description.—See key to Ocnocerus genus group, p. 50. Similar to Oc- nocerus, but antennae even shorter and more profoundly modified. Species notes Hyperocnocerus sulculatus (Karsch, 1893) (Uvarov 1953: 138) Hyperocnocerus angolensis Uvarov, 1953: 139, figs 163-165. Material.—Holotype male, ANGOLA: Moxico dist. Villa Luso (NHMUK), (synonymized by Dirsh 1970: 421). Description.—Antennae illustrated (Fig. 73). Discussion.—A rare but very distinctive species, with disjunct distri- bution. Found in clearings in wooded grassland habitats. Distribution. —TOGO, GHANA, ZAMBIA, ANGOLA: Route Dundo- Sombo; Cassa; Lovua; Xa-Ua, R. Luita, Cuilo. D.R. CONGO: Kalemie (05°56’S, 29°12’ E), xii; Katanga (as Shaba): Mujiaie, vii; Lulua: Ka- panga (06°37’S 170 20’E) viii; Kasai: Kamonia (06°52’S, 20°56’E); Parc National de Garamba. UGANDA: Zoka Forest, Adjumani. Generic diagnosis Anacteana gen. n. http://zoobank.org/5E9B98C8-1965-4491-9B3F-39B392D6980C Figs 89-96 Type species. —Acteana neavei |. Bolivar, 1912: 79, here designated (NHMUK). Description.—Similar to Acteana in size and general appearance, but more robust. Integument as in Acteana. Antennae shorter than G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL the combined length of head and pronotum. Pronotum straight, or weakly convex in profile; medial carina low, lateral carinae weak; hind margin broadly rounded with a small medial inden- tation. Mesosternal lobes as in Acteana, with broadly rounded angles, quadrate, or transverse in female. Metasternal interspace in both sexes narrow or closed. Tegmina lateral, scale-like, as in Acteana, but much broader, up to half the total length. Genital structures characteristic of Ocnocerus genus group: epiphallus with well developed ancorae (Figs 90, 91, 96). Discussion.—On the basis of its genital structures the new genus Anacteana clearly belongs to the Ocnocerus genus group, while Ac- teana, despite its superficial resemblance, must be regarded as a member of the Parga genus group. The two genera may be differ- entiated as follows: 1 Tegmina narrow, about five times longer than wide. Metasternal in- terspace wide (Fig. 67); hind margin of pronotum shallowly excised; epiphallus without ancorae (Fig. 31) ............. Acteana Karsch, 1893 - Tegmina broad, about twice as long as wide. Metasternal interspace narrow (Fig. 68); pronotum with only a small excision; epiphallus with well-developed ancorae (Figs 90, 91, 96)....... Anacteana gen. n. A. neavei I. Bolivar, 1912, formerly attributed to Acteana, is now removed to the new genus Anacteana, erected here to accommo- date the typical neavei recorded from its type locality in the Katan- ga province of D.R. Congo, to the Ufipa-Rukwa area of Tanzania and the adjacent Lungu area of Zambia, together with A. neavei burtti (subsp. n.) and A. hollisi (sp. n.) described here. A. neavei burtti occurs in a broad belt across central Tanzania from around Kilosa to Tabora and Kahama, whilst A. hollisi is recorded from the Gabela area of western Angola. While in their size, rugosity, robust build and micropterism, the two species are superficially alike, they differ markedly in a number of structural features, as given in the keys and the diagnoses. Key to species and subspecies in the genus Anacteana iT Head and pronotum as in Fig. 89, genital structures as in Fig. 90. W. FW | 6 © | Sapeinrcen Prune Pa. ye 8 OME Mr ar eo UPR Be Db 204 oe A. hollisi sp. n. - INGRAS AD OVE. PA nA As Minna ede cuadeate et sipuisate dude dees eganit meee ural cu 2 2 Smaller (male 13-15 mm, female 15-20 mm); antennae shorter and more dentate. Genital structures as in Fig. 91. C. TANZANIA: Kilosa- Singida-Tabora-Kahama-Shinyanga areas ....A. neavei burtti subsp. n. ~ Larger (male 14-15.5 mm, female 16-21 mm), antennae longer and less dentate. Head and pronotum (M) in side view (Fig. 95). Genital structures as in Fig. 96. TANZANIA: Ufipa, Rukwa areas. ZAMBIA: Mweru. D.R. CONGO: Katanga......0........ eee eeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeee Daley aattegtels Magn tea ch tease Ngee agus ia tao A. neavei neavei (1. Bolivar), stat. n. Species notes Anacteana neavei (I. Bolivar, 1912), comb. n. Type species.—Acteana neavei |. Bolivar, 1912 here designated. Material.—Holotype female: D.R. CONGO (as Congo Belge): Bunkeya-Lukafu (MRAC, Tervuren). Description.—See below, under nominate subspecies. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 59 Tr, cAJ x Samed = by arene, $ map tt Figs 89-96. Anacteana spp. morphology. (See also Fig. 68). Figs 89-90. A. hollisi: 89. Dorsal aspect head and pronotum; 89A. Lateral aspect head and pronotum; 90. Male phallic morphology: A. Phallic complex from left side, epiphallus removed; B. Epiphallus from two aspects (upper fig. from plane of lophi, lower fig. from vertical to lophi); C. Aedeagal valves from ventral aspect; D. Epiphallus from right side; E. Phallic complex from dorsal aspect, epiphallus removed; Figs 91-93. A. neavei burtti: 91. Male phallic morphology (explanation for lettering A-E. as for Fig. 90); 92. Dorsal aspect head and pronotum and frontal ridge; 93. Lateral aspect left side, head and pronotum; Figs 94-96. A. neavei neavei 94. Dorsal aspect head and pronotum and frontal ridge; 95. Lateral aspect left side, head and pronotum; 96. Phallic morphology. All scale lines represent 1 mm: scale under Fig. 91 applies to Figs 90, 91, 96; scale under Fig. 94 applies to Figs 89-95, including frontal ridge and tympanic membranes. Arrowed insets to right of Figs 93 and 95 show size of hind- wings and tympana concealed by tegmina. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 60 Discussion.—Synonymies and references are given in the key and under the subspecies. This is a widespread species recorded from many localities in an area extending from north-central Tanza- nia to northwestern Zambia and the Katanga province of D.R. Congo. As might be expected from its micropterism and limited vagility, there is considerable geographical variation. The smaller, more slender specimens with the shortest, most dentate antennae are from Shinyanga-Kahama, and the bulkiest, with the longer, smoother and more slender antennae, are from the Ufipa-Katanga areas. At their extremes of variation, the two are sufficiently dis- tinct to be regarded as separate species, but given the occurrence of intermediate forms, it is preferable to regard them as subspecies of neavei, with the typical subspecies at the southwestern and A. n. burtti subsp. n., named after its collector the late Eric Burtt, at the northeastern end of the range. The southern highlands of Tanza- nia appear to form a barrier between them. Anacteana neavei neavei (1. Bolivar, 1912), stat. n. Figs 68, 69-72, 94-96 Acteana neavei I. Bolivar, 1912: 79; Dirsh (1966: 38, fig. 194); Dirsh (1970: 421-2); Johnsen (1984: 302-304, figs 266A, B). Material.—Besides Holotype - D.R. CONGO (as CONGO Belge): Bunkeya-Lukafu, (Shelford Neave) (MRAC, Tervuren). TANZA- NIA: 1 male, 1 female Ufipa, 17-18.xi.1963, D. Vesey-Fitzgerald, (NHMUK); ZAMBIA: 3 females, Abercorn, 30.1.1962, D.V-Fitzger- ald; Mporokose Dist, Mweru wa Ntipa, 3 males, 2 females, 8-13. vii.1952; 5 males, 3 females, 20.X.1957; | male, | female, shore of Lake Tanganyika 1942, E. Burtt (NHMUK); 1 male, 2 mi. E. of Aber- corn, in dry Miombo woodland, 7.X.1964; 2 males, 1 female, env. of Kalambo falls, N. of Abercorn, Miombo woodland, 4.X.1964, N.D. Jago (NHMUK). ZAMBIA (cited by Johnsen (1984: 302-304)): Ch- ingola, Kabundi forest, in grassland within Brachystegia-Isoberlinia woodland, adults: VI, X & XII 1952; 5 males, 3 females, 20. x.19S7; 1 male, 2 mi. E. of Mbala (as Abercorn), in dry Miombo woodland, 7.x. 1964; 2 males, 1 female, env. of Kalambo falls N. of Mbala (as Abercorn), Miombo woodland, 4.X.1964, N.D. Jago (NHMUK). Description.—Comparatively stout, integument finely and uni- formly rugulose. Antenna as in Figs 69-72. Head and pronotum as in Fig. 95; frons straight in profile. Pronotum weakly inflated in the middle; carinae low, thick and indistinct; prozona/metazona ratio 2.0-2.3 (Fig. 94); sternal plates as in Figs 68C, D. Tegmen parallel-sided with rounded apex, 1.5-2x as long as wide. Hind femur moderately robust. Genital structures as in Fig. 96, structure of epiphallus and spermatheca are particularly diagnostic. Colora- tion predominantly in shades of ochraceous; dorsum and sides of head and thorax, including tegmina and hind tibiae darker, and the underside and the lower sulcus of hind femur of a lighter hue; tibial spines tipped black. Otherwise no distinctive markings. Females more uniformly colored than males. Measurements.—In Table 7 (p. 61). Distribution.—Cited by Johnsen (1984) (p. 302-304): ZAMBIA: Chingola, Kabundi forest, in grassland within Brachystegia-Isober- lina woodland, adults: V-IX & XII. In Katanga Province of D.R. CONGO, it differs somewhat from specimens in northern ZAMBIA and the adjacent parts of TANZANIA (ca. 8° 10’ S, 31°33’ E) particu- larly in its smaller size (17.5 mm vs. 18-22 mm) and shorter and broader tegmina (length-width ratio 1.5 vs. 2.1). However, such G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL differences are also found in the other subspecies and in the ab- sence of adequate material, taxonomic distinction is not required. Anacteana neavei burtti subsp. n. Figs 91-93 Material.—Holotype male: TANZANIA: Shinyanga, 5.xii.1947, E. Burtt (NHMUK). Paratypes: 5 males, 6 females, same data as the type; 6 males, 5 females, Shinyanga district, Tinde, ii.1945; 4 males, 5 females, Old Shinyanga, 25.XI.1950; 4 males, 5 females, Old Shinyanga, 25.XI.1950; 1 male, ditto, 22.VIII.1953; 1 female, ditto, 3.1.1959; 1 female, ditto, Block XI, 9.xii.1949; 1 male, 17 females, Ushorombo Road, 15 and 22 mi. W. Kahama, X, XI & XII, II. 1946- 1948; 3 females, Mshugha, 35 mi. S.E. of Singida, 17. XII.1936; 1 female, Singida, 14 mi. N. of Kahama, 10. VIII.1953; | male, | fe- male, Mpwapwa Mt. Wilkins 5500’ [06° 23'S, 36°38’E], 26.X1.1948; 1 male, 2 females, Mpwapwa, 29. XI.1948; | male, Kibariani, 3.XII.1948 (all E. Burtt); | male, Galata Station, 60 mi. W. of Amani [09°05’S, 38°36’E], 17.VII.1937; | female, Lake Rukwa, 1949, G. Burnett (Paratypes: NHMUK; MRAC Tervuren; MNHN Paris). Description.—Differs from the nominate subspecies in more slen- der build and, in the Shinyanga populations in particular, in small- er size. Antennae generally shorter and more dentate. Pronotum less inflated, with sharper, more distinct carinae (Figs 92, 93). The sternal plates, tegmina and genital structures (Fig. 91) also exhibit some differences from those in A. n. neavei. Coloration variable in shades of ochraceous, grey and darker charcoal-grey. There is often a broad, pale ochraceous dorsal stripe, particularly in males; the females are generally more uniformly colored. The underside is pale brownish, or fawn, often with fine dark speckling; lower sulcus of hind femur yellowish, tibiae dark-brown, spines tipped blackish-brown. Measurements.—In Table 7. Distribution.—N., C., and W. TANZANIA. Anacteana hollisi sp. n. http://zoobank.org/28D22555-4D31-41C9-BF10-9573ABD96048 Figs 89, 89A, 90 Material.—Holotype male: ANGOLA: 7 mi. W. Gabela [11.00’S, 14.30’E], 16-18.ii1.1972, South African Exp. BM 1972; 2 female paratypes, same data as the Type (NHMUK). Description.—Similar in size, but more slender than A. n. neavei and closer in general appearance to the larger specimens of A. n. burtti from Singida and Mpwapwa. Sculpturing of integument as in neavei. Antennae proportionately longer and less dentate than in neavei, equal in male and subequal in female to the combined length of head and pronotum. Dorsum of pronotum relatively narrow (Fig. 89), carinae low and thick, but distinct, lateral ones somewhat in- flexed in middle; three transverse sulci distinct, metazona more than half length of prozona, its hind margin broadly rounded, medial in- dentation very weak in male, indistinct in female. Tegmina as in Fig. 89A. Mesosternal interspace narrower than lobe in male, quadrate in female. Hind femur slightly slenderer than in neavei—length/width ratio 3.7 vs. 3.2. External and internal genital structures as in Fig. 90; shapes of epiphallus and spermatheca are particularly distinctive. Coloration cryptic in shades of grey and brownish, very similar to that of A. n. burtti. No distinctive markings. Measurements in Table 7. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Table 7. Measurements of Anacteana spp. n. neavi (mm) n. burtti (mm) hollisi (mm) M F M F M F Antennal length 5.5-6.3 5.5-7.0 4.2-5.4 3.8-4.2 74 5.4 Pronotal length 3.6-3.8 4.2-4.4 2.8-3.0 3.5-4.2 3.7 4.4 Prozona/metazona 2.1 2.1 2.08 2.07 1.47 1.6 ratio Tegminal length 2.8 3.2-3.4 2.02 2.8-3.6 2.8 3.7 Tegminal width 1.3 1.5-1.6 1.1 1.3-1.5 1.1 dia7. Tegminal Length/ 2.15 2.13 3.12 2.3 D5 252 width ratio Hind femurlength 9.5-10.5 11.5-12.5 7.2-7.8 8.5-10.2 9.1 10.7 Hind femur depth 2.8-3.1 3.7-4.0 2,.2-2.6 3.0-3.4 2.4 3.1 Hind femur length # # 3.1 2.9 3.7 3.4 to depth ratio Total length 15.0-16.5 17.5-22.0 13.0-15.0 16.0-20.0 15.5 22 # = single ratio cannot be calculated Genus group diagnosis The Duronia genus group Description.—Besides characteristics of male (Figs 19, 20, 97) and female (Fig. 98) genitalia, the included genera share the follow- ing characters: size medium or smaller; integument finely rugose; antennae narrowly ensiform, equal to shorter than length of head and pronotum; frontal ridge broad, sulcate, with thick margins, more or less constricted at junction with fastigium; apex of head conical, more or less pointed, fastigial foveolae absent; pronotum weakly tectiform, dorsum more or less flat, carinae strong, length of metazona equal or subequal to that of prozona, its hind angle obtuse-angular; tegmina and wings fully developed, reticulation dense, intercalary vein in medial area absent; hind femur of slender to medium build, knee lobes of equal length, outer rounded, inner acute; abdominal appendages simple, unspecialized in both sexes. Discussion.—This group includes only four genera: Duronia Stal, 1876 (type species chloronota Stal, 1876); Duroniella I. Bolivar, 1908a (type species fracta Krauss, 1890); Leopardia Baccetti, 1985 (type species bivittata Baccetti, 1985); and Oxyduronia gen. n. (type sp. anablepioides sp. n. here described). Its position relative to oth- er tribes and species groups is considered on p. 41. In their species composition and geographical distribution, the four genera vary considerably: Duronia contains just one variable widespread spe- cies recorded throughout Africa south of the Sahara, S.W. Arabia, and Madagascar; Duroniella contains over a dozen closely related species (some possibly synonyms), which occur in a wide belt across the southern Palaearctic and the adjacent part of Eremian zone from Mauritania and North Africa to the Near East, Central Asia to China; the two remaining genera are monotypic East Af- rican endemics of very limited distribution: Leopardia in southern Somalia and northern Kenya, and Oxyduronia gen. n. in S.W. Tan- zania and N. Malawi. Key to genera in the Duronia genus group 1 Larger; males >20mm, females >30mm................. Duronia Stal, 1876 - Smaller; males mostly <20mm, females <30MM............::eceeeeeeeee Zz 2 Lateral pronotal carinae straight or weakly excurved, parallel; arolia - Lateral carinae wavy in prozona, divergent in metazona, arolia very stivalll (Fig. 3 \e ieten iv tectbee Nie Fence nds Duroniella |. Bolivar, 1908a 61 3 Compound eye small, measured vertically smaller than sub-ocular distance. Fastigium acutely pointed (Figs 99, 100) frontal ridge at junction with fastigium strongly narrowed (Fig. 104); pronotal cari- Mae Acute by Pale!) .as. 250 SEN ee UM hates At wah) ES LTE es Oxyduronia gen. n. - Compound eye larger, measured vertically equal to or larger than sub-ocular distance (Figs 101, 102). Fastigium parabolic; frontal ridge at junction with fastigium not strongly narrowed (Fig. 103); pronotal carinae not sharply raised............... Leopardia Baccetti, 1985 Generic diagnosis Duronia Stal, 1876 Duronia Stal, 1876: 21. Type species. —Phlaeoba (Duronia) chloronota Stal, 1876: 48 by origi- nal designation. Rodunia I. Bolivar, 1908a: 99 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Type species: Phlaeoba chloronota Stal, 1876, by original designa- tion I. Bolivar 1908a: 100, footnote. Description.—See genus group diagnosis and key (this page). Discussion.—Uvarov (1953) clarified much of the hitherto exist- ing confusion and established the generic synonymy as above. He then listed eight currently valid species attributed to the genus. Of these, D. sanguinolenta (I. Bolivar, 1889) was dubious since the original type is lost. Six African species were keyed; one of them, D. curta Uvarov, 1953, was described as new. A later revision by Dirsh (1962) reduced the eight species to two (the type for the ge- nus Duronia chloronota Stal, 1876, and D. curta Uvarov, 1953). The rest, including the Madagascan D. faeta (I. Bolivar, 1890), were reduced to synonyms of D. chloronota. A study of genitalia of both the sexes in a large number of speci- mens broadly confirms Dirsh’s conclusion that Duronia is repre- sented throughout its vast distribution area (including much of Af- rica south of the Sahara, Madagascar, and S.W. Arabia), by one vari- able species, D. chloronota Stal. Even the Madagascan populations do not differ markedly. Only in southern Africa is there sufficient differentiation to suggest subspecific status (hitherto described as D. curta Uvarov). Likewise, specimens from Kasewe Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone comprise individuals of very large size, with expand- ed, somewhat inflated pronota and basally yellow hind wings with infumate apices. These are described here as Duronia c. curta and D. c. phippsi subsp. n., respectively (the latter dedicated to its collector, the well-known entomologist-acridologist, the late John Phipps). Species notes Duronia chloronota (Stal, 1876) Phlaeoba (Duronia) chloronota Stal, 1876: 48. Phlaeoba viridula var. liturata |. Bolivar, 1889 (syn. Dirsh 1962). Phlaeoba laeta |. Bolivar, 1890 (syn. Dirsh 1963). Phlaeoba tricolor Karny, 1907 (syn. Dirsh 1962). Rodunia acuminata I. Bolivar, 1912 (syn. Dirsh 1962). Duronia victoriana Rehn, 1914, (syn. Dirsh 1962). Material.—Included are all the types studied by Dirsh, and also the abundant material in NHMUK collection acquired since that time. Description.—For diagnosis see under nominate subspecies. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 62 G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Figs 97-104. Duronia genus group. Figs 97-98. Duronia chloronota phippsi n. subsp.: 97. Male genitalic structures: A-D. Epiphallus, A. Laterally, B-D. Dorsally and dorso-posteriorly (B-C. Right half only); E-F. Aedeagal valves ventrally and laterally from right side, re- spectively. 98. Female genitalic structures: A. Subgenital plate dorsally; B. Apex of same ventrally; C. Idem, laterally from right side; D. Cercus; E. Spermathecal duct; and F. Spermatheca. Figs 99, 100, 104. Oxyduronia anablepioides gen.n. et sp.n. 99-100. Oblique aspect of head and pronotum; 99. Male from left side; 100. Female from left side; 104. Male frontal ridge. Figs 101-103. Leopardia bivittata Baccetti. 101, 102. Oblique aspect of head and pronotum. 101. Male from left side; 102. Female from left side; 103. Male frontal ridge. All scale lines under Figs 97, 101, and 103 represent 1 mm - lowermost scale applies to Figs 97 A-F, the uppermost to Figs 98 A-E; that below Fig. 101 applies also to Fig. 99; that below Fig. 103 also applies to Fig. 104. Scale under Fig. 102 represents 5 mm and applies also to Fig. 100. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Duronia chloronota chloronota (Stal, 1876) Material.—Syntype and long series of material lodged at NHMUK, London. Description.—Diagnosis as for genus group. Size (in mm): total length, male 20-30, female 28-44. Integument finely rugose. Antenna ensiform, somewhat shorter than combined length of head and pronotum. Head conical, face oblique, straight, or broadly convex; variable even in same locality. Fastigium para- bolic with fine medial and lateral carinulae. Frontal ridge sulcate with high carinulae diverging downwards. Dorsum of pronotum flat, wide, with sharp strong carinae; lateral carinae straight, parallel, or slightly divergent backwards; only posterior sulcus crossing dorsum, metazona slightly shorter than prozona, its posterior margin obtuse-angular. Male genital structures as in Fig. 97 (D. c. phippsi). Coloration extremely variable in shades of dark to light-brown and stramineous, often with admixture of shades of green and presence of dark lateral fascia. Dorsum predominantly in shades of brown, but occasionally in other colors, including a vivid deep pink pigmentation; sides are fre- quently green. Discussion.—There is no marked constancy in color patterns; sometimes a local population may exhibit a fairly homogeneous picture, while another elsewhere presents a wide range of varia- tion. This could be a reflection of the ecological conditions of the habitat, but precise observations are lacking. Distribution.—The typical subspecies is by far the most wide- spread and variable of the three. Occurs in whole Ethiopian region except for deserts; all East African countries including SOMALIA (omitted from COPR (1982) but cited in Johnsen and Schmidt (1982) and Baccetti and Abukar (1987)); in much of southern Africa replaced by Duronia chloronota curta (Uvarov 1953). Duronia chloronota curta (Uvarov, 1953), stat. n. et comb. n. Duronia curta Uvarov, 1953: 144-145, figs 174-175. Material.—Type material and others in NHMUK, London. Description.—Differs from nominate subspecies in its smaller size but proportionately more robust build, shorter rounded head, and thick, practically parallel lateral carinae of pronotum. Colora- tion as in nominate subspecies. Size (in mm); total length: males, 22-2; females, 32-37. Discussion.—South African species are intermediate with nomi- nate subspp. Distribution.—SOUTH AFRICA (former Natal, Orange Free State, and Cape Province), ZIMBABWE. Duronia chloronota phippsi subsp. n. http://zoobank.org/IJAAOODA8-1563-4DB2-8482-80C75DC3FAF8 Figs 97, 98, 105-107 Material.—Holotype male: SIERRA LEONE, Kasewe Forest Re- serve, 22.X1.1964 NHMUK. 20 male, 20 female paratypes, same data, NHMUK. 63 Description.—Differs from other subspecies in its more robust build and larger size. Proportionally longer and more expanded antennae; frontal ridge as in Fig. 107, markedly narrowed at junction with fasti- gium. Pronotum somewhat inflated, dorsum with strong, raised cari- nae; lateral carinae somewhat outflexed. Pronotal metazona length of prozona, its hind angle sharp, slightly attenuate (Figs 105, 106). Col- oration deep green dorsally, brownish laterally with fine, sparse, dark speckling; hind wings hyaline to faintly yellowish basally, infumate apically. Size (in mm); total length: males, 22-25; females, 32-37. Discussion.—Habitat is moist grassland in forest clearings. Generic diagnosis Durioniella I. Bolivar, 1908a Durioniella I. Bolivar, 1908a: 100. Type species. —Duronia fracta Krauss, 1890: 260 (I. Bolivar 1908a), by original designation; (but given as Duroniella lucasii (1. Bolivar, 1881) by subsequent designation in OSF (Cigliano et al. 2018)). Description.—As in description of genus group and key to genera. Discussion.—A widespread genus of a dozen or so closely related species, some of which are possibly synonyms. Genus in need of revision. Only species so far recorded in East Africa is Duroniella acuta Uvarov, 1952. The reduced arolia correlate with the marked geophilous tendencies of members of the genus. Species notes Duroniella acuta Uvarov, 1952 Figs 108-113 Duroniella acuta Uvarov, 1952: 42, 180. Material.—ERITREA: Archico, X; Wakhiro, XI; Ghibdo valley 30 mi. W. of Assab. ETHIOPIA: Paradisso, IX. SOMALIA: Bihendulah, 25 mi. N.W. Berbera, X; Tug Hodna E. of Karin, III; Las Dureh plain, XII. (Also, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia and Yemen south of 20°N). Description.—Slightly below medium size. Size (in mm): males 17.5- 19.5, females 25.0-26.5. Head and pronotum as in Figs 108, 109. Integument matt to finely rugulose. Antennae narrowly ensiform; in male longer than, in female shorter than, head and pronotum. Frontal ridge moderately sulcate (Fig. 110), with thick, somewhat wavy margins, weakly divergent downwards. Fastigium of vertex moderately prominent, longer than broad; apex acutely parabolic. Pronotal disc weakly tectiform, smooth, carinae low, but distinct throughout; lateral carinae weakly inflexed in prozona, divergent in metazona. Pronotal metazona 0.8x length of prozona, its hind angle obtusely angulate. Tegmina extend beyond hind knees, membrane semitransparent; intercalary vein in medial area present. Hind femur slender; arolia very small (Fig. 113). External genital structures as il- lustrated in Figs 111-112. Coloration in buff and pale green variants; a faint dark fascia extends from antennal socket through genae and upper side of lateral pronotal lobes to medial area of tegmina, where it is bordered by a contrasting pale green stripe along costal area; hind wings hyaline; hind femur, including knee, a darker shade of brown than dorsum; hind tibiae pinkish brown. Green forms with pastel green sides are found predominantly among females. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 64 Fee) rein Fy ES SEMEL ET Ey Se axe Ty. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL re 113 hs i Figs 105-113. Duronia genus group. Figs 105-107. Duronia chloronota phippsi n. subsp.: 105, 106. Head and pronotum dorsally and from left side, respectively; 107. Frontal ridge. Figs 108-113. Duroniella acuta Uvarov: 108, 109. Male head and pronotum from above and oblique view, respectively; 110. Frontal ridge A. Male; B. Female; 111. Male abdominal apex from above; 112. Male abdominal apex from oblique aspect, left side; 113. Tip of hind tarsus showing small pulvillus. All scale lines represent 1 mm: of two scales under Fig. 112, only uppermost applies to Figs 105-112, while lowermost applies to Fig. 113. Discussion.—Comparison of the East African material with the types of D. acuta from Saudi Arabia, the types of D. cooperi Uvarov, 1943 from Egypt, and D. lucasii (1. Bolivar, 1881) from North Afri- ca, shows East African material to be conspecific with the Arabian D. acuta (only differing in minor details such as smaller size and paler coloration). This species is closely related to the Egyptian D. cooperi, but both are quite distinct from the North African D. luca- sii on the basis of phallic morphology. Records of D. lucasii from Somalia (cited in Johnsen and Schmidt 1982) should be consid- ered a misidentification. Distribution.—ERITREA, ETHIOPIA, SOMALIA, SAUDI ARABIA, YEMEN. Generic diagnosis Leopardia Baccetti, 1985 Leopardia Baccetti, 1985: 299. Type species. —Leopardia bivittata Baccetti, 1985: 305, by monotypy. Description.—The diagnosis of the genus is as in the key to genera; for species see below. Species notes Leopardia bivittata Baccetti, 1985 Figs 101-103, 114-116 Material.—SOMALIA: Giohar; Misciani (Genale) (Type localities); Nr. Afmadu; Mogadiscio. KENYA: 22 km N.W. of Witu along road to Garsen (02° 18'S, 40°17’E) 65 m. Dry thicket with lush roadside grass; Hola (01°30’S, 40°00’E); Yasere, Moyale Dist. (03°30’N, 38°55’E). Grass and thorn bush, Adults: VI, XI, XII. Description.—Below medium size. Size (in mm): total length males 17-20, females 25-33. Integument moderately shiny, finely pitted, somewhat pilose. Antennae narrowly ensiform, in male slightly longer, in female shorter, than combined length of head and pronotum. Head short, acutely pointed with oblique, straight, to weakly convex frons. Frontal ridge broad, margins thick, well- defined, weakly divergent downwards; fastigial constriction weak (Fig. 103). Fastigium of vertex parabolic, with well-defined medial and lateral carinulae and arcuate sulcus in forward position; sur- face of fastigium flat to weakly convex, meeting frons at an acute angle to form a sharp overhang above antennal fossae; lacking foveolae. Pronotum weakly tectiform, dorsum in metazona and anterior part of prozona finely pitted; front margin straight, hind JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 65 Figs 114-119. Duronia genus group. Genitalic structures: Figs 114-116. Leopardia bivittata: 114. Female subgenital plate dorsally; B. Apex of same, ventrally; C. Idem laterally; D. Cercus; E. Spermatheca and duct; 115. Phallic complex, epiphallus removed, A. Laterally, B. Dorsally; 116. Male dissected phallic components, C-E. Epiphallus laterally, dorsally and dorso-posteriorly (right half), aedeagal valves, F. Ventrally and G. Idem, laterally. Figs 117-119. Oxyduronia anablepioides n. gen. et sp. n.: 117. Female, A. Subgenital plate dorsally; B. Apex of same ventrally; C. Idem laterally; D. Cercus; E. Spermathecal duct and spermatheca; 118. Male, lateral and dorsal aspect phal- lic complex, epiphallus removed: A. Laterally, B. Dorsally; 119. Dissected phallic components, C-E. Epiphallus laterally, dorsally and dorso-posteriorly (right half), F. Aedeagal valves ventrally, G. Idem, laterally. Scale lines all 1 mm: Scale under Fig. 114C refers to Figs 114A-D and 117A-D, scale under Fig. 114E refers to Figs 114E and 117E, and scale under Fig. 118B refers to Figs 115, 116, 118, and 119. margin obtuse-angular; medial carina strong, lateral carinae weak- er, but well defined throughout. Only hind sulcus distinct, inter- rupting all three carinae. Metazona distinctly shorter than prozona in both sexes; lateral pronotal lobes with sinuous, ascending lower margin and rounded posterior and anterior angles; a strong lon- gitudinal callose ridge, parallel to, and somewhat below, the up- per margin, with area between darkened, a character more pro- nounced in females (Figs 101, 102). Mesosternal lobes weakly transverse, interspace length/width ratio 3:2 in males, 1:1 in fe- males. Tegmina narrow and tapering, with parabolically rounded apex, not quite reaching hind knees in either sex; membrane semi- transparent, reticulation sparse, intercalary vein in medial area weak or absent. Hind wings distinctly shorter than tegmina. Hind knees with short, rounded outer and subacute inner lobes. Tibiae length of femora, spines moderately long, inner spurs twice length of outer. Male abdominal appendages as in Figs 111-112. Oviposi- tor with short, robust valves, curved at apices; lower valves without basal tooth. Internal genital structures as in Figs 114-116, rather similar to those in Duronia; hind margin of subgenital plate with- out marked medial projection. Coloration marbled and speckled JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 66 in shades of brown and stramineous, with dorsum occasionally greenish (more often so in males). Lateral dark fascia varies in intensity, extending from antennal pits along upper margin of lat- eral pronotal lobes, sometimes filling much of the space between lateral pronotal carinae and ridge on lobe and thence to medial field of tegmina. Tip of abdomen in males yellowish of varying intensity, probably in response to sexual maturation. Hind femur brown, hind knee and base of tibia more or less dark, more in- tensely in males; hind tibiae brownish with spines tipped black. Distribution. SOMALIA, KENYA. Generic diagnosis Oxyduronia gen. n. http://zoobank.org/B8114A7E-BB30-404D-BOF8-63F600040C6B Type species. —Oxyduronia anablepioides sp. n., here described and designated. Description.—Below medium size, of medium build. Integument finely rugulose, matt, weakly pilose. Antennae relatively thick, nar- rowly ensiform, somewhat shorter than length of head and prono- tum. Head short, apex sharply pointed; frons oblique, straight to weakly convex in profile. Frontal ridge broad, deeply sulcate with thick margins divergent downwards and narrowly constricted at junction with fastigium. Fastigium of vertex broad, acutely para- bolic, its surface convex, meeting the frons at acute angle, forming a projecting sharp overhang above antennal fossae; temporal fove- olae absent; carinulae low but distinct, positioned along margin; arcuate sulcus weak, well in front of the middle. Compound eye small, narrowly pointed apically; sub-ocular distance greater than longest diameter of eye in both sexes. Pronotum weakly tectiform; dorsum finely pitted and ridged especially in metazona and an- terior part of prozona; anterior margin straight to weakly curved, hind margin obtuse angular with slightly produced rounded apex. Pronotal carinae sharp and raised; lateral carinae straight to out- flexed, particularly in female; parallel to weakly divergent caudad, particularly in male. Only typical sulcus distinct on dorsum, inter- rupting all carinae; metazona subequal to prozona in both sexes. Lateral pronotal lobes flat to weakly concave with irregular ridges and callosities; a submarginal ridge is present below its upper mar- gin but is less marked than in Leopardia; lower margin parallel to upper in its posterior part and ascending in its anterior half; lower hind angle sharp. Mesosternal lobes transverse with rounded an- gles, interspace wide. Tegmina narrow with parabolic, tapering and somewhat swept back apices; reticulation moderately dense; intercalary vein in medial area weak or absent. Hind wings narrow, pointed and distinctly shorter than tegmina. Hind femora moder- ately slender; hind knee with lower outer lobe short and rounded, inner subacute. Hind tibiae slender, slightly shorter than femora; inner spurs twice length of outer; arolia large. Abdominal append- ages in male unspecialized, elongate and slender; concealed geni- tal structures similar to those in Duronia and Leopardia (Figs 117- 119). Epiphallic bridge (Fig. 119) moderately robust, arched and without median process; lophi digitiform, markedly widened and flattened but not upturned apically; posterior projections elongate and slender. Aedeagal valves as in Fig. 118. Ovipositor with short robust upturned valves; lower valves without basal tooth. Struc- ture of spermathecal duct (Fig. 117) and spermatheca similar to that in Duronia; subgenital plate with rounded median projection. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Discussion.—Genus monotypic. In its general characteristics, and particularly its genital structures, it is like Leopardia, and is a fairly close relative of Duronia. However, the structure of head and pro- notum in Oxyduronia is sufficiently distinctive to fully warrant ge- neric recognition. Species notes Oxyduronia anablepioides sp. n. http://zoobank.org/47DD2570-EC4F-49 FE-9 D07-EC687A96D819 Figs 99, 100, 104, 117-119 Material.—Holotype male: S.W. TANZANIA: Ufipa plateau, 16 mi. N.N.W. of Sumbawanga, Mkundi Plantation, 16-27.V.1966, N.D. Jago (NHMUK). Paratypes: 3 males, 1 female, same data as holo- type; | female, Ufipa, Malenja, 1.IV.1950, H. Backlund; | male, Ufipa, Nsangu, 7000’ (2134 m) 13.11.1959, Vesey-Fitzgerald. MALAWI: | male, N. Rukuru, Nyika Plateau, 18.11.1967, Whellan (NHMUK). Description.—As for genus. Size (in mm): total length: males 18-20, females 32-34. Antennae in male subequal to equal, in female distinctly shorter than combined length of head and pro- notum. Tegmina not quite reaching hind knee. Coloration both sexes in shades of green and brown; dorsally grass-green, sides marbled and spotted in varying shades of brown, except for green longitudinal stripes in upper part of lateral pronotal lobes and anal and precostal areas of tegmina. Membrane of tegmen thicker and brown basally, semi-transparent and pinkish apically; hind wing hyaline, faintly infumate apically. Hind femora including knee, brown; outer face with more or less pronounced greenish wash. Hind tibiae dirty brown, spines tipped blackish-brown. Underside brownish. Distribution.—S.W. TANZANIA: Ufipa Plateau and N. MALAWI. 2.2 The tribe Gymnobothrini Tribal diagnosis Introduction.—Some taxa have been reviewed here based on lit- erature descriptions only. This study is, therefore, preliminary and does not resolve all the taxonomic complexities of this group. The genus Gymnobothrus, in particular, will ultimately require a more thorough revision. Description.—As defined on p. 41. Discussion.—Included genera: Brachybothrus gen. n., Chirista Ka- tsch, 1893, Comacris I. Bolivar, 1890, Coryphosima Karsch, 1893, Guichardippus Dirsh, 1959, Gymnobothrus I. Bolivar, 1889, Malcolm- burria Uvarov, 1953, Oxybothrus Uvarov, 1953 (as yet not recorded in eastern Africa), Rastafaria Ramme, 1931, Roduniella I. Bolivar, 1914, Tenuihippus Willemse, 1994, and Zacompsa Karsch, 1893. This review presents the genera alphabetically. Gymnobothroides Karny, 1915 syn. n. and Phloeochopardia Dirsh, 1958 syn. n. are newly synonymized under Gymnobothrus. In the taxonomic treat- ments below, generic diagnosis of monotypic genera requires ref- erence to the key (p. 67 below), while the fuller diagnostic descrip- tion is given under the species. These twelve genera have similar genital structures (Figs 24- 30), notably a very distinctive epiphallus with elongate digiti- JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL form lophi, and are thus regarded as a closely related group, here given the rank of a tribe within Acridinae. Externally they resemble members of the Sumba genus group, but unlike them do not have specialized antennae or peculiar sculpturing of the integument. The single Rastafaria species is micropterous, Brachy- bothrus gen. n. and Guichardippus species are brachypterous, and Coryphosima and Gymnobothrus species exhibit all stages of wing development; the remaining genera are all fully winged. While most are terri-graminicoles, some are graminicoles, and the two Brachybothrus gen. n. species are geophilous and have reduced arolia. Most of the genera contain few species, each with a rather limited geographical distribution, with the exception of Corypho- sima and Gymnobothrus, which are fairly large genera containing widespread species. Critical characters, such as the structure of the vertex of the head and the pronotum, are often highly vari- able both geographically and within a population. Species have often been erected erroneously and extensive synonymy is fre- quently necessary. Thus Dirsh (1965) listed 11 species of Cor- yphosima, but five years later he attributed 16 synonyms to Cor- yphosima stenoptera (Schaum, 1853) (Dirsh 1970), five of which he regarded as valid species in 1965. Jago (1970) also discussed such complexities. Species are best defined on a combination of characters. Detailed structure of head and pronotum is useful in this respect, but the genital structures much less so. As a whole, the genera within this tribe are very similar and rather difficult to distinguish without careful examination. Coloration, as in many Acridinae, is variable and usually sever- al variants occur sympatrically. However, in some cases, the colora- tion of the lower inner and outer face of the hind femur provides a stable diagnostic feature. Key to East African genera in the tribe Gymnobothrini i. Frontal ridge very narrow at junction with fastigium and broadly widened towards clypeus; medial pronotal carina lamellate, raised and deeply notched by typical transverse sulcus. D.R. CONGO, W. STAIN ZEA IN TR ce cuca teeeatcidunestautaay caaeeeea a Malcolmburria Uvarov, 1953 - Margins of frontal ridge sub-parallel, or weakly divergent; fastigial constriction not unduly marked. Medial pronotal carina linear, not Fatii ella tesa til Pav Cle. eats hada dete cadence rgpala daraieic ctu ca uleda denghbvengea tach Z 2 Antennae narrowly ensiform, widened and compressed basally, cylindrical apically. Fastigium of vertex pointed (Fig. 121; Figs 316-317). Pronotum weakly tectiform with almost straight well-de- veloped lateral carinae reaching hind margin and weakly divergent caudad. Fully winged; of slender build (similar to Sumba).............. 3 - Not with above combination of characters; in particular, lateral cari- nae not straight and not reaching hind margin of pronotum........... 4 3 Size slightly larger, of average build (male 12-15 mm). Fastigial fo- veolae absent, metazona roughly the length of prozona. Fastigial fo- veolae absent, metazona roughly length of prozona. CAMEROON, UGANDA, KENYA, D.R. CONGO; locally common in wet habitats . Racal Ree hE Rea Mt as Teh le ee Be Roduniella |. Bolivar, 1914 - Size very small (male 11-12 mm), of very slender build. Fastigial foveolae present, metazona 1.4x length of prozona (Figs 316-322). A rare ZAMBIAN endemic..............:ccee Tenuihippus Willemse, 1994 4 Antennae shorter than combined length of head and pronotum, compressed in basal part and thickened in apical half; brachypter- USPS OVAL IAS ois store utes ucts pana eta war, Guichardippus Dirsh, 1959 10 11 12 1 67 Not as above; antennae of varying length and thickness, sometimes slightly compressed and widened basally, but not otherwise special- Rim of fastigium of vertex narrow and projecting, no trace of tempo- tall foveo lad ¢hullyewitre ed 2. ch ut ateveet, cclttes. alti Meet weihhan teat Mees 6 Rim of fastigium of vertex thick, temporal foveolae present, though sometimes as little more than faint granular pits along or below the rim, or even obsolete (see Jago (1970) for an illustration) .............. % Pronotal carinae in prozona straight, parallel, obliterate in metazo- na; costal and subcostal area of wing inflated at apex, medial and cubital area widened; lustrous with regular sparse transverse veinlets (Fig. 125). GUINEA, KENYA, TANZANIA, SOUTH AFRICA................ ee earl, sere ery Dn eRe re lad, Air yee Comacris |. Bolivar, 1890 Lateral pronotal carinae distinct throughout, incurved in prozona, strongly divergent in metazona (Fig. 123); wing venation normal unspecialized. Widespread in W. Africa, also in CONGO REP., D.R. CONGO and UGANDA s24 300.205 mee eee Moe Chirista Karsch, 1893 Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened, but in dorsal posi- Tegmina lobiform, positioned laterally ..........eccceececseeteeteeeeeteeenes at Pronotum weakly sub-cylindrical; lateral carinae obliterate between first and second transverse sulci and almost so in metazona. Color- ation usually as contrasting broad longitudinal dark and light bands (Fig. 323). W. Africa to ETHIOPIA, D.R. CONGO wu.eessecsessssesessssseeeee Seg. Matias eins NebakavsteNa relied tr deba tr alder alt pteame Zacompsa Karsch, 1893 Pronotum more or less tectiform or saddle-shaped, compressed in middle; lateral carinae distinct in MetaZONa ....... eee eeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeee 9 Pronotum shortened, strongly compressed in middle; metazona much shorter than prozona; lateral carinae callose, interrupted by sulci and obliterate between first and second sulcus; brachypterous; arolia:small:(Figs:297,299) KENYA, SOMALIA. .cxus.0.3 enn anieeh. sSoamsdbashguiedhsahett Mu ieecegatawas tsa ida Meuchs tennessee lume tac ee Brachybothrus gen. n. Pronotum not strongly shortened and compressed; metazona as long as, slightly shorter than, or longer than prozona; arolia not un- tales all A Seer ancl aude tance detssAuna seed ttincods laine tenn ditties teas seein 10 Fastigial foveolae weak, sometimes absent. Dorsum of pronotum flat; lateral carinae sharp and parallel to subparallel in prozona, more or less divergent, weak or obliterate in metazona; macropter- ous or brachypterous (but see also micropterous species under cou- plet 12). Widespread south of the Sahara.. Coryphosima Karsch, 1893 Fastigial foveolae concealed from above, but usually distinct, shallow and elongate. Pronotum somewhat constricted in middle; pronotal carinae well developed; lateral carinae straight, or slightly or strongly incurved; tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened. Wide- spread southiat Salvata sue osc ch. achaatt Gymnobothrus I. Bolivar, 1889 Lateral pronotal carinae strongly, almost angularly incurved............. Pritt NAAR Shira en SURAT UN Gymnobothrus (micropterous species)! Lateral pronotal carinae moderately or weakly incurved, or straight and parallel in prozona and divergent in metazona.............cce 12 Pronotum subcylindrical, lateral carinae moderately and broadly in- curved. ETHIOPIA, KENYA, UGANDA.......... Rastafaria Ramme, 1931 Pronotum weakly tectiform lateral carinae straight or only weakly TANCE CCIAN 22.5, a cantata lis oF Coryphosima (micropterous species)! See couplet 10 for macropterous and brachypterous forms. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 68 Generic diagnosis Roduniella |. Bolivar, 1914 Roduniella 1. Bolivar, 1914: 84. Type species.—Duronia insipida Karsch, 1896: 84, by original des- ignation. Description.—In key to genera and Figs 120-122. Epiphallus Fig. 122. Species notes Roduniella insipida (Karsch, 1896) Figs 120-122 Duronia insipida Karsch, 1896. Duronia duria Karsch, 1896 (syn. Uvarov 1938). Duronia ituriensis Rehn, 1914 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Roduniella ugandae Miller, 1932 (syn. Uvarov 1938). Material.—Holotype female (D. insipida): UGANDA: Sesse Islands (Mf£N). Description.—Integument smooth, matt. Antennae narrowly ensi- form, flattened basally, as long as, or slightly longer than, combined length of head and pronotum. Frontal ridge narrow with thick margins, slightly expanded between antennae, shallowly sulcate and weakly expanded below medial ocellus (Fig. 120). Fastigium concave, triangular, with rounded apex and straight strong margins. Medial carinula weak to obsolescent; arcuate sulcus well behind middle (Fig. 121). Pronotum weakly tectiform with carinae distinct; lateral carinae parallel in prozona, weakly divergent in metazona; metazona as along as or slightly longer than prozona, its hind mar- gin obtuse-angular. Coloration in shades of green, predominantly grass green, with brownish and yellowish patches and stripes (note dark blackish-brown lateral stripe extending from antennal pit across upper margin of lateral pronotal lobe and thorax but leaving a clear oblique stripe in middle of latter, then crossing medial and cubital areas of tegmina). Hind femur and tibia fawn/brown. Measurements.—(In mm). Size small; total length: male 12-15, female 18-22. Discussion.—Hygrotypic to mesohygrotypic, frequenting marshes and lake shores, usually in grasslands liable to flooding. Adults recorded throughout the year, thus probably breeding without marked interruption. Distribution —CAMEROON, UGANDA, KENYA, D.R. CONGO. In UGANDA recorded from: Entebbe, Kampala, Kazinga channel, Bwamba, Bugoma forest, Kakamiro, but also at altitude from Ru- wenzori, at 4,500’ (1370 m) and 8,000-9,000' (2438-2743 m), and Mount Elgon 5,000-7,000' (1850-2134 m). Generic diagnosis Chirista Karsch, 1893 Chirista Karsch, 1893: 54, 75. Type species.—Stenobothrus comptus Walker, 1870: 762 (Sierra Leo- ne), by subsequent designation I. Bolivar, 1909, note. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Description.—Recognition as in the key to genera. Species notes Chirista compta (Walker, 1870) Figs 123, 124 Gymnobothrus varians Karsch, 1891 (Barombi) (syn. I. Bolivar 1909). Chirista varians Karsch, 1893:76 (syn. I. Bolivar 1909). Duronia virgula |. Bolivar, 1890 (Ashanti) (syn. I. Bolivar 1909). Duronia pegasus Rehn, 1914 (D.R. CONGO) (syn. Uvarov 1953). Description.—Moderately slender. Size (in mm): total length: males 14.5-17.0, females 18.0-21.0. Integument finely rugose and dot- ted. Antennae filiform, in males about as long as combined length of head and pronotum; in females somewhat shorter. Frontal ridge weakly sulcate, margins slightly divergent downwards. Fastigium of vertex moderately concave, narrowly parabolic with sharp margins; foveolae absent. Pronotum weakly selliform, median carina linear; lateral carinae more obtuse, strongly incurved in prozona, divergent in metazona. Latter with obtuse-angular hind margin and as long as, or slightly longer than, prozona (Fig. 123). Tegmina and wings fully developed, tegmina relatively narrow, intercalary vein weak or absent. Epiphallus with rather short lophi (Fig. 124). General col- oration variable, particularly in females, in shades of green and/or brown, paler dorsally and ventrally; in brown individuals usually a dark brownish lateral stripe of varying width extending backwards from antennal pits across upper half of lateral pronotal lobes, but interrupted by a conspicuous oblique clear stripe on mesothorax; in green variants this band is narrowly confined to upper edge of lateral pronotal lobes. Darker blackish-brown color forms could be fire-melanic. Hind wings hyaline, or slightly infumate. Distribution.—Widespread from western Africa to D.R. CONGO and ANGOLA, to UGANDA (Bwamba, Jinja, Mabira forest, Kam- pala, Lake George, Buruli, Samburu falls) and ETHIOPIA (Dembi Forest — Felix and Massa 2016). In Uganda one of the most com- mon forest-edge species. Generic diagnosis Comacris I. Bolivar, 1890 Comacris I. Bolivar, 1890: 312. Type species. —Chrysochraon semicarinatus Gerstaecker, 1869: 218, by subsequent designation (I. Bolivar 1909). Description.—Recognition as in the key to genera. Venation of hind wings very distinctive (key to genera and Fig. 125); complete ab- sence of fastigial foveolae is also diagnostic. Species notes Comacris semicarinatus (Gerstaecker, 1869) Figs 125, 126 Chrysochraon semicarinatus Gerstaecker, 1869: 218. Comacris sansibaricus |. Bolivar, 1890: 313 (syn. Karsch 1900: 275). Material.—Holotype male (semicarinatus): KENYA: Wanga (mate- rial not available); Types male and female sansibaricus: Zanzibar. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 69 23 Figs 120-143. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Figs 120-122. Roduniella insipida male: 120. Frontal ridge; 121. Vertex from above; 122. Epiphal- lus. Figs 123, 124. Chirista compta male: 123. Head and pronotum from above; 124. Epiphallus (after Dirsh 1965). Figs 125, 126. Comacris semicarinatus male: 125. Fore and hindwings, note hind wing speculum; 126. Epiphallus. Figs 127-143. Coryphosima spp: 127-129. C. stenoptera: 127. Head and pronotum male from above; 128. Oblique view of vertex and weak foveolar pits; 129. Oblique view of vertex and stronger foveolar pits; 130-131. C. brevicornis: 130. Head and pronotum male from above; 131. Oblique view of ver- tex. 132-133. C. stenoptera vicina: 132. Head and pronotum male from above; 133. Oblique view of vertex. Note: now a synonym of C. stenoptera stenoptera. 134-135. C. bintumana: 134. Head and pronotum of male from above; 135. Oblique view of vertex. 136-137. C. maliensis: 136. Male vertex from above; 137. Oblique view of vertex. 138-139. C. cytidonotus: 138. Male vertex from above; 139. Prono- tal disc. 140-141. C. vumbaensis: 140. Male vertex from above; 141. Pronotal disc. 142-143. C. abyssinica: 142. Male vertex from above; 143. Pronotal disc. All scale lines represent 1 mm: that under Fig. 126 applies to Figs 122, 124 and 126; that under Fig. 125 applies to Fig. 120 (lower fig.) and Fig. 125; that under Fig. 138 applies to Figs 121, 128, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 142; that under Fig. 139 applies to Figs 127, 130, 132, 134, 136, 139, 141 and 143. That under Fig. 123 applies to Fig. 123 only. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 70 Other series: TANZANIA: Zanzibar: Korogwe, Dar-es-Salaam, Tan- ga, Miombo, Mlingano, Ngomeri; SOUTH AFRICA: Durban. Description.—Size (in mm): Small; total length: male 16-17, fe- male 22-24. Integument finely rugose, matt. Antennae rather thick, basally slightly compressed, in males somewhat longer than combined length of head and pronotum. Frontal ridge weakly sul- cate, margins low weakly divergent. Pronotum weakly tectiform, almost flat; lateral carinae strong, straight and slightly divergent in prozona, obliterate in metazona. Metazona equal in length to pro- zona, its hind margin obtuse-angular. Tegmina extending beyond hind knees, rather broad; intercalary vein in medial area weak. Hind-wing venation specialized, costal and subcostal areas inflat- ed at apex, medial and cubital areas strongly expanded, lustrous with regular, sparse, transverse veinlets (Fig. 125). Epiphallus with relatively short incurving lophi (Fig. 126). General coloration uniformly brownish to greenish-brown, probably a somewhat brighter green in life. Some specimens with a darker dorsal medial stripe. Hind knee dark. Frons, gena and ventral part of pronotal lobe white or cream colored. Discussion.—C. semicarinatus is predominantly East African where it is best known from coastal grasslands. However, the type locality (Wanga) is in Western Kenya. The only other species, C. lamottei, is known only from Guinea, Mt. Nimba. It differs from the type spe- cies in its smaller size and shorter wings. Biology little known, but habitat apparently predominantly short moist grasslands. Adults in IV and VHI-XI. Distribution.—Predominantly East African, but also reaches Kwazu- lu-Natal in South Africa. KENYA; TANZANIA; SOUTH AFRICA. Giv- en this distribution, presence in MOZAMBIQUE seems probable. Generic diagnosis Coryphosima Karsch, 1893 Coryphosima Karsch, 1893: 54, 72. Type species. —Coryphosima brevicornis Karsch, 1893: 72 (type fe- male, TOGO: Bismarckburg) by original designation. Paracomacris Karsch, 1900: 276 (syn. Dirsh 1958). Description.—Recognition as in the key to genera. Genital struc- tures characteristic of Gymnobothrus genus group, show little varia- tion and are of little taxonomic use. Epiphallus (Fig. 25). Discussion.—A large genus showing considerable taxonomic varia- tion and, like other genera in the Gymnobothrus group, individual variation may be large even at a single locality. Some recent syn- onymy, however, is thought unjustified. Consequently, carefully defined criteria have been established here, enabling definition of species and subspecies to be made on a consistent basis: geograph- ically distinct populations are considered as valid species if there are no intermediate forms, but in the presence of clinal links they are considered to be subspecies. In addition to the principal characters used previously to diag- nose taxa, this study has found that wing length and structure are informative in dividing these taxa into three groups: macropter- ous, brachypterous, and micropterous. These are treated sequen- tially below. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 1) Macropterous group: Folded wings reach or extend beyond the tip of abdomen; this group contains several closely related taxa, with Coryphosima stenoptera (Schaum, 1853) (Fig. 127) as the most important element. This group has been subjected to a number of revisions, as follows: i) Uvarov (1953), in his preliminary review of the species and sub- species of Paracomacris Karsch, 1900, cited seven macropterous species and subspecies, with 12 synonyms. To size (i.e. body length, length of elytra, and hind femur) he added width of the costal and subcostal (scapular) area of the tegmen and the shape of the radial vein as of major diagnostic importance. These criteria divided his material into three species groups: a) Scapular area narrow, radial vein straight: P. centralis centra- lis, P. centralis planicola, and P. acuta. b) Scapular area broad, radial vein sinuous: P. stenoptera stenop- tera, P. st. montana, P. st. pharaonis. c) Scapular area and radial vein of intermediate width and shape: P. producta. ii) Dirsh (1966, 1970) stated that Uvarov’s tegminal characters were, in his opinion, too variable to define species entities. He consequently published an extensive synonymy under stenop- tera, as follows: Coryphosima (=Paracomacris) stenoptera = Chrysochraon stenopterus Schaum, 1853. Stenobothrus productus Walker, 1870 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Duronia tricarinata I. Bolivar, 1890 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Coryphosima brevicornis Karsch, 1893 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Paracomacris deceptor Karsch, 1900 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Duronia pooensis I. Bolivar, 1905 (syn. Johnston 1956, Dirsh 1958). Phlaeoba pharaonis Karny, 1907 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Phlaeoba pharaonis var. alterrima Karny, 1907 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Paracomacris stenoptera pharaonis (Karny, 1907) (syn. Uvarov 1953). Paracomacris centralis Rehn, 1914 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Rodunia pharaonis var. virescens Karny, 1915 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Rodunia pharaonis var. ferruginea Karny, 1915 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Duronia acuticeps I. Bolivar, 1915 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Rodunia deceptor f. kilimana Sj6stedt, 1931 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Paracomacris centralis planicola Uvarov, 1953 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Paracomacris acuta Uvarov, 1953 (syn. Dirsh 1966). iii) Johnsen (1984) synonomized C. vicina (Dirsh, 1956) with C. stenoptera (Schaum, 1853). iv) Mestre (1988) rightly reinstated Coryphosima brevicornis Karsch, 1893 as a valid species. v) The present paper. Popov wrote: “In view of transitional forms, this study makes C. vicina (Dirsh, 1956) (macropterous; South Africa) a subspecies of C. stenoptera, as C. stenoptera vicina (Dirsh, 1956)”. Editorial note.—Popov seems to have been unaware of Johnsen’s (1984) synonomy, but both authors follow the same rationale. We accept Johnsen’s synonomy, considering it to be corroborated by Popov’s opinions. The macropterous group also includes: Coryphosima stenoptera montana (Uvarov, 1953) and Coryphosima stenoptera colorata subsp. n., both from Ethiopia. There are now, therefore, two macropterous species (stenoptera and brevicornis), the first of which has three subspecies. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Key to macropterous species and subspecies of Coryphosima in western and eastern Africa 1 Size relatively small, total length male 12-15 mm, female 16-20 mm, but robust; tegmina barely reaching tip of abdomen............... 2 - Larger and more slender, male 16-23 mm, female 20-28 mm, teg- mina extending well beyond tip of abdomen .......... ce eeeeeeeeteeeeeee 2 2 Fastigium of vertex very broad, transverse sulcus well forward (Fig. 131). Highlands of S.W. TOGO, S.E. GHANA, S. IVORY COAST, GUUITINIEAS MTS Nia Bayo aca aciaedagensPtiaaea asaeett brevicornis Karsch, 1893 - Fastigium of vertex not unduly broad, arcuate sulcus behind the middle (as in Fig. 129). Highlands of ETHIOPIA .....0.. eee eeeeeeeeeee sepula nding hres eaapodyhidescatgtc ud a dda ida t teh stenoptera montana (Uvarov, 1953) 3 Coloration bright and contrasting, including shades of blue. ETHIO- PLAN site hilands: isscctte ere ersoiesgnegeetostesat stenoptera colorata subsp. n. - Coloration in shades of brown and stramineous, dorsally often green. Widespread across western to eastern, central and southern NEL C AT rye ds ea. Oh Racks lene scoe tea fees stenoptera stenoptera (Schaum, 1853) 2) Brachypterous group: Tegmina and wings strongly abbreviated; when folded, their apices falling well short of the tip of abdomen but overlapping dorsally. All brachypterous Coryphosima spp.—ex- cept one, the west African C. maliensis Descamps, 1965—are high al- titude species, of limited vagility and localized distribution. The taxa are closely related and are probably the outcome of relatively recent speciation. Interspecific differences, although small, are fairly stable and are not indicators of trivial variability (contra Dirsh 1966). The East African species are: Coryphosima elgonensis (Uvarov, 1930) = Paracomacris loveni Sjéstedt, 1933a (syn. Uvarov 1938). Coryphosima (=Paracomacris) abyssinica Uvarov, 1934 (syn. Dirsh 1966, now res. stat.). Coryphosima vumbaensis (Miller, 1949). Coryphosima cytidonota Jago, 1970. Coryphosima danieli Massa, 2016. The West African species are: Coryphosima maliensis Descamps, 1965. Coryphosima nimbana Chopard, 1958 (GUINEA, Mt. Nimba); syn. with elgonensis by Dirsh 1966 but restored by Mestre and Chif- faud 2006. Coryphosima bintumana Roy, 1964 (SIERRA LEONE, Bintumani Mts.); also syn. with elgonensis by Dirsh 1966, but restored by Mestre and Chiffaud 2006. Key to the brachypterous species and subspecies of Coryphosima in eastern Africa 1 Lateral pronotal carinae straight, parallel to sub-parallel (Fig. 139). Fastigium of vertex as in Fig. 138, arcuate sulcus near middle. N.W. SEGA is oes asustieadaasatnastaeanu cberaa sta susuducrauretenes cytidonota Jago, 1970 - Lateral pronotal carinae more divergent, especially in metazona. Ar- cuate sulcus of fastigium well behind the middle..........0.. 4 2 Antennae thick and short, barely reaching hind margin of prono- tum, or shorter; sculpturing coarse, metazona with parallel rugosi- tes UIGANDASMIABIG OM eux wii nail tues elgonensis (Uvarov, 1930) - Antennae longer and more slender, sculpturing finet...............00. 3 3 Fastigium of vertex about as wide as long (Fig. 140). ZIMBABWE: Vclittd Dil MAES es sss seal sagas basdesavelewssgaie deoswecalyes vumbaensis (Miller, 1949) 7 - Fastigium of vertex distinctly longer than wide (Fig. 142) scapular field of tegmina narrow. ETHIOPIA: Jem-Jem and Chillalo; SOUTH SUDAN: Imatong Mts ........cccccccsecsesteseeeeees abyssinica (Uvarov, 1934) 4 Fastigium of vertex parabolic, prominent, 1.1 times longer than broad, its surface concave, margins smooth. Antennae nearly longer than head and pronotum together, the first 7-8 segments flattened, others rounded. Tegmina very short and wide (extending barely to 4th abdominal tergite). ETHIOPIA: Bale Mts oo... cee eeceeceeeeeteeneeeeees Key to the brachypterous species and subspecies of Coryphosima in western Africa 1 Of robust build, costal area of tegmina with a network of fine vein- - Of slender build, costal and subcostal area of tegmina with a net- work of thick, callose veinlets; lateral pronotal carinae weak (Fig. 134); foveolae of vertex as a row of fine dots (Fig. 135). SIERRA LEONESBUNCUia Tie NALS 10) a Tato etl oon oneomtaht bintumana Roy, 1964 2 Metazona and lateral lobes of pronotum strongly and callosely sculptured; size large (male 16 mm, female 25 mm). IVORY COAST, LIBERIA, GUINEA: Mt Nimba................. nimbana (Chopard, 1958) - Sculpturing finer, temporal foveolae as in Fig. 137. S.W. MALI, Klela PE BTOT COIN SG ELAINAY ae praise st Seotpares nite maliensis Descamps, 1965 3) Micropterous group: Tegmina and wings reduced to barely the length of pronotum, in lateral position, not overlapping dorsally. The three species placed in this group: C. amplificata Johnston, 1937), C. morotoensis (Jago, 1968), and C. trian- gularis (Bouvy, 1982) are here all transferred from Rastafaria Ramme, 1931, where they were placed by Bouvy (1982). They differ substantially from the type species R. abessinica Ramme, 1931 in the structure of the fastigium, pronotum, genitalia and the type of coloration, in all these respects being much closer to Coryphosima and differing from the remaining taxa in that genus principally in a further reduction of the length of the organs of flight. This wing reduction in Coryphosima does not merit ge- neric separation. Key to the micropterous species and subspecies of Coryphosima in eastern Africa The three micropterous species share a similar distinctive coloration, comprising contrasting broad longitudinal blackish- brown stripes on an ivory-white to fawn ground, which varies in detail between the species. 1 Dorsum pale fawn to cream without a medial dark stripe (Figs 145, - Dorsum with a black medial dorsal band extending from occiput to tip of abdomen. D.R. CONGO: Katanga Prov.; N.W. ZAMBIA........... gs me NE Be Wa, Ue HTT 0, IRR MOTE ce triangularis (Bouvy, 1982) 2 Lateral pronotal carinae interrupted by typical sulcus only (Fig. 148) outer face of hind femora suffused with black. Mt. KENYA................ I FONOPTERTE | SON UPE OVS DEX EN Ze NE PCE eA amplificata (Johnston, 1937) - Lateral pronotal carinae interrupted by all three transverse sulci (Fig. 150); outer face of hind femur light brown, immaculate. UGANDA: Nite NAOT OTO: CU, cat anceetoeteia Mo leand MeO RT, ode morotoensis (Jago, 1968) JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 72 Species notes 1. Macropterous species Coryphosima stenoptera stenoptera (Schaum, 1853) Figs 127-129 Synonyms as above under C. stenoptera. Material.—SENEGAL: Ziguinchor, Dieberine, Oussouye, Dakar. SIERRA LEONE: Mt. Aureol, Freetown, Kent, Bo Sewa beach, Kavi- na, Regent, Lumley beach; Gola. VORY COAST: Man-Danané Road. LIBERIA: Bewi hills, Monrovia. MALI: Dogo, Kara. GHANA: Northern, Western and Eastern regions, many localities. TOGO: Pagala. NIGERIA: western province, Lagos, Ibadan. CAMEROON: Bamenda. SOUTH SUDAN: Imatong Mts. ETHIOPIA: Dessie area, 8000’ (2440 m) (series provides a clinal link with C. stenoptera montana), Addis Ababa. SOMALIA: Tug Hodma E. of Karin, Bihen- dula, Nr. Berbern. UGANDA: Many localities including: Kampala, Entebbe, Bulemwezi, Lawero, Kapeka, Bugoma Forest, Kivuvu, Ka- tangula, Butiaba, Kigezi, Acholi, W. Nile Dist., Tororo, Luwero, Bwamba, Mabira forest, Lango, Mbale, Bunioni-Kashenji, Terinyi, Katunguru. KENYA: Mt. KENYA (Juniper/Podocarpus forest), Aberd- ares 7000’ (2130 m) (clinal link with C. s. montana), Thika 4,500’ (1370 m), Kakamega forest, Narok, Masai Mara, Nyeri, Nairobi, Baringo, Turkana, Ngong, Kericho, Kapenguria, Kipleleo plain. ERITREA: Archico. TANZANIA: Tukuyu, Milepa plain, Malagarasi, Lake Rukwa, Kahama, Ngudu, Ngorongoro Rest House, Mkomasi Stn. 60 mi. W. Amani, Bugeno, Kakagwe, Mbulumbul, Muheza, Kilimanjaro, Victoria Nyanza, Ukerewe, Moyawosi, Namanyele. Old Shinyanga, 10 mi. N. Ussure, Msigiri Road, Singida dist. (types of Paracomacris centralis planicola Uvarov, 1953—exception- ally large size: M 18-21 mm, F 25-28 mm). RWANDA: Kisenye. D.R. CONGO: Lake Albert: mouth of Semliki River, Kawa, Gety, Bogoro-Gety, Mahagi port, Bunia, Aru, Ratchuru, grass plain near Lake, Bambesa, Djugu Huri forest, Lubumbashi, Katanga: river Lubudi, Mt. Ruwenzori 6000’ (1830m). ZAMBIA: Mwinilunga dist, Abercorn (Mbala), Mweru-wa-Ntipa, Konta plain, Musombwe, Lake Bangweulu, Kalungurishi, Lake Chila, Malagarasi. MOZAM- BIQUE: Luabo, Beira, Salone forest, Zambesi: R. Sene Sugar Estate, Mucheve. ZIMBABWE: Salisbury distr. (Harare), Amandas, Silukut 4700’ (1430m), Zimbabwe R, 4800’ (1460m), Umtali Vumba, Umtali Xmas pass, Odzi dist. Mashonaland 5000’ (1525m). AN- GOLA: Moxico dist. Luena river, Lumeje river, Munhango river; Villa Luso, river Lungue Bangu, 9 mi. N.W. Sa. de Bandeira, 10 mi. N.E. Cacula, Santa Comba, Lubizi S.W. Alto Hama, Salazar, 10 mi. E. Gabela, Luimbale, Moxico dist: upper Luena river, river Lumeje, valley of Lotombwe, Busaco; Bihe dist: Cohemba, Luchase dist: river Quangu (types of Paracomacris acuta Uvarov, 1953 with ex- ceptionally narrow, acute apex of the head). BOTSWANA: Moremi Res., Gazaland, Chirinda forest. SWAZILAND (now ESWATINI): Mbabane. SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal (Gauteng): Johannesburg, Tzaneen; Louis Trichardt; Nghelele Zutpansberg distr.; Kwa-Zulu Natal: Royal National Park, Tugela valley (transitional stenoptera- vicina forms). C. vicina material; Zululand: Eshowe, Umfolosi dist. Hagana Hluhluwe 2000’ (610 m), Mtubatuba; Pondoland, Ft. St John; Cape Prov. (Western and Eastern Cape): Eland Height, 15 mi. S.W. Mount Fletcher; Swellendam; Deepwalls Forest, Knysna dist. 1700’ (520 m); Grahamstown; Aberdeen-Somerset East; Ket- berg; Wymberg Hili; LESOTHO: Mokhotlong. G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Description.—As in key to genera and species. Size (in mm): Types of Paracomacris centralis planicola Uvarov, 1953 are of ex- ceptionally large size, total length: males 18-21, females 25-28 - remaining material is in range: males 14-17, females 17-20. Antennae rather thick, cylindrical apically, slightly compressed but scarcely widened basally. Frontal ridge shallowly sulcate with obtuse lateral carinulae. Fastigium parabolic, shallowly concave, longer than wide, margins low and narrow, but distinct, medi- al carinula weak, or absent. Arcuate sulcus well behind middle (Figs 127, 128); fastigial rim thick, foveolae absent, or as weakly impressed small pits concealed from above (Fig. 129). Pronotal disc flat to weakly tectiform, median carina linear; lateral carinae straight and weakly divergent caudad, strong in prozona, weak and more or less obliterate in metazona; typical sulcus in mid position, interrupting medial and lateral carinae. First and sec- ond sulci weaker, not interrupting carinae (Fig. 127). Tegmina and wings fully developed, usually extending beyond hind knees; tegmina semi-transparent, rather narrow; intercalary vein of me- dial area present. Width of costal area and curvature of subcostal and radial veins variable. General coloration variable in shades of brown, from black/brown to stramineous, darker dorsally, paler ventrally; dorsum occasionally pigmented green especially in females. A dark blackish-brown lateral band is usually pre- sent, extending from post-ocular area across upper part of lat- eral pronotal lobes, to tegmina; a sulphurous stripe in basal part of radial veins is sometimes present. Wings hyaline to yellowish at base, infumate apically; hind knees dark brown-black, hind tibiae greyish-brown. Discussion.—A fairly strict graminicole. Continuous reproduction with several annual generations. Distribution.—Widespread in mesotypic and meso-hygrotypic sa- vannas and grasslands from westem to eastern, central and south- ern Africa. Recorded in all East African countries, often common. The now synonomized C. vicina (Dirsh, 1956) (syn. Johnsen 1983) extends the range of this subspecies to SOUTH AFRICA and LESOTHO (Figs 132, 133). Coryphosima stenoptera montana (Uvarov, 1953) Paracomacris stenoptera montana Uvarov, 1953: 195. Coryphosima stenoptera montana (Uvarov, 1953) (syn. Dirsh 1958). Material.—ETHIOPIA: Djem-Djem forest, 2400-3000 m; Mount Chillalo, 2400 m; Wooroomon. Further material from Mt. Chil- lalo, moorland ca. 3000 m collected together with specimens of the brachypterous C. abyssinica Uvarov, 1934, but without any in- termediate forms. Description.—Differs from nominate subspecies in smaller size, but rather robust build and generally somewhat darker colora- tion. Fastigium of vertex elliptical. Pronotum short, rugulose; lateral carinae parallel. Subcostal area expanded with few widely spaced veinlets. Size (in mm): total length: males 13-15, females 18-21mm. Distribution.—ETHIOPIA. Clinal links between subspecies mon- tana and stenoptera are apparent at lower altitudes on the Ethio- pian plateau. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Coryphosima stenoptera colorata subsp. n. Figs 151-153 Material.—Holotype male: ETHIOPIA: West of Mendi-Alendi- Asosa road, 1400 m. 17-20.1X.1976, Jago. All paratypes—5 males, 1 female, same data as holotype; female, West of Nejo, 2200 m 16-19.1X.1976, Jago (NHMUR). Description.—Size close to nominate subspecies from lowland and mid altitude areas, males 17 mm, females 20-23 mm. General build slightly more slender, integument smoother, fastigium of vertex narrower (Fig. 152) and antennae longer (Fig. 153)—9 mm instead of average of 7 mm in male, but most striking difference is in coloration (discolored in dry specimens): in male antennae black; upper half of body in shades of brown, dorsum paler and upper sides of thorax dark chocolate-brown (Fig. 151) (contrast- ing with broad white stripe below which extends from gena to base of hind femur); abdomen with pale blue below in life; red undersides to hind femur and tibia with a ferruginous orange tinge; hind knee and adjacent part of tibia brownish-black, with- out a sub-basal pale ring. Hind wings hyaline, somewhat infumate apically. Coloration in females more subdued. Discussion.—Habitat among long grass in shade adjacent to river- ine woodland in marshy valley at 4,600 ft (1,400 m). Accompa- nied by Amesotropis spp., with Oxya hyla, Rastafaria abessinica, and Orthochtha spp. in adjacent swamp hollow. Distribution. ETHIOPIAN highlands. Coryphosima brevicornis Karsch, 1893 Figs 130, 131 Coryphosima brevicornis Karsch, 1893: 64, fig. 5. Description.—Diagnosis as in key. Of more stocky build and small- er size than stenoptera. Wings relatively short, barely reaching tip of abdomen. Uniquely broad fastigium of vertex with arcuate trans- verse sulcus located well forward (Figs 130, 131). Coloration in brighter and more contrasting shades of brown than in C. s. stenop- tera, with a distinctive broad dark lateral stripe; outer face of hind femur dark yellow, knee black. Size (in mm). Total length: males 12-15, females 16-20. Distribution.—Highlands of $.W. TOGO, S.E. GHANA, S. IVORY COAST, GUINEA (Mt. Nimba). 2. Brachypterous species. Coryphosima cytidonota Jago, 1970 Figs 138, 139 Material.—Known only from type series. TANZANIA: Kasulu re- gion, 24 km W. of Kasulu, 1500-2000 m, IX (NHMUK, ANSP). Description.—As in key to species. Size smallest for genus; total length: males 11-12, females 15-17 mm. Antennae slightly flat- tened basally; in males rather longer than combined length of head and pronotum. Fastigium of vertex as in Fig. 138, arcuate sulcus near middle; anterior area smooth, posterior area coarsely callose; margins and medial carinula weak but distinct. Temporal foveolae absent. Pronotal disc as in Fig. 139, lateral carinae straight, almost 73 parallel and nearly complete in metazona. Metazona distinctly shorter than prozona, its hind margin obtuse angular. Tegmina vary in length from almost reaching supra-anal plate, to barely reaching posterior edge of fifth abdominal tergite; costal field surpassing middle of anterior border of tegmen. Hind femora relatively heavy. General coloration in shades of dark and lighter brown, with a con- trasting black and creamy lateral stripe extending obliquely from base of antenna, across gena and lower part of lateral pronotal lobe. Dorsum of pronotum uniform brown, of light brown with medial carina narrowly edged with dark brown. Tegmina uniform brown. Hind femora pale brown, upper outer face and knee black- ish; hind tibiae light brown, blackish towards extremities. Distribution. —N.W. TANZANIA. Coryphosima elgonensis (Uvarov, 1930) Figs 154-157 Paracomacris elgonensis Uvarov, 1930: 249. Paracomacris loveni Sj6stedt, 1933 (syn. Uvarov 1938). Material.—KENYA: Aberdares N. face, Chebuswa 00°14’S, 34°36’E, 3300 m; grassy ridge between dense Erica bush; 0° 15'S, 36°35’E, 3380 m; moorland and heath zone at base of inselberg. Mt. KEN- YA 00°0'S, 37°18’E. UGANDA: Mt Elgon, alpine and heath zones at altitudes of 3000-4000 m on both the Ugandan and Kenyan sides. Adults I-III. Description.—As in the key. Size slightly larger than preceding spe- cies (Fig. 154). Size (in mm): total length: males 13-16, females 16-20. Antennae somewhat shorter and incrassate. Fastigium of vertex as in Fig. 155, broadly parabolic, its rim thick; temporal foveolae present as small indentations (Fig. 156), arcuate sulcus well behind middle. Dorsum of pronotum (Fig. 157), lateral cari- nae straight, slightly divergent and weak in metazona. Costal area of tegmen expanded and extending beyond middle of tegmen. General coloration mottled brown, often with admixture of green. Dark lateral and often a dark medial dorsal stripe (Figs 154, 157) characteristic. Distribution. —KENYA and UGANDA: Mt. Elgon. KENYA: Aberdares. Coryphosima abyssinica (Uvarov, 1934), res. stat Figs 142, 143 Paracomacris abyssinica Uvarov, 1934: 601. Coryphosima abyssinica (Uvarov, 1934) (syn. Dirsh 1958). Material —ETHIOPIA: Wouramboulchi, near Djem Djem, ca. 3000 m Arusi/Bale Prov. Shashamene-Goba road, 2610 m short turf/bush heath. Chillalo, moorland 3000 m SOUTH SUDAN: Imatong Mts. Description.—As in the key. In size similar to, or slightly larger than, C. elgonensis but more slender. Antennae slender, exceeding length of head and pronotum in male. Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 142), parabolic, distinctly longer than wide. Pronotal disc (Fig. 143); metazona subequal in length to prozona, but proportion- ately longer than in other brachypterous species. General colora- tion mottled in shades of predominantly darker browns without admixture of green pigmentation; dark lateral band occurs pre- dominantly in males. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 74 G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.E. ROWELL Figs 144-157. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Coryphosima spp. Figs 144-146. C. triangularis: 144. Oblique view of vertex; 145. Lateral aspect pronotum; 146. Pronotal disc. Figs 147, 148. C. amplificata: 147. Oblique view vertex; 148. Lateral aspect pronotum; Figs 149, 150. C. morotoensis: 149. Oblique view vertex; 150. Lateral aspect pronotum. (see also Fig. 163). Figs 151-153. C. stenoptera colorata male: 151. Lateral aspect head and pronotum; 152. Oblique view of vertex; 153. Comparison of antennae in subsp. stenoptera (upper) and colorata (below). Figs 154-157. C. elgonensis male: 154. Lateral aspect whole insect; 155. Dorsal aspect vertex; 156. Oblique view of vertex; 157. Pronotal disc. All scale lines represented by 1 mm: Upper scale line applies to Figs 144, 147, 149, 152, 155, 156; lower scale applies to Figs 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 157. Discussion.—South Sudan series are darker, with a more deeply sulcate frontal ridge, and a smoother surface of fastigium of vertex than Ethiopian material. Subspecific status is, however, not war- ranted. Dirsh (1966) synonymized abyssinica with elgonensis, but this has been widely ignored by subsequent authors (Johnston 1968, Otte 1995, Cigliano et al. 2018) and it is here formally re- stored from synonymy. Distribution.—ETHIOPIA, SOUTH SUDAN. Montane species, probably terri-graminicole. Adults X, XI and II. Coryphosima vumbaensis (Miller, 1949) Figs 140, 141 Paracomacris vumbaensis Miller, 1949. Material.—Known only from the type series. ZIMBABWE: Vumba Mts., 1520 m. Description.—As in the key. Size and build similar to C. abyssinica. Fastigium of vertex broadly parabolic, as wide as long (Fig. 140). JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Lateral pronotal carinae absolutely straight and evenly divergent caudad (Fig. 141); metazona subequal to prozona. Costal field of tegmen not surpassing middle of anterior border. Coloration in shades of brown, paler and less contrasting than in other species. Distribution. —ZIMBABWE. Coryphosima danieli Massa, 2016 Material.—Known only from the type series. ETHIOPIA: Bale Mts., 2380 m. Description.—As in the key. A very small species, size (in mm): males 12.3-13.2, females 16.5-18.0. Antennae nearly longer than head and pronotum together, the first 7-8 segments flattened, oth- ers rounded. Foveolae absent. Face oblique, frontal ridge with par- allel margins, except near the ocellus, where it is narrowed. Fronto- genal carinae evident. Fastigium of vertex parabolic, prominent, 1.1x longer than broad, its surface concave, margins smooth. Pro- notum disc slightly tectiform, with irregular longitudinal rugosi- ties, central carina raised, interrupted only by typical sulcus, prozo- na just longer than metazona. Lateral carinae parallel, lower than central carina, broader and flattened in metazona. Anterior margin of pronotum nearly straight, posterior rounded. Lateral lobes as long as deep, their surface rugulose, lower margin little ascendant. Mesosternal space as long as wide, metasternal space much smaller, nearly square. Prozona slightly longer than metazona. For images, see Felix and Massa 2016, that is also the source of this description. 3. Micropterous species Coryphosima amplificata (Johnston, 1937), res. stat. et comb. n. Figs 147, 148 Paracomacris amplificata Johnston, 1937: 217-8, f. 1. Coryphosima amplificata Johnston, 1937) (syn. Dirsh 1956). Gymnobothroides amplificata amplificata Jago, 1968: 1, 3, 11. Rastafaria amplificata amplificata Bouvy, 1982: 430, f. 68, 69, 87. Material.—Known only from type series. KENYA: Mt. Kenya, V, Juniper-Podocarpus zone (NHMUK). Description.—Size slightly smaller than other species in group. Size (in mm): males 12-13, females 17.5-22.0. Antennae about 1.5x the length of head and pronotum, basal segments slightly flattened and expanded. Frontal ridge broad, shallowly concave with thick, nearly parallel margins. Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 147), carinulae and margins distinct; foveolae represented by shallow pitting. Pronotum (Fig. 148) weakly tectiform, lateral carinae dis- tinct, subparallel in prozona, weakly divergent and partly obso- lescent in metazona, interrupted by typical sulcus only. General coloration contrasting chestnut-black and cream; dorsum of pro- notum cream, without dark marking; the dark band along the lat- eral lobes is weaker than in other species and is usually confined to narrow fasciae along the upper margin and below the middle of the lobe, the intervening area clear or with faint dark speck- ling. Discoidal area of tegmina with a black band and sometimes, more often in females, with a yellowish speculum. Abdomen with broad black lateral band attenuating apically. Outer face of hind femora suffused with black; lower face reddish, knees black. Distribution. KENYA: Mt. Kenya. 75 Coryphosima morotoensis (Jago, 1968), stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 149, 150, 163 Gymnobothroides amplificata morotoensis Jago, 1968. Rastafaria amplificata morotoensis Bouvy, 1982. Material.—Known only from type series. UGANDA: Mt. Moroto, 3000 m, VIII 1966 (NHMUR). Description.—Differs from C. amplificata in larger size. Size (in mm): total length males 15-17, females 20-29. Antennae 1.7x length of head plus pronotum. Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 149) somewhat broader, with weaker carinula; foveolae as weak or weaker. Pronotum with inflexed and markedly divergent lateral carinae interrupted by all three transverse sulci (Fig. 150). Epiphal- lus as in Fig. 163—-compare with Rastafaria, Fig. 162. Coloration generally light brown and black; dorsum of pronotum without black, but side band strong, covering 2/3 of lateral lobe of pro- notum (Fig. 150). Abdominal side band more interrupted and fainter; tegmina shiny-black in anterior 3/5; posterior femora light brown, immaculate. Females generally similar to males but anten- nae shorter, about equal to length of head and pronotum. Area of tegmen between C and Sc with a creamy calloused speculum in many specimens, thus unlike males. Distribution. UGANDA: Moroto Mt. Coryphosima triangularis Bouvy, 1982 comb. n. Figs 144-146 Rastafaria triangularis Bouvy, 1982. Material.—D.R. CONGO: Katanga (as Shaba) Prov., Likasi (type locality), 10 mi. S. Kapona, 1570 m; Lubumbashi. ZAMBIA: N.W. Prov. Kapushi; Kipundu; 16 mi. N. of Mwinilunga (NHMUK). Description.—Main diagnostic character is the triangular shape of the pyriform vesicle of the tympanum (Bouvy 1982). Discussion.—Size and structural details species closely resembles morotoensis (compare Figs 144 and 149); separated by presence of a dark dorso-medial band which extends from occiput to tip of abdomen (Figs 145, 146). Distribution. —D.R. CONGO, ZAMBIA. Generic diagnosis Rastafaria Ramme, 1931 Rastafaria Ramme, 1931: 931, figs 8-18, pl. XI, fig. 9. Type species.—Rastafaria abessinica Ramme, 1931: 932, by original designation. Description.—As in the key to genera. Head pointed, somewhat in- flated (Fig. 158); antennae almost twice combined length of head and pronotum in male, but only slightly longer in female. Frontal ridge rather thick, flat to weakly sulcate, markedly narrowed at junc- tion with fastigium of vertex; latter excavate and elongate with arcu- ate sulcus well behind middle (Fig. 159). Pronotum sub-cylindrical, lateral carinae inflexed, weak to obsolete, but occasionally partly raised and callose, particularly in females; hind edge of pronotal disc JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 76 rong ee : 2 patie Hiss Yc free sie G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL ae Figs 158-165. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Figs 158-162, 164-165. Rastafaria abessinica: 158. Whole male insect lateral aspect; 159. Dorsal aspect vertex; 160. Oblique view vertex; 161. Pronotal disc; 162. Epiphallus; 164. Female spermatheca; 165. Female sub-genital plate from above and its apex from below. Fig. 163. Epiphallus of C. morotoensis. All scales represent 1 mm: (upper) applies to Figs 159, 160, 162, 163; (lower) applies to Figs 158, 161, 164, 165. broadly rounded to slightly emarginate (Fig. 161). Tegmina varying from slightly shorter to slightly longer than pronotal disc. Hind fem- ora relatively slender. Male cerci elongate, tapering, but with round- ed apices; supra-anal plate with medial groove extending half way to tip. Epiphallic lophi more elongate and robust than in most other members of group (Fig. 162; compare with Fig. 163). Coloration ex- tremely variable, but characteristically with green and olivaceous pig- mentation much in evidence. Female anatomy as in Figs 164, 165. Measurements (in mm); total length males 12-16, females 15-22. Discussion.—In re-establishing Rastafaria, Bouvy (1982) consid- ered that it included R. abessinica and three other taxa: amplifi- cata amplificata (Johnston, 1937) and amplificata morotoensis Jago, 1968, transferred from Gymnobothroides, and Rastafaria triangularis Bouvy, 1982, described as new. Here Rastafaria becomes a mono- typic genus again. Species notes Rastafaria abessinica Ramme, 1931 Figs 158-162, 164-165 Rastafaria abessinica Ramme, 1931: 931-2, 5 figs. Gymnobothroides hypsophilia Jago, 1968 (Bouvy 1982). Material.—ETHIOPIA: Kefa prov. W. of Jimma (Bellela forest), 2075 m; 16 km N.E. of Jimma (Badabuna forest); Walaga prov. 4 km N.E. of Nkemte; 6.4 km W. of Ghimbi; between Bam- besi and Asosa; between Mendi and Bambesi; 33.6 km W. of Mendi; Shewa prov. 13.4 km W. of Hager Hiwot; Guder-Nkemte rd. W. of Mendi. UGANDA: Bugisu, Mt. Elgon, above Bumas- ifwa, Bumagabula (34°27’E 01°09’N), 2400 m. KENYA: Keri- cho (NHMUK). JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Description.—As in generic key and description. A distinctive spe- cies recognizable especially from structure of its head and prono- tum and its striking coloration. Structural and color variation is considerable not only between samples from different localities, but also in material from same locality, notably in a very long series of G. hypsophilia from Mt. Elgon. Among these, the range of color variation is truly remarkable; in males general coloration is olivaceous green to green with black antennae with or without a lateral black stripe variously developed and coupled with fine dark speckling; underside of abdomen yellowish apically. Hind femora with knees black, remainder yellow and lower inner and outer ar- eas more or less suffused with bright pink pigmentation. Hind tibiae dull greyish blue. Females exhibit an even greater range of color variation, some are even brighter green than males, with a rich suffusion of crimson on lower inner and outer areas of hind femur, while others are of predominantly brown pigmentation with a well-marked broad dark lateral stripe. Brown variants are more usual in Ethiopian populations, which also exhibit consider- able differences from Ugandan ones, notably in shape of frontal ridge and pronotal disc. The single male specimen from Kericho, Kenya, is close to Ugandan series. Distribution. ETHIOPIA, UGANDA, and KENYA; habitats at me- dium to high altitude. Generic diagnosis Gymnobothrus I. Bolivar, 1889 Gymnobothrus I. Bolivar, 1889: 100. Ogmothela Karsch, 1896 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Pseudochirista I. Bolivar, 1909 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Orthochirista Sjostedt, 1933 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Gymnobothroides Karny, 1915 syn. n. Phloeochopardia Dirsh, 1958 syn. n. Type species. —Gymnobothrus linea alba |. Bolivar 1889: 100, by origi- nal designation. Description.—As in key to genera (p. 67). Size below medium, mostly small. Size (in mm); total length: males 11-20, females 16-30. Antennae filiform, occasionally incrassate, basal segments sometimes flattened, rarely weakly expanded; length variable from less than to sometimes considerably more than that of combined length of head and pronotum. Frons oblique, slightly excurved; frontal ridge mostly flat or weakly sulcate, fairly broad with obtuse lateral margins weakly diverging downwards; constriction at junc- tion with fastigium of vertex mostly weak. Fastigium concave, par- abolic or trapezoidal with well-developed carinulae and shallow, but usually distinct, transverse arcuate sulcus in varying positions. Fastigial rim thick, temporal foveolae narrow, shallow and rugose, concealed from above. Pronotum more or less constricted; medial carina strong; lateral carinae partly or completely developed and more or less incurved; of three transverse sulci crossing pronotal disc only posterior one interrupts medial carina, but the others may also cut lateral carinae; metazona as long as, longer than, or shorter than prozona, its hind margin obtuse-angular, broadly rounded and occasionally weakly emarginate. Tegmina and wings fully developed, shortened, or vestigial; reticulation of tegmina moderately dense, with intercalary vein of medial area usually present. Hind femora moderately slender; arolia moderately large. 77 External and internal genital structures characteristic for group, but shape of epiphallus may additionally be diagnostic. Colora- tion variable, even in sympatric populations speckled, marbled or striped patterns of cryptic hues and shades of grey, brown, strami- neous, with some dark maculation; green pigmentation very rare, but various degrees of fire melanism common. Bright coloration (red, orange, ferruginous or yellow) of lower outer and/or inner face of hind femur in some of the species diagnostic. Discussion.—Gymnobothrus is closely related to the other large genus Coryphosima, from which it differs principally in a greater diversity of structural characters (see above). Gymnobothrus was re- viewed by Uvarov (1953), who provided an annotated list citing 22 African species, two of them with subspecies. Further changes in species composition were made by Dirsh (1966, 1970) and Jago (1968, 1970). Bouvy (1982) focussed upon Gymnobothroides, a ge- nus separated from Gymnobothrus only on the basis of tegminal reduction (cf. Uvarov 1953, Jago 1968). However, in line with rea- soning pursued in reviewing Coryphosima (see above), the present author considers Gymnobothroides to be members of Gymnobothrus which have undergone extreme forms of wing reduction. They are predominantly species of restricted, disjunct distribution in high- land habitats, and some show close affinities with species in ad- jacent lowlands. For instance, Gymnobothroides pullus and Gymno- bothrus rimulatus are so close morphologically (cf. Figs 247-258) that they are certainly congeneric. Here 21 species are considered valid; of these, the two Madagascan species G. madacassus Bruner and G. variabilis Bruner, plus two others (G. oberthuri I. Bolivar and G. romeri Karny), are omitted from this review because of lack of information. Some taxa are based on local variants or are clearly synonymic with valid ones. Distribution.—Whole of Africa south of the Sahara. Diagnosis of species groups Species groups are divided into macropterous (with species sub-groupings keyed below), brachypterous and micropterous genera. Key to species groups and sub-groups within the genus Gym- nobothrus Macropterous group: Apices of folded wings and tegmina reach or surpass tip of abdomen. 1 Pronotal constriction weak, disc relatively flat, lateral carinae straight and weakly divergent caudad, or parallel, more or less slightly in- flexed in prozona and more divergent in metazona. All pronotal ca- rinae interrupted by posterior transverse sulcus and lateral carinae by one other; costal area of tegmen often with a distinct whitish stripe gies Cin Nee RA ee Tins Wt erecta Ad ie a lineaalba sub-group - Pronotum more or less constricted, lateral carinae more or less dis- tinct, roundly or angularly inflexed, interrupted by all three trans- VeTSCp Stel, 127. iuleucksMaeatseness gh eur syceacwame: (eis leurs isl cussamcsathSeuel ole waded san 2 2 Lateral carinae angularly convergent in an X pattern onto first sulcus, stronply denied’ ns: t4ensartcencteUhdnaed cruciatus-longicornis sub-group - Lateral carinae more or less regularly, roundly incurved and strongly, on Often weaklysdetined nas! aia, Oot ats | aiiat ie heer ci Steet tiss es as 3 JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 78 3 Antennae slender, much longer than head and pronotum together; metazona longer than prozona; lower outer area of hind femur red- CHSHELC TUPI OUS) Fadia einen Aa bread Coos elenan Atego temporalis sub-group - Antennae thick and shorter than, or barely longer than, head and pronotum together; lower outer area of hind femur yellowish.......... Pps i Ree ais aM Ries las Moers eve, earlier teboreed anchietae sub-group Brachypterous group: Tegmina and wings abbreviated, reaching only the middle of abdomen, or somewhat shorter, but in dorsal position. Includes G. rimulatus Karsch and G. bounites Jago which have close affinities with the cruciatus and anchietae species groups respectively. Micropterous group: Tegmina and wings vestigial in lateral posi- tion (= the former genus Gymnobothroides Karny). Macropterous group: The lineaalba species sub-group Discussion.—Includes two species: G. lineaalba I. Bolivar, 1889 (widespread; savanna and woodland savanna belts Africa south of the Sahara) and G. carinatus Uvarov, 1941 (South Africa). Key to species in lineaalba species sub-group 1 Strongly raised pronotal carinae; lateral pronotal carinae cut by both third and first sulcus (Fig.181). Epiphallus Fig. 182. SOUTH AFRI- Nin adi sate BABS A Meal a fat te Seria lati abt de alt a ec carinatus Uvarov, 1941 - Pronotal carinae not strongly raised; lateral pronotal carinae cut by second and third sulcus (Figs 166, 168, 174). Epiphallus Figs 177, 178. Widespread south of Sahara................. lineaalba |. Bolivar, 1889 Species notes Gymnobothrus lineaalba I. Bolivar, 1889 Figs 166-180 Gymnobothrus linea alba |. Bolivar, 1889. Chortoicetes subparallelus Rehn, 1914 (syn. Dirsh 1970). Chortoicetes albomarginatus Karny, 1915 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Pseudochirista houyi Ramme, 1931 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Orthochirista variegata Sjostedt, 1931. syn. n. (Fig. 166A). Orthochirista elgonensis SjOstedt, 1931, syn. n. Material.—GUINEA: Mamou (type locality of Chortoicetes albomar- ginatus Karny). Central African Republic: Pama Quelle, (type local- ity of Pseudochirista houyi Ramme). UGANDA: Entebbe; Kakumiro; Mubende; Lake Rudolf (now KENYA); Buddu Kakuto; Lwango Buddu; Bugwere; Kapeka; Masaka Lwango; Kalisizo; Lango; Kabwe; Ankole; Lubale-Lwentobo; Ankole Lwasamaire, Koki; Lake George; Kazinga Channel; Kibale; Tororo; Chiawante Lango. KENYA: Donyo Sabuk; Thika; Mombasa; Baringo; Masai Mara; Witu Forest Res. Maralal; Emali range S. of Sultan Hamud; Emsu dist. 00°41’S, 37°28’E; Chyulu hills S.E. end, 77 kms from Makutano; Taita hills. ETHIOPIA: Ad- dis Ababa; Lake Zwai; Sire; Harrar; Lake Bishoftu. ZAMBIA: Chyanga; Chingola, Mbala, Ndola. D.R. CONGO: Bunia upland 4500’; Gety; Kasenyi. ANGOLA: 3 mi. N. Sta. Comba. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State, Witzeishoek, 6100’ (1860 m); Kwa-Zulu Natal; Transvaal (Gauteng). Description.—Relatively slender build; size medium to below me- dium for genus. Integument smooth, matte. Antennae thick, weak- ly flattened and dilated basally; as long as, to slightly longer than G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL head and pronotum in male, somewhat shorter in female. Anten- nae with conspicuous white annuli in life. Frontal ridge broad with low thick margins weakly divergent towards clypeus; fastigial con- striction weak (Fig. 167). Fastigium of vertex oblong, weakly con- cave with low margins, longer than wide in male (Fig. 176), shorter in female; temporal foveolae narrowly elongate (Fig. 175). Prono- tal disc broad, weakly tectiform, somewhat variable in shape as in Figs 168-174; lateral carinae straight and weakly divergent caudad, or parallel, more or less slightly inflexed in prozona and more di- vergent in metazona. Lateral carinae vary from weak to strong and callose; first transverse sulcus weak, second strong, cutting lateral carinae (Fig. 166). Wings extend beyond hind knees and in some specimens (notably from Uganda) are exceptionally long. Geni- tal structures as in Figs 179-180. Coloration variable in shades of brown, stramineous, and grey; dorsum usually paler than sides; face sometimes speckled, bearing an oblique ochraceous stripe be- low ocellus; pronotal disc uniformly colored, or sometimes with narrow dark brown stripes bordering contrastingly pale medial carina; lateral pronotal lobes often with a broad dark stripe and a large yellowish spot below (Fig. 166). Costal area of tegmina often with a contrasting white stripe and medial area with a chain of alternating dark and light spots. Wings hyaline, slightly infumate apically. Hind femur with dark knee and three more or less distinct oblique stripes across upper face; lower outer face greyish, inner ochraceous. Hind tibia greyish, with pale sub-basal ring. Measure- ments (in mm): total length males 12.0-16.5, female 17.0-24.0. Discussion.—Our material exhibited considerable structural and color variation. Much of this occurs within sympatric populations. On this basis G. variegatus (Sj6stedt) and G. elgonensis (Sjéstedt), are variants of G. lineaalba and become new synonyms of it. (cf. Fig. 166A vs. Figs 168-174). Distribution. —SIERRA LEONE, GUINEA, GHANA, IVORY COAST, CAMEROON, UGANDA, KENYA, SOUTH SUDAN, TANZANIA, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA, ZIMBABWE, MALAWI, ETHIOPIA, LESO- THO, NAMIBIA, SOUTH AFRICA. Gymnobothrus carinatus Uvarov, 1941 Figs 181,182 Gymnobothrus carinatus Uvarov, 1941: 50. Material—SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape (as Cape Province): Cape peninsula, Groote Schuur, Kirstenbosch; Constantia Nek; (Orange) Free State: Zostron; Kwa-Zulu Natal: Drakensberg. LE- SOTHO: Mokhotlong. Description.—Slightly smaller but more robust than preceding species. Size (in mm); total length: males 14-15, females 17-18. Sculpturing of integument somewhat coarser. Antennae barely the length of head and pronotum, somewhat incrassate and flattened basally. Frontal ridge thick, sulcate below medial ocellus. Fastigi- um of vertex parabolic, considerably longer than wide; temporal foveolae kidney-shaped, deep. Pronotal disc rugulose (Fig. 181), medial carina strongly raised, acute; metazona longer than pro- zona, its hind margin forming a right angle with the tip rounded; lateral carinae well developed, weakly inflexed in prozona and interrupted by the first and the main transverse sulci. Epiphallus as in Fig. 182. Coloration similar to lineaalba except for the unu- sual occurrence of females with dark-green dorsum, not known in other species of the genus. Upper face of hind femur immacu- JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 79 Figs 166-182. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Figs 166-180. Gymnobothrus lineaalba: 166A. Orthochirista variegata Sjéstedt (n. syn. of Gymno- bothrus lineaalba), reproduced from Sjostedt (1931). 166. Oblique view head and pronotum; 167. Frontal ridge; 168-174. Variation in pronotal disc; 175. Oblique view vertex; 176. Dorsal view vertex; 177, 178. Variation in phallic structures; 179. Female spermatheca; 180. Female subgenital plate A. Dorsally and its apex B. Ventrally and C. Laterally. Figs 181, 182. Gymnobothrus carinatus: 181. Male pronotal disc; 182. Epiphallus and aedeagal valves. Scale lines all represent 1 mm: bottom left scale under Fig. 182 applies to Figs 175- 179, 182; scale under Fig. 172 applies to all the rest. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 80 late brown; lower outer face yellowish; inner face and tibia light brownish. Both light and fire melanic forms occur. Distribution. —SOUTH AFRICA. Macropterous group: The cruciafus-longicornis species sub-group Description.—All possess a pronotal disc with a distinctive X pat- tern of more or less straight, angularly convergent lateral pronotal carinae. Discussion.—Includes two species: Gymnobothrus longicornis (Ramme, 1931) and Gymnobothrus cruciatus |. Bolivar, 1889. Key to species in cruciatus-longicornis species sub-group 1 Antennae slender and much longer than combined length of head and pronotum even in females; frontal ridge with a marked constric- tion at its junction with fastigium of vertex (Fig. 189). Lateral pro- notal carinae mostly weak and obliterated between first and second transverse sulci; hind femur with distinctive dark pattern (Fig. 191). egheattt sedans THIS. acne stents Gymnobothrus longicornis (Ramme, 1931) - Antennae only slightly longer than or same length as head and pro- notum; frontal ridge only weakly constricted at its junction with ver- tex (as in Fig. 190). Lateral pronotal carinae mostly strong and not obliterated between first and second sulci. Hind femur mostly im- maculate or with a short blackish stripe in middle of upper external aren (Eig VOD). ores canpccageah optevont Gymnobothrus cruciatus I. Bolivar, 1889 Species notes Gymnobothrus longicornis (Ramme, 1931) Figs 183-192 Pseudochirista longicornis Ramme, 1931: 921, 927, pl.11, fig. 1. (Transferred to Gymnobothrus by Uvarov 1953: 122). Material.—Holotype male longicornis: CENTRAL AFRICAN RE- PUBLIC: Bosum, Sanga-Lobadje. Description.—As defined in the key above. Discussion.—The various subspecies in this complex include sev- eral closely related taxa which are distributed across western Africa to East Africa and south to ANGOLA. In view of their close similar- ity and occurrence of clinal links between these species, they are here reduced to the level of subspecies under longicornis Ramme. It is conceivable, however, that two other extant taxa, oberthuri I. Bolivar, 1890 and romeri (Karny, 1909), from Tabora and Amani in TANZANIA respectively (not reviewed here as no material was available), could also belong to this group and thus in due course take precedence as older synonyms of longicornis. Gymnobothrus longicornis ephippinotus Jago, 1966, stat. n. et comb. Gynmobothrus ephippinotus Jago, 1966: 1949-1951, figs 18-25. Material.—GHANA: Northern Region, Masaka, Tamale rd; Bulk- were; Bole; Yeji; Cambogu Upper reg.: Han; Tamu; N. of Nakpan- G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL duri, Gambaga scarp; Volta reg: 2ml.W of Kpandu; Ashanti reg: Jema; Keti Krachi. BURKINA FASO: 2 mi. N.E. of Kantchari. NI- GERIA: Bida; Oyo; Kanije; Shagunu; Onigbu; Akwanga; Matyoro Lakes, 25 mi. N. Gombe. Description.—General coloration dark blackish and brown mark- ings against lighter background, often with dorso-medial cream stripe. Lateral pronotal lobes lighter ventrally. Tegmina with a series of 5-6 dark spots in medial area. Male abdomen reddish ventrally at maturity. Coloration of hind femora: upper area with 3 dark blackish spots extending as paler broad diffuse markings onto outer area; lower outer area with brownish-black stripe; in- ner area yellowish to blackish. Hind tibiae bluish-grey with black pigment basally, distally and ventrally. Measurements in Table 8. Discussion.—Similar to nominate subspecies from CAMEROON, differing from it principally in more concave fastigium of vertex and mote intensive black pigmentation, particularly of hind fem- ora. Distribution.—Guinea savanna of GHANA, BURKINA FASO, NI- GERIA, and probably adjacent countries of western Africa. Adults in II, II, IV, V, VU, XII. Gymnobothrus longicornis longicornis (Ramme, 1931), stat. n. Figs 183-192 Pseudochirista longicornis Ramme, 1931: 925, 927, pl. 11, fig. 1. Material.—UGANDA: Koki; Lango district; Chiawanto; Adechal; Lake Albert, Butiaba; Fort Portal; Bundebugyo. TANZANIA: Mk- wemi, 22 mi. W. of Kahama; Morogoro; Mpwapwa, Mt. Kibabiani; 28 mi. N. Biharamulo. Description.—In size and general build similar to subsp. ephippi- notus. Size (in mm): total length: males 14.0-19.0, females 16.5- 22.0. Antenna about 1.5x length of head and pronotum, its medial segment about 3 times longer than wide. Frontal ridge (Figs 189, 190), with fairly sharp margins, narrowly constricted apically, its surface pitted and shallowly sulcate. Fastigium of vertex less elon- gate and concave than in ephippinotus; foveolae narrow and deeply sulcate. Pronotum as in ephippinotus, but lateral carinae slightly stronger. Coloration in lighter shades than in ephippinotus, more uniform and less speckled. Dorsum is generally paler than sides; abdomen and underside fawnish; dark pattern on lateral pronotal lobes (Fig. 188). Pattern on outer face of hind femur as in Fig.191; lower inner and outer face blackish brown. Discussion.—The original paratype from Cameroon shows close similarity to the material from the Imatong area of South Sudan and from Uganda. In these, the fastigium of vertex is more broad- ly rounded, frontal ridge less sulcate, and lateral pronotal carinae stronger. Coloration of the Imatong specimens is also fairly simi- Table 8. Morphometric measurements of Gymnobothrus longicomis ephippinotus. M (mm) F (mm) Antenna/length of head plus pronotum ratio 1.5 1.5 Tegminal length 16-19 17.5-21.5 Hind femur length 10-12 12-14 Total length 15-20 17-23 JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 81 203 Figs 183-203. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Figs 183-192. Gymnobothrus longicornis: 183, 184. Variation in epiphallus and aedeagal valves; 185. Dorsal view male vertex; 186. Oblique view male vertex; 187. Male pronotal disc; 188. Lateral view pronotum; 189. Frontal ridge (C.A.R., Bosum); 190. Frontal ridge (Tanzania, nr Kahama); 191. Posterior femur, pattern on outer side (Cameroon); 192. Ditto, Tanzania. Figs 193-196. Gymnobothrus longicornis sellatus male: 193. Frontal ridge; 194. Oblique view vertex; 195. Pronotal disc; 196. Lateral aspect pronotum. Figs 197-203. Gymnobothrus cruciatus male: 197. Epiphallus and aedeagal valves; 198. Oblique view vertex; 199. Dorsal view vertex; 200. Pronotal disc (Tanzania syntype elongata); 201, 202. Lateral aspect pronotum (Tanzania and Angola, Villa Luso holotype cruciatus s.str.); 203. Female: E. Spermatheca and A-C. Aspects of subgenital plate. All scales 1 mm: that under Fig. 200 applies to Figs 183-186, 194, 197-199; that under Fig. 203 applies to Figs 187-193, 195, 196, 200-203. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 82 lar: pronotal disc mostly pale, but occasionally edged with dark brown; lateral dark fascia is strong, covering upper 2/3 of pronotal lobes, but with a contrasting large cream spot along its anterior edge. Abdomen orange with a chain of intricate spots along ter- gites; series of spots on tegmina is faint and outer face of hind femur has a large pale spot, while upper face bears 3 alternating dark and pale spots; sub-basal pale spot is particularly vivid and contrasting in melanic forms. Lower outer face is brown and inner yellow. Hind tibia greyish brown with a broad pale sub-basal ring. In Ugandan material antennae are equally long and slender, scarcely dilated basally; frontal ridge narrow, deeply sulcate at the ocellus, less so above and below; fastigium of vertex more para- bolic; temporal foveolae narrow or broader, deeper below edge of rim, incompletely marginate below. Lateral pronotal carinae somewhat stronger and prozona subequal in length to metazona. Coloration in contrasting patterns of browns and pale cream; face a triangular mask of brown edged with cream; dark lateral fascia broad, paler in middle, its pattern on lateral pronotal lobes as in Fig. 188. Dark pattern on outer face of hind femur as oblique faint stripes, lower outer face dark brown, inner yellow. In Tanzanian specimens (Mkwemi, Kahama) antennae are long, slender, and completely black; ratio to length of head and pronotum, 1.5 in male. Frontal ridge pitted and somewhat sulcate at ocellus, but fastigial constriction less marked (Fig. 190). Tem- poral foveolae consist of multiple shallow pits. Lateral pronotal carinae rather weak. Coloration is distinctive, predominantly in contrasting deep dark brown and cream; usually a pale dorso-me- dial stripe edged with dark brown present; face a mask of lighter brown triangle bordered with cream; pattern of lateral pronotal lobes brown, ochre and cream; abdomen is ferruginous with brown speckling; black pattern on hind femur confined to three spots on upper face and hind knee, but outer face slate-grey and brown, with lower outer face orange and inner face yellow (Fig. 192). Specimens from Morogoro are darker, have shorter anten- nae and a broader frontal ridge. Distribution. —CAMEROON, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, SOUTH SUDAN, UGANDA, TANZANIA. Gymnobothrus longicornis sellatus (Uvarov, 1953), stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 193-196 Gymnobothrus sellatus Uvarov, 1953. Material—ANGOLA: Moxico dist. rivers Lumeje; Munhango, Lungue Bungu, Mu-Simoj; Bihe dist. Cohemba. Also, Tundavala; Bruco; 15 mi. N. Sa de Bandeira; River Langiliko. Description.—Size (in mm): males 16-19, females 18-21. Similar to other subspp. in size, general appearance, and elongate anten- nae; differs in following respects: Frontal ridge broadly sulcate from above ocellus downwards, flat and punctured elsewhere, its fastigial constriction weak (Fig. 193). Fastigium of vertex strongly concave, pentagonal, about as long as broad; temporal foveolae fairly large, incompletely marginated below (Fig. 194). Pronotum markedly more constricted (‘sellate’) than in other subspecies; lateral carinae obliterated between first and second sulci and in posterior 2/3 of metazona, strongly callose elsewhere (Fig. 195). Lateral pronotal lobes much deeper than long, their surface very uneven (Fig. 196). Coloration brown, mottled with ivory-white, buff, and grey; lateral pronotal lobes with typical pattern brown G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL above, ivory-white below. Tegmina grey with a series of brown- ish spots along discoidal field and beyond it. Abdomen reddish- brown below; upper face of hind femur with large brownish-black spots, outer face brown above, yellow below, while lower outer area brown. Hind tibia yellowish touched with black on inner and outer face. Discussion.—The specimens from Bruco are less sellate and coria- ceous and more like those from Tanzania. Distribution. —ANGOLA. Adults recorded in VI, VIII, IX, X. Gymnobothrus cruciatus I. Bolivar, 1889 Figs 197-203 Gymnobothrus cruciatus |. Bolivar, 1889: 101. Chortoicetes fallax Karny, 1907 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Pseudochirista fallax elongata Miller, 1925 (syn. Dirsh 1966). Pseudochirista meruensis SjOstedt, 1929 (syn. Uvarov 1953). Material.—TANZANIA: Tukuyu vii.1923, N. C. E. Miller (Holotype male and 7 males, 11 female paratypes (some IX.1924) of Pseu- dochirista fallax elongata Miller); Morogoro; Mpwapwa, Mt. Wilkins 6000’ (1830 m); Mkwemi 22 mi. W. Kahama; 60 mi. W. Amani; 6 mi. W. Kibau; 8 mi. S. Chala Mission. UGANDA: Lake George; Kigezi, Kashonji 7000’ (2135 m). SOMALIA: Haud. D.R. CON- GO: Lake Edward; Kasenyi. ANGOLA: Villa Luso 3000’ (915 m), 7.VI.1927, M. Burr (labelled by Uvarov as homotypic with cotype of G. cruciatus I. Bolivar). KENYA: Turkana. ZAMBIA: Kabundi for- est at Chingola (Johnsen 1984). Description.—Closely similar to G. longicornis; similar but of more variable size and of more robust build. Size (in mm): total length males 13-18, females 17-23. Antennae usually thin, barely longer than head and pronotum in male, shorter in female. Frontal ridge broad, narrowly sulcate at medial ocellus, flat or convex elsewhere; margins low and thick, only weakly divergent towards clypeus and constricted at junction with fastigium. Fastigium parabolic; arcu- ate sulcus near mid position (Fig. 199). Foveolae mostly weak, elongate and narrow, or as series of shallow pits (Fig. 198). Pro- notum of rather variable structure; carinae straighter than in lon- gicornis and mostly strong and callose throughout, even between first and second sulci, but becoming obsolete towards rear margin of metazona. Latter longer than prozona and more broadly ex- panded than in longicornis (Figs 200-202). Epiphallus as in Fig. 197; spermatheca as in Fig. 203. General coloration brownish, mottled and striped; face often with several alternating horizontal dark and light stripes; occiput and pronotal disc with a pale dorso-medial stripe edged with dark-brown lateral stripes, contrasting with callose ivory-white lateral carinae. Lower posterior part of lateral pronotal lobes with large ochraceous spot; abdomen light brown; tegmina with series of blackish spots in medial area; hind femur uniformly brown, sometimes with a small blackish stripe in middle of upper exter- nal area; lower areas brownish or yellowish. Hind tibia brownish with a pale sub-basal ring. Discussion.—There is considerable structural, size, and color varia- tion, with some specimens, for instance those from Mt. Wilkins in Tanzania (NHMUK collection), being fairly distinct from others. Subspecies status for them does not, however, seem justified at present. The types of Pseudochirista fallax elongata Miller were ex- JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL amined and are considered conspecific with a specimen of Chortoi- cetes fallax Karny bearing that author's name label. A specimen of G. cruciatus I. Bolivar (det. Uvarov) is also a close match with neo- type material of I. Bolivar; this confirms the synonymy proposed by Dirsh (1966, 1970), and which is therefore adopted here. Distribution. KENYA, TANZANIA, UGANDA, SOMALIA, D.R. CONGO, ANGOLA, ZAMBIA. Macropterous group: The femporalis species sub-group Discussion.—This group includes the two closely related species: Gymnobothrus temporalis (Stal, 1876) and Gymnobothrus flexuosus (Schulthess, 1898). The latter was established by Kevan (1950) as a subspecies of the former, but in view of the marked morphologi- cal and color differences and their broadly sympatric distribution, which is indicative of an ecological rather than geographical dis- tinction, the two taxa are here re-established as distinct species. Key to species in temporalis species sub-group (Figs 204-224) 1 Tegmina extend well beyond the hind knees. Pronotal metazona considerably longer than prozona (Figs 205, 209). Hind femur with- out distinct dark bands along upper face; lower faces in shades of FERCUSITIOUS TEMS. 525.5 IR. Ed deta colselete G. temporalis (Stal, 1876) - Apices of folded tegmina only just reach hind knees of posterior femora. Pronotal metazona only slightly longer than prozona (Figs 213, 217, 221). Hind femur with distinct dark bands on upper face; lower faces in shades of yellow-ochraceOuS...........c:cccccesseeseeseteeeteeesees See eeu eae east doh ans: G. flexuosus (Schulthess, 1898) Species notes Gymnobothrus temporalis (Stal, 1876)? Figs 204-212 Epacromia temporalis Stal, 1876: 49, type female, NAMIBIA: Ovambo (NR, Stockholm) Chirista virgata Karsch, 1893 (syn. Uvarov 1926), type female, TOGO (MEN) Chirista flavolineata Karsch, 1893 (syn. Uvarov 1926), type male (MfN) Chirista manca Karsch, 1893, types male, female (MfN) (syn. Uvarov 1926) Chirista interrupta Karsch, 1896, female, TANZANIA: Zanzibar (syn. Sjéstedt 1909) Chirista lacustris Rehn, 1914, female, D.R. CONGO (MfN) (syn. Uvarov 1926) Chirista emini Rehn, 1914, female, D.R. CONGO, L. Albert (MfN) (syn. Dirsh 1970) Zacompsa temporalis Uvarov, 1926 (syn. Uvarov 1953) Pseudochirista temporalis fasciata SjOstedt, 1931, types male, fe- male, CONGO: Musana (NRM Stockholm) (syn. Uvarov 1953) Material.—Series examined from: SENEGAL, GUINEA BISSAU, MALI, GUINEA, LIBERIA, SIERRA LEONE, TOGO, BENIN, [VO- RY COAST, GHANA, NIGERIA, CHAD, CAMEROON, ETHIO- PIA, SOMALIA, SOUTH SUDAN, UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA, CONGO, D.R. CONGO, RWANDA, MALAWI, ZAMBIA, ZIMBA- ? Dirsh 1965: 446, fig. 357, whole insect. 83 BWE, NAMIBIA, MOZAMBIQUE, BOTSWANA, SOUTH AFRICA (former Transvaal, Natal, Orange Free State, Cape Province). Description.—Medium to larger size for genus; medium build. Size (in mm): total length males 15-19, females: 21-28. Integu- ment finely rugulose and pitted. Antennae in male somewhat longer than, in female slightly shorter than head and prono- tum. Frontal ridge broad, weakly sulcate at and below ocellus, flat to convex above with thick margins; only weakly constricted at junction with fastigium and divergent towards clypeus (Figs 208, 212). Fastigium elongate-parabolic (Figs 207, 211); its sur- face concave, sloping towards transverse sulcus. Latter roughly in mid-position. Foveolae distinct, kidney-shaped (Figs 206, 210). Pronotum somewhat compressed in middle. Medial carina dis- tinct; lateral carinae often weak and little more than a chain of small callosities interrupted by all three transverse sulci, inflexed and convergent towards first sulcus, parallel between first and second, and broadly outflexed and divergent beyond. Metazona distinctly longer than prozona, its hind margin broadly rounded (Figs 205, 209). Genital structures are of little diagnostic value. Coloration variable; often dull in sombre shades of browns and greys with darker black and lighter stramineous and white speck- ling and mottling; fire melanism frequent. Distinctive pale pat- terns occur in less than a quarter of specimens, more often in males. These include a striking pale spot in lower part of lat- eral pronotal lobes and sub-basal part of upper face of hind fe- mur, sometimes with two smaller, less distinctive spots further towards knee of hind femur (including a preapical ring before knee and a corresponding pale sub-basal ring on tibia). Hind knee black in male, paler brown in female. Dorsum generally paler, sometimes with a pale dorsal band of varying width; when narrow, usually bordered with dark blackish brown pigmenta- tion. Sides often have a dark lateral band on genae and upper margin of lateral pronotal lobes. Underside of male abdomen towards its tip and lower outer (plus often inner faces of hind femur), ferruginous to reddish. Pale markings more striking in black melanic specimens and reddish tinge more intensive on maturation. Discussion.—G. temporalis is the most common and widespread species in the genus. There is considerable clinal geographical vari- ation in size, shape and coloration; subspecific taxonomic subdi- visions are not warranted. Dirsh (1970) took the same view when synonymizing G. emini under G. temporalis. It appears to have a strategy of adult quiescence, 1-2 generations annually. Distribution.—Found in the savannas and woodlands of the south- ern Sudanian and Guinean zones from SENEGAL and GAMBIA in the west to SUDAN and ETHIOPIA in eastern Africa, and south- wards to southern Africa. Gymnobothrus flexuosus (Schulthess, 1898) Figs 213-224 Duronia flexuosa Schulthess, 1898: 186, pl.2, fig. 9, type male, SO- MALIA: Banas, Geneva Mus. Chirista flexuosa Kirby, 1910: 143. Zacompsa brevipennis Miller, 1929: 70, pl. 9, fig. 42, type male TANZANIA: Kilosa, NHMUK (syn. Kevan 1950). Ogmothela brevipennis Ramme, 1931: 928. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 84 G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 219 22] “2 223 Figs 204-224. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Figs 204-212. Gymnobothrus temporalis male: 204. Oblique view head and pronotum. (205-208, topotype material temporalis from Namibia; 209-212, topotype material emini, D.R. Congo). 205, 209. Pronotal disc; 206, 210. Oblique view vertex; 207, 211. Dorsal view vertex; 208, 212. Frontal ridge. Figs 213-224. Gymnobothrus flexuosus male: (213-216, brevipennis; 217-220, Ethiopia, Wardere; 221-224, Angola). 213, 217, 221. Pronotal disc; 214, 218, 222. Oblique view vertex; 215, 219, 223. Dorsal view vertex; 216, 220, 224. Frontal ridge. Scale lines are all | mm: that under Fig. 218 applies to Figs 204, 205, 209, 213, 217, 221; that under Fig. 213 applies to Figs 206-208, 210-212, 214-216, 218-220 and 222-224. Gymnobothrus subcarinatus (= Pseudochirista subcarinata |. Bolivar, 1922), type female. ETHIOPIA: Burka, MNHN, Paris. syn. n. Material.— SOUTH SUDAN: Koalig hills; Imatong Mtns. SUDAN: Lomo. ETHIOPIA: Bourka (type locality of Pseudochirista subcari- nata I. Bolivar); Lake Haramaia; Jigjiga; Bishoftu; Nr. Addis Abeba; Wardere; 15 mi. S.E. Harar. SOMALIA: Iscia Baidoa; Afmadu; Baun. KENYA: Moyale; Masai CIS Mara; Joroi; Orowa plain Kabete; Nai- robi, Ngong Forest Res.; Mombasa; Turkana; Machakos; Athi; Thi- ka; Diani Beach, Bura Garissa; Narossura R. Karura Forest; Lemek 01°07’S, 35°21’E; Mutomo-Mutha; Mutha hill; Sigiri Forest Res. 5350’ (1630 m); Nguni Kora; Baragoi; Dwa; Limuru 6000’ (1830 m); Kibwezi. I, IL, III, Vl, VIL, X. UGANDA: Lake George; Toror Hills; Teso; Chukwani. I, III, V. TANZANIA: Arusha; Tubugwe; Msimbazi R. Tanga; Old Shinyanga; Mkomasi stn. 60 m W. Amani. Msimbasi R, Tanga distr.; Kilosa; Muheza; Mhindulo; Tubugwe; Chilangali; Wugutu (type localities of G. brevipennis Miller) Tanga; Milingano; Morogoro; Wuguru; Zanzibar: Bububu. Kisese. I, HI, IV, VI, VIII, X11. Description.—Differs from G. temporalis in smaller size, shorter wings and different coloration. Size (in mm): total length males 12.5-15.0, females 20.0-25.0. Antenna filiform, in male longer than, in female as long as or slightly shorter than, length of head and pronotum. Fastigium of vertex oblong, trapezoidal, trans- verse sulcus slightly behind middle (Figs 215, 219, 223). Frontal ridge (Figs 216, 220, 224) and temporal foveolae (Figs 214, 218, 222) as temporalis. Pronotum less constricted and lateral carinae less divergent in metazona, latter only slightly longer than pro- zona (Figs 213, 217, 221). Wings short; folded apices level with, or only very slightly surpassing level of hind knee. Coloration differs from G. temporalis in more pronounced black markings on hind femora and color of lower areas being yellow-ochraceous and not reddish. Coloration somewhat resembles G. anchietae but can be distinguished from it by its heavier build, finer and longer antennae, more pronounced temporal foveolae, a shorter fastigium of vertex, and proportionately a longer metazona of pronotum. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Discussion.—Annual cycle similar to G. temporalis. Habitat de- scribed variously as: riverine forest; thicket and grass; banks of dry river; relic forest; scrub on waste ground. Life cycle probably con- tinuous reproduction. Distribution. SUDAN, ETHIOPIA, KENYA, SOMALIA, UGANDA, TANZANIA: Zanzibar. Macropterous group: The anchietae species sub-group Discussion.—The species sub-group includes the nominate and three other taxa, which are here reduced to subspecies of anchietae. Synon- ymies and descriptions are given under each subspecies; full diagno- sis of Gymnobothrus anchietae bounites (Jago, 1970), stat. n. et comb. is given under the brachypterous species group later in this paper. Species notes Gymnobothrus anchietae 1. Bolivar, 1889 Figs 15, 225-246 Gymnobothrus anchietae |. Bolivar, 1889: 101. Material.—See under nominate and other subspecies below. Description.—Medium to slender build; size mostly small. Size (in mm): total length males 11.0-16.0, females 12.5-23.0. In- tegument punctured, finely to coarsely rugulose. Antennae short and incrassate, usually shorter than length of head and prono- tum, but more elongate in flaviventris. Fastigium of vertex round- ed-pentagonal, moderately (in flaviventris, considerably) longer than broad (Figs 227, 229, 241). Foveolae weak, usually narrow, punctured (Figs 240, 243). Pronotum moderately compressed, medial carina weak, cut by typical sulcus in its middle, with pro- zona slightly longer than metazona; lateral carinae regularly to irregularly incurved, mostly weak, and often obsolescent between first and second sulcus and partly or wholly in metazona, (in in- flexus stronger and more angularly converging on first transverse sulcus (Fig. 244)). Tegminal apices extend slightly beyond hind knees in all subspecies, except bounites, in which they barely reach middle of abdomen. Genital structures show no differences be- tween subspecies. Coloration in shades of brown, stramineous, ivory-white, grey and black, in mottled, striped and occasionally finely speckled patterns, which do not provide striking diagnos- tic features. In nominate subspecies face is often speckled and/ or striped; dorsum is paler and occasionally with a narrow dorso- medial band edged with darker brown pigment. Lateral pronotal lobes are usually dark brownish in upper 2/3, with a contrasting large ivory-white spot in lower third (Figs 236, 239). Hind femur with faint dark bands on upper face; outer face brownish, and lower yellowish; hind knee brown, bordered by a pale ring which matches pale sub-basal ring on tibia. Tibiae otherwise ochraceous, somewhat blackened ventrally. Key to subspecies in the anchietae species sub-group 1 Size exceptionally small, male <13mm, female <18mm; sculptur- ing pronounced; pronotal carinae thick and raised; lateral pronotal lobes with callose ridges in metazona. ETHIOPIAN highlands......... sgh Sangh dear aelvadeldad anchietae inflexus Uvarov 1934, stat. n. et comb. n. - Size larger, sculpturing and pronotal carinae weaker ...........eeeeeeeee i) 85 2 Brachypterous. TANZANIA: Ufipa plateau; ZAMBIA, MALAWI: Nyika Plateaus s..uwaathenee anchietae bounites Jago, 1970, stat. n. et comb. - PU LTTE, PA ayia car ba aac pds ssa papi Sargon st sarign guna taridoes ta tatsyaice 3 3 Slender and elongate, fastigium of vertex much longer than broad (Fig. 241); antennae longer than head and pronotum; frontal ridge constricted at junction with fastigium. D.R. CONGO: Katanga, ZAM- Bier e ANCL Pe BONS WAINIAS oRct tO Ret eae Ria OL ee eee eR PEROT oer nh anchietae flaviventris Uvarov, 1953, stat. n. et comb. - Antennae and fastigium shorter (Figs 228, 229); frontal ridge (Figs 230, 231). Widespread.......anchietae anchietae I. Bolivar, 1889, stat. n. Subspecies notes Gymnobothrus anchietae anchietae I. Bolivar, 1889, stat. n. Figs 225-233 Gymnobothrus gracilis (Ramme, 1931) syn. n. Ogmothela meruensis Ramme, 1931 (syn. with G. gracilis Uvarov 1953) Ogmothela rammei Sj6stedt, 1931 (syn. with G. gracilis Uvarov 1953) Gymnobothrus angolensis Uvarov, 1953 (syn. Dirsh 1966) Material.—Holotype female anchietae anchietae. ANGOLA: Ca- conda, Quando. Moxico dist. Villa Luso (det. Uvarov after com- parison with two cotypic females from Madrid Museum); type se- ries angolensis Loanda. Also ANGOLA: S.W. Sa de Bandeira, 5600’ (1705 m); Bruco; Rocadas; 10 mi. N.E. Cacula; Salazar; Duque de Braganca; Mt. Lubiri, 6 mi. N.E. Alto Hama; 3 mi. N.E. Negola; 8 mi. N.E. Cacula; Ceilunge; Calondo. Amboim; Cachociras 20 mi. S.W. Gabela. (Adults II, II, V, VIL X). BOTSWANA: Kuke Pan 20°59’'S 22°25’E. NAMIBIA: Oshikango. TANZANIA: Shinyanga; Old Shinyanga; Tinde 20 mi. S.W. Shinyanga; Sigi, Nr. Amani; Ushora; Mpwapwa; Bukeni; Tanga; Mingano; Rukwa. KENYA: Nairobi; Ngare na Nyuki. ZAMBIA: Mporokoso; Mweru wa Ntipa; Mbala (as Abercorn). MALAWI: Nyika Nat. Park; nr. Chilenga. D.R. CONGO: Katanga, Chinchoxo. Description.—As in key and under species. Size (in mm) total length: males 13.0-16.0, females 16.0-23.0. Distribution.—ANGOLA, BOTSWANA, NAMIBIA, TANZANIA, KENYA, ZAMBIA, MALAWI, D.R. CONGO. Gymnobothrus anchietae bounites Jago, 1970, stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 234-238 Description.—See key. Full treatment in the brachypterous species group section (pp. 86 below). Gymnobothrus anchietae flaviventris Uvarov, 1953, stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 239-242 Gymnobothrus flaviventris Uvarov, 1953: 126-127, fig. 135 Material.—Holotype flaviventris: ZAMBIA: Lueno valley, Chi- sorwe. D.R. CONGO: Katanga prov: Nasantoye. ANGOLA: Tun- davala, 8-10 ml. N.W. Sa de Bandeira; 12 mi. S.W. Luimbale ca. 5500’ (1675 m). BOTSWANA: Moremi Res.19°23’S, 23°33’E. Adults II, III. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 86 Description.—As in the key. Differs from nominate subspecies in its more elongate, slender build; longer antennae; more slender, sul- cate frontal ridge; more elongate fastigium of vertex. General col- oration similar to nominate subspecies. Measurements (in mm): Total length male 15, female 19. Distribution. ZAMBIA, D.R. CONGO, BOTSWANA. Gymnobothrus anchietae inflexus Uvarov, 1934, stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 243-246 Gymnobothrus inflexus Uvarov, 1934: 603, fig. 6. Material.—ETHIOPIA: Mt. Chillalo, moorland at 10,000’ (3050 m), XI.1926; Oinchu Park Lodge, 3170 m., short turf bush heath, V.1975; 07°57'N 39°08 E, 2400m., IV.1975. Description.—As in key. Exceptionally small size. Size (in mm): males 11.5-12.0, females 17.0-18.0. Rugulose integument. Short thick an- tennae. Well-defined temporal foveolae. Shape of pronotum diagnos- tic, with weak second sulcus and strong callose carinae. Coloration (as in bounites), predominantly in shades of dark brown and black. Discussion.—Records of inflexus in SOMALIA given by Johnsen and Schmidt (1982) and by Baccetti (1984) are probably misidentifi- cations of G. flexuosus (Schulthess). Distribution.—Limited localities in highland ETHIOPIA. Also re- corded from KENYA (Emali Hills) by Kevan (1950), and from UGANDA (Kampala) by Jago and Rowell (unpublished). Brachypterous group Discussion.—There are only two members in the brachypterous species group of Gymnobothrus: G. anchietae bounites Jago, 1970 and Gymnobothrus rimulatus (Karsch, 1896). However, apart from their shared character of brachypterism, they belong to two sepa- rate and distinctive species groups of the genus: bounites is a sub- species of G. anchietae and its diagnosis is included in the key to the other subspecies, while G. rimulatus is a close relative of G. inflexus and is described in some detail below. Species notes Gymnobothrus anchietae bounites Jago, 1970, stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 234-238 Gymnobothrus bounites Jago, 1970: 123, 205. Material.—Very large type series of bounites: S.W. TANZANIA: S.E. of Mbeya, Rungwe Mt., 2 mi. S.E. of Kiwira Forest Station; 4.7 mi. along Kiwira-Mbeya road; Ufipa plateau, 12 mi. E. of Sum- bawanga; Mbisi Forest Reserve, S.E. of Rungwe Mt., tree fern gorge; Mbeya Mt. N.E. of Mbeya, 8000’ (2440 m). In addition: TANZANIA: Poroto Mts. ZAMBIA: Nyika Plateau 7300’ (2225 m). MALAWI: Nyika Nat. Pk. nr. Chilenga. Description.—As in the key given above. Differs from nominate subspecies in its short wings; small size and slender build. Fastigi- um of vertex shorter, parabolic (Fig. 237). Coloration dark brown G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL to blackish with medial dorsal brown or creamy stripe. Antennae black apically, light brown in basal half. A broad dark lateral band extends from antennal sockets across genae, upper 3/5 of prono- tum to pleurae. Abdominal tergites shiny black. Hind femora red- dish-brown, lighter below; knees dark brown to sooty black. Hind tibiae light to dark grey. Distribution. —S.W. TANZANIA, ZAMBIA, MALAWI. Inhabits pla- teau grasslands spanning the Mbeya valley, linking the hills of northern MALAWI and southern TANZANIA faunistically with those of the Ufipa Plateau (Jago 1970). Gymnobothrus rimulatus (Karsch, 1896) Figs 247-258 Ogmothela rimulata Karsch, 1896: 260. Gymnobothrus rimulata Uvarov, 1953: 123-124. Material.—Holotype rimulata: KENYA: Mombasa, Berlin; Kilindini; Watamu; Malindi, Driftwood Beach Club, grass, bushes and leaf lit- ter behind beach; Kilifi dist., Arabuko-Sokoke, forest, clearings and path side; 20 km. N. Malindi, dunes N. of Mambrui; Lamu dist. 29 km. E. of Manjila, Diospyros-Dobera woodland; Kwale dist. Jombo hill, ca. 800-1000’, foot of slope, in clearings. Mwamberu stn. 1000’ (305 m) 03°45’S, 39°13’E (I, IL, Il, IV, VI, VU, XI). TANZANIA: Victoria Nyanza, Ukerewe I.; Mahali Peninsula, Ujamba; Singida dist. 14 mi. N. of Mkalama; Old Shinyanga; Ngonghoo River; Man- yara Nat. Park, groundwater forest and adjacent forest; Gibbs farm, Karatu; Ngorongoro (NHMUK) (Adults: VII, VII, IX, X1). Description.—Of medium size, robust build. Size (in mm): males 14-16, females 18-22. Integument finely pitted and rugose. Fron- tal ridge thick, barely sulcate, with subparallel, somewhat undu- lating, thick margins (Fig. 250). Fastigial constriction weak. Fas- tigium of vertex oblong/parabolic with weak margins (Figs 248, 249); transverse sulcus weak, roughly in mid-position. Structure of pronotum variable, from roughly the shape found in G. flexuosa, to that in G. cruciatus (Figs 251-253); transverse sulci strong; lat- eral carinae weak to strong, obsolescent towards rear of metazona and occasionally weaker between 1% and 24 sulci; length of meta- zona equal to subequal to that of prozona. Tegmina with more or less rounded to attenuate apex, varying in length from equal to length of pronotum (as in coastal populations in Kenya) to more than twice its length (as in some specimens from Tanzania, nota- bly those from Manyara) (Figs 255-257). Hind femora rather ro- bust; arolia rather small (e.g. in comparison with G. t. temporalis). Coloration rather similar to that in G. t. flecuosus, in shades of browns, ochraceous, stramineus and ivory-white with presence of light and dark forms; some of latter resemble a duller version of Tanzanian populations of G. pullus. Antennae dark brown, dor- sum pale entirely or sometimes with a narrow dorso-medial band bordered with dark brown; costal area of tegmina dark brown; anal area stramineous. Body sides with a broad dark band in up- per part extending from frons across genae, pronotal lobes and pleurae onto tegmina; lower third of lateral pronotal lobes and pleurae pale. Upper face of hind femur with a large pale sub-basal and a sub-apical spot; outer face brown, lower ferruginous to or- ange; hind knee black, hind tibia slate blue to brownish, with a broad sub-basal white ring, tarsi ivory; spines ivory, tipped black. Distribution. —KENYA, TANZANIA. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 87 Figs 225-246. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Gymnobothrus anchietae. Figs 225-233. Gymnobothrus anchietae anchietae: 225, 226. Epiphallus (Rukwa); 227. Male oblique view head and pronotum; 228. Male dorsal view vertex; 229. Male dorsal aspect head and pronotum; 230, 231. Male, female, frontal ridges; 232, 233. Male, female pronotal discs. Figs 234-238. Gymnobothrus anchietae bounites: 234, 235. Epiphallus; 236. Male, oblique aspect head, pronotum and tegmina; 237. Dorsal aspect head and pronotum; 238. Male frontal ridge. Figs 239-242. Gymnobothrus anchietae flaviventris: 239. Male oblique view head and pronotum; 240. Oblique view vertex; 241. Dorsal view vertex; 242. Male frontal ridge. Figs 243-246. Gymnobothrus anchietae inflexus: 243. Male oblique aspect head and pronotum; 244. Same, dorsal aspect; 245. Male frontal ridge; 246. Female same. Scale lines all 1 mm: that under Fig. 239 applies to Figs 225, 226, 228, 230, 231, 234, 235, 238, 240-242, 245-246; that under Fig. 241 applies to Figs 227, 229, 232, 233, 236, 237, 239, 243, 244. Micropterous group Discussion.—This includes taxa previously included under Gymnobo- throides. The affinities of the genus Gymnobothroides and the phyloge- netic problems that it presents have been discussed by Uvarov (1953) and Jago (1968, 1970), both commenting on its close relationship to Gymnobothrus and that it is strictly definable at present only on the basis of tegminal abbreviation. The bridge afforded between the two genera provided by G. rimulatus removes the justification for contin- ued maintenance of Gymnobothroides as a separate genus. Of the taxa placed in Gymnobothroides by Jago (1968, 1970), G. amplificata amplificata Johnston and G. amplificata morotoensis Jago were transferred by Bouvy (1982) to Rastafaria. In this review (above) they have been reallocated to Coryphosima, to join cyti- donota, Jago, already placed under that genus by its author. The fol- lowing micropterous taxa previously in Gymnobothroides are here transferred to Gymnobothrus: pullus pullus Karny, 1915 (syn. minutus Ramme (Dirsh 1970), here reinstated as a subspecies of pullus); pullus montanus (Kevan, 1950); levipes (Karsch, 1896); keniensis Johnston, 1937; hemipterus Miller, 1932. Only two full species are recognized here: pullus (Karny, 1915) and levipes (Karsch, 1896). The remaining taxa listed above con- sidered as subspecies of one or the other. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 88 G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 255 ‘type 256 258 Figs 247-258. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Gymnobothrus rimulatus. Fig. 247. Epiphallus; 248. Female oblique view head, pronotum and tegmina; 249. Male oblique view vertex; 250. Male frontal ridge; 251-253. Variation in male pronotal disc; 254. Same, intermediate to subsp. pullus; 255-257. Male tegminal variation; 258. Male tegmen intermediate to subsp. pullus. Scale lines all represent | mm: that under Fig. 247 applies to Figs 247 and 249; that under Fig. 257 applies to all the rest. Key to species in the micropterous group of Gymnobothrus Larger and more robust; antennae elongate and slender, in males considerably longer than, in females as long as or only slightly short- er than length of head and pronotum. Compound eyes round and protruding (Fig. 278). Hind margin of pronotal disc rounded; lateral carinae interrupted by all three sulci (Figs 284-286). Tegmina broad- ly rounded, less than twice as long as broad (Figs 287, 288). Color- ation in contrasting dark brown and cream, bands; tip of abdomen and underside of hind femora ferruginous-reddish or ochraceous. KENYA, TANZANIA, D.R. CONGO, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA....... Nathanael abavile deat dae cnvabish oak pullus (Karny, 1915), stat. n. et comb. n. Smaller and more slender; antennae incrassate and somewhat di- lated basally; in male barely as long as head and pronotum, in fe- male much shorter. Compound eyes not unduly protruding, more elongate and pointed apically (Fig. 259). Hind margin of pronotum emarginate; lateral carinae rather less divergent and usually inter- rupted only by typical sulcus (Figs 261, 262). Tegmina more elongate and narrow (Fig. 258). Coloration in more cryptic shades of browns and greys (and rarely with some green pigmentation). TANZANIA, ICE NINA ober wloveuet ner acest tazsoece levipes (Karsch, 1896), stat. n. et comb. n. Gymnobothrus levipes (Karsch, 1896), comb. n. Figs 259-271 Chrysochraon levipes Karsch, 1896: 255. Types Kilimanjaro (MfN). Key to subspecies of G. levipes in the micropterous group 1 Slightly larger and more slender, frontal ridge broader and less deep- ly sulcate; tegmina broader, more rounded apically. More uniform coloration in shades of brown and ochraceous; lower sulcus of hind femur orange-ochraceous. TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro and Taita hills; REIVA igs fesabtenats ones levipes levipes (Karsch, 1896), stat. n. et comb. n. Slightly smaller and more robust, frontal ridge narrower and more deeply sulcate; tegmina narrower, width little more than half the length. Coloration more varied and contrasting in marbled patterns of grey and dark brown. C. KENYA, notably the slopes of Mt. Kenya ebnrrded pi aseea test levipes abbreviatus (Chopard, 1921), stat n. et comb. n. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Go, i f3 iz t) \4 3 a 89 Figs 259-271. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Gynmobothrus levipes. Figs 259-264. Gynmobothrus levipes levipes male: 259. Lateral aspect head and pronotum; 260. Dorsal view apex of head; 261, 262. Male, female pronotal discs; 263. Frontal ridge; 264. Temporal foveolus. Figs 265-271. Gymnobothrus levipes abbreviatus male: 265. Entire insect (Gymnobothroides keniensis Johnston 1937, n. syn.); inset below an enlargement of apex of head showing temporal foveolus; 266, 267. Male, female, dorsal view vertices; 268, 269. Male, female pronotal discs; 270. Frontal ridge; 271. Temporal foveolus. All scale lines represent | mm: that below Fig. 259 applies to Figs 260, 264, 266, 267, 271; that below Fig. 268 applies to Figs 259, 261-263, 265, 268-270. Species notes Gymnobothrus levipes levipes (Karsch, 1896), stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 259-264 Chrysochraon levipes Karsch, 1896: 255 Gymnobothroides levipes (Karsch, 1896) (syn. Johnston 1956) Gymnobothroides montanus Kevan, 1950 syn. n. including Gymnobothroides pullus montanus Jago, 1968 Material and discussion.—Lectotype male levipes here designated: TANZANIA: Mt. Kilimanjaro, Djagga, Madjame. MfN. 2 female paralectotypes, same data, MfN. Additional specimens: TANZA- NIA: Arusha, Grevillea Plantation, II; E. of Mt. Meru, Ngurdoto Lake Crater, XI; E. side of Mt. Meru, 6150’ (1875 m), Ngurdoto Nat. Park VI. KENYA: Type locality of montanus Kevan: Taita hills, 4500-5500’ (1370-1675 m), grass and bushes, 25.XH.1945; Taita Farmer Training Centre, 8 km. S. of Wundanyi (03° 26'S 38°20’E), 5400’ (1645 m), V.1975. Following material from KENYA exhibits clinal links with abbreviatus: Machakos, Malili Ranch, IV; Nairobi, Karen-Ngong Rd. II. These are generally of smaller size with short- er antennae narrower tegmina and brighter coloration (NHMUK). Description.—Synonymy and species diagnosis as above. Differs from subsp. abbreviatus as follows: proportionately slightly larger size, more slender build; size (in mm): total length males 11-14, females 18-20; slightly longer antennae; somewhat broader and less sulcate frontal ridge; slightly less constricted pronotum (but JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 90 similar otherwise in that lateral carinae are interrupted only by typical sulcus and hind margin of metazona is emarginate) (Figs 261, 262); broader, more rounded tegmina (Fig. 258) and a more uniform coloration, in type material of levipes from ‘Kilimanja- ro’, specimens from Arusha in Tanzania and types of montanus from Kenya, Taita hills in southern Kenya, general coloration is reddish-brown; lateral dark band is faint and lower area of hind femur is in shades of orange; this may, however, be in other shades of brown and stramineous; lower area of hind femur is ochraceous. Discussion.—Study of the three syntypes of Chrysochraon levipes Karsch, 1896 has shown them to be conspecific with the two types of Gymnobothroides montanus Kevan, 1950, differing only in the slightly smaller size of the former. The male syntype is here desig- nated as lectotype and the two females as paralectotypes. The clos- est match with the lectotype specimens of levipes are specimens from Mt. Meru-Ngurdoto National Park, Momella Lakes and W. Usambara, Mazumbai Forest Res. Distribution. —S. KENYA; N. E. TANZANIA. Gymnobothrus levipes abbreviatus (Chopard, 1921), stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 265-271 Phloeobida abbreviata Chopard, 1921: 48-50, figs 28, 29 Phloeochopardia abbreviata (Dirsh, 1958) Gymnobothroides keniensis Johnston, 1937 syn. n. Material.—KENYA: (as Brit. E. Africa), Nairobi, 1 male, 1 female types of Phloeobida abbreviata Chopard 1921 (MNHN). 1 male, 3 females, types of Gymnobothroides keniensis Mt. Kenya, (above 8,000’, 2440 m) (NHMUK); Brit. E. Africa, 1 male, Karati Kikuya; 1 female, Ngalano, (Gregory Coll. 94-94), both bearing Ramme, det. “Chortoicetes levipes”; Kijabe section, Kikuyu Escarpment, 8200’ (2500 m), VI; Nairobi, Sigiri For. Res. Stn., Limuru rd 5350’, XI; E.A.A.ER.O,, Muguga, 14 mi. N. Nairobi, 6800’ (2070 m), V. Limu- ru, VI; Nairobi, Balmoral/Ngong rd. 01°17’S 36°45’E, 5500’ (1675 m); Nara Moru 00°9’S 37°02’E, 6000’ (1830 m), III; 49 kms. N.W. Nairobi, hillside forest path, VI; 1°23’N 36°38’E, grass/bush/ shrubs, IV; S. side of Mt. Kenya, Ragati For. Res. XII; Limuru, VI; Nakuru rd., Kenya Nat. Agric. Inst. relict forest, I; Kitibo Coffee Est., Makuyu 00°53’S, 37°17’E, 1550 m, IV; 48 km E Makutano, 5600’ (1705 m) Ficus forest, IX; homotypes P. abbreviata Chopard, Karen- Ngong rd, forest, II ; homotypes of G. keniensis Johnston; Thika rd. 38°41’E 00°44 ’S, 8400’ (2560 m) grassland and degraded for- est; Ngong hills, 8000’ (2440 m), V; Mfunguni hill, Tulia, Kitui, 01°12’S, 38°02’E, Combretum-Commiphora-Acacia woodland; Ol Donyo Sapuk, nr. mt. summit, 7040’, 01°08'S, 37°15’E, V, cleared bush; Chyulu hills, 38 kms E. of Makutano 4900’ (1495 m), for- est on old lava mountain, savanna/woodland mosaic, IX; Karen, XI; Ngong hills, 7000’ (2135 m), XI; between Nairobi and Limuru, VIII; Karura forest, VI; Mt. Kenya, VIII-X; Kabete, nr. Nairobi, IV. Description.—Synonymy and recognition as above. Size small; see measurements in Table 9; of medium build; integument rugulose, shiny. Antennae short, incrassate, flattened and often weakly expanded basally, barely as long as head and pronotum in male, distinctly shorter and more slender in female. Frontal G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL ridge narrow, sulcate, narrowed at junction with fastigium, di- vergent below ocellus. Fastigium of vertex moderately concave, elongate-parabolic in male, rounded in female, margins low but distinct; medial carinula distinct sometimes continuing onto oc- ciput, transverse sulcus very weak; fastigial rim narrow. Foveolae weak, often as disjunct scattered pits of varying size, occasionally coalescing into an elongate shallow depression, usually open to- wards antennal socket. Pronotum somewhat constricted in mid- dle, expanding caudad; typical sulcus strong, others weak or ob- solete; medial carina broad, occasionally very narrowly divided lengthways, especially in females; lateral carinae strong, roundly converging towards first sulcus, broadly diverging thereafter, but incurving and weakening or disappearing towards the rear of metazona (latter a little more than half length of prozona, its hind margin broadly emarginate (Figs 268, 269)). Tegmina scale- like, convex, with raised callose veins, about as long as, or very slightly longer than, pronotum; width little more than half their length (Fig. 265). External and internal genital structures typical for group, without marked distinctive features. Hind femora of moderate build, length-width ratio about 4. General coloration striped and marbled in cryptic shades of browns and greys, usu- ally paler dorsally with a more or less marked broad lateral dark fascia extending from antennal socket across genae, upper half of lateral pronotal lobes to pleurae and on to sides of abdomen, where pigmentation often becomes more intense; underside pale ochraceous-yellow, more brightly so in males; femora brownish- rusty-brown above, paler below, with lower area orange-yellow; hind tibiae brownish, with inner face darker. Discussion.—Color pattern and morphology seem to vary with habitat terrain, as follows: Chyulu hills with forest on old lava, savanna/woodland mosaic (very rugose and exceptionally dark, frontal ridge broad, sulcate, foveolae narrow, crescentic, antennae rather long and dilated at base); Ol Donyo Sapuk, near mountain summit, cleared bush (frontal ridge deeply sulcate, foveolae large, strong); Nakuru Rd. relict forest (strongly rugose and pitted; fron- tal ridge moderately sulcate, with wavy margins, foveolae weak, coloration brown-stramineous to blackish-brown); 49 km. NW Nairobi, hillside, forest path (occiput, disc of pronotum and anal area of tegmina with greenish pigmentation); Naro Moru (more robust, distinct temporal foveolae and straighter pronotal carinae; brighter coloration; larger (male 13-14 mm) and generally paler, more brightly colored specimens; frontal ridge less sulcate); Ki- kuyu Escarpment — small, dark specimens (close match of types of keniensis Johnston and abbreviata Chopard). The two specimens in the NHMUK det. ‘Chortoicetes levipes Karsch’ by Ramme, in very poor condition, both from KENYA, are misidentifications; they closely resemble the types of Gymno- bothroides keniensis Johnston, 1937 (NHMUK), which themselves are junior synonyms of Phloeochopardia abbreviata (Dirsh, 1958) (= Phloeobida abbreviata Chopard, 1921, types (MNHN) examined). There is some geographical and ecological variation; as a rule, specimens from altitudes above about 7000’ (2135 m) tend to be smaller and darker with a more rugulose and sculptured integu- ment than those from lower altitudes. Some of the latter, par- ticularly from southern Kenya towards Tanzanian border, exhibit clinal changes towards G. I. levipes, (e.g. in their larger size and longer, more slender antennae). Distribution. —KENYA. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Table 9. Morphometric measurements of Gynmobothrus levipes ab- breviatus. M (mm) F (mm) Antennae 4.5 4.5 Tegminal length 2.1 3 Tegminal width 1 1.4 Hind femur length 8-9 9-11 Hind femur depth * 2 2.7 Hind femur L/D ratio * 4-45 3.3-4.] Total length 10.5-13 14-17 Total length * 10.5-12* 14-15.5* *Kikuyu road material Gymnobothrus pullus (Karny, 1915), comb. n. Gymnobothroides pullus Karny, 1915: 134. Description.—As in key to species. Discussion.—See below. Key to subspecies of G. pullus in the micropterous group 1 Larger (male 12-14 mm, female 16-22 mm), structurally more vari- able, lateral pronotal carinae vary from roundly inflexed (as in G. temporalis) to angularly converging (as in G. cruciatus). Tegmina vary in size and shape (Figs 280-281, 287-288). C. and E. TANZANIA; C. AETV CLY SEIN NN a heures uted tee ada nr gade ederaeniracede cia tat Peng eae ata aged EL utara Gymnobothrus pullus pullus (Karny, 1915), stat. n. et comb. n. - Smaller (male 12-13)female-15=20 mm) u2.2:.30cdececeueremgdeacaeunees 2 2 Coloration strongly contrasting; frontal ridge narrower. D.R. CON- GO) Take Kivit A RWAN DARKISeN Ye. .us6.dh.sslvoncseracmatedbornet vapit ssid Rnttnen Rieleasaitelous.eans G. pullus minutus (Ramme, 1929), stat. n. et comb. n. - Coloration less contrasting, in lighter shades of brown; frontal ridge broader. SOUTH AFRICA: Kwazulu-Natal; LESOTHO... eee aga bRecdlegatsh G. pullus hemipterus (Miller, 1932), stat. n. et comb. n. Species notes Gymnobothrus pullus pullus (Karny, 1915), stat. n. et comb. n.? Figs 272-288 Material.—TANZANIA: Type locality Dar es Salaam; Sigi, near Amani, 1500’ (460 m), V, XI; Morogoro; Mahange dist, Kakara, VI; 2 mi. E. Gilodari, S. of Yasda R.; Ngurdoto, edge of forest, I, IV; Munega Magna; Ngorongoro; Morogoro dist. Bunduki, [X,ILIII Lushoto dist. Soni, 3000’ (920 m); Arusha; Usambara; Mpwapwa, 5500’ (1675 m); Mwanza; Old Shinyanga; Gibbs Farm, Manyara; Ngorongoro, III, IV, X. KENYA: Samburu dist; Ngong hills, 7000’ (2135 m), XI; Nairobi-Limuru, 6000’ (1830 m) VII; Karura forest VIII; Lasenie VIII. (NHMUK). Description.—Recognition as in key to species. Size (in mm): to- tal length males 12-14, females 16-22. Integument rugulose, prozona coarsely, metazona finely, punctured. Antennae slender, slightly flattened basally; in male longer than, in female subequal 3 Dirsh 1965: 447, fig. 358, whole insect, male, and epiphallus (as Gymnobothroides pullus Karny). 91 to, length of head and pronotum. Compound eye large, protrud- ing and rounded (Fig. 278). Frontal ridge (Fig. 282) rather broad with thick margins. Fastigium of vertex pentagonal, elongate in male (Fig. 279), round in female; foveolae as small shallow pits (Fig. 283). Pronotum weakly compressed in middle, somewhat variable in shape; lateral carinae vary from weak to strong and from roundly inflexed (as in G. temporalis), to straight and angu- larly converging (as in G. cruciatus) (Figs 280, 281, 284-286) and interrupted by all three strong transverse sulci; metazona propor- tionately broader than in levipes, its hind margin broadly rounded, not emarginate. Tegmina broad, somewhat varying in size and shape (Figs 287, 288). At extremes of tegminal and pronotal vari- ation (Figs 254, 258), some specimens, e.g. from Shinyanga and Manyara, exhibit clinal links with G. rimulatus, which constitutes a remarkable example of a connection between two taxa originally attributed to two different genera. Genital structures typical of group and diagnostically not distinctive. Coloration in bright contrasting pattern of broad dark and light longitudinal stripes, similar to that in Zacompsa festa; a dorso- medial ivory-white stripe extending whole length from fastigium to tip of abdomen is flanked by broad dorso-lateral black to black- ish-brown stripes extending from antennal socket and including antennae, across genae, pronotal lobes and tegmina, gradually narrowing towards tip of abdomen; below this there is another somewhat narrower pale stripe, extending from lower genae, lower third of pronotal lobes to pleurae; underside is yellowish suffused with a ferruginous tinge, becoming a brighter reddish orange to- wards tip of abdomen and lower face of hind femora, which are a darker brown above with a black knee; hind tibiae slate-grey to brownish, with a pale sub-basal ring. Discussion.—Nominate subspecies is larger and more robust than G. levipes (Karsch, 1896) and also larger than the other two subspecies, pullus minutus (Ramme, 1931) and pullus hemipterus (Miller, 1932). Gymnobothrus pullus minutus (Ramme, 1929), stat. n. et comb., nom. res. Figs 289-292 Gymnobothroides minutus Ramme, 1929. Gymnobothroides pullus (Karny, 1915, 1929) (syn. Dirsh 1970). Material.—D.R. CONGO: Lake Kivu: Goma, 05°19’S 14°24’E. Lwiro River, 47 km N. of Bukavu. RWANDA: Kisenye. Adults II, VII, XII. Description.—Differs from nominate subspecies in its smaller size (in mm: total length males 12-13, females 15-20); narrower, more deeply sulcate frontal ridge (Fig. 291); more elongate, api- cally pointed eye and apically attenuate tegmina (Figs 289, 290). Coloration very similar to nominate subspecies. Discussion.—Described originally as Gymnobothroides minutus Ramme, 1929, and synonymized by Dirsh (1970) under Gymno- bothroides pullus Karny, 1915, this taxon is recalled here as a valid subspecies. Distribution. —Known from eastern D.R. CONGO and RWANDA. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 92 G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Figs 272-296. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Gymnobothrus pullus. Figs 272-288. Gymnobothrus pullus pullus: 272-277. Variation in epiphal- lus (272, 273, Tanzania, Amani; 274, 275, Tanzania, Mwanza; 276, 277, Malawi); 278. Male, lateral aspect head and pronotum; 279. Dorsal view male vertex; 280, 281. Male, female pronotal discs; 282. Frontal ridge; 283. Temporal foveolus; 284-286. Vari- ation in male pronotal disc; 287, 288. Variation in male tegmen. Figs 289-292. Gymnobothrus pullus minutus male: 289. Tegmen; 290. Compound eye; 291. Frontal ridge; 292. Temporal foveolus. Figs 293-296. Gymnobothrus pullus hemipterus male: 293. Tegmen; 294. Compound eye; 295. Frontal ridge; 296. Temporal foveolus. All scale lines represent | mm: that below Fig. 275 applies to Figs 272-277, 279, 283, 292, 296; that below Fig. 288 applies to Figs 280-282, 284-288, 291, 293-295, 289, 290; that under Fig. 278 applies to 278 only. Gymnobothrus pullus hemipterus (Miller, 1932), stat. n. et comb. n. Figs 293-296 Gymnobothroides hemipterus Miller, 1932. Material—SOUTH AFRICA: Kwa-Zulu Natal, nr. Weenen, N’Kolombe Mt., 5000’ (1525 m). LESOTHO: Maputo (NHMUK). Description. —Similar in size to minutus, size (in mm): total length males 12-14, females 16-20) but differs in a broader, deeply sul- cate frontal ridge. Eye elongate as in minutus (Fig. 294). Tegmina rounded apically as in pullus (Fig. 293). Fastigium of vertex similar to that in pullus; foveolae as scattered small pits (Fig. 296). Lateral pronotal carinae, said to be obsolete in original description, are in fact fairly well-developed in some specimens from both KwaZulu- Natal and Lesotho. Coloration less contrasting than in other sub- species, in duller, paler shades of brown; underside and lower area of hind femora reddish brown, hind knee black; hind tibiae black basally, remainder blackish brown. Discussion.—Here reduced in rank from species to subspecies. Distribution. SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal; LESOTHO. Generic diagnosis Brachybothrus gen. n. http://zoobank.org/432611 2F-5DD3-40EF-9FC1-C67CCFD98DEC Type species. —Brachybothrus phyllopterus sp. n. here designated. Description.—Small, integument rugose and callose. Antennae as long as, or slightly shorter than, head and pronotum, weakly compressed basally and incrassate apically. Head somewhat in- JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL flated and rounded in profile; frontal ridge narrowly sulcate above ocellus, with margins below thick and divergent. Fastigium deeply concave, pentagonal, pointed apically, with sharp raised margins; transverse sulcus slightly behind middle. Foveolae elongate and shallow, concealed from above. Pronotum short, sellate and com- pressed in middle; dorsum traversed by three strong sulci, only typ- ical sulcus interrupting median carina, but all three crossing lateral carinae. These consist of interrupted raised callosities, strong and convergent in front of 1% sulcus, obsolescent between 1° and 2" and strongly divergent and progressively weaker thereafter; meta- zona much shorter than prozona, its hind angle broadly rounded. Lateral lobes of equal height and length, with a sinuous ascending lower margin and a rounded lower posterior angle. Mesosternal interspace transverse in both sexes. Tegmina and wings with more or less attenuate apices, abridged to half length of abdomen, or less. Hind femur moderately robust, knee lobes rounded; arolia much shorter than claw. External and internal genital structures unspecialized, typical of Gymnobothrus genus group. Discussion.—This new genus has affinities both with Gymnobothrus - notably Gymnobothrus rimulatus (Karsch) and also with Guichardippus somalicus Dirsh. Its rugose integument and reduced arolia testify to a terricolous mode of existence, separating it from members of Gymnobothrus with their much larger arolia and graminicole to terri-graminicole habits. It includes two species: Brachybothrus phyllopterus sp. n. from SOMALIA and B. hola sp. n. from KENYA, which can be diagnosed by means of the key below. Distribution. SOMALIA, KENYA. Key to species in the genus Brachybothrus 1 Of heavier build, head proportionately larger. Lateral pronotal cari- nae distinct in metazona in both sexes; prozona/metazona ratio 1.8 in the male, 1.6 in female. Tegmina with elongate, sharply attenuate apices (Figs 297, 302). SOMALIA..........:.cecceesseeeeees phyllopterus sp. n. - Of more slender build, head proportionately smaller. Lateral cari- nae in metazona weak in male and obliterated in female. Prozona- metazona ratio 1.5 in male, 1.25 in female. Tegmina narrowed, but not sharply attenuate apically (Fig. 304). KENYA.............. hola sp. n. Species notes Brachybothrus phyllopterus sp. n. http://zoobank.org/AOE83A68-E9C0-450F-9123-9056799B239A Figs 297-303 Material.—Holotype male: SOMALIA: 5 km 5S. of Dinsor, 31.VII.1981, broad-leaf bush and Acacia on red sand. All paratypes: 3 males, 1 female, same data as holotype; 5 males, 6 females, 5 km S. of Bardera, 30.VII.1981, thorn scrub and loose stones on silt, Ritchie (NHMUK). Description.—As in key and generic description. Coloration speck- led in shades of fawn, brown and blackish-brown. Dorsally, an ochraceous stripe of varying width runs from fastigium to tip of abdomen. This is flanked by a broader subdorsal, contrasting dark-brown band extending from antennal sockets across postoc- ular area and upper pronotal lobes to anal areas of tegmina, and contrasts with pale-ivory of lower cheeks and large spot in lower part of lateral pronotal lobe. Underside pale fawn. Outer face of 93 hind femur fawn, upper ferruginous, with two brown transverse bands; hind knee and adjacent basal part of tibia blackish-brown, outlined by pale sub-basal rings; rest of tibia and lower area of femur slate-grey. Coloration of females more uniform in less con- trasting shades of ferruginous-brown. Some specimens have large dark spots in metazona and upper face of hind femur. Measurements.—See Table 10. Discussion.—As under genus; marked terricole mode of life. Distribution. SOMALIA. Brachybothrus hola sp. n. http://zoobank.org/FF360752-C3BD-45D9-8FB4-C291CC5566DE Figs 304-309 Material.—Holotype male: KENYA: Hola 01°30’S 40°00’E, 29.X1I.1972, coll. 2; allotype female, same data as holotype. All paratypes: | male, | female, 17 kms N.E. of Mambeala Rock Rd., Nguni-Kora 00°20’S, 38°32’E 1800’ 28.V.1975, Robertson and Robertson (NHMUK). Description.—Diagnosis as under genus and key to species. Size small. Coloration of similar pattern to phyllopterus, but in more vivid, contrasting shades and hues. Measurements.—See Table 10. Discussion.—As under genus; marked terricole mode of life. Distribution. —KENYA. Generic diagnosis Guichardippus Dirsh, 1959 Guichardippus Dirsh, 1959: 37. Type species. —Guichardippus somalicus Dirsh, 1959: 38, fig. 8, by original designation. Description.—As in the key to genera (p. 67). Structure of anten- nae and dorsum of pronotum particularly diagnostic. Antennae shorter than head and pronotum in both sexes; in male basally compressed and apically incrassate. Frontal ridge oblique, nar- Table 10. Measurements of Brachybothrus spp. phyllopterus (mm) hola (mm) M F M F Antennal length 4.5-5.0 4.5-5.0 4.8 4.5-5.0 Antennal width 0.2 0.22 0.22 0.28 Pronotal length 2 3 2.4 3.2 Prozona/metazona ratio 1.7 1.65 1.4 1.35 Tegminal length 3.4 2.7 3.7 2.8 Tegminal width 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.6 Tegminal length/width ratio 2.5 1.8 2.5 175 Hind femur length 7.5-8.5 9.5-10.7 8.2 8.9 Hind femur depth 2.2-2.5 2.9-3.3 2.4 3.1 Hind fenur length/depth ratio 3.3-3.4 3.2-3.27 3.4 2.9 Total length 10.0-11.2. 14.0-16.0 11.5 14.4 JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 94 G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Figs 297-315. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Figs 297-303. Brachybothrus phyllopterus n. gen. et sp. n., male: 297. Oblique view head, prono- tum and tegmen; 298. Oblique view vertex; 299. Dorsal view head and pronotum; 300. Dorsal view vertex; 301. Frontal ridge; 302. Tegmen; 303. Abdominal apex laterally and dorsally. Figs 304-309. Brachybothrus hola sp. nov.: 304. Oblique view head, pronotum and tegmen; 305. Oblique view vertex; 306. Dorsal view head and pronotum; 307. Dorsal view vertex; 308. Frontal ridge; 309. Geni- talic structures, A. Male, B. Female elements. Figs 310-311. Guichardippus somalicus: 310. Epiphallus; 311. Tarsal claws and pulvillus (lateral view), compared with B. phyllopterus (smallest) and G. rimulatus (larger, seen dorsally). Figs 312-315. Malcolmburria angolensis male: 312. Oblique view head and pronotum; 313. Frontal ridge; 314. Head and pronotum from above; 315. Tarsal claw and pulvillus. Scale lines all | mm: that below Fig. 310 applies to Figs 298, 300, 305, 307, 309-311, 315; that below Fig. 312 applies to Figs 297, 299, 301-304, 308, 312-314. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL rowly sulcate with raised margins. Fastigium of vertex elongate- parabolic, deeply concave with raised carinulae, transverse sulcus well behind middle; fastigial foveolae crescent-shaped, with rough surface. Pronotum elongate with deep transverse sulci, medial ca- rina sharp, lateral disrupted, converging towards middle in an X pattern, raised in front of first sulcus and behind typical, obliterate in middle; metazona slightly more than half length of prozona its hind margin obtuse-angular, broadly rounded. Genital structures characteristic of genus group. Coloration mottled in cryptic shades of browns and greys without distinctive bright pigmentation. Discussion.—A distinctive monotypic Somali endemic genus, with somalicus Dirsh, 1959 as its unique species. Species notes Guichardippus somalicus Dirsh, 1959* Figs 310-311 Guichardippus somalicus Dirsh, 1959: 38, fig. 8. Material—SOMALIA: | Hargeisa-Borama (NHMUK). region and Sheikh Description.—As for genus above. Size (in mm): total length males 12-14, females 18-20. Epiphallus as in Fig. 310. Discussion.—Terri-graminicole, on dry stony hillsides and in gullies with short grass, scattered bushes and aloes, acacias as well as oth- er shrubs and small trees. Frequently found on open ground but never far from shelter of vegetation where it hides on disturbance. Distribution. SOMALIA. Generic diagnosis Malcolmburria Uvarov, 1953 Malcolmburria Uvarov, 1953: 130. Type species. —Malcolmburria angolensis Uvarov, 1953: 130-132, figs 141-144, by original designation. Description.—Size below medium; total length: male 13-14 mm, female 18-20 mm. Head acute apically (Fig. 312), ascending above level of pronotum; frontal ridge very narrow apically, evenly widening towards clypeus. Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 313) triangu- lar, concave, with widely arched transverse sulcus, margins raised, overhanging compound eyes; foveolae vertical, broad, their sur- face coarsely and irregularly pitted. Pronotum saddle-shaped with strongly raised, laminate medial carina (Fig. 314), deeply notched by typical sulcus; lateral carinae narrow, interrupted by all three sulci, excurved and partly obsolescent in metazona. Tegmina nar- row with dense venation and weak to obsolescent intercalary vein in medial area. Epiphallus with incurving, apically pointed, digiti- form lophi typical of the Gymnobothrus genus group. Coloration marbled in cryptic shades of chestnut to light-brown and strami- neous with charcoal-black and slate grey maculation, but details of pattern variable. Antennae dark basally and apically, paler in middle or, as in most females, barely darkened apically. Hind fe- 4 Dirsh 1965: 449, fig. 360 whole insect, male, head and prono- tum, antenna, tip of male abdomen, epiphallus. 95 mur slate-grey-brown basally, charcoal-black apically, correspond- ing part of hind tibia similarly dark. In some specimens outer face of hind femur is stramineous with a faint dark stripe and only the genicular crescent black. Tegmina clear in apical part and with 4-5 evenly spaced large dark spots in basal half. Hind wing with remi- gium infumate and vannus light yellowish or pinkish. Discussion.—Monotypic genus originally described from ANGO- LA. A distinctive genus superficially resembling the oedipodine genus Calephorus, but readily distinguished from it. Fire melanism evident; its color always provides protective crypsis. Species notes Malcolmburria angolensis Uvarov, 1953° Figs 312-315 Material.—Holotype male: ANGOLA: Luchase distr., Quangu R., X. Further material: ANGOLA: Moxico dist; Huamba, V; river Luena, Katula, V; river Langiliko, VI. TANZANIA: Sumbawanga (NHMUR). Description.—As in diagnosis of genus, above. Discussion.—According to its collector, Dr. M. Burr, the insects have some terricolous tendencies. Their mottled coloration blended closely with the black and grey sand on which they were found. Distribution. —E. ANGOLA; S.W. TANZANIA. Generic diagnosis Tenuihippus Willemse, 1994 Tenuihippus Willemse, 1994: 454-456, figs 31-32, 36, 40-43. Type species. —Tenuihippus parvus Willemse, 1994: 454, by original designation. Description.—Very small and slender with smooth integument and fully developed wings. Head acutely conical, somewhat ascending and about as long as pronotum. Antenna narrowly ensiform, slight- ly longer than length of head and pronotum (Fig. 316). Fastigium as in Figs 316, 317; fastigial foveolae absent. Frons strongly oblique, frontal ridge as in Fig. 318. Pronotum weakly tectiform; carinae sharp over entire length (Fig. 316), metazona longer than prozona, posterior margin obtuse-angular. Lateral lobes higher than long, their lower hind angle broadly rounded. Hind femur slender (Fig. 319), surpassing tip of abdomen. Hind tibia slightly shorter than femur; arolium large. Abdominal appendages unspecialized; inter- nal genital structures as in Fig. 322, typical of Gymnobothrus genus group, with epiphallic lobes relatively short and bent inwards. Discussion.—A monotypic genus and a distinctive member of the Gymnobothrus genus group. Known only from the male holotype and paratype from the type locality on the banks of the Zambezi in ZAMBIA. Phallic characters clearly indicate that Tenuihippus belongs to the Gymnobothrus group of genera. Willemse (1994) states that it most closely resembles Roduniella, Coryphosima, and 5 Dirsh 1965: 453, fig. 364, whole insect, male, pronotum, apex of head, epiphallus. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 96 Chirista, but differs from them and the other genera principally in its very small size, slender build and elongate metazona of pronotum. Species notes Tenuihippus parvus Willemse, 1994 Figs 316-322 Material.—ZAMBIA: Holotype male (W. Prov.) Kasize (E. bank of Zambezi) opposite Sioma, 70 km S. of Senanga, 16.VI.1987, L. Willemse; Paratype female, same data as holotype. Description.—As for genus: General coloration uniform dull brownish, paler yellowish ventrally. Postocular area and adjacent part of lateral pronotal lobes may be darkened, also narrow trian- gular area along sides of pronotal disc; proximal half or upper side of hind femur with faint dark fascia. Measurements.—See Table 11. Distribution.—ZAMBIA. Collected in a small marshy plot with reeds, adjoining the Zambezi river. Table 11. Morphometric measurements of Tenuihippus parvus. M (mm) Antennal length/length head and pronotum 1.2 Pronotal length 2.0-2.3 Metazona/prozona ratio 1.4 Tegminal length 12.0-12.2 Hind femur length 8.7-9.0 Hind femur length/depth ratio 4.7-4.9 Total length 11.7-12.3 Generic diagnosis Zacompsa Karsch, 1893 Zacompsa Karsch, 1893: 54, 74. Type species. —Zacompsa festa Karsch, 1893: 74, by original designa- tion. Description. —Size small to medium (males 15-24, females 22-31 mm); moderately robust. Integument shiny, finely dotted. Anten- nae filiform, somewhat compressed in basal third. Frons oblique, weakly convex in profile; frontal ridge shallowly sulcate, margins obtuse, partly obliterate and divergent below ocellus. Fastigium more or less concave, trapezoidal to oblong; lateral carinulae dis- tinct, but medial carinula obsolescent; transverse arcuate sulcus weak. Temporal foveolae concealed from above, elongate, shal- low and indistinct, sometimes obliterate. Pronotum subcylindri- cal; medial carina thick and strong, lateral carinae usually weak, especially in metazona and between first and second transverse sulci, while strongest and somewhat convergent in prozona. All three transverse sulci distinct, the third, and sometimes the first, interrupting medial carina. Metazona distinctly shorter than pro- zona, its hind margin obtuse-angular, or broadly rounded. Mes- osternal interspace open. Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened. Membrane of tegmen parchment-like, reticulation moderately dense, intercalary vein present but weak. Hind femur G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL of medium build, genicular lobes of equal length, rounded. Aro- lium large. Male supra-anal plate elongate-cordate, sulcate; cercus narrow, tapering and obtuse apically. Epiphallus with moderately narrow, arcuate bridge, large ancorae, elongate, pointed posterior processes and elongate, finger-shaped lophi (Fig. 24). Spermathe- cal duct (Figs 327, 329) of usual structure for Gymnobothrini. Ovi- positor short with robust valves; lower pair with rounded external lateral projections. Coloration in all taxa bold contrasting pattern of alternating pale and dark stripes on dorsum and sides of body (Fig. 323). Three pale stripes may vary in shade from ivory-white to darker yellowish. One is a broad stripe on dorsum extending from fastigium to tip of tegmina, and other two lie one each on lower half of body, including sides of abdomen; between them are two dark stripes in shades of blackish-brown one each in upper half of body, extending from antennal sockets to tip of tegmina. Hind knee also black, but hind femur is otherwise yellowish-or- ange. A typical speckled coloration may occasionally occur in some females. Discussion.—In reviewing the African Gymnobothrini, Uvarov (1953) diagnosed Zacompsa, based on festa, Karsch, as distinct, on the basis of its non-constricted, almost cylindrical pronotum with typical sulcus placed distinctly behind middle and its peculiar striped patterning. Certain genera, previously attributed by him to Zacompsa as synonyms (Uvarov 1926), were reallocated to Gymno- bothroides Karny, whilst others became synonyms of Gymnobothrus I. Bolivar (Pseudochirista Karsch, Ogmothela I. Bolivar). Five species have at different times been attributed to Zacompsa by different authors: 1. Z. festa Karsch, 1893: male, female types, TOGO: Bismarck- burg (MfN). 2. Z. bivittata Uvarov, 1926: Holotype female, N. NIGERIA (NHMUK) as Z. festa var. bivittata, subsequently elevated to species rank Z. bivittata by Ramme, 1931: 931. 3. Z. karschi Ramme, 1929: Holotype male, CAMEROON: Benue (MfN). Ramme (1931) later changed its status to Z. bivittata karschi. Subsequently, Dirsh (1970) rendered it a synonym of Z. bivittata. 4. Z. pedestris Uvarov, 1953: 132. Holotype male, TANZANIA: Rukwa valley, Ikuu forest (NHMUK). 5. Z. helonoma Jago, 1966: 351. Holotype male, GHANA: N. Re- gion (NHMUK). The present review recognises only two species: the highly lo- calized Z. pedestris Uvarov, 1953 (W. Tanzania, Ufipa-Rukwa) and the widespread festa Karsch, 1893 (W. Africa to Sudan and Eritrea). Within the latter, three geographically distinct subspecies can be identified: (i) the typical Z. festa festa Karsch, 1893 (Guinea sa- vanna zone from Sierra Leone to Nigeria and Cameroon in moist grasslands within thickets (also montane, upland forests and riv- erine habitats); (ii) Z. festa bivittata Uvarov, 1926, Sahelian and Sudanian Zones from Senegal to Ethiopia and Eritrea (rather lo- calized meso-hygrotypic grassland habitats often in association with woodlands and watercourses, but occasionally, e.g. in South Sudan, in open grasslands); (iii) Z. festa helonoma (Jago, 1966) which is apparently an intermediate form between (i) and (ii) above; known so far only from northern Ghana. Editorial note. —No author has at any time doubted the validity or the specific distinctiveness of either Z. festa or Z. pedestris. The oth- er species (bivittata, karschi, and helonoma) have, however, a more JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL “322 321 et aaa Figs 316-322. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Tenuihippus. Figs 316-322. Tenuihippus parvus male: 316. Dorsal view head, pronotum and antennae; 317. Idem oblique lateral view showing temporal fo- veolae; 318. Frontal ridge; 319. Hind femur, outer side; 320. Tip of male abdomen laterally; 321. Epiphallus; 322. Phallic complex without epiphallus from left side. Scale lines all 1 mm: that below Fig. 321 applies to Figs 321, 322; that under Fig. 319 applies to Figs 316-320. uncertain history (e.g. Ramme 1931, Dirsh 1970). Popov, as seen above, considered their distinctive characters to be insufficient for species status, and so proposed to reduce them all to subspecies of festa. Mestre (2001) independently came to the same conclu- sions but went further. After a study of specimens from all of West Africa, and of the original type specimens, he synonymized all Za- compsa species, other than Z. pedestris, with Z. festa. Accordingly, we follow Mestre (2001) and so omit Popov’s key to subspecies and his treatments of them. Key to species within the genus Zacompsa 1 Tegmina reduced to small pads barely length of pronotum. TANZA- NIA: Ufipa-Rukwa area ......ccecceceeeeneenees Z. pedestris Uvarov, 1953 - Tegmina and wings more fully developed, macropterous, or brachyp- terous, wings half length of abdomen or longer. Coloration darker, brighter and more contrasting; upper face of hind femur often with a distinctive white spot in basal third. Both sexes usually macropter- ous, folded wings reaching hind knees. Guinea savanna from MAU- RITANIA and SENEGAL, through SIERRA LEONE and CAMEROON, to"SUDAN andsE RIB EAY ac. sci stoners. Z. festa festa Karsch, 1893 Species notes Zacompsa festa Karsch, 1893 Figs 323-327 Zacompsa festa Karsch, 1893: 74, fig. 11. Zacompsa karschi Ramme, 1929 (syn. Dirsh 1970). Zacompsa helonoma Jago, 1966: 351. (syn. Mestre 2001). Zacompsa festa var. bivittata Uvarov, 1926 (syn. Mestre 2001). 97 Material.—Lectotype male, festa. TOGO: Bismarckburg, 20.IX- 31.X.1890, R. Bittner, Zool. Mus. Berlin, no. 5543 (MfN). Para- lectotypes — 1 female, same data as lectotype; 1 female, same as lectotype but I.XI-15.XII.1890; 1 male, 1 female, same as lecto- type but 20.[X-15.X.1890. Holotype male helonoma: GHANA: N. Region, 6 mi. N. Mole R. Bosum-Daboya Road, [09°20’N, 1°30W], 26.XII.1963. All paratypes - 9 males, 2 females, same data as holotype; 2 males, 2 mi. W. of Daboya, 24.XII.1963, Jago. (all NHMUK). Holotype female festa var. bivittata: NIGERIA: Azare (NHMUK). Holotype male karschi: CAMEROON: Benue (MfN). SENEGAL: Bambey; Ziguinchor, (riziéres); Tambacounda (long grass, bush). MAURITANIA: Timbedra; Aioun el Atrouss. MALI: Nr. Darou, Gourma; Kara. NIGER: Agadez (smallest and palest specimens); Niger river valley S. of Niamey, several localities. SI- ERRA LEONE: Msala (NHMUK). TOGO: Misahohe (NHMUK). GHANA: Volta region, Chiara, Nkwanta, Kpandu; Northern re- gion, Yeji (NHMUK). NIGERIA and CAMEROON: Obokamaji (nr. Ibadan) (NHMUK); Azare (type series of Z. f. bivittata), Ba Sidderi (1 male paratype of Z. bivittata karschi Ramme); Karim; Wurge; Kalkala (at light); Kianje. SUDAN: Singa; Suki; MCPS (Gedaref); Basunda. ETHIOPIA: Meisso (near station); Lake Bishoftu; River Hawash. ERITREA: nr. Ducumbia; Keren. Description. —Wings are usually about same length in both sexes; when folded, tips of tegmina vary from falling short of the tip of the abdomen to more or less level with, or even surpassing, the hind knees. Coloration variable; bright and contrasting in some, with face and medial stripe on occiput dark and pale spots on upper face of hind femur. In others, paler, particularly on the face and with uniformly pale rusty-brown upper and outer face of hind femur, without notable maculation. Measurements.—Table 12. This table shows the considerable variation in size over the range of the species festa as now un- derstood Distribution. —MAURITANIA, SENEGAL, SIERRA LEONE, IVORY COAST, GHANA, MALI, BURKINA FASO, BENIN, TOGO, NIGER, NIGERIA, CAMEROON, CHAD, SUDAN, ETHIOPIA, ERITREA. Not so far recorded from Uganda, Tanzania or Kenya. Discussion. —The species shows a remarkable stability of charac- ters throughout its considerable range. It is likely, as Jago (1966) comments, that this stability of characters is an expression of the general similarity of environmental conditions in habitats across the Guinean zone. The only significant variation is associated with latitude, whereby coloration of populations in the Sahel/Sudani- an zones (SENEGAL to SUDAN and ERITREA), is often duller and less contrasting; white spot in basal third of hind femur indistinct or absent; length of wings variable, even in same locality. Table 12. Measurements of Zacompsa festa. Zacompsa festa (mm) M F Antennal length 11.5-13.0 9.0-11.0 Pronotal length 3.0-4.0 4.1-5.0 Tegminal Iength 14.0-16.0 17.5-18.5 Hind femur length 12.7-13.2 14.0-15.8 Hind femur length 15.0-20.5 22.0-26.5 JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 98 G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL Figs 323-330. Tribe Gymnobothrini. Zacompsa spp. Figs 323-327. Z. festa festa: 323. Head and pronotum obliquely; 324. Epiphallus dorsally and laterally; 325. Apical valves of aedeagus; 326. Female subgenital plate from above and side; 327. Spermathecal duct and spermatheca. Figs 328-330. Zacompsa pedestris: 328. Epiphallus from above and left side; 329. Female spermathecal duct; 330. Female sub-genital plate from above and right side and left female cercus. All scales represent 1 mm; that under Fig. 325 applies to Figs 324, 325, 328; that under Fig. 323 applies to Figs 323, 326, 327, 330, 329, and 330. Zacompsa pedestris Uvarov, 1953 Figs 328-330 Zacompsa pedestris Uvarov, 1953: 132. Material.—Holotype male, pedestris: TANZANIA: Rukwa_val- ley, Ikuu forest, 1.1V.1950 (NHMUK); Paratype female, Muze, 26.IV.1950, Bredo. 5 males, Rukwa Rift, 5.1I.1962; 1 female, Ufipa, Ilemba gap, 12.11.1959, Vesey-Fitzgerald (NHMUK). Description. —Differs from Z. festa Karsch in the following respects: shorter and more obtuse fastigium; broader meso- and metasternal interspaces; relatively minor differences of genital structures (Figs 328, 329); abbreviated tegmina reduced to short, leathery apically pointed pads, which just meet dorsally, and just reach middle of abdomen; in festa wings overlap and extend beyond mid-line of abdomen; details of coloration similar to festa, but even darker and more contrasting; pale femoral spots of festa, however, are lacking. Two color forms in local populations in both sexes: in one pale dorsal stripe is widened, as in festa, and contains a dark but even more contrasting elongate spot on occiput; in the other, dor- sal stripe is much narrower and has no dark spot. However, there are no structural differences to warrant taxonomic recognition. Distribution. —S.W. TANZANIA. 2.3 The tribe Pargaini and its genera Description.—Defined in the diagnosis of tribes and genus groups (p. 67). Discussion.—Dirsh (1975) erected the subfamily Pargainae, (type genus Parga Walker, 1870), which he placed in the family Catan- topidae. He included in the subfamily the following genera: Ac- teana Karsch, 1896, Amphicremna Karsch, 1896, Machaeridia Stal, 1873, Paraparga |. Bolivar, 1909, Pargaella I. Bolivar, 1909, and the Madagascan genus Pseudopargaella Descamps & Wintrebert, 1966. According to Dirsh (loc. cit.) the main difference of the Pargainae from other Acridoidea is a very characteristic structure of epiphal- lus, which is bridge-shaped, the bridge is narrow, ancorae absent or short, rudimentary, not articulated; lophi short, mostly bilo- bate, lateral plates well developed (cf. Figs 31-34). However, Jago (1983b) questioned Dirsh’s treatment and reduced Pargainae to the status of a genus group within Acridinae. He also argued, cor- rectly, that on the basis of its genital structures, the genus Odon- tomelus I. Bolivar, 1890 should also be included in the group, but then added eight other genera allied to Gymnobothrus I. Bolivar, 1889 (originally placed by Dirsh (1975) in his subfamily Gym- nobothrinae), regardless of the fact that in these the structure of the epiphallus is quite different—the ancorae are well-developed and articulated with the bridge, while the lophi are finger-shaped, JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL elongate and never bilobate (Figs 24-30). Subsequently, Jago (1994), in his revision of genus Odontomelus I. Bolivar, 1890, reit- erated his 1983 arrangement, while synonymizing the genera Am- phicremna, Paraparga, and Pargaella under Odontomelus. Here, Gymnobothrus and its allies are treated as a separate tribe Gymnobothrini. Consequently, the Parga group becomes the tribe Pargaini and contains the following genera recorded in East Africa: Acteana Karsch, 1896, Parga Walker, 1870, Machaeridia Stal, 1873, Odontomelus I. Bolivar, 1890, and Phryganomelus Jago, 1983. Key to the genera in the tribe Pargaini 1 Small and robust; micropterous; antennae clearly divided into basal broad and flat, medial narrow and flat, and apical cylindrical tapering parts (Fig. 339). TANZANIA: coastal areas.......... Acteana Karsch, 1896 - Small to medium, elongate and slender; micropterous, short, or fully winged. Antennae not modified as above, except in Parga, which is fl by WINE fascias caghiznacstecinsssnuns odes teste dontesrnobeen causes ade tesbbisunnates 2 i. Both upper lobes of hind knee strongly elongate (Figs 351, 352). In- tegument with deep longitudinal ridges. Fully winged. Antennae short and broad and modified as described under couplet 1, their outer mar- gin serrate (Figs 341-350). Widespread ..............0 Parga Walker, 1870 - Knee lobes only moderately or weakly elongate, integument smooth or only moderately sculptured. Antennae unmodified, usually some- WVTAL CMSTOUM A. cms tag otha Mai TRAN, «Meee sca ctet, acut been dane TAT) 3 3 Integument very smooth, without marked sculpturing, pronotal disc very narrow with sharply defined parallel lateral carinae. Fully winged, but never with a pre-anal speculum in hind-wing. Wide- SPTCA 2S side Mc Stari thie tong ade bias Marae, Mded Machaeridia Stal, 1873 - Integument more or less sculptured and coriaceous, fully winged or more or less micropterous. When fully winged, often but not always with a hind-wing pre-anal speculum in males and/or females........ 4 4 Of larger size, coarsely sculptured, micropterous. West to East Africa, LOPES Ecos co, retaiars Lotecm cnsler aig Wensinedeneateaecsts Phryganomelus Jago, 1983 - Of smaller size; most species micropterous, but some brachypterous or fully winged, with or without a speculum. Sub-Saharan Africa..... WS BA OER, Thi EPS SORE Td Mac NPhe E EL Odontomelus |. Bolivar, 1890 Generic diagnosis Acteana Karsch, 1896 Acteana Karsch, 1896: 255. Type species. —Acteana alazonica Karsch, 1896: 255, by original des- ignation. Description.—Phallic structures in Acteana are typical for the Parga genus group; structure of epiphallus with its vestigial ancorae and elongate, bilobate lophi (Figs 31, 340) is particularly diagnostic. For details see under species, below. Discussion. —Genus monotypic. Species notes Acteana alazonica Karsch, 1896 Figs 67, 331-340 Acteana alazonica Karsch, 1896: 255, fig. 7. 99 Material.—Holotype female, Zanzibar (MfN): TANZANIA: 5 males, 3 females, Dar es Salaam, II.1936, K. H. Key (NHMUK); 3 males, 1 female, University College Campus, 8 ml. W. Dar es Salaam, 4.IV.1967; 1 female, Pugu hills SW of Dar es Salaam air- port, 500’, 28.IV.1982; 1 male, 1 female, Korogwe-Msata Rd., 103 km. N. of Msata, summit of Kopje, 27.IX.1982; 1 male, 1 female, Korogwe-Handeri Rd., 24 km. N.E. of Sindeni, 3.X.1982, riverine grassland, degraded woodland, all Jago (NHMUK). Description.—Male antennae slightly longer and, in female, slightly shorter, than combined length of head and pronotum together; flagellum divided into basal, medial and apical parts, (basal mod- erately widened, flattened and serrated, particularly in female; me- dial slightly widened and compressed; apical cylindrical and some- what inflated distally in male). Head short, conical; frons oblique and weakly concave in profile; frontal ridge shallowly sulcate with raised lateral margins, parallel above, divergent below ocellus. Fas- tigium of vertex widely parabolic, about as long as wide, with weak, but distinct median and lateral carinulae and a shallow arcuate sul- cus behind middle. Dorsum of pronotum narrow; medial carina thick and somewhat raised, lateral carinae inflexed and weaker, par- ticularly in metazona. Only typical sulcus distinct; metazona half length of prozona, its hind margin obtuse-angularly incurved. Mes- osternal interspace quadrate in male, weakly transverse in female; metasternal interspace narrow in male, broadly open in female (Figs 67A, B). Tegmina lobiform, lateral, narrowly elongate, only a fifth as wide as long, barely covering tympanum, the latter fully developed. Male supra-anal plate triangular, with obtusely rounded apex and without a marked medial sulcus. Cerci small, obtusely conical; subgenital plate simple, short, subconical with obtuse apex. Phallic complex similar in structure to that in Parga genus group: epiphallus with moderately narrow, arcuate bridge with a marked medial projection, without ancorae, and with moderately elongate posterior projections. Lophi directed inwards, and divided into an elongate, finger-like outer, and a shorter, abruptly rounded, inner lobe. Penis valves slender, upturned. Integument finely and uniformly pitted, structure of head and pronotum as in Figs 331, 333. Antenna as in Fig. 339 and genital structures as in Figs 31 and 340. Generally dark-testaceous to rusty brown, often, but not al- ways and more usually in males, paler dorsally; sometimes, more often in females, there is some fine, dark speckling. Cryptic color- ing, probably associated with substrate homochromy, covers most of body, including underside, antennae, and legs. Sometimes with a striking large, ivory-white, flat, smooth callosity on lower half of lateral pronotal lobe, and bright, rusty-red coloration of lower outer sulcus of hind femur. In some specimens underside is also suffused with rusty-red which could be associated with sexual maturation. Discussion.—Note that the shape of the lateral pronotal lobe differs from that in Anacteana species, and the tegmina are much narrower. Distribution. —TANZANIA: Zanzibar (holotype only); coastal and close hinterland areas of TANZANIA (S.W. of Dar es Salaam to the KENYA border). Generic diagnosis Parga Walker, 1870 Parga Walker, 1870: 504 (replacement for Amycus Stal, 1855: 353). Type species. —Amycus xanthopterus Stal, 1855: 353. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 100 G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 339 Figs 331-340. Tribe Pargaini. Acteana. Figs 331-340. Acteana alazonica male: See also Fig. 67: 331. Lateral view head, pronotum, and tegmen; 332. Tegmen raised to show tympanum and wing; 333. Head and pronotum from above; 334. Frontal ridge; 335. Abdominal apex from above; 336. Abdominal apex from side; 337. Left cercus; 338. Female, apex of head from above; 339. Male, female antennae; 340. Epiphallus from dorsal and lateral angles. Scale lines represent 1 mm: that next to Fig. 340 applies to Fig. 340 and 337; that below Fig. 331 applies to all the rest. Description.—Of medium size, slender and elongate. Integument strongly carinate and rugose. Antenna short and broad, clearly di- vided into basal, medial and apical part, with acutely serrated outer edge (Figs 341-350). Head elongate and acutely conical, strongly carinate above. Fastigium elongate, parabolic, foveolae absent. Pro- notum with well developed median and parallel lateral carinae; metazona shorter than prozona, its hind margin obtuse-angular. Tegmina and wings fully developed with acute apices and dense, rough venation and reticulation and numerous intercalary veins. Hind femur narrow; upper lobes of hind knee elongate, lower lobes acute (Figs 351, 352). Apex of male abdomen (Fig. 353) elongated, acute. Internal genital structures in male (Figs 354-356). Discussion.—The genus Parga is in need of revision. Three species are known from eastern Africa: P. xanthoptera (Stal, 1855), P. tae- niata (I. Bolivar, 1889), and P. musanae Sj6stedt, 1931 with the possibility that a fourth, P. cyanoptera Uvarov, 1926 (recorded from South Sudan and southern Africa), could also occur there. A tentative key to species is given below. Key to East African species in the genus Parga 1 Upper internal lobe of hind knee only slightly longer than outer lobe (Fig. 351). Antenna broad and only slightly longer than head (Figs SAG ABAD) sweats ap aeIsee seh MeR ki eee Bteshactal ee ahee xanthoptera (Stal, 1855) - Upper internal lobe of hind knee considerably longer than outer lobe (Fig. 352). Antenna proportionately longer than head (Figs BB illo 7/853 Vere ai gh oe elie es TOs OO aces cod Ri CoD Ae Ok 2 2 Outer side of male antennal flagellum moderately serrated, frons in profile incurved; head no longer than pronotum ..............:cceeseeeeees PPO 5 ih sag ROT ea yO ete de HI musanae SjOstedt, 1931 - Outer side of male antennal flagellum strongly serrated. Frons in profile straight, or weakly incurved, head distinctly longer than pro- PVOUIATAN: csaseasasengnsisdeas castsisastacaatelgdettataseneger taeniata (I. Bolivar, 1889) Note: P. cyanoptera Uvarov is similar to P. xanthoptera but differs in having proportionately longer and narrower antennae (Fig. 350). Species notes No taxonomic changes to the treatment by Dirsh (1970) are proposed, so redefinition of the East African species is not at- tempted here. Generic diagnosis Machaeridia Stal, 1873 Machaeridia Stal, 1873: 90, 100. Type species. —Machaeridia bilineata Stal, 1873: 100, 216, by original designation. Description.—As in key to genera, above (p. 99). A genus closely related to Parga with genitalia of fairly similar structure. Slightly more elongate; integument finely rugose and dotted, not ridged. Antenna broadly ensiform, serrated segments along external edge unspecialized, evenly tapering apically; as long as, or slightly longer than, head and pronotum. Fastigium parabolic, as long as, or slightly longer than broad (Fig. 357). Temporal foveolae ab- sent. Dorsum of pronotum narrow, its surface smooth, weakly tec- tiform to almost flat; carinae sharp, well developed; lateral carinae straight parallel. Metazona shorter than prozona, its hind margin obtuse-angular, almost rounded. Tegmina and wings fully devel- oped, venation and reticulation dense, intercalary vein of medial area present. Hind wings without a preanal speculum. Hind fe- mur narrow, upper knee lobes much shorter than in Parga, their apices acute. Male subgenital plate acute, of similar structure, but shorter than in Parga. Genital structures (Figs 358, 359) similar to those in Parga. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL 101 Figs 341-364. Tribe Pargaini: morphology. Figs 341-356. Parga spp.: 341-350. Antennae: 341-343. P. musanae: 341. Male (Uganda, Soroti); 342. Male (Tanzania, Mkomasi); 343. Female, same; 344, 345. P. taeniata: 344. Male (Tanzania, Old Shinyanga); 345. Female (Tanzania, Kisulu); 346-349. P. xanthoptera: 346. Female, (Tanzania, 8ml. S. of Chala mission); 347. Male (Tanzania, Ufipa); 348. Female, (Uganda, Tororo); 349. Female, (Tanzania, S. of Chala mission); (line alongside 348 and 349 indicates length of head and pronotum); 350. P. cyanoptera, male. Figs 351, 352. Posterior femoral knee lobes from dorsal view (left leg): 351. P. xanthoptera; 352. P. musanae; 353. P. xanthoptera, apex of abdomen. Figs 354-356. Male epiphalli: 354. P. xanthoptera; 355. P. musanae; 356. P. taeniata. Figs 357-359. Machaeridia bilineata: 357. Male head and pronotum, dorsal view left, compared with Machaeridia conspersa right; 358. Epiphallus (from Hollis 1966); 359. Female spermathecal duct. Figs 360-364. Phryganomelus spp. Ph. phalangidus: 360. Head, prono- tum, antennae and tegmen in profile; 361. Abdominal apex from above; 362. Epiphallus. Ph. romi: 363. Female spermatheca and dorsal aspect of subgenital plate. Ph. auriventer: 364. Male abdominal apex from above. All scale lines represent 1 mm: Scale line under Fig. 360 applies also to Figs 341-353, 357, 359-361, 362, 364; that under Fig. 362 also applies to Figs 354-356, 358. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) 102 Discussion.—Machaeridia Stal contains two species, M. bilineata Stal, 1873 and M. conspersa I. Bolivar, 1889. Both are common throughout eastern Africa. Key to species in the genus Machaeridia 1 Of more slender build. Fastigium of vertex longer than wide. Tegmen narrow, more than 9 times as long as wide; wing relatively narrow, colorless or basally bluish. Hind femur narrow, its length/depth ratio ADOT Geihs cu scaseas se ezaeh ages eaten sateen ce cen ny aadteniees bilineata Stal, 1873 - Of more robust build. Fastigium of vertex as long as wide. Tegmen wider, length/width ratio about 7.5; wing proportionately broader, colorless, or yellowish at base. Hind femur broader, length/depth ra- TIO ADOUE GE 5:2 .utapenhe My apar pets ails siti de ate; conspersa I. Bolivar, 1889 Species notes No taxonomic changes are proposed, so redefinition of the East African species is not attempted here. Generic diagnosis Odontomelus I. Bolivar, 1890 Odontomelus I. Bolivar, 1890: 309. Type species.—Opomala brachyptera Gerstaecker, 1869: 216, by monotypy. Amphicremna Karsch, 1896: 250. Type species: Amphicremna scalata Karsch, 1896, by monotypy (syn. Jago 1994). Paraparga |. Bolivar, 1909: 286. Type species: Machaeridia strigosa I. Bolivar, 1889 by monotypy (syn. Jago 1994). Pargaella |. Bolivar, 1909: 287. Type species: Pargaella luctuosa I. Bolivar, 1909, by monotypy (syn. Jago 1994). Description.—Differentiated as in key to genera, above. Discussion.—Full revision published by Jago (1994). The genus now contains four winged species, two brachypterous species and 28 flightless micropterous species, including the recently de- scribed O. ancestrus Hugel, 2014 from Mauritius. Species notes As no taxonomic changes are proposed, redefinition of the East African species is not attempted here. Generic diagnosis Phryganomelus Jago, 1983 Phryganomelus Jago (1983a): 151-159. Type species. —Odontomelus fullonius Karsch, 1896: 215, by subse- quent designation Jago (1983a). Description.—See Jago (1983a). Discussion.—Very closely related to Odontomelus I. Bolivar, from which it differs in larger size, coarser integument, some details of coloration, but particularly in marked elongation of the head, with G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL frons concave in profile, as also rather weak lateral pronotal cari- nae (Fig. 360). Currently five species, all micropterous, are attrib- uted to this genus: P. fullonius (Karsch, 1896) from D.R. CONGO (synonymized with olivescens Sjéstedt, 1923 by Ramme (1929)), P. biafrensis (1. Bolivar, 1905) from EQUATORIAL GUINEA and CAMEROON; P. romi (I. Bolivar, 1908a) from D.R. CONGO and ANGOLA; P. phalangidus Jago, 1983 from UGANDA and E. D.R. CONGO; and P. auriventer Jago, 1983 from UGANDA. Species notes Only the last two species mentioned above have a known East African distribution and are discussed below. Phryganomelus phalangidus Jago, 1983 Figs 360-362 Phryganomelus phalangidus Jago, 1983a: 157. Material.—N.E. D.R. CONGO: Bas-Uélé, valley of the Semliki river. UGANDA: Budongo Forest, Bugoma Forest, Mabira Forest, Mpanga Forest (ml. 21 Kampala-Masaka road), and Bwamba For- est, L. Albert (Butiaba), and Kigezi. Description. —Of medium size for genus. Male: Antennae longer than combined length of head and pronotum; flattened basal part shorter than rounded apical part (Fig. 360). Head more elongate than pro- notum, apex very prominent (Fig. 360). Tegminal apices not surpass- ing back edge of abdominal tergite 1. Tip of abdomen as in Fig. 361; epiphallus as in Fig. 362. Coloration distinctive, underside of thorax and base of abdomen orange-red. Fore and mid-legs light red-brown. Hind femora orange-red below, shading to dark-brown apically; out- er and dorsal areas brown. Hind tibiae dark-brown, black near knee. Female: spermathecal duct as in Fig. 363 (P. romi). Vertex and tegmina structurally similar to male. Underside of body orange-red. Hind fem- ora shortest in genus and distinctly more stocky than in P. auriventer. Discussion.—Its range of distribution broadly overlaps with Od- ontomelus kwidschwianus to which it bears a slight superficial re- semblance. While both species occur in the same forests (from Bas Uélé in N.E. D.R. CONGO, the valley of the Semliki river and forests from the western rift of UGANDA east to the Nile (fig. 15 in Jago (1983a): Budongo, Bugoma, Mpanga, and Bwamba For- est Reserves), P. phalangidus favors the sunlit forest floor and lit- ter along forest paths, while O. kwidschwianus inhabits the leaves and stems of forest grasses above ground level. Distribution. —N.E. D.R. CONGO; W. and C. UGANDA. Phryganomelus auriventer Jago, 1983 Fig. 364 Phryganomelus auriventer Jago, 1983a: 155. Material.—Holotype male: UGANDA: Mabira forest, nr. Jinja, 33°00’E 00° 25'N, 28.IV.67, and paratypes. Description.—Closely resembles P. phalangidus Jago, 1983, but dif- fers from it as follows: slightly larger size (in mm: total length males 23-28, females 32-36), and more massive hind femora; fore and mid-legs olive green; hind femora light brown above, out- er areas olive green, lower surfaces yellow to pale green; underside JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2019, 28(1) G.B. POPOV, L.D.C. FISHPOOL AND C.H.F ROWELL of thorax and proximal sternites of abdomen yellow to pale green, not orange. Detailed structure of apex of male abdomen differs between the two species (compare Figs 364 and 361). Distribution.—UGANDA: In forests west of the Nile outlet from Lake Victoria, but always much rarer than P. phalangidus. 2.4 Transitional genera of uncertain position Genus group diagnosis The Aiolopus-Uganda genus group and Dorsthippus Description. —Outlined in Diagnosis of Tribes and Genus Groups, above, Page 39. Defined on basis of male and female genitalia. Discussion.—This assemblage contains a group of four genera - Aiolopus, Jasomenia, Paracinema, Uganda - and Dorsthippus. Their pe- culiarity lies in that they fit the definitions of neither of the two sub- families Oedipodinae or Acridinae. The Oedipodinae are consid- ered to be characterized by their femoral/tegminal sound-producing mechanism, the sound being produced by the rubbing of a sharp carinula on the inner side of the hind femur against a prominent serrated inter-calary vein, usually in the medial area of tegmina; the Acridinae lack this mechanism, or it is vestigial and said to be inca- pable of sound-production. Generally, there is littke ambiguity in attributing a given genus to one or other of these two subfamilies on the basis of the above distinction. The four genera listed possess a well-developed intercalary vein but in some it lacks the necessary serrations for sound production. Also, their rather slender build and hygrotypic habitat associations are more characteristic of the Acridi- nae than the Oedipodinae. They are thus at the root of the contro- versy surrounding the separate identity of the two subfamilies. Importantly, Slifer (1939) described the presence of a loop at the proximal end of the female spermathecal duct in Acridinae, but which is absent in Oedipodinae. All the four genera consid- ered here lack the proximal loop, and should, therefore, be placed in the Oedipodinae rather than Acridinae. Absence of serrations on the intercalary vein may thus be attributable to secondary loss. Editorial note.—As discussed in the Introduction (p. 42) we consid- er these four genera to be most usefully classified as Oedipodinae, rather than Acridinae, and omit further treatment of them here. Dorsthippus is also discussed on p. 42. Acknowledgements G. Popov’s thanks go to the curators and collection managers who provided specimens on loan to facilitate this publication. Colleagues at the Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich (Drs N.D. Jago, S.V. Green, J.M. Ritchie) and the Natural History Museum, London (Mrs. J.A. Marshall, Mr. D. Hollis) are especially thanked for their assistance. This paper is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the ben- efit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. (DFID/ODA project code R5306/CPP). C.H.E. Rowell and L.D.C. Fishpool thank the Drs. C. Hemp and A. Hochkirch for their help in preparing Popov’s manuscript for publication. 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