Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 | DOI 10.3897/dez.71.122735 > PENSUFT. Gee BERLIN Revision of the genus Kunungua (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae) with descriptions of three new species and new generic synonymy Darya S. Bolshakova!, Fedor V. Konstantinov! 1 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia 2 National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria https://zoobank. org/74733A0A-16A8-4F BB-9690-E822DA98FC4B Corresponding author: Fedor V. Konstantinov (fkonstantinov@gmail.com) Academic editor: David Rédei # Received 11 March 2024 Accepted 22 May 2024 @ Published 31 July 2024 Abstract This study provides a taxonomic revision of the genus Kunungua Carvalho, 1951 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae, Eccritotarsini) with the description of three new species, K. atramentomaculata sp. nov., K. gemina sp. nov., and K. ornata sp. nov. Revised diagnoses for the genus and three additional species are given, along with a key to the species. Habitus photographs, illus- trations of male genitalic structures, and distributional information are provided for each species. The placement of Kunungua within the Prodromus group of genera is discussed. The genus Duducoris Odhiambo, 1962 is recognised as a new junior subjective synonym of Prodromus Distant, 1904, resulting in new combinations for the five species contained in the subsumed genus. Kunungua pallida Linnavuori, 1975 is excluded from the genus Kunungua and treated as a species of uncertain generic placement. Key Words Central Africa, morphology, taxonomy, distribution Introduction This paper focuses on the small African plant bug genus Kunungua Carvalho, 1951 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Mi- ridae, Bryocorinae, Eccritotarsini). Bryocorines include more than 1000 species assigned to ca. 200 genera and have a principally tropical distribution, with a relatively few taxa inhabiting temperate regions (Konstantinov et al. 2018). Representatives of the group exhibit fascinat- ing structural diversity not only in general appearance, but also in characters which are generally uniform across other tribes of plant bugs, e.g., in thoracic, pretarsal, and genitalic structures. Four tribes are currently recognised within the subfamily, with Eccritotarsini comprising more than 60 percent of all described species of the Bryo- corinae (Konstantinov and Knyshov 2015; Namyatova et al. 2016). While the majority of eccritotarsine taxa are confined to the New World, the existing data suggest an Oriental origin for this clade (Konstantinov et al. 2018). No at- tempt has been made to infer phylogenetic relationships within the Eccritotarsini on a global scale. The only cla- distic analysis within the group was that of Stonedahl (1988) for a group of six genera from the Indo-Pacific and West Africa. However, according to the results of our preliminary analysis, several apparently monophyletic lineages could be tentatively recognised within the tribe. One of these groups, which we refer to as the Prodro- mus group of genera, is distinguished by a unique modi- fication of the aedeagus which takes the form of a simple sclerotised tubule. Notably, the outer section (phallothe- ca) and the inner section (endosoma) of the aedeagus in the genera of Prodromus complex lack a clear demarca- tion. While in other bugs, the endosoma is membranous and eversible, in the genera of the Prodromus complex, it remains consistently everted and sclerotised. Additional- ly, the ductus seminis in this group remains entirely mem- branous (Konstantinov and Zinovjeva 2016; Konstantin- ov et al. 2018) and terminates with a secondary gonopore which lacks ornamentation. Some members of this group Copyright Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 220 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua A 1mm = Figure 1. Species of Prodromus group, dorsal view. A. Myiocapsus mindanao, ZISP_ENT 00013938; B. Stenopterocoris nigricor- nis, ZISP_ENT 00013937; C. Stylopomiris malayensis, ZISP_ENT 00013939; D. Zikaniola elegans, ZISP_ENT 00013939. te at. feed Figure 2. Species of Prodromus group species, lateral view. A. Myiocapsus mindanao, ZISP_ENT 00013941; B. Stenopterocoris nigricornis, ZISP_ENT 00013937; C. Stylopomiris malayensis, ZISP_ENT 00013939; D. Zikaniola elegans, ZISP_ENT 00013939. exhibit small, non-retractable membranous lobes at the apex of the aedeagus. In addition, taxa belonging to the Prodromus group typically exhibit substylate eyes, a deeply punctate pronotum, a generally elongated body with long and comparatively thin legs, and a broad head in dorsal view. The genera comprising the Prodromus group are: Am- bunticoris Carvalho, 1981 (Konstantinov and Zinovjeva 2016: figs 1-13), Duducoris Odhiambo, 1962 (Fig. 3 F—H), Ernestinus Distant, 1911 (Yasunaga and Ishikawa 2016: figs 1-7), Frontimiris Carvalho, 1981 (Cassis et al. 2016: fig. 1), Grossicoris Carvalho, 1973 (Carvalho 1973: fig. dez.pensoft.net 1), Kunungua (Fig. 6), Myiocapsus Poppius, 1914 (Figs 1A, 2A), Namyatovia Yeshwanth & Konstantinov, 2021 (Yeshwanth and Konstantinov 2021: figs 3D-F, 4A-C), Prodromus Distant, 1904 (Fig. 3A—E), Sinervus Stal, 1860 (Henry and Howard 2016: figs 1-16), Sinervaspartus Hen- ry & Howard, 2016 (Henry and Howard 2016: figs 17—20), Spartacus Distant, 1884 (Alvarez-Zapata et al. 2022: fig. 37), Stenopterocorisca Carvalho, 1981 (Carvalho 1981: fig. 183), Stonedahlia Yeshwanth & Konstantinov, 2021 (Ye- shwanth and Konstantinov 2021: fig. 4D-F), Stylopomiris Stonedahl, 1986 (Figs 1C, 2C), Taricoris Carvalho, 1981 (Carvalho 1981: figs 187, 188), Thaumastomiris Kirkaldy, Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 1902 (Yeshwanth and Konstantinov 2021: figs 9G—J, 10), and Zikaniola Carvalho, 1946 (Figs 1D, 2D). This lineage is broadly distributed, found primarily in tropical regions, extending from the southern part of North America and the Neotropics to the Philippines, New Guinea, and northern Australia. Three genera from this group, Duducoris, Kunungua, and Prodromus, are known to inhabit the Ethiopian Region. Among these, Duducoris and Kunungua are restricted to this region, while Prodromus has a more widespread distribution that includes the Oriental Region. Kunungua was established by Carvalho (1951) to comprise two African species with a wide head and styl- ate eyes, namely K. boxi Carvalho, 1951 from Ghana, the type species of the genus and K. cinnamomea Carvalho, 1951 from Congo. Since then, two more species have been described, K. ukerewensis Odhiambo, 1962 from Tanganyika and K. pallida Linnavuori, 1975, the latter being known from a single female collected in Equatoria, Sudan. No new information regarding the genus has been published since then, spanning nearly half a century. 221 In this paper, we provide redescriptions for all known Kunungua species and descriptions of three new species. We propose the exclusion of K. pallida from Kunungua due to the presence of a set of characters atypical for the genus and present a key to all Kunun- gua spp. A notable feature for distinguishing Kunungua species is their specific colour patterns with distinct bands. Additionally, the shape of the parameres plays a crucial role in distinguishing species that may appear habitually similar. While working on the updated diagnosis of the ge- nus, a thorough analysis of morphological characters was conducted to distinguish Kunungua from the two most closely related genera, viz. Prodromus and Dudu- coris. Our results led to the conclusion that Kunungua warranted recognition as a separate genus and no distinct differences were observed between Duducoris with Pro- dromus. We propose that the former genus be treated as a junior synonym of Prodromus. A detailed discussion of this matter and a revised diagnosis for Prodromus are also provided. Table 1. Measurements (mm). Abbreviations. Pronot. — width and length of pronotum at base and along midline, respectively, Head length — distance between apex of clypeus and the highest point of vertex, AI — length of antennal segment I, Pr. disc — length of posterior part of pronotum behind calli measured at midline. " Width Specimens Head Vertex Pronot. Calli Collar Kunungua atramentomaculata sp. nov. 9,N=1 0.95 0.58 114 061 0.48 Kunungua boxi Carvalho, 1951 36,N=1 0.88 0.50 0.92 - - 9,N=1 0.74 0.45 0.86 — — Kunungua cinnamomea Carvalho, 1951 3,N=3 Mean 0.91 0.46 110 056 0.48 Min 0.83 0.43 0.99 0.53 0.45 Max 0.95 0.48 118 060 0.50 Q,N=2 Mean 0.93 0.45 115 O57 0.48 Min 0.88 0.45 110 056 0.46 Max 0.98 0.45 L204 058. 050 Kunungua gemina sp. nov. 9,N=3 Mean 0.81 0.48 104 O51 0.43 Min 0.80 0.48 103 050 0.43 Max 0.83 0.49 105 053 0.44 Kunungua ornata sp. nov. 3,N=2 Mean 0.99 0.58 114 061 0.49 Min 0.98 0.56 114 060 0.49 Max 1.00 0.59 115 063 0.49 Kunungua ukerewensis Odhiambo, 1962 3,N=3 Mean 0.80 0.45 0.97 055 0.44 Min 0.78 0.45 G95 90 33— "O43 Max 0.81 0.46 0.98 058 0.45 9,N=3 Mean 0.82 0.45 103 061 0.46 Min 0.80 0.45 100 060 0.44 Max 0.84 0.46 105 0.63 0.48 Kunungua ukerewensis Odhiambo, 1962 (light) 3,N=3 Mean 0.83 0.46 100 056 0.46 Min 0.80 0.46 0.98 055 0.45 Max 0.84 0.46 105 058 0.48 Q,N=3 Mean 0.82 0.47 103 O58 0.47 Min 0.81 0.45 0.99 058 0.46 Max 0.83 0.48 105 059 0.48 Length Head Al Pronot. Pr.disc = Calli Collar Body 0.26 0.45 0.95 0.63 0.18 0.15 4.20 - 0.50 1.80 - - - 3553 ~ 0.38 1.63 - ~ - 320 0.35 0.45 1.09 0.66 0.27 0.16 3.98 0.33 0.43 0.98 0.56 0.24 0.15 3.50 0.38 0.48 1.18 0.73 0.30 0.18 4.30 0.33 0.46 1.10 0.65 0.28 0.17 4.05 0.33 0.45 1.03 0.60 0.26 0.16 3.70 0.33 0.48 1.18 0.70 0.30 0.18 4.40 0.25 0.48 0.90 0.59 0.18 0.13 4.22 0.24 0.48 0.85 0.55 0.18 0.13 4.20 0.25 0.48 0.94 0.63 0.18 0.14 4.25 0.30 0.55 1.04 0.70 0.19 0.15 4.03 0.28 0.53 1.03 0.70 0.18 0.15 3.90 0:35 0.58 1.05 0.70 0.20 O15 4.15 0.24 0.43 0.90 0.56 O:19 0.15 3.58 0.23 0.41 0.89 0:35 0.18 0.15 3955. 0.25 0.44 0.93 0.58 0.20 0.15 3.60 0.25 0.43 0.91 0.58 0.18 0.15 aT 0.25 0.40 0.88 0.55 0.18 0.14 3.70 0.25 0.48 0.95 0.63 0.19 0.15 3.80 0.24 0.45 0.91 0.58 0.19 0.14 3.72 0.23 0.45 0.86 OSS 0.16 0.13 3.60 0.25 0.45 1.00 0.64 0.21 0.15 3.90 0.23 0.45 0.93 O59 0.19 0.15 3.75 0.20 0.44 0.90 0.58 0.18 0.15 3.70 0.28 0.48 0.95 0.61 0.20 0.15 3.80 dez.pensoft.net 222 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua Width Length Head Vertex Pronot. Calli Collar Head Al Pronot. Pr.disc = Calli Collar Body Prodromus abuyog Stonedahl, 1988 Specimens 3,N=3 Mean 0.90 0.40 116 074 0.52 0.40 0.65 0.87 0.48 0.26 0.13 S23 Min 0.90 0.39 Wes: 5 OO 8750 0.40 0.63 0.83 0.45 0.25 0.13 5:20 Max 0.90 0.40 1.18 0°76. °0:53 0.40 0.68 0.90 0.50 0.28 0.13 5.30 o,N=1 0.95 0.43 1:25 -O6. 0953 0.43 0.65 0.90 0.48 0.30 0.13 5.30 Prodromus aethiopicus (Poppius, 1910) SI N=1 0.76 0.36 0.99 0.73 0.55 0.48 0353 0.78 0.38 0.25 0.15 4.20 o,N=1 0.75 0.38 101 0.75 0.58 0.48 0.61 0.85 0.43 0.30 0.13 5.10 Prodromus angulatus (Odhiambo, 1962) 3,N=3 Mean 0.77 0.38 101 0.72 “057 0.48 0.57 0.75 0:33 0.26 0.13 4.52 Min OFS 0.36 O98 Os70" -0:35 0.45 0.55 0.73 0.33 0.25 0.13 4 30 Max 0.78 0.40 103 0.74 0.58 0.49 0.58 0.78 0.38 0.28 0.15 4.65 °,N=3 Mean 0.75 0.37 OOF «070 ~OS6 0.45 0.52 0.69 0.29 0.28 0.13 4.33 Min 0.68 0.33 0.85 0.63 0.50 0.43 0.46 Q:59 0.26 0.23 0.10 3.90 Max 0.79 0.40 103: 0:75 +0260 0.48 0.58 0.76 0:31 0.30 0.15 4.60 Prodromus apoensis Stonedahl, 1988 3,N=1 ZS 0.35 106 0.68 0.50 0.40 0.55 0.78 0.43 0.25 O13 4.70 o,N=1 0.73 0.35 0.98 060 048 0.38 0.55 0.73 0.39 0.24 0.10 4.50 Prodromus clypeatus Distant, 1904 3,N=1 0.83 0.40 25. °Q:73 B53 0.40 0.53 0.76 0.44 0.20 0.13 4.85 9o,N=1 0.80 0.40 118 0.68 0.50 0.34 0.50 0.73 0.38 O23 0.13 4.55 Prodromus ibbaicus Linnavuori, 1975 3,N=3 Mean 0.68 0.33 101 064 051 0.35 0.41 0.68 0.34 0.25 0.12 447 Min 0.66 0.33 0.98 0.63 050 0.35 0.40 0.65 0.30 0.21 0.10 4.30 Max 0.69 0.33 104 0.65 0.53 0.35 0.43 0.70 0.36 0.25 0.13 4.60 °,N=3 Mean 0.66 0.32 100: 0.65 -051 035 0.39 0.68 0.33 0.23 0.12 437 Min 0.65 03a 0.95 063 049 0.34 0.38 0.65 0.33 0.23 0.10 4.10 Max 0.68 0.33 105% 0:68. F033 0:35 0.40 0.73 0.35 0.25 0.13 4.60 Prodromus incisus (Odhiambo, 1962) 3,N=3 Mean 0.85 0.44 113 0.78 058 0.45 0.47 0.67 0.31 0.24 0.12 4.82 Min 0.83 0.43 113) 0.75 058 0.43 0.45 0.65 0.30 0.23 0.10 4.75 Max 0.88 0.45 115 080 059 0.48 0.49 0.68 0.33 O25 0.13 4.90 Qo,N=1 0.84 0.43 104 0.74 058 0.45 0.49 0.65 0.28 0.28 0.10 4.70 Prodromus kawandanus Odhiambo, 1962 3,N=3 Mean 0.68 0.33 0.96 0.58 047 0.35 0.43 0.66 0.32 0.22 0.12 4.02 Min 0.68 0.33 0.94 058 046 0.34 0.43 0.65 0.30 0.21 0.10 4.00 Max 0.69 0.34 0.99 060 048 0.35 0.44 0.68 0.34 0.23 0.14 4.05 °,N=3 Mean 0.67 0.34 0.94 059 045 0.35 0.43 0.65 0.33 0.20 0.12 4.05 Min 0.66 0.34 0.93 058 045 0.33 0.43 0.65 0.31 0.20 0.11 4.00 Max 0.68 0.35 0.98 060 046 0.38 0.44 0.66 0.34 0.21 0.13 4.10 Prodromus melanonotus Carvalho, 1951 3,N=3 Mean 0.69 0.33 096." 058 950:45"~ -035 0.58 0.73 0.46 0.16 0.10 3.83 Min 0.69 G35 0.95 055 045 0.34 0.58 0.73 0.43 0.14 0.10 3.80 Max 0.70 0.35 0.99 060 045 0.36 0.60 0.73 0.49 0.20 0.10 3.90 o,N=1 0.73 0.38 100 060 045 0.34 0.60 0.79 048 0.21 0.10 3.90 Prodromus oculatus (Poppius, 1912) 3,N=3 Mean 0.82 0.39 114 064 052 0.38 0.73 0.88 0.51 0.24 GS g oS Min 0.81 0.38 109 0.63 051 0.35 0.73 0.78 0.40 O23 0.10 4.80 Max 0.83 0.40 118 065 053 0.40 0.75 0.95 0.58 0.25 0.15 5.45 Qo,N=1 0.79 0.36 115 064 053 0.38 0.70 0.85 0.50 0.20 OAS — 325 Prodromus pilosus (Odhiambo, 1962) °,N=3 Mean 0.76 0.40 117 0.77 058 0.48 0.63 0.87 0.43 0.29 6a) Fa eg oe We Min 0.74 0.39 ise» -O-73"0'55, 0748 0.63 0.83 0.40 0.28 GAS S20 Max 0.78 0.40 120 0.78 060 048 0.65 0.90 0.45 0.30 0.18 5.50 Prodromus thaliae China, 1944 3,N=3 Mean 0.70 0.35 0.93 056 044 0.32 0.43 0.70 0.43 0.19 0:09 B93 Min 0.68 0.35 0.93 055 043 031 0.43 0.69 041 0.18 0.08 3.80 Max 0.73 (235 0.95 058 045 0.33 0.45 0.73 0.44 0.20 0.10 4.10 Q,N=3 Mean 0.67 Os 0.93 057 043 0.32 0.44 0.71 O41 0.19 0.11 4.05 Min 0.66 0.35 0.90 055 043 0.30 0.43 0.68 0.38 0.18 0.10 4.00 Max 0.68 0.35 0.98 058 045 0.33 0.45 0.75 0.45 0.20 0.13 4.10 dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 Materials and methods Specimens About 350 specimens of Kunungua, Prodromus, and Duducoris were examined. Unique Specimen Identifiers (USIs) were attached to each specimen and are available in the material examined section. Additional label infor- mation can be accessed through the Planetary Biodiver- sity Inventory (PBI) Plant Bug locality database: http:// research.amnh.org/pbi/heteropteraspeciespage. Most specimens used in this study, including holotypes of new Species, are kept at the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium (MRAC), with some specimens bor- rowed from the following collections: AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York (R.T. Schuh and R. Salas); NHM Natural History Museum, London (M. Webb); NMWC _ National Museum of Wales, Cardiff (M. R. Wilson); ZISP Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sci- ences, St. Petersburg; USNM ~— Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (T. J. Henry). Measurements Measurements were taken using an eyepiece microme- ter from one to six specimens, depending on the quantity of intact specimens available. On average, three males and three females were measured for each species (Table 1). The measurements include body length, head length and width, width of vertex, length of antennal segment I, length and width for the pronotal collar, calli, and disk. All measurements are in millimetres. Microscopy and illustrations Observations and measurements were made with a Nikon SMZ 1500 stereomicroscope. Digital colour images of all specimens were taken using Canon EOS 5D Mark IV equipped with a Canon MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1—5x Macro lens and Twin-Lite MT-26EX-RT flash. Partially focused images of each specimen or structure were stacked using the Helicon Focus 7.5.4 software. Dissections of genitalia were made following the methodology in Kerzhner and Konstantinov (1999). Images of the genitalic structures were made with a Leica DM 2500 microscope equipped with a drawing tube. Terminology The terminology used in this paper follows Schuh and Weirauch (2020) except for male (Konstantinov 2003, 2019) and female (Schwartz 2011) genitalia. 223 Results Taxonomy Prodromus Distant, 1904 Figs 3-5 Prodromus Distant, 1904: 436. Type species by original designation: Prodromus subflavus Distant, 1904. Prodromopsis Poppius, 1911: 4. Type species by original designation: Prodromus cuneatus Distant, 1909. Synonymised with Sinervus Stal, 1860 by Carvalho (1948: 191), with Prodromus by Odhiambo (1962: 248) and Stonedahl (1988: 70). Duducoris Odhiambo, 1962: 264. Type species by original designation: Duducoris incisus Odhiambo, 1962. New synonym. Prodromus. Odhiambo (1962: 248) (redescription, comparative discus- sion, key to spp.), Carvalho (1981: 80) (description, discussion, key to spp.), Stonedahl (1988: 53) (synonymy, redescription, discussion, phylogeny, key to spp.). Prodromopsis. Carvalho (1948: 191) (synonymy), Odhiambo (1962: 248) (synonymy), Carvalho (1981: 80) (as valid genus), Stonedahl (1988: 70) (synonymy). Revised diagnosis. Body elongate; head about twice as wide as long (Fig. 3); antennal segment I 1.1—2.0 times as long as head, with basal one-half to one-fourth distinct- ly narrowed (Fig. 5); eyes kidney-shaped, occasionally elongate; vertex with medial sulcus; calli usually distinc- tive, posterior lobe of pronotum from flattened to convex (Fig. 4); pronotum densely punctate; posterior margin of pronotal disk from straight to deeply emarginate (Fig. 3); scutellum equilateral. Hosts. Host plant associations are poorly known. Pro- dromus clypeatus Distant, 1904 and P. oculatus (Poppius, 1912) have been reported to feed on banana (Musaceae) and young Musa leaves (Odhiambo 1962). Prodromus melanonotus Carvalho, 1951 and P. thaliae China, 1944 have been documented as inhabitants of Marantochloa and Thalia (Marantaceae) (Stonedahl 1988). Distribution. Paleotropical. Discussion. Prodromus was established by Distant (1904), with P. subflavus designated as the type species. Three species, P. subflavus, P. clypeatus, and P. subviridis Distant, 1904 were originally described within Prodromus (Distant, 1904) with 23 additional species subsequently added to the genus. The original diagnosis of Prodromus was based on the following combination of characters: a broad head with pedunculate eyes and a longitudinal sul- cus on the vertex, antennal segment I longer than the head, segment II approximately 1.5 times longer than segment I, pronotum having a narrow collar, constriction behind calli, and swollen, coarsely punctate disk with a concave posterior margin, and cuneus longer than broad. Poppius (1911) erected a monotypic genus Prodro- mopsis to accommodate Prodromus cunealis Distant, 1907 based on the more vertical head with projecting clypeus, longer antennal segments HI and IV, long and narrow cuneus, and short vestiture. Carvalho (1957) syn- onymised Prodromopsis, within which nine species were dez.pensoft.net 224 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua 7 bil : ee r as Figure 3. Prodromus species, dorsal view. A. P. melanonotus, AMNH_PBI 00340373; B. P. ibbaicus, ZISP_ ENT 00008385; C. P. kawandanus, AMNH PBI 00340355; D. P. angulatus, AMNH_PBI 00340389; E. P. clypeatus, ZISP_ENT 00008400; F. P. incisus, ZISP_ENT 00008403; G. P. pilosus, AMNH_PBI 00340363; H. P. wardi, AMNH_PBI 00340365. recognised at the time, with Sinervus. However, subse- quently he reinstated the genus as valid, differentiating it from Sinervus based on the less pedunculate eyes, the somewhat convex anterior margin of the collar, the hind margin of disc being slightly convex, and the less nar- rowed cuneus (Carvalho 1981). Carvalho (1981) considered the much longer cune- us and the more pedunculate eyes as characters suitable for unambiguously distinguishing Prodromopsis from Prodromus. Stonedahl (1988), however, treated Pro- dromopsis as a junior synonym of Prodromus. Thus, he characterised Prodromus as having substylate to strongly pedunculate eyes and an elongate, curved cuneus, three times or more as long as broad. Odhiambo (1962) described Duducoris to accom- modate three newly described species from Uganda. He dez.pensoft.net considered this genus to be closely allied to Prodromus, suggesting that Duducoris can be differentiated by a more flattened body, a non-sulcate vertex, eyes only weakly pro- jecting above the vertex, a relatively short narrowed basal part of the antennal segment I, weakly raised calli, a pro- notum deeply emarginated posteriorly, and shorter legs. Akingbohungbe (1975) described a new Nigerian spe- cies of Duducoris, D. wardi Akingbohungbe, 1975, char- acterised by a pubescent pronotal disk, a broadly emargi- nate posterior margin of pronotum, and a labium reaching apex of mesosternum. A key allowing for distinguishing the four Duducoris species was also provided. Stonedahl (1988), in his comprehensive revision of six eccritotarsine genera including Prodromus, per- formed cladistic analysis of Prodromus species based on a matrix of 16 bistate characters. Duducoris sp. was cho- Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 225 Figure 4. Pronotum of Prodromus spp. in lateral view. A. P. melanonotus, ZISP_ENT 00008406; B. P. kawandanus, ZISP_ENT 00008364; C. P. ibbaicus, ZISP_ENT 00008372; D. P. thaliae, ZISP_ENT 00008390; E. P. subflavus, AMNH_PBI 00340343; F. P. pilosus, ZISP_ENT 00008409; G. P. incisus, ZISP_ENT 00008402; H. P. angulatus, ZISP_ENT 00008378; I. P. aethiopicus, ZISP_ENT 00008418. sen as the outgroup taxon, with all the characters coded as 0. Importantly, the character matrix used for analy- sis did not include a specific Duducoris species, and no apomorphies of Prodromus were presented during this study. Stonedahl concluded that Prodromus can be dis- tinguished from Duducoris based on the combination of the following characters: a longer, less hypognathous head, a frons weakly convex or nearly straight, the basal 1/4—1/2 of the antennal segment I distinctly narrowed, the length of antennal segment III greater than or equal to the length of segment II, a pronotal disk moderately convex, femora relatively longer and narrower, usually slightly swollen distally, and the apex of the left param- ere usually unmodified. However, after we conducted a thorough examination of the specimens of various species within Prodromus and Duducoris, a set of characters allowing for unambig- uous discrimination of these genera was not revealed. The body of Prodromus spp., in particular the pro- notal disk, can be weakly convex, like in P. kawanda- nus Odhiambo, 1962 (Fig. 4B), P. ibbaicus Linnavuori, 1975 (Fig. 4C) and P. tafoensis Stonedahl, 1988, while the pronotum of Duducoris can be raised posteriorly as in some Prodromus species. The latter condition may be observed in D. incisus (Fig. 4G). The clypeus is not al- ways flattened in Prodromus. For instance, in P. ibbaicus (Fig. SC) and P. kawandanus (Fig. 5D) the clypeus is as swollen as in Duducoris species. The thin basal part of antennal segment I may occupy from one-quarter to one-half of the segment, so that the slender basal part of the segment in Prodromus and Duducoris may be sub- equal as compared to the length of antennal segment I. Eyes may be both rounded and kidney-shaped, which is typical for the majority of species, and rarely elongated, as in P. kawandanus, resembling the condition observed in Duducoris. dez.pensoft.net 226 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua Figure 5. Head of Prodromus spp. in lateral view. A. P. melanonotus, ZISP_ENT 00008406; B. P. thaliae, ZISP_ENT 00008390; C. P. ibbaicus, ZISP_ENT 00008383; D. P. kawandanus, ZISP_ENT 00008364; E. P. pilosus, ZISP_ENT 00008409; F. P. aethiop- icus, ZISP_ENT 00008418; G. P. incisus, ZISP_ENT 00009324. According to Odhiambo (1962), the posterior margin of the pronotum in Duducoris is deeply emarginate. Based on our observations, this medial depression is always present, but may be poorly expressed. For instance, in D. pilosus Odhiambo, 1962 (Fig. 3G) the posterior margin of the pronotum resembles that of such Prodromus spe- cies as P. ibbaicus (Fig. 3B), P. kawandanus (Fig. 3C), and P. tafoensis. The pronotum in Prodromus spp. may be straight posteriorly, as in P. melanonotus (Fig. 3A), or slightly depressed, as in P. subviridis, P. abuyog Stonedahl, 1988, P. apoensis Stonedahl, 1988, and others. According to Stonedahl (1988), P. ibbaicus was the sister taxon to all remaining Prodromus spp. with P. kawandanus branching off next. These species exhibit characters tradi- tionally considered typical for Duducoris: eyes weakly elevated above the vertex, frons moderately convex, an- teclypeus distinctly swollen and pronotal disk flattened. In P. kawandanus, eyes are also elongate in dorsal and lateral views, resembling those of Duducoris species. However, we believe P. ibbaicus and P. kawandanus should not be dez.pensoft.net placed in Duducoris, as such a taxonomic act will further blur the line between Prodromus and Duducoris. Our investigation revealed no significant differences, which allowed us to distinguish between Prodromus and Duducoris. Therefore, we suggest that Duducoris rep- resents a specific form of the highly polymorphic genus Prodromus, and thus synonymise Duducoris Odhiambo, 1962 with Prodromus Distant, 1904. Consequently, Prodro- mus 1s here redefined, containing the following 31 species: Prodromus abuyog Stonedahl, 1988 — Philippine Islands and North Borneo. Prodromus aethiopicus (Poppius, 1910), comb. nov. — Kill- manjaro, Kenya, South Sudan, Natal in South Africa. Prodromus alboviridescens (Motschulsky, 1863) nomen dubium. Prodromus angulatus (Odhiambo, 1962), comb. nov. — Uganda. Prodromus apoensis Stonedahl, 1988 — Mindanao, Phil- ippine Islands. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 Prodromus bakeri Stonedahl, 1988 — Luzon, Philippine Islands. Prodromus borneoensis Stonedahl, 1988 — Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia. Prodromus cambodiensis Stonedahl, 1988 — Cambodia; Sarawak, Malaysia. Prodromus chiangmaiensis Stonedahl, 1988 — North- western Thailand. Prodromus clypeatus Distant, 1904 — Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India (Kerala), Thailand, southern China, Tatwan, Ma- laysia, Java, Ambon. Prodromus gressitti Stonedahl, 1988 — Northwestern Thailand. Prodromus ibbaicus Linnavuori, 1975 — Equatoria Prov- ince, South Sudan. Prodromus incisus (Odhiambo, 1962), comb. nov. — Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Prodromus joveri Delattre, 1950 — Ivory Coast. Prodromus kawandanus Odhiambo, 1962 — Uganda and South Sudan. Prodromus melanonotus Carvalho, 1951 — Ghana, Cam- eroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Haut Uele, Mauda). Prodromus mindanao Stonedahl, 1988 — Mindanao and Samar, Philippine Islands. Prodromus nigrus (Carvalho, 1981) — New Guinea. Prodromus nimbus Delattre, 1950 — Guinea. Prodromus novoguinensis Stonedahl, 1988 — Western New Guinea. Prodromus oculatus (Poppius, 1912) — New Guinea, Bis- mark Archipelago, Solomon Islands. Prodromus pelagus Stonedahl, 1988 — Sarawak, Malaysia. Prodromus philippinensis (Poppius, 1915) — Luzon, Phil- ippine Islands. Prodromus pilosus (Odhiambo, 1962) comb. nov. — Uganda. Prodromus ranau Stonedahl, 1988 — North Borneo. Prodromus sabah Stonedahl, 1988 — North Borneo. Prodromus subflavus Distant, 1904 — Sri Lanka and Viet- nam. Prodromus subviridis Distant, 1904 — Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar. Prodromus tafoensis Stonedahl, 1988 — Ghana. Prodromus thaliae China, 1944 — Ghana. Prodromus wardi (Akingbohungbe, 1975), comb. nov. — Nigeria. Kunungua Carvalho, 1951 Figs 6-10 Kunungua Carvalho, 1951: 107. Type species by original designation: Kunungua boxi Carvalho, 1951. Kunungua: Carvalho (1957: 107) (catalogue), Odhiambo (1962: 269) (discussion). Revised diagnosis. Head hammer-shaped, 0.2—0.4 times as long as wide; vertex longitudinally sulcate at middle; 227 eyes distinctly pedunculate; collar and pronotal disk deep- ly punctate, punctures dense, spacing between punctures smaller than punctures diameter, rarely fusing; posterior angles of pronotal disk rounded; calli prominently raised, divided by deep longitudinal depression; scutellum very small, only about 0.3 times as wide and 0.3-0.4 times as long as pronotum, strongly pointed at apex; membrane with thick vein, apical angle acute, membranal cell nearly reaching apex of cuneus. Redescription. Male. Colouration. Antenna usually with entirely or partly darkened segments I and II; head and pronotum from ochraceus to dark brown; clavus brown to dark brown, cortum cinnamon or whitish with brown bands or spots apically or medioapically, cune- us from pale brownish yellow to dark brown (as in Fig. 6A—D, F—H). Surface and vestiture. Body shining, covered with dense pale erect to semierect setae; pronotum deeply punctate, punctures dense, rarely fusing, the distance be- tween punctures less than puncture’s size; punctures on calli smaller, sparse, but more dense at sides; scutellum wrinkly. Structure. Body elongate, 3.44.1 times as long as width of pronotum; total length 3.54.3 mm. Head. Strongly transverse, short in dorsal view, 0.3— 0.4 times as long as wide, triangular in frontal view; eyes pedunculate, distinctly projecting above vertex in frontal view, kidney-shaped in lateral view; vertex about 1.0—1.3 times as wide as length of antennal segment I; antennal segment I 0.4—0.6 times as long as pronotum and 0.4—0.5 times as long as its width; clypeus swollen; mandibular plate subquadrate, maxillary plate trapeziform; labium relatively short, reaching from middle of fore coxa almost to hind coxa. Thorax. Pronotum campanulate, 1.0—1.2 times as wide as long, 1.1-1.3 times as wide as head; collar 0.5—-0.9 times as long as calli; calli prominently raised, divided by a deep longitudinal depression, 0.3—0.6 times as wide as pronotum; collar and calli combined length 0.3—0.4 times as long as pronotum, with deep depression behind calli extending at sides of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli and collar 0.6—0.7 times, 0.2—0.3 times, 0.1—0.2 times as long as entire pronotum, respectively; posterior angles of pro- notum rounded, posterior margin straight to moderately concave; mesoscutum entirely covered with pronotum; scutellum small, 0.3-0.4 times as long as pronotum, tri- angular, equilateral, apically tapering. Legs. Femora cylindrical, usually gradually thicken- ing distally, less than two times as wide as tibiae; tarsus three-segmented, segment II almost twice as long as seg- ment I, segment III slightly longer than segment I. Hemelytron. Long, apex of cuneus far surpassing apex of abdomen, from semitransparent to opaque; membrane with one cell, membranal vein strongly curved apically, nearly reaching apex of cuneus; cuneus about 2.0—2.5 times as long as wide at base. Genitalia. Genital capsule wider than long; aperture large, dorsoposteriorly oriented; apex of ventral wall dez.pensoft.net 228 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua with lobe-shaped sclerotised processes forming paramere sockets; supragenital bridge absent (Fig. 9A—E). Aedeagus tubular, C-shaped, with strongly sclero- tised basal part and entirely membranous, non-eversible, single-lobed apical portion, without clear demarcation between phallotheca and endosoma, sometimes with a dorsal outgrowth at base (Fig. 8); ductus seminis entirely membranous, apically terminating with barely recognis- able secondary gonopore devoid of distinctive sculpture. Parameres subequal in size, left paramere more or less falciform, right one somewhat S-shaped, sometimes with a flattened sensory lobe (Fig. 10). Female. Similar to male in colouration, surface, ves- titure, structure, and measurements. Sexual dimorphism not apparent. Genitalia. Bursa copulatrix membranous, vulvar re- gion and posterior wall devoid of any distinctive scleroti- sations; sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate very thin and weakly sclerotised, with medially oriented outgrowth (Fig. 9F). Discussion. Kunungua appears to be most closely re- lated to Prodromus due to the hammer-shaped head with distinctly pedunculate eyes, deeply punctate pronotum, and elongate body. However, Kunungua can be unam- biguously distinguished from Prodromus on the basis of the following combination of characters: head only 0.24— 0.39 times as long as wide, eyes strongly pedunculate, calli prominently raised, scutellum small, only about 0.3 times as wide and 0.30.4 times as long as pronotum, and parameres subequal in size. Kunungua resembles New World genera of the Pro- dromus complex e.g., Sinervus, Sinervaspartus, and Spartacus, possessing the distinctively stalked eyes, sulcate vertex, strongly elevated calli, distinctly convex pronotal disk, and more or less falciform left paramere. The colouration of K. ukerewensis (Fig. 6G), K. atramen- tomaculata sp. nov. (Fig. 6C), K. gemina sp. nov. (Fig. Key to species 6F), and K. ornata sp. nov. (Fig. 6D) with specific bands is similar to that of some Sinervus species, in particular S. baerensprungi Stal, 1860 and S. minezi Carvalho, 1990. However, these genera differ from Kunungua spp. in hav- ing a long and slender, sickle-shaped cuneus, a narrow- er collar, and confluent calli that are distinctly separated posteriorly from the pronotal disk with a deep constric- tion dorsally and at sides. The external characters of Kunungua, specifically colouration, suggest that two groups can be recognised within Kunungua, the first one comprising K. boxi and K. cinnamomea, and the second one including the remaining species. Kunungua boxi (Fig. 6B) and K. cinnamomea (Fig. 6A) share the brown hemelytra, a fuscous mem- brane, distinctly swollen clypeus and frons, an extremely short labium, reaching procoxa only (Fig. 7F, G), antennal segment I reddish, short, 1.3—1.6 times as long as head, a comparatively short eye peduncle, oblique, longer in the basal part, a cinnamon-coloured pronotum, and a strongly curved distally membranal vein, forming an acute angle. Kunungua ukerewensis, K. atramentomaculata sp. nov., K. gemina sp. nov., and K. ornata sp. nov. are char- acterised by yellowish white hemelytra with specific brownish bands (Fig. 6C, D, F—H), gradually darkening from pale yellow to brown antennal segment I, a trans- parent membrane, strongly pedunculate eyes, slightly swollen frons, labium reaching approximately the middle of the mesothorax, and a distinctly curved distally mem- branal vein, forming a right angle. Interestingly, K. cinna- momea appears to be the only species to possess denticles on the apex of the right paramere (Fig. 10C, E). Unfor- tunately, we have not dissected male genitalia of K. boxi, and the only existing picture of K. boxi parameres and aedeagus (Odhiambo 1962) appears to be of a relative- ly poor quality. Therefore, no conclusions can be drawn about the presence of denticles on the apex of the right paramere in K. boxi. 1 Posterior margin of pronotum straight; eye peduncle short, oblique, with longer posterior margin (Fig. 6A, B)............ 2 - Posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave; eye peduncle distinctive, about as long as the width of the eye from ral@le so Ord ee o) a Oi an gh Rice oe eee ee st Meee ie eee ME tee eae AR eR RO en ee ny net eee eee CEE 3 2 Femora and tibiae covered with extremely dense, robust brown setae, antennal segment || pale yellow, apically and ba- sally darkenedsantennallsesmentallilspale vVEUOW CRIS OA). cc Mel scree es recentxs Genres wnt ysest teres Ly hha heteeeees K. cinnamomea - Femora and tibiae covered with dense, relatively thin brownish yellow setae, antennal segment || reddish brown; antennal torent et pg NARS) Conta PSOE Ameo) ol Re eet Rain 2 ori eeten ot abet eines A BOM. erie ress4 i erie haere te ae ehhh a eben ee K. Dboxi 5 Fronotal caller dirty yellow te: pale wvellowecRic: OPC er) ake ns ence ceed nthe eS esl ee Ante een hike ba nad 4 - akenrotel collar -caipkoh@ Ww dat ries OG, cle) eras Beta ene mee 6 ide ng yen Rt, SR Roar aaah eae ans ae Sees eee 5 Apical two thirds of antennal segment |, segment II, calli, pronotal disk, and band along inner margin of cuneus dark 1) 2.7] gerne ee Rl CIR lf - 8 t) e eRe Ce —S S S 6 - Antennal segment | except for the apex, basal two thirds of segment II, pronotal disk, and band along inner margin of CUREUS VeTIOW ShiceGal L-Vellowish browl GEIe* Gini) =... 08 MEL ceeds Aasuys taeeetees oevegebes este tieel seed: K. ukerewensis (light form) 5 Corium with distinct brown transverse band starting near the apex of clavus and almost reaching costal margin COCO ler Sant 8 AO Tee ee oe ee eee tye ae ee SOLU Ln cece isa, ae ee Se OUR Pe ee eee K. atramentomaculata sp. nov. Corium with brown longitudinal semicircular spot near apex of clavus, not extending to mesocorium (Fig. 6F) ............. SAAMI te Aa mak. Gene NAAN OE Ie 8” Mey he TS Sie: ae Hace, Re NORA ASR AE orf acer hI Aine Awe CR e Seen GEAE = Mie Mean LORS oRe ee K. gemina sp. nov. dez.pensoft.net Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 229 6 Corium whitish, with longitudinal medioapical spot far not reaching exocorium, brown spot along medioapical margin; cuneus dark brown, membrane smoky brown, except for transparent apical part (Fig. 6G) ....K. ukerewensis (dark form) - Corium whitish, with wide, oblique subapical brown band running from medioapical to costal margin; cuneus whitish yellow, with brown stripe along inner margin and narrow brown edging along costal margin; membrane transparent, whitish hyaline, with brown veins. (Fig. 6D)............::.608 Kunungua atramentomaculata sp. nov. https://zoobank. org/6FB02238-D303-47CA-8330-D102B4E33410 Figs 6C, 7C Material examined. Holotype. 2°, DEMOCRATIC REPUB- LIC OF THE CONGO: Haut Uelé: Mabaya [Mabao], 3.32°N, 28.74°E, L. Burgeon! (ZISP_ENT 00008427) (MRAC). Paratype. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 19, Haut Uelé: Moto, 3.056°N, 29.47°E, 1920, L. Burgeon (ZISP_ENT 00014326) (MRAC). Diagnosis. Recognised by the following combination of characters: collar dark brown; corium pale yellow, with brown transverse band starting slightly above claval apex and not quite reaching costal margin, blurring distal- ly; cuneus brown, with brown spot blurring towards base. This species can be unambiguously distinguished from all other congeners by the presence of a brown band cross- ing the corium transversely, starting slightly above the cla- val apex, but not reaching the outer margin of the corium. Description. Female. Colouration (Figs 6C, 7C). Head, except for pale yellow antennal fossa, dark brown; antennal segment I pale yellow basally, gradually darken- ing to brown apically, segment II dark brown, segments III and IV yellowish brown; eyes commonly dark brown; pronotum, scutellum, and clavus dark brown; corium pale yellow, with transverse brown band crossing corium, starting slightly above claval apex and nearly reaching costal margin, blurring distally; cortum narrowly dark brown along costal margin in apical half; cuneus brown, basally with blurring brown spot and dark brown outer margin; membrane transparent, basal two-thirds of mem- brane fuscous, apical one-third whitish; coxae brown anteriorly, pale yellow posteriorly; femora pale yellow basally, dark brown at middle, brownish yellow distally; fore tibia pale yellow, darkened basally; middle tibia pale yellow, except for brown basal one-third; basal one-half of hind tibia brown, apical half pale yellow; tarsal segments I and II pale yellow, the latter slightly darkened apically; segment III greyish brown; abdomen dark brown basally and apically, middle part, comprising about one-half of abdomen, whitish yellow. Vestiture. Clothed with long whitish simple setae, ad- pressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, subequal to width of antennal segment I at middle, somewhat shorter on pronotum. Structure. Total length 4.2 mm; body 3.7 times as long as width of pronotum and 4.4 times as long as pronotal length. Head 0.3 times as long as wide, 2 times as wide as col- lar; antennal fossa large, removed from inner eye margin by distance subequal to its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons only slightly convex: vertex hea site et acne ett EB a SOI he ee clei K. ornata sp. nov. about 1.3 times as wide as length of antennal segment I; segment I 1.7 times as long as head, 0.5 times as long as pronotum, 0.4 times as long as pronotal width; labium long, almost reaching hind coxa (Fig. 7C). Thorax. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly con- cave medially (Fig. 6C); pronotum 1.2 times as wide as long, 1.2 times as wide as head; calli 0.5 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli and collar 0.7 times, 0.2 times, and 0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together about 0.3 times as long as pronotum. Hemelytron. Semitransparent, long, corium reaching apex of abdomen; cuneus about 1.5 times as long as wide at base (Figs 6C, 7C). Legs. Slender, femora gradually thickening apically (Fig. 6C, 7C). Genitalia. Bursa copulatrix as in K. ukerewensis, weakly sclerotised, with indistinct sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate, posterior wall entirely membranous. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Known from two localities in Congo, Haut Uelé. Host. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin adjective composed of the noun atramentum, meaning “ink” and the adjective maculatus, -a, -um, meaning “spotted”, re- ferring to the shape of the band on the corium, blurring distally and thus resembling an ink spot. Discussion. While this species is known solely from two females, its distinct colouration prompted us to de- scribe it despite the lack of known males. Given the ob- served variation in colour patterns within Kunungua, we are confident that with further collecting efforts, males could be readily associated with females. Kunungua boxi Carvalho, 1951 Figs 6B, 7F Kunungua boxi Carvalho, 1951: 108. Kunungua boxi: Carvalho (1957: 107) (catalogue). Material examined. Holotype. @, GHANA: Gold coast, Amentia, 6.22°N, 1.17°W, 15 Sep 1943, H. E. Box, Aframo- mum sp. (Zingiberaceae) (AMNH_ PBI 00340367) (NHM). Paratypes. GHANA: Gold coast, Amentia, 6.22°N, 1.17°W, 15 Sep 1943, H. E. Box, Aframomum sp. (Zin- giberaceae), 24’ (AMNH_ PBI 00340368, AMNH_ PBI 00340369) (NHM). Gold coast, Asuansi, 5.3°N, 1.23°E, 15 Dec 1942, H. E. Box, Aframomum sp. (Zingiberace- ae), 12 (AMNH_ PBI 00340370) (NHM). dez.pensoft.net 250 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua z Figure 6. Kunungua species, dorsal view. A. K. cinnamomea, ZISP_ENT 00008425; B. K. boxi, AMNH_PBI 00340368; C. K. atramentomaculata, ZISP_ENT 00008427; D. K. ornata, ZISP_ENT 00008428; E. K. pallida, F. K. gemina, ZISP_ENT 00008589; G. K. ukerewensis (dark form), ZISP_ENT 00008413; H. K. ukerewensis (light form), ZISP_ENT 00008433. Revised diagnosis. Recognised by the following combination of characters: antennal segment I terracot- ta, segment IT dark brown, basally terracotta, segment II brownish yellow, segment IV sandy; head reddish yellow; pronotum ochraceus; hemelytron dark brown, with dirty yellow costal margin; femora reddish yellow. Parameres similar to those of K. ornata. Kunungua boxi 1s most similar to K. cinnamomea (Fig. 6A) in the structure, body proportions, and colouration, differing from the latter species in the comparatively sparsely distributed, pale brown setae on tibiae, espe- cially fore tibia, as well as in the colouration of antenna, head, and femora. Refer to the discussion section of the genus for additional details. dez.pensoft.net Redescription. Male. Colouration (Figs 6B, 7F). Head reddish; antennal segment I terracotta, segment II dark brown, basally terracotta, segment III brownish yellow, segment IV sandy; eyes brownish scarlet; labtum pale yellow, apex dark brown; collar, calli, and pronotal disk ochraceus, calli with reddish tinge; clavus and cu- neus dark brown, corium dark brown with dirty yellow, gradually darkening apically costal margin; membrane fuscous, cinnamon, semitransparent; coxae pale yel- low; femora reddish yellow, apically with reddish tinge; fore tibia brown, reddish basally; middle tibia brownish yellow; hind tibia brownish yellow basally, gradually darkening towards apex; tarsi pale yellow; abdomen uni- formly brown. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 231 Te ee at Figure 7. Kunungua species, lateral view. A. K. ukerewensis (dark form), ZISP_ENT 00008437; B. K. ukerewensis (light form), ZISP_ENT 00008430; C. K. atramentomaculata, ZISP_ENT 00008427; D. K. ornata, ZISP_ENT 00008428; E. K. gemina, ZISP_ ENT 00008415; F. K. boxi, AMNH_ PBI 00340368; G. K. cinnamomea, ZISP_ENT 00008426; H. K. pallida. Vestiture. Body covered with comparatively long simple setae, subequal to width of antennal segment I at middle, adpressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, goldish on dorsum, pale brown on legs and antennal seg- ment I. Structure. Total length 3.2-3.5 mm; body 3.7-3.8 times as long as basal width of pronotum. Head. Eye peduncle short, oblique, with longer poste- rior margin; antennal fossa large, removed from inner eye margin by about half of fossa width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons short, swollen; vertex about 1.0—1.2 times as wide as length of antennal segment I; segment I 0.5 times as long as pronotum; labium short, slightly surpassing fore coxa. Thorax. Pronotum comparatively narrow, 1.0—1.1 times as wide as long, 1.0—1.2 times as wide as head; pro- notal disk, calli, and collar 0.6 times, 0.3 times, and 0.1 times as long as entire pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together about 0.4 times as long as pronotum; pos- terior margin straight, not concave (Fig. 6B). Hemelytron. Opaque, long, cuneus distinctly surpass- ing the apex of abdomen; cuneus narrowly triangular, with slightly concave inner margin, about 1.5 times as long as wide at base (Figs 6B, 7F). Legs. Relatively short, robust, femora cylindrical, of about the same diameter along entire length (Fig. 6B). Genitalia. Parameres. Left paramere falciform (Odhi- ambo 1962: figs 62-63), tapering toward the apex, apex hook-like from the inner side; right paramere (Odhiambo 1962: figs 64-65) somewhat S-shaped, with relatively wide sensory lobe and with needle-shaped, upturned apex in lateral view. Aedeagus C-shaped, apically with single large membranous lobe (Odhiambo 1962: fig. 66). Female. Colouration, structure, body proportions, and vestiture as in male. Distribution. The species was originally described and is still known from two localities in Ghana, which are ca. 130 kilometers apart from each other. Host. Aframomum sp. (Zingiberaceae). Kunungua cinnamomea Carvalho, 1951 Figs 6A, 7G, 8A, 9A, 10A-E Kunungua cinnamomea Carvalho, 1951: 109. Kunungua cinnamomea: Carvalho (1957: 107) (catalogue). Material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CON- Go: Nord-Kivu: Rutshuru, 1.18°S, 29.45°E, May 1937, J. Ghesquiere, 19 (ZISP_ ENT 00008425) (MRAC). Tsh- uapa: Bokuma, 0.67°S, 21.02°E, Mar 1954, R.P. Loo- tens, 14 (ZISP_ENT 00008426) (MRAC). GABON: Estuaire: Mbel, 0.25°N, 10.18°E, Oct 1969, A. Villiers, 35 (ZISP_ENT 00009332, ZISP_ENT 00009333, ZISP_ ENT 00009335), 29 (ZISP_ENT 00009334, ZISP_ENT 00014341) (MNHN). dez.pensoft.net 232 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua Figure 8. Kunungua species, aedeagus. A. K. cinnamomea, ZISP_ENT 00008426; B. K. ukerewensis (dark form), ZISP_ENT 00014329; C. K. ukerewensis (light form), ZISP_ENT 00008433; D, E. K. gemina, ZISP_ENT 00014338; F. K. ornata, ZISP_ENT 00008429. Revised diagnosis. Recognised by the following com- bination of characters: antennal segment I reddish, seg- ments II-IV pale yellow; head cinnamon; femora reddish; right paramere apically serrate. Most similar to K. boxi in the structure and colouration (see the discussion section of the genus for more details), differing from the latter species in the colour of antenna, specifically pale yellow antennal segment I, sandy head, reddish femora, and the more dense, dark brown setae on fore tibia. Redescription. Male. Colouration (as in Figs 6A, 7G). Head sandy; antennal segment I reddish, segments I-IV pale yellow, sometimes segment IT with reddish tinge ba- sally; eyes scarlet; clypeus brownish; labial segments I dez.pensoft.net and II pale yellow, segments III and IV brownish yellow; pronotum sandy; corium and cuneus brown to cinnamon; clavus brown; membrane fuscous, cinnamon, semitrans- parent; fore coxa yellowish, middle and hind coxa brown- ish; femora reddish; fore tibia brown, middle and hind tibiae reddish brown; tarsus pale yellow; abdomen brown. Vestiture. Body covered with simple semierect setae, brown on legs and antennal segment I, goldish brown on hemelytron, goldish elsewhere. Setae on tibiae, especial- ly fore tibia, extremely dense, longer than tibia diameter, dark brown to brown. Structure. Total length 3.5-4.3 mm; body 3.4—3.7 times as long as basal width of pronotum and 3.6—3.7 times as long as pronotal length. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 REE TST, a ty ie eae 21S ro ue eon nears 233 ‘ otk} urs, = Raat ape eae Sirens SS wD ho t A de » \ ee An Wy \ A TH e\\ » SAN Figure 9. Kunungua species, male genital capsule and female bursa copulatrix. A. K. cinnamomea, ZISP_ENT 00008426; B, FE. K. ukere- wensis (dark form), ZISP_ENT 00014329 (male), ZISP_ENT 00014327 (female); C. K. ukerewensis (light form), ZISP_ENT 00008433; D. K. gemina, ZISP_ENT 00014338; E. K. ornata, ZISP_ENT 00008429. A-E. genital capsule; F. dorsal labiate plate of bursa. Head 0.4 times as long as wide, 1.8—2 times as wide as collar; eye peduncle short, oblique, longer in basal part; antennal fossa large, removed from inner eye margin by distance comprising about half of its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons short, swollen; vertex about as wide as length of antennal segment I; segment I 1.3 times as long as head, 0.4 times as long as pronotum, 0.4 times as long as pronotal width; labium short, reaching middle of fore coxa. Thorax. Pronotum nearly as wide as long, 1.2 times as wide as head; calli 0.5 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; posterior margin slightly concave medially dez.pensoft.net 234 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua (Fig. 6A); pronotal disk, calli, and collar 0.6 times, 0.2— 0.3 times, and 0.1—0.2 times as long as pronotum, respec- tively; calli and collar together about 0.4 times as long as pronotum. Hemelytron. Opaque, long, cuneus reaching distinctly beyond the apex of abdomen; cuneus about 1.5 times as long as wide at base (as in Fig. 6A, 7G). Legs. Relatively short, robust, femora cylindrical, of about the same diameter along entire length (as in Fig. 6A). Genitalia. Genital capsule. Lateral portions of cuplike sclerite lobe-shaped, apically tapering, subequal in size. Out- growth forming outer side of right paramere socket spike- like, left outer outgrowth blunt, apically widened (Fig. 9A). Parameres. Left paramere falciform, tapering towards apex (Fig. 10A, B); right paramere with wide, flattened sensory lobe, serrated apically, with needle-shaped, up- turned apex in lateral view (Fig. 1OC—E). Aedeagus. As in Fig. 8A, C-shaped, basal part without any outgrowths. Female. Colouration, surface, and vestiture as in male. Total body length 3.7—4.4 mm; antennal segment I 1.4—1.5 times as long as head; head 0.3—0.4 times as long as wide. Distribution. The species was originally described from Kunungu and is currently known from two localities in Congo and one in Gabon. Host. Unknown. Kunungua gemina sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/6B7D4A 25-385 1-4E6B-A E05-F6DC0C4466F5 Figs 6F, 7E, 8D, E, 9D, 10N-Q Material examined. Holotype. 2, DEMOCRATIC REPUB- LIC OF THE CONGO: P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Ka- mitungula af. Lusinga, 8.93°S, 27.21°E, 1700 m, 04 Mar 1947-07 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 6a (ZISP_ENT 00008589) (MRAC). Paratypes. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CON- Go: P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Lusinga, 8.93°S, 27.21°E, 1760 m, 19 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 75a, 52 (ZISP_ENT 00008415, ZISP_ENT 00008416, ZISP_ENT 00008417, ZISP_ENT 00014336, ZISP_ ENT 00014337), 14 (ZISP_ENT 00014338); 22 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 95a, 49 (ZISP_ ENT 00014331, ZISP_ENT 00014332, ZISP_ENT 00014333, ZISP_ ENT 00014334) (MRAC). P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Kamitungula af. Lusinga, 8.93°S, 27.21°E, 1700 m, 04 Mar 1947-07 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 6a, 19° (ZISP_ENT 00014335) (MRAC). Katanga: P.N.U. (Up- emba National Park), Kabwoe sur Muye, 8.8°S, 26.85°E, 1.320 m, 13 May 1948-14 May 1948, Miss G. F. de Witte, 1603a, 19 (ZISP_ENT 00014318) (MRAC). Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE ConGco: P.N.U. (Upemba National Park), Lusin- ga, 8.93°S, 27.21°E, 17 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 1° (ZISP_ENT 00014317) (MRAC); 19 Mar 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 19 (ZISP_ENT 00008416) (MRAC). Diagnosis. Recognised by the following combination of characters: antennal segment I pale yellow, with dark dez.pensoft.net brown apex; collar dark brown; corium pale yellow, with elongate brown spot in medioapical area; cuneus dark brown; right paramere with needle-shaped apex. Resembles the dark form of K. ukerewensis in the gen- eral appearance, body proportions, and colouration, par- ticularly in the presence of an oval brown spot in the me- dioapical area of corium and the entirely darkened cuneus. Kunungua ukerewensis can be distinguished from the new species in having brownish yellow to yellow collar (figs 6G, H), and the shape of both parameres (Fig. 10D-G). Description. Female. Colouration (Figs 6F, 7E). Head dark brown except for pale yellow antennal fossa; antennal segment I pale yellow, with dark brown apex, segments II-IV dark brown; eyes usually dark brown; pronotum, scutellum, and clavus dark brown; corium pale yellow, with longitudinal, more or less semicircular band along its inner margin starting slightly above claval apex; cune- us uniformly brown; membrane semitransparent, fuscous basally, whitish apically; coxae pale yellow; fore tibia and fore femur brownish yellow; middle and hind femora pale yellow basally, brown in middle part, brownish yellow apically; middle and hind tibiae brownish yellow, darker basally and gradually lightening apically; tarsal segment I pale yellow, segment II gradually darkening apically; seg- ment III greyish brown; abdomen dark brown. Vestiture. Clothed with whitish long simple setae, ad- pressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, subequal to width of antennal segment I at middle, somewhat shorter on pronotum. Structure. Total length 4.2-4.3 mm; body 4.0-4.1 times as long as width of pronotum and 4.5—-4.9 times as long as pronotal length. Head 0.3 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as wide as collar; antennal fossa large, removed from the inner eye margin by distance subequal to its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons flattened, only slightly convex distally; vertex about as wide as length of antennal segment I; antennal segment I 1.9—2.0 times as long as head, 0.5—0.6 times as long as pronotum, 0.4—0.5 times as long as pronotal width; labium relatively short, segment IV reaching middle of mesothorax (Fig. 7E). Thorax. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly con- cave medially (Fig. 6F); pronotum 1.1—1.2 times as wide as long, 1.3 times as wide as head; calli 0.5 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli, and col- lar 0.6—-0.7 times, 0.2 times, and 0.1—0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together 0.3—0.4 times as long as pronotum. Hemelytron. Semitransparent, long, cortum reaching the apex of abdomen; cuneus about twice and a half as long as wide at the base (Figs 6F, 7E). Legs. Slender, femora gradually thickening apically (Fig. 6F). Genitalia. Bursa copulatrix weekly sclerotised, sclero- tised rings not distinctive, posterior wall fully membranous. Male. Colouration, structure, surface, and vestiture as in female. Genitalia. Genital capsule. Lateral portions of cup- like sclerite lobe-shaped, right being about twice as large Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 235 Figure 10. Kunungua species, parameres. A-C. K. cinnamomea, ZISP_ENT 00008426; D, E. K. ukerewensis (dark form), ZISP_ ENT 00014329; F, G. K. ukerewensis (light form), ZISP_ENT 00008433; H, I. K. gemina, ZISP_ENT 00014338; J, K. K. ornata, ZISP_ENT 00008429. A-E. K. cinnamomea, ZISP_ENT 00008426; F-I. K. ukerewensis (dark form), ZISP_ ENT 00014329; J—M. K. ukerewensis (light form), ZISP_ENT 00008433; N—-Q. K. gemina, ZISP_ENT 00014338; R-U. K. ornata, ZISP_ENT 00008429. A. left paramere, lateral view; B, R. left paramere, ventral view; C, I, M, T. right paramere, lateral view; D, H. right paramere, dorsal view; E. right paramere, apex in lateral view; F. left paramere, anterioventral view; G, K, N. left paramere, dorsal view; J. left paramere, posteroventral view; L, Q, U. right paramere, ventral view; O. left paramere, anteriodorsal view; P. right paramere, dorsolateral view; S. left paramere, dorsolateral view. as the left one. Outgrowth forming outer side of right paramere socket wide, trapeziform, left outer outgrowth small, claw-like (Fig. 9D). Parameres. Subequal in size; right paramere some- what S-shaped, apically needle-shaped (Fig. 10P, Q), left paramere falciform, apically tapering, somewhat expand- ed subapically (Fig. 10N, O). Aedeagus as in Fig. 8D, E; C-shaped; with lobe- shaped, rounded, and devoid of pigmentation dorsal out- growth of sclerotised part located close to phallobase. dez.pensoft.net 236 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua Distribution. Known from Congo. Host. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective geminus, -a, -um, meaning “twin”, in allusion to the sim- ilarity of the new species and the dark form of K. ukere- wensis in general appearance. Kunungua ornata sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/E1E2B771-82ED-42E4-B14E-E1F6D40BB818 Figs 6D, 7D, 8F, 9E, 10R-U Material examined. Holotype. ¢, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Bas-Uele: Djamba, 9.82°S, 22.12°E, 25 Dec 1924, Dr H. Schouteden (ZISP_ENT 00008428) (MRAC). Paratype. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Orientale: Yangambi, 0.78°N, 24.47°E, Jun 1948, P. L. G. Benoit, 14 (ZISP_ENT 00008429) (MRAC). Diagnosis. Recognised by the following combination of characters: antennal segment I brown, pale yellow ba- sally; collar brownish yellow; corium pale yellow, with wide, oblique brown band along cuneal fracture, starting near apex of clavus, reaching costal margin, and gradual- ly narrowing laterally; cuneus pale yellow, with inner and outer margins narrowly brown; femora and tibiae pale yellow (Figs 6D, 7D). The new species clearly differs from all congeners by the wide, oblique, gradually narrowing laterally, brown band, starting near the apex of the clavus and reaching the costal margin. While it somewhat resembles K. gemina in the shape of both parameres, it differs from that species in the shape of the apex of the right paramere (Fig. 10I, K), not to mention the striking differences in the colour-pat- tern (Fig. 6 D, F). Description. Male. Colouration (Figs 6D, 7D). Head, except for pale yellow posterior and anterior margins of eye peduncle and antennal fossa, antennal segment I, ex- cept for basal pale yellow quarter, and antennal segment II dark brown, antennal segments III and IV brownish; eyes reddish brown; collar brownish yellow; calli, pronotal disk, and scutellum dark brown; corium pale yellow, with wide oblique transverse brown band along cuneal fracture, starting near apex of clavus and narrowing towards costal margin; clavus dark brown; membrane semitransparent, pale yellow, with brown membranal vein; coxae brown- ish, posteriorly pale yellow; femora and tibiae pale yellow; cuneus pale yellow, with brown inner and outer margins; tarsal segments I and II pale yellow, the latter brownish apically, segment II brownish; abdomen dark brown. Vestiture. Clothed with whitish long simple setae, ad- pressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, subequal to width of antennal segment I at middle, somewhat shorter on pronotum. Structure. Total length 3.9-4.2 mm; body 3.4—-3.6 times as long as width of pronotum and 3.7—4.0 times as long as pronotal length. Head 0.3 times as long as wide, 2 times as wide as col- lar; antennal fossa large, removed from inner eye margin dez.pensoft.net by distance subequal to its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons flattened, only slightly con- vex distally; vertex 1.0—1.1 times as wide as length of an- tennal segment I, segment I 1.6—2.1 times as long as head, 0.5—0.6 times as long as pronotum, 0.5 times as long as pronotal width; labium reaching middle coxa (Fig. 7D). Thorax. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly con- cave medially (Fig. 6D); pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, 1.1—1.2 times as wide as head; calli 0.5—0.6 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli, and collar 0.7 times, 0.2 times, and 0.1—0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together 0.3 times as long as pronotum. Hemelytron. Semitransparent, long, cortum reaching slightly beyond apex of abdomen; cuneus nearly twice and a half as long as wide at base (Figs 6D, 7D). Legs. Slender, femora gradually thickening apically (Fig. 6D). Genitalia. Genital capsule. Lateral portions of cuplike sclerite forming inner parts of paramere sockets lobe- shaped, right lobe about twice as large as left one; out- growths forming outer sides of right and left paramere sockets trapeziform, wide and short, right one medially depressed, about twice as large as left (Fig. 9E). Parameres. Subequal in size, left paramere slightly larger, falciform, tapering at apex (Fig. 10R, S); right paramere with a flattened sensory lobe and upturned hook-like apex (Fig. 1OT, U). Aedeagus. As in Fig. 8F; C-shaped, sclerotised basal part without any outgrowths. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Known from two localities in Congo. Host. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ornatus, -da, -um, meaning “ornate, adorned with decora- tive details”, referring to the presence of a wide brown band on the corium. Kunungua ukerewensis Odhiambo, 1962 Figs 6G, H, 7A, B, 8B, C, 9B, C, F, 1OF-M Kunungua ukerewensis Odhiambo, 1962: 269. Material examined. Holotype. 2, TANZANIA: Mara, Tan- ganyika Terr. Ukerewe Island, 2.02°S, 32.98°E, R.P. Con- rads (AMNH_ PBI 00340366) (NHM). Other specimens examined. Dark form: DEMOCRAT- IC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Nord-Kivu: Massif Ruwen- zori, riv. Kakalari, affl. Bombi, 0.32°N, 29.78°E, 1.680 m, 28 Sep 1956, P. Vanschuytbroeck, VS738, 19 (ZISP_ ENT 00008437) (MRAC). Katanga: P.N.U. (Upemba Na- tional Park), Kabwoe sur Muye, 8.8°S, 26.85°E, 1.320 m, 13 May 1948-14 May 1948, Miss G. F. de Witte, 1603a, 1¢ (ZISP_ENT 00014329) (MRAC). Katanga: Upemba National Park (P.N.U.), Gorges de la Pelenge, 7.15°S, 27.02°E, 1.150 m, 19 Jun 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 520a, 29(ZISP_ENT 00014327, ZISP_ENT 00008436); Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 71 (1) 2024, 219-239 21 Jun 1947, Miss G. F. de Witte, 521a, 12 (ZISP_ENT 00008412) (MRAC). Nord-Kivu: Terr. Rutshuru, 1.18°S, 29.45°E, Sep 1937, Miss. Prophylactique, 12 (ZISP_ ENT 00014328) (MRAC). TANZANIA: Mara, Victoria Nyanza: Ukerewe, 2.02°S, 32.98°E, Feb 1938, R. P. Con- rads, 469, 2¢ (ZISP_ENT 00008413), 1214 (ZISP_ENT 00008414) (MRAC). Light form: Democratic REPUB- LIC OF THE CONGO: Nord-Kivu: Massif Ruwenzori, riv. Lume, 0.41°N, 29.78°E, 1.860 m, 12 Dec 1956, P. Van- schuytbroeck, VS 840d, 14 (ZISP_ENT 00008435), 29 (ZISP_ENT 00008432, ZISP_ENT 00014330) (MRAC). Kinshasa: P.N.A. Mont Hoyo, 1.25°N, 29.82°E, 1.280 m, 07 Jul 1955-15 Jul 1955, P. Vanschuytbroeck, 13274-309, 23 (ZISP_ENT 00008433, ZISP_ENT 00008434), 29 (ZISP_ENT 00008430, ZISP_ENT 00008431) (MRAC). Revised diagnosis. Recognised by the following com- bination of characters: antennal segment I dark brown, with pale yellow basis; collar brownish yellow; right paramere falciform, with swollen body, apically tapering (Fig. 1OE, G); left paramere falciform, subapically wid- ened, hook-like in lateral view (Fig. 10D, F). The dark form resembles K. gemina sp. nov. in general appearance and colouration, particularly in the shape of the band on corium. However, this species differs from K. ukerewensis in having a needle-shaped apex of the right paramere (Fig. 101), a pale yellow, apically darkened an- tennal segment I and a dark-brown collar (Figs 6F, 7E). The light form may be distinguished from all congeners by the same characters and additionally differs in having an almost entirely pale yellow corium and cuneus. Redescription. Male. Colouration. Dark form (as in Figs 6G, 7A). Head dark brown except for brownish yellow antennal fossa, antennal segment I, except for pale yellow narrowed basal part, segments I-IV brown, clypeus from basis to apex gradually lightening from dark brown to yellowish brown; collar dirty yellow to brownish yellow; calli, pronotal disk, scutellum, clavus and cuneus dark brown; corium pale yellow, with brown, more or less rounded band along its inner margin start- ing slightly above claval apex; membrane transparent, fuscous basally, gradually lightening apically; coxae pale yellow, with brownish anterolateral margin; basal half of femora usually pale yellow, apical half brownish, some- times femora uniformly pale yellow; basal half of tibiae usually brownish, apical half pale yellow, sometimes tib- iae uniformly pale yellow; tarsal segment I pale yellow, segment IT pale yellow basally, gradually darkening api- cally; segment II brownish; abdomen dark brown. Light form (as in Figs 6H, 7B). Head brown except for brownish yellow antennal fossa and pale yellow clypeus, slightly darkened along margins, antennal segment I pale yellow with brown apex, basal one-third of segment IT san- dy, apical two-thirds brownish; eyes usually dark brown; calli and scutellum brownish yellow; collar and pronotal disk sandy; clavus brown; corium pale yellow, with sandy, indistinctly bordered band along its inner margin, starting slightly above claval apex; cuneus pale yellow, apically sandy; membrane transparent, pale fuscous basally; coxae Zot pale yellow, with brownish anterolateral margin; femora and tibiae pale yellow; tarsal segment I pale yellow, seg- ment II pale yellow basally, gradually darkening apically; segment III brownish yellow; abdomen brown. Vestiture. Covered with whitish setae, adpressed on hemelytron, semierect elsewhere, subequal to or slightly longer than width of antennal segment I at middle. Structure. Total length 3.6-3.9 mm; body 3.6-3.8 times as long as width of pronotum and 3.9-4.2 times as long as pronotal length. Head 0.3 times as long as wide, 1.7—1.9 times as wide as collar; antennal fossa large, removed from the inner eye margin by distance subequal to its own width, located at the level of inferior eye margin; frons flattened, only slightly convex distally; vertex 1.0—1.1 times as wide as length of antennal segment I; segment I 1.7—2.0 times as long as head, 0.5 times as long as pronotum, 0.4—0.5 times as long as pronotal width; labium relatively short, reaching middle of mesothorax (as in Fig. 7A, B). Thorax. Posterior margin of pronotum slightly con- cave medially (Fig. 6G, H); pronotum about 1.1 times as wide as long, 1.2 times as wide as head; calli 0.5—0.6 times as wide as basal width of pronotum; pronotal disk, calli, and collar 0.6 times, 0.2 times, and 0.2 times as long as pronotum, respectively; calli and collar together 0.4 times as long as pronotum. Hemelytron. Semitransparent, long, corium reaching apex of abdomen; cuneus about two-and-a-half times as long as wide at base (as in Figs 6G, H, 7A, B). Legs. Slender, femora gradually thickening apically (Fig. 6G, H). Genitalia. Genital capsule. Lateral portions of cuplike sclerite forming inner margins of paramere sockets lobe- shaped, right lobe about twice as large as left one; out- growth forming outer side of right paramere socket tra- peziform, medially depressed, left outer outgrowth small, spike-like (Fig. 9B, C). Parameres. Subequal in size; right paramere C-shaped, with swollen, not flattened body, apically tapering (Fig. 10H, I, L, M); left paramere falciform, subapically widened, tapering at apex, hook-like in lateral view (Fig. 10F, G, J, K). Aedeagus. As in Fig. 8B, C; C-shaped, sclerotised part with dorsal, non-pigmented, trapeziform outgrowth lo- cated close to phallobase. Female. Structure, surface, and vestiture as in male. Colouration as in male, but cuneus pale yellow, with brown outer and inner margins. Total length 3.7—3.8 mm. Head 1.7—1.8 times as wide as collar; antennal segment I 1.6—2.2 times as long as head. Genitalia. Bursa copulatrix weekly sclerotised, vulvar region and posterior wall devoid of any distinctive scle- rotisations; sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate very thin and weakly sclerotised, with medially oriented scle- rotised outgrowth (Fig. 9F). Distribution. Originally described from Tanganyika region (Tanzania). Currently known from Congo and Tanzania. Host. Unknown. dez.pensoft.net 238 Darya S. Bolshakova & Fedor V. Konstantinov: Revision of the genus Kunungua Species excluded from Kunungua Kunungua pallida Linnavuori, 1975 Figs 6E, 7H incertae sedis Kunungua pallida Linnavuori, 1975: 4. Redescription. (based on Linnavuori (1975) and imag- es of the holotype). Female. Colouration. Pale, greenish yellow; head ochraceous; antennae, labium, calli, cuneus, and legs pale yellow, tarsal segment III darkened, greyish yellow; collar yellowish; pronotal disk and corium grey- ish yellow, probably greenish yellow in life; clavus uni- formly greyish green. Surface and vestiture. Dorsum with short, pale and erect simple setae, longest on clavus; pronotum deeply punctate; legs with short simple setae. Structure. Total length 4 mm, body 2.75 times as long as broad. Head 0.4 times as broad as pronotum; frons broadly rounded; clypeus slightly swollen; vertex with a medial furrow, 2.12 times as wide as eye; basal one-fourth of an- tennal segment I distinctly thinner than remainder of seg- ment; antennal segment I related to segment II as 9:16; eye reaching collar dorsoposteriorly, neck not distinctive; labium reaching mesocoxa. Thorax. Pronotum 1.17 times as broad as long; prono- tal disk strongly convex, posterior margin straight; scute- llum triangular, small, about 0.43 times as wide and 0.3 times as long as pronotum. Legs. Slender. Hemelytron. Semitransparent; cuneus relatively short, the distance between apex of cuneus and apex of mem- brane about three-quarters of cuneal length; membranal vein strongly curved distally, forming an acute angle. Genitalia. Unknown. Discussion Kunungua pallida was described from a single female collected in Southern Sudan (Linnavuori 1975). The orig- inal description was brief, lacked illustrations, and did not provide a discussion on the generic placement. No new information on this species has been published since then. According to Linnavuori (1975), K. pallida differs from congeners in having uniformly pale colouration, robust body, short vestiture, long labium, and the antennal fos- sa located close to the inner eye margin. Examination of the dorsal and lateral images of the holotype preserved in NMC and kindly provided by Dr. Wilson (Figs 6E, 7H) lead us to the conclusion that K. pallida does not align with the diagnosis of Kunungua. In contrast to other spe- cies of the genus, K. pallida has sessile and moderate- ly produced posteriorly eyes, transverse pronotum with weakly raised, punctured calli and strongly convex pos- terior part behind calli, long labium, reaching mesocoxa, and strongly angulate membranal vein. dez.pensoft.net A combination of available characters prevents the transfer of this species to any other eccritotarsine ge- nus. Within the Ethiopian region, six genera of this tribe are currently known, including Bunsua Carvalho, 1951, Monalocoropsis Poppius, 1912, Prodromus, Rhodoco- ris Schmitz, 1979, and Stenopterocoris China, 1944. Of these, Bunsua (see Yeshwanth and Konstantinov 2021; Konstantinov 2021), Monalocoropsis (see China 1944), and Rhodocoris (see Stys 1985; Stonedahl 1988) clear- ly differ from K. pallida in virtually all respects, placing them in different groups of genera. Stenopterocoris (Fig. 1B) exhibits superficial similari- ties to K. pallida, such as gracile, parallel-sided body, long and thin appendages, and a heavily punctured pronotum. However, Stenopterocoris clearly differs in many other respects, including eyes distinctly extended posteriorly, a non-demarcated pronotal collar, three distinct depressions at the middle of the pronotum near the anterior margin, an elongated pronotum that is weakly convex posteriorly, a falciform cuneus, and an almost straight membranal vein. Prodromus spp. may share some features with K. pallida, such as an elongate body form, a short head, a vertex with longitudinal sulcus, a bottle-shaped antennal segment I with strongly narrowed basal part, semitransparent hemelytra, and an angulate membranal vein observed in some species (Fig 3B, Stonedahl 1988: fig. 76h). However, K. pallida differs from all Prodromus spp. in many crucial charac- ter states, including sessile, clearly not pedunculate eyes adjoining the anterior margin of the pronotum, a convex vertex that does not form a necklike area, and a transverse, non-campanulate pronotum with straight posterior margin. On a global scale, K. pallida appears to be most similar to Myiocapsus Poppius, 1914 (Stonedahl 1988: fig. 42), a genus containing nine species known from Malaysia, Western Indonesia, and Southern Philippines. However, this genus can be most easily differentiated by the shape of the right paramere and the presence of a spinelike pro- cess on the left margin of the genital capsule (Stonedahl 1988). Given that male genitalic structures are crucial for the correct generic assignment of K. pallida, at present we refrain from transferring it to another genus and treat this species as of uncertain generic placement. Acknowledgements The second author is grateful to Eliane De Coninck (MRAC), Mick Webb (NHM), Tom Henry (USNM), Mike Wilson (NMWC), and Toby Schuh (AMNH) for providing access to collections and a supportive environment during his stay in the respective museums. Funding for the laboratory work of F. 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