JHR 97: 307-347 (2024) ore JOURNAL OF = “r2ereewee openasces journal doi: 10.3897/jhr.97. 121279 RESEARCH ARTICLE ) I Tymenopter a e https://jhr.pensoft.net The international Society of Hymenopteriss REGEARCH A review of Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) of Southwest China with descriptions of two new species Yan Fu', Nawaz Haider Bashir'?, Qiang Li', Li Ma' | Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China 2 College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, 655011, China Corresponding authors: Qiang Li (liqiangkm@126.com); Li Ma (maliwasps@aliyun.com) Academic editor: Editor | Received 20 February 2024 | Accepted 14 April 2024 | Published 29 April 2024 Attps://zoobank.org/A441 1DB8-035B-4BB6-A2C6-8E3B40AD0C85 Citation: Fu Y, Bashir NH, Li Q, Ma L (2024) A review of Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) of Southwest China with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347. https://doi. org/10.3897/jhr.97.121279 Abstract Two new species of the genus 7rypoxylon (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Crabroninae: Trypoxylini) from Yunnan Province, China: 7’ aphelothoracicus Fu & Li, sp. nov. and T’ ferrugineipes Fu & Li, sp. nov. are described and illustrated. The female of 77 infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 is described for the first time. In addition, ten species of Trypoxylon are newly recorded from China: 7’ buddha Cameron, 1889, T’ flavipes Tsuneki, 1979, T° fulvocollare Cameron, 1904, T’ gampahae Tsuneki, 1981, T’ imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938, T. kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979, 7; khasiae Cameron, 1904, 7! nasale Tsuneki, 1979, 7. pahangense Tsuneki, 1979, and 7. pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979. An updated key to Trypoxylon of Southwest China is provided. Keywords Crabronidae, Identification key, new records, taxonomy Introduction Southwest China, belonging to the main bioregions of Southeast Asia (Indochina), is recognized as one of the world’s 36 biodiversity hotspots and one of the regions with the richest and most threatened fauna worldwide. It’s located at the intersection of the Copyright Yan Fu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 308 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Oriental and Palearctic regions, spanning subtropics and tropics and including plateau climate, tropical rainforest climate, and subtropical monsoon climate (CEPF 2020; Myers et al. 2000; Liu et al. 2022; Liu et al. 2023; Meng et al. 2023). Southwest China, with an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, includes Yunnan Province, Guizhou Province, Sichuan Province, Chongqing Municipality, and Tibet Autonomous Region and is divided into three terrain units (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and Sichuan Basin), with the Hengduan Mountains, Yun- nan-Guizhou Plateau, and Wushan Mountains regarded as the ‘Sky Islands of China’ and is a refuge for a wide range of flora and fauna, with an obvious vertical distribution of species (He and Jiang 2014; Yi et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2023). The species found in the southern and western regions have distinct Oriental characteristics, while those in- habiting the high mountain areas are related Palearctic species; hence, the insect fauna is diversified and abundant (Kryzhanovskiy 1956). Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796, has the widest distribution and most species (633 spe- cies and 84 subspecies) among the seven genera of Irypoxylini (Hymenoptera: Cra- bronidae: Crabroninae) (Pulawski 2024). They usually build their nests in the wood or plant stalks and prey on spiders (Barth 1910; Kazenas 2001). Its members have a slender body 5.5—22.0 mm long; the inner eye orbits are notched; the antennal socket is far away from the frontoclypeal suture; the forewing has only one submarginal cell; and the petiole is long, stick-shaped, or flask-shaped (Bohart and Menke 1976). Many authors studied the taxonomy of Trypoxylon. Richards (1934) revised the New World species, recognizing several species groups, and Tsuneki (1956a, b, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978a, b, 1979a, b, c, 1980a, b, 1981a, b, c, d, e, f, 1986) studied the species of the Oriental and Australian Regions, including certain species of Northeast Asia and Europe. Bohart and Menke (1976) reviewed the genus on the worldwide basis, and Antropov (1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989a, b, c, 2011, 2016) examined the species of the Palearctic and Oriental Regions. As of 2024, 633 species are known (Pulawski 2024). In China, 55 species and nine subspecies of this genus are currently known, with 37 species and one subspecies found in southwest China (Strand 1922; Tsuneki 1966-— 1981; Wu and Zhou 1996; Li and Li 2007, 2010). Despite the extensive taxonomic studies conducted there over the past few decades, new species are continuously being discovered in various regions of Southwest China, especially in the tropical rainforests of Yunnan Province. In this study, two new species from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China, are described and illustrated; the female of 7’ infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 is de- scribed for the first time; ten species are recorded for the first time from China; and a key to the genus Trypoxylon of southwest China is provided. Material and methods The specimens examined are deposited in the Insect Collection of Yunnan Agricul- tural University, Kunming, China (YNAU). The specimens were observed and illus- trated using an Olympus stereomicroscope (SZ Series) with an ocular micrometer. Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 309 The photographs were taken with the VHX-5000 digital microscopic system and edited with Adobe Photoshop® 8.0. The descriptive terminology of morphological structures follows Bohart and Menke (1976) and Tsuneki (1979a). The abbreviations are as follows: AW apical width of the first flagellomere; BW basal width of the apical flagellomere in male; CV1, CV2 abscissa I of cubital vein, abscissa II of cubital vein; FI, FU, FI, etc. the first, second and third flagellomere, etc.; GL/ W ratio of gastral petiole length to apical width (dorsal view); HL head length (frontal view); HW head width (frontal view); IOD interocular distance; IODc minimum IOD at base of clypeus (frontal view); IODv minimum IOD at vertex (dorsal view); IODs ratio of IODv to IODc; OOD ocellocular distance; Od posterior ocellus diameter; PD puncture diameter; PIS puncture interspace; POD postocellar distance; R1 apical part of forewing vein RI beyond the meeting point with Rs; TCV transverse cubital vein. The frontal shield in some species has lateral bifurcation directed towards the eye incision; the upper area of the frontal shield is the area from the top to the base of the lateral bifurcation, and the lower area is from the base of the lateral bifurcation to the junction of the lateral carina in the frontal end. Key to the species of Trypoxylon from Southwest China Females Frons with shield-shaped enclosure; fore-wings with CV2 and TCV usually form- ing acute angle; dorsal and posterior area of propodeum with several conspicuous, BLTLISVCTSE: CAL UTAG Gill sce ital inl puriteredaisrtaaaar tacks Mamie eues ethics tlagaek eens risehs 2 Frons without shield-shaped enclosure; fore-wings with CV2 and TCV usually forming right or obtuse angle; dorsal and posterior area of propodeum without CEALISVETSELCALLIACM Mereimt nits hatetiretac ia oeteUe tne sna tle tate ees dteu: SaeatTin ys geamtebelty te ued 4 Frontal shield discontinued, upper lateral carina broadly interrupted but dorsal carinarelearly Penne” 5.1.28. de onenlte et Trypoxylon interruptum Tsuneki, 1978 Frontal shield complete, upper lateral carina and dorsal carina continued ......... 3 Frontal shield with upper area subequal in length to lower area, at most 1.5 x as long as lower area, lateral carina of upper area curved; lateral surface of propo- 310 10 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) deunicoriacéous,-conspicitously: obliquely TUgOSe. A. .c.siest.sch eset oetselecaseadoresedectes eee aiide tres pi eey vans eae ae orted Trypoxylon schmiedeknechtii Kohl, 1906 Frontal shield with upper area more than 1.5 x as long as lower area, lateral carina of upper area almost parallel; lateral surface of propodeum smooth medially and posteriorly, with inconspicuous oblique rugae anteriorly... lees eeeeseeseeeeeeees sai cata eccaarors netsh coco a tecis Mrs oe ogateane pune adee Trypoxylon thaianum Tsunek, 1961 Gastral terga I-HI with apical fovea; pronotal collar narrow, with median tuber- (Sage St Rd eRe, ee A EEE Oe EOS leh Rd 5 Gastral terga I-HI without apical fovea; pronotal collar broad, without median GUT eC earns patina nel Faun cae, cer hie Crk Ruts ale fem tenet ra OR SU LR: abe ee eet mi een AG, ee eal 8 Frons and mesoscutum with large punctures, PIS < 0.5 x PD, PIS shiny; lateral surface of propodeum dull, with conspicuous oblique rugae; free margin of cl- ypeus markedly concave laterally, with short and wide protrusion medially......... nti Sashaten sats se ilsat RA Pts ealon Eset bath ton een NaS os Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889 Frons and mesoscutum with fine punctures, PIS ~ PD, PIS microscopically co- riaceous; lateral surface of propodeum smooth, without rugae; free margin of cly pews. suraioht or slightlynConvex, Atetall yn ascs.scaseshe stench swosnenarootbabeweroes dare apossee 6 Gastral tergum I without apicomedian fovea; legs black, at most partly brown.... Gothen B.icw locetiue ose boselticielgaldek Sal Base nea lie Trypoxylon bifoveatum Tsuneki, 1979 Gastral tergum I with apicomedian fovea; legs broadly yellow, only partly brown Cay BN 8) S10) as Pt el i a a Li apc Se oh ro yo 7 Supraantennal tubercle with transverse subquadrate edge anteriorly; R1 equal to NEY; not reaching wwine-apex;-caster-wholly Blacks... ots shows srsgudentonbsoeeendbos comers soe SsudM a Seite Shines eS ONE sticks Ms ee ee ae AE Trypoxylon maculipes Tsuneki, 1979 Supraantennal tubercle rounded, without anterior transverse edge; R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching wing apex; gastral terga II—IV, base of gastral sternum III, gastral sternum IV ferruginous.............. Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979 Gastral petiole clavate, gradually widening apically, as long as, or shorter than followin gtwo-séemenis:Com Died st: ccccisiesctocstataseoesvtigoectsndcteateas sgssewusstadiccbes 9 Gastral petiole flask-shaped, apical swelling rather abrupt, with parallel-sided stalk, longer than following two segments combined... eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 22 Mandible thick, bidentate on inner margin near apex; head in frontal view quad- rate, in dorsal view thick; median and lower frons roundly swollen..................4 Beds hp rie ns PVC Ane RI Te Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981 Mandible slender, without denticle on inner margin; head wider than long; me- dian and lower frons not roundly Swollen .,.,.....:csereccsernseionrseneveneseapersnadesneeser 10 Frontal furrow deeply impressed; legs slender and long (hind tibia about 1.25 x as long as HW, midtarsomere I longer than half HW), hind coxa more than three x apical width; propodeal dorsum long, more than 3.5 x as long as scutellum........ Nisbseatichalt alle iicealtehea te: Raetale ts Rusa! Trypoxylon ferrugineipes Fu & Li, sp. nov. Frontal furrow very fine, inconspicuously impressed; legs thick and short (hind tibia about 0.93 x as long as HW, midtarsomere I shorter than half HW), hind coxa as long as, or shorter than twice apical width; propodeal dorsum short, SHOLeER EAN 3. Sas lone As SOR tS NMA wes, eccdmeducasesiucionssuenovmiedierecing.vesssiaoneiuees 11 11 12 13 14 19 20 Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China pla Supraantennal tubercle with deep, longitudinal groove ....... eee eeeeeseeeeees L2 Supraantennal tubercle without deep, longitudinal groove ...... eee eeeeeeeeeees 13 Sides of supraantennal tubercle with few rugae; gaster wholly black; IODs = 2:1 Lg hatha Nic Pte aceon heilas aneh ieulaa bls Trypoxylon koreanum Tsuneki, 1956 Sides of supraantennal tubercle without rugae; gastral sterna II—HI ferruginous brown, and apex of gastral petiole to sternum V yellow; IODs = 5:2... eee Aandi Ree nun nlm Pak. Trypoxylon okinawanum Tsuneki, 1966 Propodeal enclosure not delimited by boundary groove, densely covered with ir- regular, reticulate carinae; pronotal collar with black posterior band................ 14 Propodeal enclosure delimited by more or less distinct U-shaped groove, surface smooth or covered with several transverse carinae medially; pronotal collar with hehe brown, translucent posterior bands cic puedisp, ele oennesss Mec gmnnt sala spoanlgae 15 Supraantennal tubercle conspicuously nasiform, with thick, longitudinal carina; clypeus with dense tiny punctures, free margin with small, rectangular protrusion medially, protruding area shallowly incised mesally ...... ese eseseeeeseeseeseeeseeeeees sala ei Sl Leta ticle cites Trypoxylon fronticorne obliquum Tsuneki, 1981 Supraantennal tubercle low, with thin, longitudinal carina; clypeus with sparse large punctures, free margin with large, rectangular protrusion medially ............. SE Poel tl aT Rar RS Ae tee i aM Trypoxylon figulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Supraantennal tubercle low, medial longitudinal carina thin wee 16 Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, medial longitudinal carina thick....... 20 aster blacksmost-of castralestertiaiDrowinSh 5..-.cer.ocestucscepnesecieston peta seoeste atest 17 CAS eT gO VOR NESS HEL MIC INO UOMO). W604 c.oiod tetas dbot Monwtdvean ebisd Maus hauivl ded laael 18 Free margin of clypeus with nearly triangular protrusion, bidentate mesally; side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina..... Trypoxylon shimoyamai Tsuneki, 1958 Free margin of clypeus with inverted trapezoid protrusion medially; side of propo- deum without lateral carina....... Trypoxylon aphelothoracicus Fu & Li, sp. nov. Free margin of clypeus rounded, without protrusion medially; U-shaped bound- ary groove on propodeal enclosure almost invisible and medial furrow shallow, surface smooth and shiny, without punctures OF rUgae€ oo... eee eeeeseeseeseeeeeeseeaeees s gfemnessdhmelonedinis ondon sMennsweluBovectia wats + osbnsbeitsh Trypoxylon truncatum Tsuneki, 1979 Free margin of clypeus with distinct protrusion medially; U-shaped boundary groove on propodeal enclosure and medial furrow clear and distinct, surface with CONSPICUOUS ANG CENSCEUCAS. Anna cnsc ts Sin sani ii thnea delet te ts enee mia een caenear ena 19 Free margin of clypeus with distinct obtuse protrusion; supraclypeal area slightly nar- row and long; gaster wholly ferruginous...... Zrypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979 Free margin of clypeus medially with distinctly inverted trapezoidal protrusion; supraclypeal area broad and short; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to api- Gal Casttal SSMS s.seoctan ndinean vain Trypoxylon ferrugiabdominale Li & Li, 2007 Free margin of clypeus conspicuously produced, with large semi-elliptic protru- sion medially, as long as Od; gastral petiole and segments IV—VI black; legs whol- yc Diack .sensasussutet naucbietesgseanensios ees Trypoxylon clypeisinuatum Li & Li, 2010 Free margin of clypeus slightly produced medially, protrusion small, shorter than Od; gastral terga I[V—VI ferruginous or with black maculae; legs partly ferruginous.......21 SliZ, 22 23 24 28 29 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Free margin of clypeus ferruginous, with semicircular protrusion, produced area shallowly incised mesally; gastral petiole broad and short, GL/ W = 2.7-3.0; gaster wholly ferruginous; all trochanters amber yellow........ eee eeeeeeeseseeeseeneees char niep MAAEE AiG ON oh oto.tug Soh tay hee Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1979 Free margin of clypeus black, with two barely separated and round teeth medially; gastral petiole much slender, GL/ W = 3.5—3.9; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole. toapicallséoment; all-trochanters, blaek ss. 2a sates asea step joslllon dunsopessuiine naiees FS OAT EE TEA A Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979 Gaster wholly or from apex of petiole to apical segment ferruginous............... 23 Gaster black or middle part (from apex of petiole to segment III or IV or base of Semrmetits: FM) terreno isis rs... be et uses cedscnse cea paDevew aces DscDea tbat tee thas 25 Gaster wholly ferruginous, petiole with black macula; supraantennal furrow ab- sent; supraantennal tubercle low, with anterior transverse carina connected to anitennalsOcket rin Syn. ssntv.s che seotnn: Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979 Gaster from apex of petiole to apical segment ferruginous; supraantennal furrow well developed; supraantennal tubercle without anterior transverse carina.......24 Supraantennal tubercle attenuate apically, apex of supraantennal tubercle obliquely inclined, forming smooth and shiny area with large median hollow; margin of clypeus sinuate; antenna and legs mostly ferruginous; body length IDNR ENE UA SY nov ac Weg anarenten tires Sr er et 2 Rarer Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904 Supraantennal tubercle broaden apically, without anterior oblique flattened area; free margin of clypeus rounded; antenna and legs mostly black; body length CRA, O's 051100 oy AUR NO OM Dry OR UHR NT Trypoxylon szechuen Tsuneki, 1981 Mesoscutum microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures, PIS < PD....26 Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, with fine, scattered punctures, PIS > PD....... 28 Supraantennal tubercle without median carina, instead impressed line separated apex of suptaantennaltubercle;spronotal’ collar thick. ut suas daneeoste detested caters ee TE eT MENS TR TT Trypoxylon bilobatum Tsuneki, 1961 Supraantennal tubercle with median carina; pronotal collar thin... 27 Supraantennal tubercle low tuberiform; propodeal enclosure with clear U-shaped boundary groove and medial furrow; base of gastral segments II-IV and legs mostly ferruginOUs ..2....Seeeateeses oon! Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938 Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with deep groove medially; propodeal enclosure with vague U-shaped boundary groove, without medial furrow; gaster wholly-and legstblack \.ccesccsuccsccriswnienvcnne Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 Supraantennal furrow shallow; antennal socket rim anteriorly expanded into two separate cylinders; gaster wholly black........ Trypoxylon takasago Tsuneki, 1966 Supraantennal furrow deep; antennal socket rim not expanded; gaster ferruginous ine TSO LEA tiger Reegiece er nha ect Ani Un reser incr een soci dytrie Seeman ce hat Py Ieee RP 29 Setae on head and thorax golden; pronotal collar posteriorly and base of gastral seoments [ll lereucinows; body length 22:2 Wii's .cs.nccecssesocedte onsen aves esteevees ca oS TaeS code aSeyeRidtse see avemee selene MEE Ve CAS Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904 Setae on head and thorax silvery; pronotal collar black posteriorly, gaster ferrugi- nous from apex of petiole to segment III or IV; body length 18.0—20.0 mm.... 30 30 oul 32 Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 313 Free margin of clypeus transversely produced mesally, slightly incised; gaster fer- ruginous from apex of petiole to segment IH, darkly marked dorsally and ven- trally: legs blacks IO DS = TA. cccercaceeccaces Trypoxylon orientale Cameron, 1904 Free margin of clypeus rounded mesally, not produced and incised; gaster fer- ruginous from apex of petiole to base of segment IV; legs black, with ferruginous spots; CID) syvaikied eres a Pe cos ee. Pee cunt soe on Sete ee DEE ree Os 31 Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina; all trochanters amber yellow; TEND sete DelPR a iSa cae asruesh eee teeta, temas Trypoxylon errans Saussure, 1867 Side of propodeum without lateral carina; all trochanters amber black............ 32 Lateral tubercles of pronotum toothed; vertex conspicuously depressed; F I = 2.8— 3.3 x AW; antenna mostly ferruginous beneath; body length 14.0-19.0 mm...... Ficccacsis redoath eps eaiaonnstch onaea la imoledadiey haelesaueke scuba: Trypoxylon bicolor Smith, 1856 Lateral tubercles of pronotum triangular; vertex undepressed; F I = 2.0-2.5 x AW; antenna brown beneath; body length 10.0-19.0 mm... eeeeseeseeseeeseeeeees stastecl dnswesynseeiveewtity pcuaters Rah Seed eens aM oes Trypoxylon petiolatum Smith, 1858 Frons with shield-shaped enclosure; fore-wings with CV2 and TCV usually form- ing acute angle; dorsal and posterior area of propodeum with several conspicuous, PRAM SVERSCLCATIN AG: Sak. ste cstv oana techy wees oe nati ek acu een ere ae oe v4 Frons without shield-shaped enclosure; fore-wings with CV2 and TCV usually forming right or obtuse angle; dorsal and posterior area of propodeum without RRAPISV CLSESC ATI MAG Ae cul S Thc Be osasts onl ete us SO boas Ne Ree AAR Ny Sahl Ae AE eal ly 4 Frontal shield discontinued, upper lateral carina broadly interrupted but dorsal carina clearly defined; flagellomere III beneath with linear tyloids, flagellomere IV excavate beneath at base (apical flagellomere longer than two but shorter than-thireespreceditie aruicles: combined) tx..l ducts. ndeetesatead ond aeateom saneucwerssonialels a lease cho ad Rnahed deals 8 ss BEd an Trypoxylon interruptum Tsuneki, 1978 Frontal shield complete, upper lateral carina and dorsal carina continued; flagel- HOPE TSS AIO TTT CUTE Clb a. wc otha shinds destmedinenslcsaedoaleneente soir dk crronie ea Dorcel patee shesbeneie 3 Frontal shield with upper area as long as lower area, upper lateral carina curved; apical flagellomere longer than three but shorter than four preceding articles com- Bie teak see oslo Sea ee beast Trypoxylon schmiedeknechtii Kohl, 1906 Frontal shield with upper area longer than lower area; apical flagellomere as long asthe precedin particles COMMDI NEM s..j.c hide. savaeracebane ebuedilnesonebheehibestauel s Be cnesec a webiste a octbsigascceutaaeat Pos autedacciss Sareea ave Trypoxylon thaianum Tsunek, 1961 Gastral terga I-III with apical fovea; pronotal collar narrow, with median tuber- Clee en, he 2S. Sep ene. Se UR rere, ee Oe. See, Cee es Pee 0 Y 5 Gastral terga I-III without apical fovea; pronotal collar broad, without median ERD DCL CLS ca cance ac ctte eee Seance cotee tn tesla nr Uk ett sted eaioased Sateen oh Detseaies Bovis tee ectearetlea 8 Frons and mesoscutum with large punctures, PIS < 0.5 x PD, PIS shiny; lateral surface of propodeum dull, with conspicuous oblique rugae; lateral margin of clypeus slightly concave, with short, wide protrusion medially (penis valve sub- 314 10 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) apically with narrow,,cutved hook 6m each side) eat. ssi. sesteteseeneacasoens ets ncaa ect Than Dest Uemaenl deetadh Baa Nestasha Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889 Frons and mesoscutum with fine punctures, PIS ~ PD, PIS microscopically co- riaceous; lateral surface of propodeum smooth, without rugae; lateral margin of Gly PSUs SUEAiG Mie CteSlie N.C VECO MV EN Rotate a, au moustache Seagate) outed Suances 6 Gastral tergum I without fovea; flagellomeres II-VI beneath with tyloids, flagel- lomeres VU—VUI excavate at base......... Trypoxylon bifoveatum Tsuneki, 1979 Gastral tergum I with fovea; flagellomeres H—VI beneath without tyloids, flagel- Fomietes: Woe Vall excavate sate DaSe an, ster cy ccoree sucesso veteran see Bec antes aero re te voces etenwnae gues 7 Supraantennal tubercle subquadrate, surface nearly flat, including supraantennal furrow; R1 equal to TCV, not reaching wing apex; penis valve simple at apex..... Facedsnciwntunn ee iecSunnsliev et «Synanle® sabia eolltlsy Trypoxylon maculipes Tsuneki, 1979 Supraantennal tubercle low, broad, roundly tuberiform, apical edge curved, not including supraantennal furrow; R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching apex of wing; penis valve subapically with narrow, curved hook on each side .............004. Faia dcccewtteucens Cie coveatsie severe ModE aN cata intel Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979 Gastral petiole clavate, as long as or shorter than segments II-III combined .....9 Gastral petiole flask-shaped, longer than segments I-III combined................ 20 Supraantennal tubercle with deep longitudinal groove wo... eee eeeeseeseeseeseeeeees Perec OMe A RITE NLA renter Trypoxylon koreanum Tsuneki, 1956 Supraantennal tubercle without deep longitudinal groove... eee eeeeeeeees 10 Propodeal enclosure not delimited by boundary groove, densely covered with ir- regular, reticulate carinae; pronotal collar with black posterior band; penis valve with more or less pronounced preapical enlargement ......... csc eeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees il Propodeal enclosure delimited by more or less distinct U-shaped groove, surface smooth or covered with several transverse carinae medially; pronotal collar with light brown, translucent posterior band; penis valve without preapical enlargement....12 Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with thick mid-longitudinal carina; flag- ellomeres without tyloids ...... Trypoxylon fronticorne obliquum Tsuneki, 1981 Supraantennal tubercle low, longitudinal carina thin; flagellomeres HI—VIII be- CATTLE BVLOVES.. on, seeder omnesenoatsdannniajtanes Trypoxylon figulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Median and lower frons flat, without apical transverse carina and medial carina (flagellomeres I—XI beneath with tyloids, flagellomere IV excavate at base be- sy er 0 ites saree at ee a A hi Trypoxylon planifrons Tsuneki, 1977 Median and lower frons raised, with apical transverse carina or medial carina .13 Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, medial longitudinal carina thick....... 14 Supraantennal tubercle low, medial longitudinal carina narrow... eee 17 Aare Citic WOO Ute ty LOLs 2, oncogene Sateen haw oo Rae onda, oR ee 15 waWaugSinay ihi.ignn of mia Foy (a Woman ise a ee eereser nee me ier nh el ner ea cnt genre 16 Apical flagellomere as long as three preceding articles combined; gaster ferrugi- nous, with vaguely outlined, black, regular-shaped band on gastral terga I-IV.... ci Sine AOR RMD UNG ed AOS Sat SS nA Trypoxylon fenchihuense Tsuneki, 1967 Apical flagellomere as long as four preceding articles combined; gaster brown to DIAG lr snes nasthadietomplenaitinatoont eaaondsaieonetuys Trypoxylon similichingi Li & Li, 2010 16 17, 18 19 20 Zl 22 he) 24 Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 315 Flagellomeres I-IV beneath with linear tyloids, apical flagellomere as long as, or shorter than tive precedin eanticles-Comi INE elit acnlvesdcneceontetabn one vat tesaadtlaDbnel std Niantic I eis adie di lb ire dc chtte sean Trypoxylon clypeisinuatum Li & Li, 2010 Flagellomeres HI-IV beneath with linear tyloids, apical flagellomere as long as four preceding articles combined..... Trypoxylon pacificum Gussakovskij, 1932 Apical flagellomere curved, conspicuously hollowed beneath (as long as three pre- ceding articles combined); U-shaped boundary groove on propodeal enclosure almost invisible and medial furrow shallow, surface smooth and shiny, without PUNCLUTES OP FUCHS cw aneacadheet eaewereoderends Trypoxylon truncatum Tsuneki, 1979 Apical flagellomere not curved; U-shaped boundary groove on propodeal enclo- sure and medial furrow clear, distinct, surface with conspicuous dense rugae ..18 Flagellomeres without tyloids and not excavate beneath (apical flagellomere as lone as-tour*preceding -articlesicoibined) fora r Wau eotetse ae conc sar setdarees ns scutes ae-tewes sic ae Snassalensitlp ae SINS atlndealatont bate Trypoxylon ferrugiabdominale Li & Li, 2007 Plas elloimeres: Withee lOrds ics ve, fasesivencee lel wit cev tear ent le. conet ee bids ean trate ate! 19 Flagellomeres V—VI stoutly dentate beneath, apical flagellomere as long as two preceding articles combined................. Trypoxylon shimoyamai Tsuneki, 1958 Flagellomeres not dentate beneath, flagellomeres [II-VI beneath with linear ty- loids, apical flagellomere as long as three preceding articles combined................. ee eee, Se eee ae Trypoxylon kansitakum Tsuneki, 1971 Apical flagellomere as long as or longer than four preceding articles combined21 Apical flagellomere shorter than four preceding articles combined .................. 23 Flagellomere VIII excavate beneath at base, distinctly incrassate toward apex; su- praantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with deep longitudinal groove at base....... ss Tiga ip aschig onions tans isa etaotint ph oon caste ph too Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 Flagellomeres unmodified; supraantennal tubercle tuberiform, without groove... Apical flagellomere longer than five preceding articles combined; setae on head and thorax silvery; gastral segments II-III] ferruginous .0.... eee eeeeseeseeeeereeeeees LS saksa soba ra etentep alboesbettbuahs baheb jeusabeitaneseraURaaens es Trypoxylon errans Saussure, 1867 Apical flagellomere as long as four preceding articles combined; setae on head and thorax golden; apex of gastral segments I-III ferruginous ..0.... ieee eeeeeeeeeees wsathethesupieonnaeiuth piideaeb ie dien. susernaedsstudesiseene Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904 Mesoscutum distinctly microscopically coriaceous, superimposed with punc- tures, PIS ~ PD, PIS coarse (apical flagellomere longer than two preceding articles combined; base of gastral segments II-IV ferruginous)......... ccc ceeeseeseeseceeeereeeeees LE Ie Pon me Pe eR eT Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938 Mesoscutum without microsculpture, simply punctated, PIS > PD, PIS smooth Supraantennal furrow shallow, antennal socket rim anteriorly expanded (supraan- tennal tubercle round, without transverse carina or band-like expansion at ante- rior margin; apical flagellomere longer than three preceding articles combined).. Rar A MP rod BU lyst a BAD 3 Oe Trypoxylon takasago Tsuneki, 1966 Supraantennal furrow deep, antennal socket rim not expanded .........e sees 25 316 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) 25. Supraantennal tubercle attenuate apically, apex of supraantennal tubercle oblique- ly inclined, forming smooth and shiny area with large hollow mesally (apical flagellomere longer than two preceding articles combined and shorter than three preceding articles combined)... Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904 — Supraantennal tubercle broaden apically, without anterior oblique flattened area 26 Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina; clypeus conspicuously protruded medioapically; gaster from apex of petiole to segment HI ferruginous laterodor- sally, dark dorsally and ventrally .............. Trypoxylon orientale Cameron, 1904 — Side of propodeum without lateral carina; clypeus round medioapically; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to base of gastral segment IV... eee eee 2d: 27 Lateral tubercles of pronotum dentate; vertex conspicuously depressed; apical flagéllomere-in. lateralview-distinetly tapering 62 ts..) cen cssitandemia tecaees censure sta FO pre rede irae eB tn Merit Nrtch rents trimethyl lee a Trypoxylon bicolor Smith, 1856 — Lateral tubercles of pronotum triangular; vertex undepressed; apical flagellomere in lateral view not tapering, slightly curved medially eee eee eseeseeseeeeeeees Lankisatehs ebababaettaaths etheaepuetnensl then dasohs aeibnbehion't Trypoxylon petiolatum Smith, 1858 Trypoxylon aphelothoracicus Fu & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/23AF9F03-3F22-419E-832F-E62658160F28 Fig. 1 Type material. Holotype: 2: Cura, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, 1438 m., 20.VI—20.VII.2018, Li Ma pro- ject team (YNAU). Paratypes: 299.9: same locality as for holotype except: 20.VI-20. VII.2018 (1099), 20.VII-15.VIIL.2018 (399), 17.V-21.V1.2018 (299), 25.1V- 17.V.2018 (39), 28.V-28.V1.2019 (1099), 15.IV-27.V.2021 (19); 19, Cutna, Yun- nan, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Guanggang Village, Ancient tea forest, 21°49'15"N, 100°29'44"E, 1526 m, 20. VUI-16.IX.2018, coll. Li Ma project team (YNAU). Diagnosis. The species resembles 7’ minutum Tsuneki, 1979 and T’ undatum Tsuneki, 1979 in lacking the lateral carina on the propodeum. It differs from both by the supraantennal tubercle with small U-shaped carina, transverse carina on both sides of apex, and with short, longitudinal carina mesally (in 7’ minutum the supraantennal tubercle is triangular, without transverse carina anteriorly and without middle carina; in 7’ undatum the supraantennal tubercle is low, with conspicuous, transverse carina anteriorly and thick, longitudinal carina mesally), free margin of clypeus with an in- verted trapezoid projection (in 7’ minutum the free margin of clypeus is triangularly produced; in 7’ undatum the clypeal margin is wavy, without projection), gastral sterna II-IV black, gastral terga II-IV brown to black (in 7’ minutum gastral sterna II-IV are dark red, gastral terga II-IV are ferruginous; in 7’ undatum gastral sterna and terga II-IV are ferruginous, gastral terga II-III each with broad brown mark). Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China S17 Figure |. 7iypoxylon aphelothoracicus sp. nov. holotype 2 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C head (dorsal view) D thorax (dorsal view) E propodeum (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view) G gastral segments I-III (dorsal view). 318 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Description. Female: Body length, 6.9-7.2 mm (Fig. 1A). Body black; labial palpi, maxillary palpi and pronotal lobe apically ivory; yellowish brown are: most of mandible, clypeal apex, scape beneath, foretrochanter, forefemur except with brown stripe on inner surface, foretibia, apex of midcoxa, mid- and hindtrochanters; brown are: mandible apically, pedicel beneath, tegula, midfemur except yellow stripe on outer surface, midtibia and fore- and midtarsi; wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma brown. The following body parts covered with short, dense, silvery pubescence (length of setae less than Od): most of clypeus, supraclypeal area, lower inner orbit, gena, pronotum, metapleuron, side of propodeal dorsum and posterior part of propodeum. Head: Head quadrate in frontal view (Fig. 1B), HW: HL = 10: 10, thick in dorsal view (Fig. 1C). Mandible simple, without denticle on inner margin. Clypeus nearly flat, with fine, dense punctures; lateral margin of clypeus more concave; free margin of clypeus with inverted trapezoid protrusion that is slightly concave in middle (Fig. 1B). Supraclypeal area narrow, long, length greater than its maximum apical width. Supraantennal tubercle low, its anterior margin with small U-shaped carina, with ante- rior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim, and short longitudinal carina mesally (Fig. 1B). Supraantennal furrow lacking. F I = 2.0 x AW, FI: F II: F Ill = 7: 5: 4, Frons slightly convex medially, microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punc- tures (PIS ~ PD) and hardly visible medial furrow. Inner eye orbits convergent below, broadly, shallowly notched (IODs = 10:4.5). Vertex slightly convex, ocellar triangle flattened (OOD: Od: POD = 2: 9: 5) (Fig. 1C). Gena narrow, evenly convex. Thorax: Pronotum with deep, transverse furrow anteriorly, convex laterally, flat- tened anteriorly, pronotal collar narrow medially, enlarged towards side, without medi- an tubercle, with distinct, translucent, posterior border; pronotal lobes rounded. Mes- oscutum (Fig. 1D) microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD); admedial line inconspicuously impressed, only extended to 1/4 of scutum length; pres- cutal sutures absent; parapsidal line distinct. Scutellum and metanotum microscopi- cally coriaceous, with fine and dense punctures (PIS ~ PD). Metapleuron impunctate (Fig. 1F). Propodeal enclosure with deep U-shaped groove (Fig. 1E), basally with short oblique rugae, with narrow, deep mid furrow and short transverse rugae within fur- row, side of groove smooth, impunctate. Posterior part of propodeum with deep mid groove, except apically. Side of propodeum without lateral carina; lateral surface shiny, impunctate (Fig. 1F). In forewing, R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 x 2.8, TCV < CV2. Hind coxa without small tubercle ventrally. Gaster: Gastral petiole (Fig. 1G) clavate, about 3.40 x as long as apical width in dorsal view, shorter than segments II-III combined. Male. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. The specific name is derived from two Greek words: apheles - (=smooth) and - thoracicus (= Latinized form of thorax), referring to the mesopleuron, metapleu- ron, and propodeal lateral surface smooth, and the side of propodeum without lateral carina in the female. Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 319 Trypoxylon ferrugineipes Fu & Li, sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/9AE3 DBB3-47D 1-4DEG6-A468-EE7 F9OEAE5 DB9 Figs 2 Type material. Holotype: 2: Cura, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai Coun- ty, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, ca 1438 m, 21.VI-20.VII.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU). Paratype: 329: same date as holotype except: 28.V—28. V1.2019 (229), 13.VIII-15.IX.2020 (19). Diagnosis. ‘The species resembles 7’ /ongipes Tsuneki, 1979 in having the legs markedly slender and elongate (hind tibia about 1.25 x as long as HW, midtarsomere I longer than half HW), free margin of clypeus wavy, supraantennal tubercle low and supraantennal furrow shallow. It differs by the IODs = 10:7 (in 7’ longipes the IODs = 10:4), gastral petiole slightly flask-shaped, GL/ W = 4.1 (in T’ longipes gastral petiole distinctly flask-shaped, GL/ W = 5.6), gaster wholly ferruginous (in 7’ longipes gastral tergum V blackish). The species also resembles 7’ ambiguum Tsuneki, 1956 in the shape of the clypeal free margin and pronotal collar, but has a shallow supraan- tennal furrow (in 7’ ambiguum the supraantennal furrow is absent), IODs = 10:7 (in LT. ambiguum 1ODs = 10:9), gastral petiole slightly clavate (in 77 ambiguum gastral petiole flask-shaped), GL/ W = 4.1 (in ZT’ ambiguum GL/ W = 5.0). Description. Female: Body length, 7.7-8.0 mm (Fig. 2A). Body black; labial palpi, maxillary palpi and most of pronotal lobe ivory; yellow are: most of mandible, clypeal apex, scape and pedicel beneath, foreleg except base of forecoxa, midleg from apex of midcoxa to midtarsomere I; yellowish brown are: mandible apically, midtar- somere II—-IV, hindcoxa on inner surface, hindtrochanter and inner surface of hind- femur; gaster wholly ferruginous; wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma brown. The following body parts covered with short, dense, silvery pubescence (length of setae less than Od): most of clypeus, supraclypeal area, lower inner orbit, gena, pronotum, side of propodeal dorsum and posterior part of propodeum. Head: Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 2B), HW: HL = 10: 9, thin in dorsal view (Fig. 2C). Mandible simple, without denticle on inner margin. Clypeus nearly flat, with fine, dense punctures; lateral margin of clypeus slightly concave; margin of cl- ypeus sinuate, slightly concave medially (Fig. 2B). Supraclypeal area narrow and long, length greater than its maximum apical width. Supraantennal tubercle low, without anterior transverse carina, with short longitudinal carina mesally (Fig. 2B); supraanten- nal furrow shallow in dorsal view. F I = 3.0 x AW, FI: F II: F III = 3: 2: 2. Frons micro- scopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD), frontal furrow deeply im- pressed. Inner eye orbits convergent below, with broad, shallow notch (IODs = 10:7). Vertex slightly convex, ocellar triangle flattened (OOD: Od: POD = 1: 7: 5) (Fig. 2C). Gena narrow, evenly convex. Thorax: Pronotum with deep transverse furrow anteriorly, convex laterally, flat- tened anteriorly, pronotal collar narrow medially and enlarged towards side, with min- ute median tubercle, with distinct, translucent, posterior border; pronotal lobe round- 320 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) ——— 1 mm je aes 1mm is Figure 2. 7rypoxylon ferrugineipes sp. nov. holotype 2 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C head (dorsal view) D thorax (dorsal view) E propodeum (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view) G gastral segments I-III (dorsal view). ed. Mesoscutum (Fig. 2D) microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD); admedial line inconspicuously impressed, only extending to 1/5 of scutum; prescutal suture absent; parapsidal line distinct. Scutellum and metanotum microscop- Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 321 ically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD). Metapleuron microscopically coriaceous, impunctate (Fig. 2F). Propodeal enclosure with deep U-shaped groove (Fig. 2E), with few, short and oblique rugae basomedially, with broad, deep mid fur- row, long and transverse rugae within furrow, sides of furrow smooth, scattered with fine punctures. Posterior part of propodeum with deep medial groove, except for apical portion. Propodeal lateral carina well-developed (Fig. 2F); propodeal lateral surface dull, microscopically coriaceous, with inconspicuous rugae anteriorly. In fore wing, R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching wing apex, CV1 = CV2 x 3.1, TCV = CV2. Legs very slender, elongate, hindtibia about 1.25 x as long as HW, midtarsomere I longer than half HW and hindcoxa longer than three x apical width; hindcoxa without small ventral tubercle. Gaster: Gastral petiole (Fig. 2G) slightly clavate, about 4.10 x as long as apical width in dorsal view, shorter than segments II-HI combined. Male. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. The specific name is derived from two Latin words: ferrugineus - (= fer- ruginous) + - pes (= leg), referring to the legs partly ferrugineus in female. Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 Fig. 3 Trypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007: 6. Material examined. 69 9: Curna, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, ca 1438 m, 21.VI-20.VII.2018 (19), 25.IV-17.V.2018 (19), 19.IV-28.V.2019 (229), 28.V-28.V1.2019 (29), Li Ma pro- ject team (YNAU); 154d: same data as for preceding: 25.IV—17.V.2018 (1), 17.V—21. VI.2018 (13), 21. VI-20.VII.2018 (13), 20. VII-15.VII.2018 (163), 15.IX—16.X.2018 266) 0165-17. 5122018 264) 26. 1-22 2019-4) 422 M19 TV2019 (1); 28.VI-19.VII.20198 (33.6), 13. VIII-15.1X.2020 (1), 27.V-15.V1.2021 (16). Diagnosis. ‘The species resembles 7’ koreanum Tsuneki, 1956 and T’ koikense Tsuneki, 1956 in having the supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with deep groove medially. It differs from both by gastral petiole flask-shaped, longer than following two segments combined, GL/ W = 5.25 (in 7’ koreanum and T: koikense the gastral petiole is clavate, shorter than following two segments combined, GL/ W = 2.0—2.7), propo- deal dorsum without mid furrow, obliquely carinae (in 7’ koreanum and T° koikense the propodeal dorsum with mid furrow, without oblique carinae), flagellomere VII excavate beneath at base and distinctly incrassate toward apex in male (in 7’ koreanum flagellomeres unmodified in male; in 7’ koikense flagellomere VII unmodified but flagellomere IV excavate beneath at base in male). Description. Female (first description of female): Body length, 7.5 mm (Fig. 3A). Black; yellowish brown are: labial and maxillary palpi, most of mandible, tegula, apex of foretibia, foretarsus and midtarsomere I; brown are: wings hyaline, veins and pter- 322 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) ostigma. The following body parts covered with long, dense, silvery pubescence (length of setae greater than Od): most of clypeus, supraclypeal area, lower inner orbit, gena, pronotum, metapleuron, side of propodeal dorsum and posterior part of propodeum. Head: Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 3D), HW: HL = 10: 8.8, thin in dorsal view. Mandible simple, without denticle on inner margin. Clypeus nearly flat, with fine, dense punctures; lateral margin of clypeus slightly concave; free margin of clypeus with short rectangular protrusion, protrusion shallowly incised mesally (Fig. 3D). Su- praclypeal area broad, short, shorter than its maximum apical width. Supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with deep longitudinal groove at base (Fig. 3D). F I = 2.5 x AW, FI: FI: F U1 = 1: 1: 1. Frons slightly (mainly mesally) convex, microscopically co- riaceous, with fine, dense punctures, and hardly visible medial furrow. Inner eye orbits convergent below, broadly and shallowly notched (IODs = 10:10). Vertex slightly con- vex, ocellar triangle flattened (OOD: Od: POD = 2: 6: 5). Gena narrow, evenly convex. Thorax: Pronotum with deep transverse furrow anteriorly, convex laterally, flat- tened anteriorly, pronotal collar narrow medially, enlarged towards side, with minute median tubercle, with distinct black posterior border; pronotal lobe rounded. Mesos- cutum microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 3G), with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD); admedial line inconspicuously impressed, only extended to 1/4 of scutum; prescutal suture absent; parapsidal line distinct. Scutellum and metanotum microscopically co- riaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD). Metapleuron microscopically coria- ceous, dull. Propodeal enclosure with shallow U-shaped groove, without mid furrow, oblique striation covering almost entire propodeal enclosure surface (Fig. 3F). Posterior part of propodeum with deep medial groove, except for apical portion. Lateral carina of propodeum well-developed (Fig. 3J), propodeal lateral surface dull, with inconspic- uous rugae anteriorly. In fore wing, R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 x 2.5, TCV = CV2. Gaster: Gastral petiole (Fig. 3L) flask-shaped, about 5.25 x as long as apical width in dorsal view, longer than segments H-III combined. Male: Sculpture, setae, and body coloration (Fig. 3E, H, I, K, M) as in female ex- cept as follows: body length 7.3 mm (Fig. 3B); clypeal free margin not obviously pro- duced. (Fics3E); I@1)s'=10:8;, OOD. Od? POD 235-2 522572 Lana =.923: 5; flagellomere VIII excavate beneath at base and distinctly incrassate toward apex (Fig. 3C); F XI = 3.5 x BW, flagellomere XI as long as four preceding articles combined; male sternum VIII (Fig. 3N); and male genitalia (Fig. 30, P). Distribution. China (Yunnan). Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889 Fig. 4 Trypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889: 118, 119; Bingham 1897: 225; Richards 1934: 338; R. Bohart and Menke 1976: 345; Tsuneki 1978b: 33, 76, 1979a: 3, 19, 1979b: 3, 8, 1980b: 4, 16, 21, 1981d: 18, 22, 1981f: 41. Trypoxylon monstruosum Tsuneki, 1974: 633, synonymized with Trypoxylon buddha by Tsuneki 1978b: 36; R. Bohart and Menke 1976: 630. Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 323 ‘ Figure 3. Ziypoxylon infoveatum Li & Li, 2007. 2 (A, D, F,G,J, L); 3 (B, C, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P) A, B habitus (lateral view) € male antenna (lateral view) D, E head (frontal view) G, H thorax (dorsal view) F, | propodeum (dorsal view) J, K thorax (lateral view) L, M gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) N male sternum VIII O, P genitalia. 324 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Trypoxylon buddhae tarawakanum Tsuneki, 1976: 92, synonymized with Trypoxylon buddha by Tsuneki 1978b: 36. Material examined. 19: Cuina, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Longmen Village, 21°16'46"N, 101°32'19"E, ca 923 m, 10.IV.2010, Rui Zhang (YNAU). Diagnosis. 7’ buddha resembles 7’ brevipenne de Saussure, 1867 in having large punctures on the frons and mesoscutum, metapleural keel conspicuously curved and hind coxae with tubercle in female. It differs by the apex of gastral terga I-III each with apicomedian fovea (in 7) brevipenne the gastral terga I-III without fovea), free margin of clypeus with short, wide protrusion medially (in 7’ brevipenne free margin of clypeus with semicircular protrusion medially). The species also resembles 7’ maculipes Tsuneki, 1979 in sharing the apex of gastral terga I-HI each with apicomedian fovea and in body colour, but the punctures on frons and mesoscutum are large (in 77 macu- lipes punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are small), supraantennal tubercle with middle carina and anterior transverse carina (in 7’ maculipes supraantennal tubercle without middle carina and anterior transverse carina inconspicuous), free margin of clypeus with short, wide protrusion medially (in 7’ maculipes free margin of clypeus with bidentate protrusion medially). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 9.5 mm (Fig. 4A). Body black; head and thorax with dense, short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head sub-quadrate in frontal view (Fig. 4B), almost equal in width and height; lateral margin of clypeus markedly concave, with short, wide protrusion medially; su- praclypeal area broad, short; supraantennal tubercle highly nasiform, with conspicuous middle carina, and anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim; frons with large, irregular punctures (PIS < PD), PIS smooth, shiny, frontal furrow deeply impressed. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with large, scattered punctures (PIS < PD), PIS smooth, shiny (Fig. 4C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 4D), with wide mid furrow and transverse wrinkles in furrow; gastral petiole slightly flask-shaped (Fig. 4E), shorter than following two segments combined, apex of gastral terga I-III each with apicome- dian fovea. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 4F), propodeal lateral surface dull, with conspicuous oblique rugae. HW: HL = 10: 10. IODs = 10:6. OOD: Ode POs 2372783 Pl 73.2 EB =: (8262 Ri Mlonger than, POV, almost reaching wing apex, CV1 = CV2 x 2, CV2 = 1/2 TCV. GL/ W = 4.2. Distribution. China (Yunnan); India; Philippines; Sri Lanka. Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979 Fig. 5 Trypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979a: 3, 24, 1979b: 3, 8, 1980a: 4, 17, 1981a: 4, 13, 1981b: 100, 103, 1981d: 18, 1981f: 43. Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 325 Aan a i oe E «hel Aa \ ee - ‘ 4 Figure 4. 7rypoxylon buddha Cameron, 1889 9 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). Ne Material examined. 29 9: Curna, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 24.1V—31.V.2019, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU). Diagnosis. 7! flavipes resembles 7’ buddha Cameron, 1889 and ZT! maculipes Tsuneki, 1979 in having the apex of gastral terga I-III each with apicomedian fovea and head sub-quadrate in frontal view. It differs from both by the anterior edge of su- praantennal tubercle rounded (in 7 buddha supraantennal tubercle with conspicuous transverse carina anteriorly; in 7’ maculipes the anterior edge of supraantennal tubercle transverse), the gaster and legs more or less ferruginous (in 7’ buddha and T’ maculipes the gaster and legs wholly black), punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are small (in TL. buddha punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are large), free margin of clypeus with bidentate protrusion medially (in 7’ buddha free margin of clypeus with short, 326 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) wide protrusion medially), the penis valve subapically with narrow, curved hook on each side (in 7’ maculipes the penis valve is simple at apex). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 7.7—7.8 mm (Fig. 5A). Body black; yellow are: mandible basally, scape and pedicel beneath, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore legs, midleg except midtarsomere II-V, hindtrochanter and apex of hindtibia; ferruginous are: apex of mandible, clypeus, base of gastral terga II-IV, base of gastral sternum III, gastral sternum IV. Head and thorax with dense, short silvery se- tae (length of setae less than Od). Head sub-quadrate in frontal view (Fig. 5B), almost equal in width and height; clypeus with bidentate protrusion; supraclypeal area narrow and long; supraantennal tubercle low, with conspicuous middle carina, anterior carina rounded; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS = PD), frontal furrow deeply impressed. Pronotal collar with median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 5C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 5D), with wide mid furrow, and transverse wrinkles in furrow; gastral petiole slightly flask- shaped (Fig. 5E), shorter than following two segments combined, apex of gastral terga I-III each with fovea medially. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 5F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 10. IODs = 10:4. OOD: Od: POD = 1: 3: 4. FI = 3.0 x AW, FI: F II: F HI = 10: 9: 8. R1 longer than TCV, almost reaching wing-apex, CV l= CV2 « 4°CV2.= TCV. GLI W = 5:8. Distribution. Australia; Borneo; China (Yunnan); India; Laos; Moluccas; New Guinea; Pacific Islands; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Sulawesi. Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904 Fig. 6 Trypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904: 217; Tsuneki 1978b: 52, 78, 1979a: 12, 101, 1979c: 8, 1980a: 7, 55, 1980b: 8, 70, 1981f: 70. Material examined. 19: Cuina, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 19.VI—-13.VII.2021, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU). Diagnosis. 7’ fulvocollare resembles T) taiwanum Tsuneki, 1967 and T. atricorne Tsuneki, 1979 in having the supraantennal tubercle low, with thin mid-longitudinal carina, without anterior carina, the antennal socket rim tricarinate, the shape of pro- notal collar and punctures on the frons and mesoscutum fine and sparse. It differs from both by the body covered with golden setae (in 7’ taiwanum and T. atricorne the setae are silvery), the flagellomeres I-II beneath and pronotal collar posteriorly yellow (in TL. taiwanum the pronotal collar posteriorly black to light brown; in 7’ atricorne the flagellomeres I—II black and pronotal collar posteriorly are black to light brown), the base of gastral segments I-III are ferruginous (in 7 taiwanum and T’ atricorne the Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 327 io Imm + é | r sis yi 1mm Figure 5. Zrypoxylon flavipes Tsuneki, 1979. 9 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). gaster is ferruginous from apex of petiole to segment II or IV), OOD: POD = 2: 3 (in TL. taiwanum OOD: POD = 1: 3 and in T atricorne OOD: POD = 1: 2), free margin of clypeus rounded (in 7’ taiwanum free margin of clypeus is conspicuously rounded; in 7. atricorne free margin of clypeus is rounded and shallowly incised mesally). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 21.2 mm (Fig. 6A). Body black; yellow are: mandible, clypeal apex, scape, pedicel, flagellomeres I—II be- neath, pronotal collar posteriorly, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midlegs except base of coxa, apex of hindtibia; base of gastral segments II—II ferruginous. Head and thorax with dense, long golden setae (length of setae greater than Od). Head rounded in fron- 328 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) * yy 1 mm . 2 iat = Figure 6. 7ypoxylon fulvocollare Cameron, 1904. 9 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). tal view (Fig. 6B); free margin of clypeus rounded, without protrusion; supraclypeal area broad and short; supraantennal tubercle low, with thin mid-longitudinal carina, without anterior transverse carina; frons microscopically coriaceous, with midsize to large and dense punctures (PIS = PD), frontal furrow deeply impressed. Pronotal col- lar flat, without tubercle mesally; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, scattered punctures (PIS > PD), PIS smooth, shiny (Fig. 6C); propodeal enclosure with inconspicuous U-shaped groove (Fig. 6D), with wide mid furrow, without transverse carinae; gastral petiole flask-shaped (Fig. 6E), longer than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 6F), propodeal lateral surface:sShiny: KI We HL =.10:38:251ODs =: 10 OO D1 Od: POD 23:30 FL= Su x AW, FI: F I: F II = 10: 7: 7. R1 short, R1 = 1/2 TCV, CV1 = CV2 x 7, CV2 = 1/2 TCV. GL/ W = 4.5. Distribution. Borneo; China (Yunnan); Indonesia; Java; Lesser Sunda Islands; Malaysia; Moluccas; Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra. Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China a2) Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981 Fig 7 Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981d: 5, 19. Material examined. 19: Curtna, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai Coun- ty, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, ca 1438 m, 27.V—15.VI.2021, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU). Diagnosis. 7’ gampahae resembles 7’ mandibulatum Richards, 1933 and T. pyg- maeum Cameron, 1900 in having the mandible bidentate on inner margin near apex, median and lower frons roundly swollen and head sub-quadrate in frontal view. It differs from both by punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are fine and sparse (in LT) mandibulatum punctures on the frons and mesoscutum somewhat are large and conspicuous), the frons in lateral view is highly raised and inclined to antennal socket rim anteriorly (in 7’ pygmaeum the frons in lateral view is inconspicuously raised and almost flat anteriorly), the free margin of clypeus is conspicuously produced and with bidentate protrusion medially (in 7’ mandibulatum the clypeal free margin is incon- spicuously produced and with truncate protrusion medially; in 7’ pygmaeum the free margin of clypeus is inconspicuously produced and slightly wavied). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 7.5 mm (Fig. 7A). Body black; head and thorax with dense, short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head sub-quadrate in frontal view (Fig. 7B); mandible thick, bidentate on in- ner margin near apex; free margin of clypeus gently raised, inconspicuously incised medially; supraclypeal area broad, short; median and lower frons roundly swollen, without anterior transverse carina; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD), frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS x PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 7C); propodeal enclosure with shal- low but distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 7D), without mid furrow, oblique striation covering almost entire propodeal enclosure surface; gastral petiole clavate (Fig. 7E), shorter than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 7F), propodeal lateral surface dull, with inconspicuous rugae anterior: ERWsthiL= 40: 0s IO Ds"=210:7, OOD: Od: POD 222528 2B 2.0 xt AOE LTE Ne FNS 1.0: 757 Ri equal-tool@V, CV l= CV2 % 2.3; CVO TOY, GUEN = 3.3% Distribution. China (Yunnan); Sri Lanka. Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938 Fig. 8 Trypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938: 451, 453; Tsuneki 1956a: 120, 122, 1956b: 4, 8, 19, 1972: 8, 1973: 32, 36, 1981e: 6, 1981f: 36; Antropov 1988: 87; 416; Ter- ayama and Nambu 2009: 7, 26; Jeong and J.-K. Kim 2020: 246, 248. 330 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) } my | mm -— Figure 7. Trypoxylon gampahae Tsuneki, 1981 9 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). Material examined. 1914: Curna, Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Leigong Moun- tain, 27°52'06"N, 106°56'53"E, 1184 m, 19.VII.2019 (19), 15.VII.2019 (13), Yan Zhang (YNAU). 29 233: Cuina, Guizhou Province, Zunyi City, Dabanshui Forest Park, 27°42'18"N, 106°51'15"E, ca 1001 m, 10. VII. 2011, Feng Dongdong (YNAU). Diagnosis. 7! imayoshii resembles T’ ambiguum Tsuneki, 1956 in having a similar shape of the supraantennal tubercle, the pronotal collar and gastral petiole, punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are fine and sparse. It differs by the free margin of clypeus is conspicuously produced and with slightly bidentate protrusion medially (in 7’ am- biguum the margin of clypeus is inconspicuously produced and slightly waved), the frontal furrow is conspicuously impressed, the surface gently inclined towards middle Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China og (in 7) ambiguum the frontal furrow is inconspicuous, only conspicuous before anterior ocellus), the flagellomere XI longer than two preceding articles combined in male (in TL. ambiguum the flagellomere XI shorter than two preceding articles), the apex of ster- num VIII rounded in male (in 7’ ambiguum the apex of sternum VIII incised mesally in male). The species also resembles 77 infoveatum Li & Li, 2007 in having the shape of pronotal collar and gastral petiole, punctures on the frons and mesoscutum are fine and sparse, but the supraantennal tubercle is low (in 7’ infoveatum the supraantennal tubercle is highly nasiform), the gaster is more or less ferruginous (in 7’ infoveatum the gaster is wholly black), the flagellomeres are unmodified in male (in 7’ infoveatum the flagellomere VIII excavate beneath at base and markedly incrassate toward apex). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 8.0-9.7 mm (Fig. 8A). Body black; yellowish brown are: mandible, clypeal apex, pronotal lobe, tegula, foreleg except base of forecoxa, midleg except midtarsomere II—IV, apex of hindcoxa, hindtrochanter and base of hindtibia; base of gastral segments I-IV ferruginous. Head and thorax with dense, long silvery setae (length of setae greater than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 8D); free margin of clypeus with reversed trapezoidal protrusion, produced area shallowly incised mesally; supraclypeal area broad and short; supraantennal tubercle low, without anterior transverse carina; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures, frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar trituber- culate, with median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures, PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 8G); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 8F), with wide mid furrow, and transverse rugae in furrow; gastral petiole flask-shaped (Fig. 8L), longer than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 8J), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 8.2. IODs = 10:9. OOD: Od: POD = 1: 5: 3. FI = 3.6 x AW, F I: F IF = 1239: 9. Ri tequal to. TCV CVI =GV2%.2.9) (CV2 =TEVeGLE Wes 49. Male. Body length 7.0—9.6 mm (Fig. 8B). Sculpture, setae, and coloration (gaster sometimes wholly brown) (Fig. 8E, H, I, K, M) as in female except as follows: clypeal free margin roundly produced (Fig. 8E); IODs = 10:8. OOD: Od: POD = 3: 4: 3; FI: FI]: F III = 9: 8: 8; F XI = 2.4 x BW, flagellomere XI longer than two preceding articles combined, but shorter than three preceding articles combined (Fig. 8C). Male sternum VIII (Fig. 8N). Male genitalia (Fig. 8O, P). Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shandong, Yunnan, Zheji- ang); Japan; Korea; Russia. Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979 Fig. 9 Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 1979b: 4, 17, 1981d: 19. Material examined. 19: Cuina, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 24.[V—31.V.2019, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU); 19: Cutna, Yunnan Province, Jin- 332 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Figure 8. Tiypoxylon imayoshii Yasumatsu, 1938. 9 (A, D, F, G, J, L); ¢ (B, C, E, H, I, K, M,N, O, P) A, B habitus (lateral view) C male antenna (lateral view) D, E head (frontal view) G, H thorax (dorsal view) F, | propodeum (dorsal view) J, K thorax (lateral view) L, M gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) N male sternum VIII O, P genitalia. Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China Sib ghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Sandalwood and pomelo mixed forest, 27°90'04"N, 106°27'21"E, ca 508 m, 25.IX—25.X.2019, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU). Diagnosis. The species resembles 7’ formosicola Strand, 1922 in having the su- praantennal tubercle is low, but differs by rounded free margin of clypeus (in 7’ for- mosicola free margin of clypeus have short, wide protrusion), the scape and pedicel be- neath and gaster are wholly ferruginous (in 7’ formosicola the scape and pedicel beneath and gaster are wholly black). The species also resembles 7’ gracilescens E Smith, 1860 in having the free margin of clypeus rounded. It differs by the supraantennal furrow is absent (in 7’ gracilescens the supraantennal furrow is deep), the side of the propodeum have conspicuous lateral carina (in 7’ gracilescens the lateral carina is inconspicuous, almost lacking), the supraantennal tubercle is low, with anterior transverse carina con- nected to antennal socket rim (in 7’ gracilescens the medio-apical area of supraantennal tubercle is obliquely flattened into smooth, shiny and round area, not connected to the antennal socket rim). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 11.9-12.5 mm (Fig. 9A). Body black; yellow are: mandible, clypeal apex, scape and pedicel beneath and flagellomere I, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midlegs except coxa and trochanter, hindtibia and hindtarsus; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to apical gastral seg- ment. Head and thorax with dense, long silvery setae (length of setae greater than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 9B); free margin of clypeus rounded, without pro- trusion; supraclypeal area broad and short; supraantennal tubercle low, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim; frons microscopically coriaceous, with medium-large, dense punctures (PIS = PD), frontal furrow deeply impressed. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, scattered punctures (PIS > PD), PIS smooth and shiny (Fig. 9C); propodeal enclosure with inconspicuous U-shaped groove (Fig. 9D), mid furrow shallow, trans- versely rugose; gastral petiole flask-shaped (Fig. 9E), longer than following two seg- ments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 9F), propodeal latéral’surtace shiny HW: HL = 1028. TODs= 11:9. OOD: Ode POD 1: 3:2.-F 1 = 4.0 50AW) EF TBE = 106; Riequal-to. FOV GV hi CV267, CV 2" dD TCV GL We=531" Distribution. China (Yunnan); Sri Lanka. Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904 Fig. 10 Trypoxylon khasiae Cameron, 1904d: 218; Tsuneki 1978b: 54, 80, 1979a: 11, 12, 84, nec 1979c: 7, 8, 9, 36 (= Trypoxylon varipilosum), 1981f: 58. Material examined. 3992: Cuina, Yunnan Province, Honghe Prefecture, Hekou County, Nanxi Town, 22°37'32"N, 103°56'53"E, ca 121 m, 6.VIII.2016 (299), 28.X.2016 (12), Hesheng Wang (YNAU); 399: Cutna, Yunnan Province, Jin- 334 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Imm 4 } Figure 9. Trypoxylon kandyianum Tsuneki, 197 (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). ghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rubber for- est, 21°92'26"N, 101°26'50"E, ca 543 m, 20.VIH-18.IX.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU); 19: Cutna, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuang- banna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 20. VIH-18.1X.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU); 19: Cura, Yunnan Province, Jin- ghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Sandalwood and pomelo mixed forest, 27°90'04"N, 106°27'21"E, ca 508 m, 26.VHUI-26.IX.2019, Li Ma project team (YNAU). Diagnosis. 7) khasiae resembles 1! varipilosum Cameron, 1901 and T. hyperorien- tale Strand, 1922 in having the medio-apical area of supraantennal tubercle obliquely flattened into smooth, shiny and round area, the shape of pronotal collar, and a smooth mesoscutum. It differs from both by the body with silvery setae (in 7’ varipilosum the setae brassy), oblique area of supraantennal tubercle carrying fovea on it (in 7! var- Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 335 ipilosum oblique area is flat), IODs = 10:5.6 (in 7’ varipilosum IODs = 10:9.0), the free margin of clypeus is rounded out, with two notches medially (in 7’ hyperorientale the margin of clypeus is rounded, slightly incised mesally), flagellomeres beneath and gaster from apex of petiole to apical gastral segment are ferruginous (in 7) hyperorien- tale the flagellomeres and gaster are wholly black). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 11.9-12.5 mm (Fig. 10A). Body black; yellow are: mandible, clypeal apex, scape and pedicel beneath and all flagellomeres beneath, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midfemora and all tibiae and tarsi; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to apical gastral segment. Head and tho- rax with dense and long silvery setae (length of setae greater than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 10B); free margin of clypeus rounded out, with two notches medially; supraclypeal area broad, short; supraantennal tubercle nasiform, without anterior transverse carina, medio-apical area of supraantennal tubercle obliquely flat- tened into smooth, shiny, round area, with distinct fovea on it; frons with deep medial groove, punctures fine (PIS = PD). Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, scattered punctures (PIS > PD), PIS smooth and shiny (Fig. 10C); propodeal enclosure with inconspicuous U-shaped groove (Fig. 10D), with wide, transversely rugose middle furrow; gastral petiole flask- shaped (Fig. 10E), longer than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 10F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 8.5. IODs = 10:5.6. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 7: 4. FI = 4.0 x AW, FI: F II: F III = 27: 18: 16. R1 equal to TCV, CV1 = CV2 x 4.1, CV2 = 1/2 TCV. GL/ W = 4.7. Distribution. China (Yunnan); India; Indonesia; Laos; Thailand. Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1979 Fig. 11 Trypoxylon nasutum Tsuneki, 1979a: 5, 37. Trypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1980a: 2. Substitute name for Trypoxylon nasutum Tsuneki, 1979: Trypoxylon minahime Tsuneki, 1992: 54. Unnecessary substitute name for Trypoxylon nasutum Tsuneki, 1979. Material examined. 39 9: Curna, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rainforest, 21°91'37"N, 101°27'07"E, ca 606 m, 24.[V—31.V.2019, Yongsheng Pu (YNAU); 329: Cura, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Rubber forest, 21°92'26"N, 101°26'50"E, ca 543 m, 15.V—18.VI.2018, Lin Zhao (YNAU). Diagnosis. 7” nasale resembles T. sauteri Tsuneki, 1981 and 7. clypeisinuatum T. Li and Q. Li, 2010 in having the supraantennal tubercle is high nasiform, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim. It differs from both by IODs = 10:8 (in 7’ sauteri 1ODs = 10:3.4), the fore- and midlegs except base of coxa and gaster 336 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). are ferruginous (in 7’ sauteri the gastral segment I, V and VI are black; in T’ clypeisinu- atum the legs are wholly black, the gastral segment I, V and VI are black), free margin of clypeus have semicircular protrusion, the protrusionis shallowly incised mesally (in ZT. sauteri the margin of clypeus is slightly semicircularly produced; in T’ clypeisinuatum the margin of clypeus is conspicuously semicircularly produced). Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 337 Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 8.7—9.2 mm (Fig. 11A). Body black; ferruginous are: mandible basally, clypeal apex, scape and pedicel beneath and flagellomere I, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midlegs except base of coxa, apex of hindcoxa, hindtrochanter, apex of hindtibia, hindtarsus and gaster. Head and thorax with dense, short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head rounded in frontal view (Fig. 11B); free margin of clypeus with semicircular protrusion, pro- duced area shallowly incised mesally; supraclypeal area broad and short; supraantennal tubercle high nasiform, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD), frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS = PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 11C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 11D), with wide, transversely rugose middle furrow; gastral petiole clavate (Fig. 11E), shorter than fol- lowing two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 11F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 9. IODs = 10:8. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 960F b=/3.7 x AW haloF Alba ="10272°6: Rltequalito ECV GVi1"= CV2 x 2.8, CV2 = TCV. GL/ W = 2.7-3.0. Distribution. China (Yunnan); Malaysia. Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979 Fig. 12 Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979a: 6, 51, 1981d: 26, 38. Material examined. 19: Cutna, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Guang- gang Village, Ancient tea forest, 21°49'15"N, 100°29'44"E, ca 1526 m, 20.VHI-16. IX.2018, coll. Li Ma project team (YNAU);19: Cutna, Yunnan Province, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, 21°37'35"N, 100°24'23"E, ca 1438 m, 17.V—20.V1.2018, Li Ma project team (YNAU); 139 9: same data as for preceding: 20.VI-20.VII.2018 (229), 20.VII-16.VVIII.2018 (399), 16.VUI-14.IX.2018 (399), 28.V-28.V1.2019 (19), 28.VI-19.VII.2019 (19), 19.VII-21.VIII.2019 (19), 21. VIII-20.1X.2019 (19), 10.VII-13. VIII.2020 (19). Diagnosis. 7’ pahangense resembles T) truncatum Tsuneki, 1979 and T’ brunnei- maculatum 'T. Li and Q. Li, 2007 in having the supraantennal tubercle is low, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim. It differs from both by the free margin of clypeus have conspicuously obtuse-shaped protrusion (in 7’ truncatum the margin of clypeus is rounded, without projection; in 7’ brunneimaculatum the cl- ypeal free margin is slightly semicircularly produced), the gaster is wholly ferruginous (in 7 truncatum the gastral petiole is black; in 7’ brunneimaculatum the gastral seg- ment I, V and VI are black). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 7.7—-10.1 mm (Fig. 12A). Body black; yellow are: mandible, clypeal apex, pronotal lobe, tegula, fore- and midlegs except base of coxa, apex of hindcoxa, hindtrochanter, hindtibia and hind- 338 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Figure I 1. Zrypoxylon nasale Tsuneki, 1979 9 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). tarsomere I; gaster ferruginous. Head and thorax with dense and short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head rounded (Fig. 12B); free margin of clypeus with distinctly obtuse-shaped protrusion; supraclypeal area broad, short; supraantennal tu- bercle low, with anterior transverse carina; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS = PD), frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar flat, without medi- an tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS = PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 12C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U- shaped groove (Fig. 12D), with wide, transversely rugose middle furrow; gastral petiole Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 339 ‘ a . a — ca as S = fe i m Sn = se ae > 4 . k “ a , 4 _— a ga " i a 5 — y ; i RPS P j cies adil ual mm 4 i in . Am mY 3 Figure 12. Trypoxylon pahangense Tsuneki, 1979 2 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-HI (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). clavate (Fig. 12E), shorter than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 12F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 9. 1IODs = 10:5. OOD: Od: POD = 1: 3: 2. FI = 3.5 x AW, FI: F II: F III = 10: 6: 6. Rivequaltto RCV, CVih=-CV 2-3 20GY 22-90 CVG IW 257-310: Distribution. China (Yunnan); Malaysia. 340 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979 Fig. 13 Trypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979a: 5, 36. Material examined. 1 9 , Cuina, Yunnan, Jinghong City, Menghai County, Guanggang Village, farmland, 21°49'50"N, 100°28'20"E, ca 1229 m, 16.[X-19.X.2018, coll. Li Ma project team (YNAU); 99 9: same data as for preceding: 28.V—28.VI.2019 (19), 20.VII-23.VIII.2019 (29 9), 23.X-24.X1.2019 (229), 13.1-15.11.2021 (499). Diagnosis. 7’ pendleburyi resembles T’ nasale Tsuneki, 1979 and T. clypeisinuatum T. Li and Q. Li, 2010 in having the supraantennal tubercle is highly nasiform, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim. It differs from both by free margin of clypeus have two barely separated and round teeth medially (in 7’ nasale the margin of clypeus have semicircular protrusion, the protrusion is shallowly incised mesally; in 7’ clypeisinuatum the margin of clypeus is conspicuously produced and with semicircular protrusion), the all trochanter are black, the gaster from apex of petiole to end is ferruginous (in 7’ nasale the all trochanter and gaster are wholly ferruginous; in LT. clypeisinuatum the gastral segment I, V and VI are black), the gastral petiole is much slender (in 7’ nasale the gastral petiole is broad and short). Description. Female (first record from China): Body length 7.5—9.2 mm (Fig. 13A). Body black; yellow are: base of mandible, clypeus, pronotal lobe, tegula, foretibia and fo- retarsus, base of midtibia, midtarsomere I and base of hindtibia; gaster ferruginous from apex of petiole to segment VI, sometimes gastral segment V with black mark. Head and thorax with dense and short silvery setae (length of setae less than Od). Head rounded in fromtal view (Fig. 13B); free margin of clypeus with two barely separated and round teeth medially; supraclypeal area broad, short; supraantennal tubercle high nasiform, with anterior transverse carina connected to antennal socket rim; frons microscopically coriaceous, with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD), frontal furrow shallow. Pronotal collar flat, without median tubercle; mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum with fine, dense punctures (PIS ~ PD), PIS microscopically coriaceous (Fig. 13C); propodeal enclosure with distinct U-shaped groove (Fig. 13D), with wide mid furrow, and transverse rugae in furrow; gastral petiole clavate (Fig. 13E), shorter than following two segments combined. Side of propodeum with distinct lateral carina (Fig. 13F), propodeal lateral surface shiny. HW: HL = 10: 8.4. IODs = 10:5. OOD: Od: POD = 2: 5: 6. FI = 3.5 x AW, FI: F II: FAHD = 10: 726. IRV equaltoe CVV = CV 2 xi 27, GVO "= CV GEA, ="3.5—3:9). Distribution. Australia; Borneo; China (Yunnan); India; Laos; Moluccas; New Guinea; Pacific Islands; Sri Lanka; Sulawesi. Discussion Species from southwest China are found in both the Oriental and Palearctic regions, highlighting the richness and uniqueness of the region's biodiversity and reflecting the complexity and diversity of the region’s natural environment. ‘This study lays the foun- Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 341 bese z ‘git E & ee J Figure 13. 7iypoxylon pendleburyi Tsuneki, 1979 9 A habitus (lateral view) B head (frontal view) C thorax (dorsal view) D propodeum (dorsal view) E gastral segments I-III (dorsal view) F thorax (lateral view). dation for further research on the relationship between climate change, environmental heterogeneity, and the diversity of sphecid wasps in southwest China. Southeast Asia has the greatest diversity of the genus Trypoxylon, with Indonesia and Malaysia harboring the highest species diversity (Pulawski 2024). The research and supplementation of Trypoxylon species in Southeast Asia have mainly benefited from the contributions of Tsuneki (1956-1986). The ecological diversity of Southeast Asia is remarkable, encompassing tropical rainforests, monsoon forests, mountain forests, swamps, and other ecosystems (Sodhi et al. 2004; Buerki et al. 2014; Jiang et al. 2017; Tan et al. 2020; Meng et al. 2023). Southwest China, covering an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, features complex landforms and diverse climate types. Serving as a main ecological environment in Southeast Asia, it hosts a large number of plant and 342 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) animal species along with various ecosystem types (Zhang et al. 2014; Cao et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2011). This region offers not only different ecological environments and habitat options but also abundant food resources, which may be the main reason why the genus Zrypoxylon is concentrated in southwest China. The endemic and newly recorded species of China are mainly distributed in south- ern China, which is part of the Indochina bioregions. The discovery of new species and the revision of existing ones in this region will provide new insights into the biodiver- sity and biogeographic distribution of Indochina. Additionally, it will provide a basis for further research on the origin, diffusion paths, and historical evolution processes of biological species across various bioregions. Prospect. On the basis of morphological classification studies and the analysis of insect gene sequences by molecular biology methods, insect species can be identified and classified more accurately, thereby solving the problem of some species being very similar in morphology and difficult to distinguish (Liu et al. 2021). It is also pos- sible to jointly construct phylogenetic trees of insects to reveal their relationships and evolutionary history (Ilyasov et al. 2018). Furthermore, combining geographical and ecological environment analysis can help us explore the patterns and mechanisms of biological evolution, as well as the causes and processes of biodiversity formation in the region. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the editor and two reviewers for suggestions that helped im- prove this article. We express our heartfelt thanks to Wojciech J. Pulawski (California Academy of Sciences, California) for providing us with many valuable references. We are also grateful to Dr. Jing-xian Liu (South China Agricultural University, Guang- zhou, China), Yong-sheng Pu, Yu Tao, and Ling Zhao (Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China) for helping us collect specimens. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant number 32270485, the Agricultural Basic Research joint project of Yunnan Province under Grant number 202101BD070001-004 and the Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Tech- nology “Yunnan Talent Program” plan (202303AM140032). References Antropov AV (1984) A new species of digger wasps of the genus Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) from Adzhariya. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 63: 626-628. Antropov AV (1985) New species of digger wasps of the genus 7rypoxylon (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) from Transcaucasia. Zoologicheskii zhurnal 64: 630-633. Antropov AV (1986) Digger wasps of the genus Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) from the Palaearctic fauna. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 65: 624-628. Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 343 Antropov AV (1987) A contribution to the sphecid wasps genus Trypoxylon of the eastern Palearctic. Novye dannye po sistematike nasekomykh Dal’nego Vostoka. BPI DVNTS AN SSSR Vladivostok 57-61. Antropov AV (1988) A contribution to the fauna of Trypoxylini (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) of the Soviet Far East. Taksonomiya nasekomykh Sibirii i Dal’nego Vostoka SSR. BPI DVNTS AN SSSR, Vladivostok 85-88. Antropov AV (1989a) To the knowledge of the digger wasps of the tribe Trypoxylini (Hyme- noptera, Sphecidae, Larrinae) of the Palearctic fauna. Bulletin de la Societe des Naturalistes de Moscow. Section biologique 94: 55-58. Antropov AV (1989b) A new species of digger wasps of the genus 7rypoxylon (Hymenoptera, Splecidae) from the Transcaucasus. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 67(2): 309-311. Antropov AV (1989c) The new digger wasps of the genus Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera, Spheci- dae) from south-western Palearctic. Byulleten’ Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytateley Pri- rody. Otdel Biologicheskiy 94(5): 63-67. Antropov AV (1994) Four new species of the digger wasps genus Zrypoxylon Latreille (Hyme- noptera, Sphecidae) of the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions, with taxonomic notes on some others previously described. Russian Entomological Journal 3(1—2): 123-133. Antropov AV (2011) Order Hymenoptera, family Crabronidae. Genera Trypoxylon, Pseudomi- croides and Belomicroides. Arthropod Fauna of the UAE 4: 609-629. Antropov AV, Mokrousov MV (2016) New data on distribution of four species of the genus Trypoxylon (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Trypoxylini) in European Russia. Russian Ento- mol Journal 25(3): 265-269. https://doi.org/10.15298/RUSENT]J.25.3.07. Barth GP (1910) Some observations on solitary wasps about Milwaukee. Bulletin of the Wis- consin Natural History Society (New Series) 8: 118-121. Bingham CT (1897) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Hymenoptera, I. wasps and bees. Taylor and Francis, London, [xxix +] 222—228. https://doi.org/10.5962/ bhl. title. 100738 Bohart RM, Menke AS (1976) Sphecid wasps of the world. A generic revision. Univ of Califor- nia Press 327-349. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520309548 Buerki S, Forest E, Alvarez N (2014) Proto-South-East Asia as a trigger of early angiosperm diversification. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 174(3): 326-333. https://doi. org/10.1111/boj.12129 Cameron P (1889) Hymenoptera Orientalis: or contributions to knowledge of the Hymenop- tera of the Oriental Zoological Region. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 118-119. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8802 Cameron P (1904) Descriptions of new species of aculeate and parasitic Hymenop- tera from northern India. Journal of Natural History 13(75): 216-219. https://doi. org/10.1080/00222930408678900 Cao WC, Tao HP, KB, Liu BT, Sun YL (2011) Research on Automatic Identification of Land- form in Southwest China Based on DEM Data Segmentation. Soil and Water Conserva- tion in China 3: 38-41. CEPF [Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund] (2023) The biodiversity hotspots. https://www. cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/hotspots-defined 344 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) He K, Jiang X (2014) Sky islands of Southwest China. I. An overview of phylogeographic patterns. Chinese Science Bulletin 59(7): 585-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-013- 0089-1 Ilyasov RA, Park J, Takahashi J, Kwon HW (2018) Phylogenetic Uniqueness of Honeybee Apis Cerana from the Korean Peninsula Inferred from The Mitochondrial, Nuclear, and Mor- phological Data. Journal of Apicultural Science 62(2): 189-214. https://doi.org/10.2478/ jas-2018-0018 Jeong E, Kim JK (2020) The genus Trypoxylon Latreille (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in Korea: a revision of the species with flask-shaped metasomal segment 1. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 13(2): 245-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.01.007 Jiang C, Tan K, Ren MX (2017) Effects of monsoon on distribution patterns of tropical plants in Asia. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 41(10): 1103-1112. https://doi.org/10.17521/ cjpe.2017.0070 Kazenas VL (2001) Fauna and biology of sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) of Kazakh- stan and Central Asia. Kazgos INTI, Almaty 173 pp. Kryzhanovskiy OL, Guangzhou Ma (1956) Some characteristics of insect fauna in southwest- ern China and the tasks of future research. Acta Entomologica Sinica 6(3): 361-369. Li TJ, Li Q (2007) Four new species and nine new species records of the subgenus Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) Latreille (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) from China. The Pan-Pacific Entomol- ogist 83(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3956/0031-0603-83.1.1 Li TJ, Li Q (2010) The Trypoxylon Latreille (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) of southwest China with descriptions of two new species. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 83(3): 240-247. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES0912.05.1 Liu T, Liu HY, Tong JB, Yang YX (2022) Habitat suitability of neotenic net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) in China using combined ecological models, with implications for biological conservation. Diversity and Distributions 28(12): 2806-2823. https://doi. org/10.1111/ddi.13545 Liu T, Liu HY, Wang YN, Xi HC, Yang YX (2022) Assessing the diversity and distribution pat- tern of the speciose genus Lycocerus (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) by the global-scale data. Fron- tiers in Ecology and Evolution 10: 797450. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.794750 Liu T, Liu HY, Yang YX (2023) Uncovering the determinants of biodiversity hotspots in China: Evidence from the drivers of multiple diversity metrics on insect assemblages and im- plications for conservation. Science of the Total Environment 880: 163287. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023. 163287 Liu Z, Yang SJ, Wang YY, Peng YQ, Chen HY, Luo SX (2021) Tackling the Taxonomic Chal- lenges in the Family Scoliidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) Using an Integrative Approach: A Case Study from Southern China. Insects 12(10): 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/in- sects12100892 Meng HH, Song YG (2023) Biogeographic patterns in Southeast Asia: Retrospectives and per- spectives. Biodiversity Science 31(12): 23261. https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2023261 Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hot- spots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501 Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 345 Pulawski WJ (2024) Trypoxylon. https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/ entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/‘Irypoxylon.pdf [Accessed 14 April 2024] Richards OW (1934) The American species of the genus 7rypoxylon (Hymenopt., Sphecoidea). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 82: 173-362. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1934.tb00033.x Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Brook BW, Ng PK (2004) Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends in ecology & evolution 19(12): 654-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tree.2004.09.006 Strand EH (1922) Sauter’s Formosa-Ausbeute. Crabronidae und Scoliidae. IV. (Die Gattungen Trypoxylon, Bembex und Oxybelus). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 16: 163- 164. Tan K, Malabrigo PL, Ren MX (2020) Origin and evolution of biodiversity hotspots in Southeast Asia. Acta Ecologica Sinica 40: 3866-3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.5846/ stxb201904160762 Terayama M, Nambu T (2009) Taxonomic guide to the Japanese Aculeate wasps. 10. Family Crabronidae, subfamily Larrinae, tribe Trypoxyloninae. Tsunekibachi 16: 1-40. Tsuneki K (1956a) Classification of the Japanese species of Trypoxylon (Hymen., Sphecidae), with notes on some problem [sic] of their ecology. The Insect Ecology 5: 119-128. Tsuneki K (1956b) Die Trypoxylonen der nordéstlichen Gebiete Asiens (Hymenoptera, Sphe- cidae, Trypoxyloninae). Memoirs of the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Ser II, Natural Science 6: 1-42. Tsuneki K (1966) Taxonomic notes on Trypoxylon of Formosa and the Ryukyus with descrip- tions of new species and subspecies (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Etizenia 13: 1-19. Tsuneki K (1967) Studies on the Formosan Sphecidae (II). The subfamily Trypoxyloninae (Hy- menoptera). Etizenia 22: 1-21. Tsuneki K (1971) Studies on the Formosan Sphecidae (X). Revision of and supplement to the subfamily Trypoxyloninae (Hymenoptera). Etizenia 54: 1-19. Tsuneki K (1972) On some species of the Japanese Sphecidae (Hym.). Notes and descriptions. Etizenia 59: 1-20. Tsuneki K (1973) A guide to the study of the Japanese Hymenoptera (31). The genus 7rypoxy- lon Latreille. The Life Study (Fukui) 17: 31-38. Tsuneki K (1974) A contribution to the knowledge of Sphecidae occurring in southeast Asia (Hym.). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 44: 585-660. Tsuneki K (1976) Sphecoidea taken by the Noona Dan expedition in the Philippine Islands (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Steenstrupia 4: 33-120. Tsuneki K (1977) Some Trypoxylon species from the southwestern Pacific (Hymenoptera, Sphe- cidae, Larrinae). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 6: 1-20. Tsuneki K (1978a) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Regions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). I. Group of Trypoxylon scutatum Chevrier, with some species from Madagascar and the adjacent islands. Special Publications of the Japan Hyme- nopterists Association 7: 1-87. 346 Yan Fu et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 307-347 (2024) Tsuneki K (1978b) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Regions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). I. Revision of the type series of the species described by E Smith, P Cameron, C.G. Nurse, W. H. Ashmead, R.E. Turner and O.W. Richards. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 8: 1-84. Tsuneki K (1979a) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Regions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). II. Species from the Indian subcontinent including southeast Asia. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 9: 1-178. Tsuneki K (1979b) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Regions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). IV. Species from Sri Lanka. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 10: 1—20. Tsuneki K (1979c) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Regions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). V. Species from Sumatra, Java, and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 11: 1-68. Tsuneki K (1980a) Studies on the genus 7rypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Re- gions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). VI. Species from Borneo, Celebes and Moluccas. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 12: 1-118. Tsuneki K (1980b) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Re- gions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). VII. Species from the Philippines. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 13: 1-130. Tsuneki K (1981a) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Regions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). VII. Species from New Guinea and South Pacific Islands. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 14: 1-98. Tsuneki K (1981b) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Regions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). IX. Species from Australia. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 14: 99-105. Tsuneki K (1981c) Studies on the genus 7rypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Regions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). X. Revision of the Formosan species. Special Publica- tions of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 15: 1-56. Tsuneki K (1981d) Studies on the genus Trypoxylon Latreille of the Oriental and Australian Re- gions (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). XI. Additional species from various parts of the Regions, with an appendix on some species from other Regions. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 16: 1-90. Tsuneki K (1981e) Revision of the 7rypoxylon species of Japan and northeastern part of Asiatic continent, with comments on some species of Europe (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 17: 1-92. Tsuneki K (1981f) Tentative grouping of the Zrypoxylon species based upon the structure of the male genital organs with appendix of the distribution table (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 18: 1-100. Tsuneki K (1986) New species and subspecies of the aculeate Hymenoptera from East Asia, with some synonyms, specific remarks and distributional data. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 32: 28-31. Tsuneki K (1992) Corrigenda. Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 38: 54. Review of the genus 7rypoxylon of southwest China 347 Wang YM, Fan SX, Zhang WW, Hu YF, Cui P, Luo X (2023) Seasonal Variation and Vertical Distribution of Bird Diversity in Wenshan, Yunnan Province. Journal of Ecology and Ru- ral Environment 39(3): 369-377. https://doi.org/10.19741/j.issn. 1673-483 1.2022.0644 Wu YR, Zhou Q (1996) Economic Entomology of China. Vol. 52, Hymenoptera Scleroididae. Science Press 96-104. Yasumatsu K (1938) Two unrecorded species of the genus 7rypoxylon from Nippon (Hymenop- tera, Irypoxylonidae). Dobutsugaku Zasshi (= Zoological Magazine) 50: 451-455. Yi L, Dong YK, Miao BG, Peng YQ (2021) Diversity of butterfly communities in Gaoligong region of Yunnan. Biodiversity Science 29(7): 950-959. https://doi.org/10.17520/bio- ds.2020486 Zhang Q, Li Y (2014) Climatic Variation of Rainfall and Rain Day in Southwest China for Last 48 Years. Plateau Meteorology 33(2): 372-383. Zhang YD, Zhang XH, Liu SR (2011) Correlation analysis on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of different vegetations and climatic factors in Southwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 22(2): 323-330.