Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (2) 2024, 349-356 | DOI 10.3897/zse.100.118766 yee BERLIN Is Garra rezai (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) a species known only from two widely disjunct areas in the Tigris drainage? Ciineyt Kaya!, Haydar Birol Imre', Irmak Kurtul?? 1 Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Fisheries, Rize, Turkiye 2 Marine and Inland Waters Sciences and Technology Department, Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye 3 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, UK https://zoobank. org/BF B5D65B-79BA-4091-8C& D-E3ZEF568E48 90 Corresponding author: Ciineyt Kaya (cnytkaya@yahoo.com) Academic editor: Nicolas Hubert # Received 14 January 2024 # Accepted 13 March 2024 Published 27 March 2024 Abstract Garra rezai was recently described from two geographically distant areas in the Tigris drainage: upper Yanarsu River (eastern Turkiye) and Bouein-Sofla Creek (Iran). In the scope of this study, we aimed to ascertain the distribution ranges of G. rezai and its morphologically most similar congener G. rufa in Turkiye by examining 1165 specimens from 73 lots, which were collected between 1957 and 2023 and currently curated in two broad fish collections. To achieve this, we focused on two important diagnostic morphological characters which distinguish these two species: scales on predorsal mid-line between dorsal-fin origin and nape, and branched dorsal-fin rays. The results revealed that G. rufa is a widely distributed species in the Tigris-Euphrates catchment, while G. rezai is regionally widespread, with populations identified in at least six different regions within the Tigris catchment. Addition- ally, G. rezai is documented for the first time in the upper Euphrates. Furthermore, we identified the drainage areas where G. rezai co-exists with G. rufa. Key Words Asia Minor, biodiversity, distribution, fish fauna, Mesopotamia Introduction Fish taxonomy, which provides a foundation for scientific research, involves the classification and naming of fish species. Taxonomy helps identify and document different species; it 1s also essential tasks for assessing biodiver- sity, tracking changes in populations and implementing effective conservation strategies (Mace 2004). Different species of Garra Hamilton, 1822 have gained populari- ty for their use in spa treatments. These species are also known as doctor fish or nibble fish. They are small fresh- water fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae (Ruane et al. 2013; Aydin and Akhan 2020). Although they are not considered threatened or endangered on a global scale (Freyhof 2014), some threats such as habitat degradation and pollution might impact their populations. Garra is one of the largest genera of the family Cy- prinidae, containing approximately 150 species (Majeed et al. 2019). The species belonging to this genus are small to medium-sized fish which usually live in the bottom of fast-flowing rivers and mountain streams. However, some small-sized species of the genus Garra - which were previously considered under the genus Hemigram- mocapoeta Pellegrin, 1927 - prefer vegetated and rela- tively more stagnant habitats. Approximately a decade ago, Hemigrammocapoeta was considered as a synonym of the genus Garra by Behrens-Chapuis et al. (2015). Garra is widely distributed from east, southeast, south and southwest Asia to tropical Africa (Zhang and Chen 2002; Kottelat 2020). Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843) was traditionally considered to be distributed in Tigris, Euphrates, Orontes, Ceyhan and Copyright Kaya, C. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 350 Seyhan areas (Demirci et al. 2016; Ergitiden 2016; Kaya et al. 2016; Bay¢elebi 2020). However, after the revalida- tion of Garra turcica in Seyhan and Ceyhan (Bay¢elebi et al. 2018) and the description of Garra orontesi Bay¢ele- bi, Kaya, Turan & Freyhof, 2021 in Orontes (Bay¢elebi et al. 2021), it was demonstrated that distribution of G. rufa is restricted to Persian Gulf Basin. Until 2022, only two Species were known to occur in the upper Tigris-Euphrates River system. However, Garra rezai Mousavi-Sabet, Eag- deri, Saemi-Komsari, Kaya & Freyhof, 2022 was recently described from the upper Yanarsu River (eastern Turkiye) and Bouein-Sofla Creek (Iran), drainage areas of the Tigris River (Mousavi-Sabet et al. 2022). Surprisingly, the two localities are over 450 km apart. Another interesting point about Garra rezai is its sim- ilarity to its two congeneric species (Garra variabilis (Heckel, 1843) and G. rufa) distributed in the Euphra- tes-Tigris catchment. Although G. rezai is morphologi- cally closer to G. rufa, it is genetically closer to G. vari- abilis, which has one pair of barbels, a small mental disc and a comparatively different body shape. The description of Garra rezai raised some questions: Is this species a threatened species with a very limited range? Is G. rezai restricted to these two localities, or is it more widespread? Are G. rezai and G. rufa sympatric/ syntopic? Overall, the aims of this study are: 1) to investigate the morphologically-based diagnostic characters of G. rezai and G. rufa, 11) to reveal the distribution of these species in Turkiye and 111) to answer the above-mentioned questions by analysing samples from two broad fish collections. Materials and methods In order to determine the distribution ranges of Garra rufa and G. rezai in Turkiye, 1165 specimens from 73 lots (Suppl. material 1) were examined from the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Zoology Collection of the Faculty of Fisheries (FFR) and Collection of Ege Univer- sity Faculty of Fisheries (ESFM). Material was examined in ESFM collected by electro-fishing and hand scoops be- tween 1957 and 1997 and those in FFR collected with DC electro-fishing equipment between 2005 and 2023. Since both collection samples were fixed in formalde- hyde, it was not possible to perform a molecular study. However, considering the critical diagnostic characters (scales on predorsal mid-line between dorsal-fin origin and nape [PreDs]; branched dorsal fin rays [DFR]; total gill rakers on first branchial arch [GR]) determined by Mousavi-Sabet et al. (2022), many samples preserved in FFR and ESFM were examined. In this sense, DFR and PreDs were counted for all specimens found in FFR and ESFM. In cases where the species could not be identified with these two critical di- agnostic characters, individuals were identified by count- ing GR, the third critical diagnostic character. The reason why GR could not be counted in all specimens is that the zse.pensoft.net Kaya, C. et al.: Distribution of Garra rezai in Turkiye gill covers are less open and the gill arches are smaller in Garra spp. compared to other species, so that the gill lamella has to be removed and dissection from the up- per and lower parts of the operculum opening has to be performed in order to count the gill spines. However, the collection authorities did not consent to the partial dissec- tion of over a thousand Garra specimens in the FFR and ESFM that were part of the study. The counting methods were followed as described by Armbruster (2012). Results As a result, we determined that Garra rufa is still a widespread species in the Tigris-Euphrates catchment and G. rezai is regionally widespread, with populations in at least six different regions in the Tigris. Further- more, G. rezai is recorded for the first time in the upper Euphrates. Our study indicates that G. rufa is consider- ably more widespread compared to G. rezai. Based on the collections examined in this study, G. rufa was observed in almost the entire Euphrates, except in the trout zones and throughout the Tigris, except in the Great Zap, Hezil and the eastern part of the Botan. The presence of G. rufa in the Menfez Stream near Hezil, as well as in the drain- age areas flowing into Botan from the north (Destumi and Bitlis streams), suggests the possibility of G. rufa inhabit- ing the eastern side of Botan and Hezil. However, none of the specimens examined in the Great Zap in this study was identified as G. rufa. These assumptions, of course, re- quire confirmation, especially through molecular studies. On the other hand, it was observed that G. rezai is more dominant in all regions of the Tigris where these two species have sympatric distribution. However, in Kaynarca Stream, the only sympatric area in the Euphra- tes, G. rufa was dominant (Fig. 1). This may be attribut- ed to G. rezai’s preference for clean and shallow streams rather than large rivers. Kaynarca Stream, dominated by G. rufa, is larger and more turbid compared to streams dominated by G. rezai in the Tigris. In summary, based on the data obtained from this study, we can assume that, in areas where these two species co-exist, G. rezai is dominant in clear, shallow and small streams, whereas G. rufa is dominant in turbid, large and relatively deep streams. Sympatric comparison of G. rufa and G. rezai in Kaynarca, Menfez, Botan and Yanarsu drainage areas are presented in Fig. 2. Family Cyprinidae Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843) Fig. 3 Common names. Doctor fish. Diagnosis. Garra rufa is distinguished from all the species of Garra in adjacent waters in having a com- bination of the following characters: Breast and belly covered by scales, scales embedded in skin, rarely ab- Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (2) 2024, 349-356 Figure 1. Distribution of the Garra rufa and G. rezai in Turkiye. sent, mid-dorsal area in front of dorsal origin covered by (8)9—12(13-14) scales, 32—38 total lateral-line scales, usually 4/2 transverse scale rows between lateral line and dorsal origin, 11-13 circumpeduncular scales, 20- 29 total gill rakers, usually 8’ branched dorsal rays, eye fully developed. Distribution in Tiirkiye. Extirpated in Qweik, does not occur in Lakes Van and Hazar. Very widespread in Euphrates. Widespread also in Tigris, but no specimens could be observed from the Great Zap, Hezil Stream and the eastern part of the Botan in FFR and EFSM. IUCN Status. Least Concern (Freyhof 2014). Garra rezai Mousavi-Sabet, Eagderi, Saemi-Komsari, Kaya & Freyhof, 2022 Fig. 3 Common names. Tigris garra. Diagnosis. Garra rezai is distinguished from all the species of Garra in adjacent waters in having a combination of the following characters: Breast with embedded scales, predorsal mid-line covered by (12)13- 18(19-21) scales, gular disc short and wide, 35—40 total lateral-line scales, 5’A(rarely 4’2 and 6/2) transverse scale rows between lateral line and dorsal origin, 3’2—4’% transverse scale rows between lateral line and pelvic origin, 15—18 circumpeduncular scales, axillary scale at c +> Garra rufa “¥ © Garra rezai ; 5 (5) Sympatric range | » (_] Tigris Pd ~ [] Euphrates re pelvic origin large, 11-16 total gill rakers, usually 7’ branched dorsal rays, eye fully developed. Distribution in Tiirkiye. Known only from Kaynarca Stream (Murat drainage) in Euphrates. In Tigris; Yanar- su, Botan, Menfez, Hezil and Batman drainages, as well as from Aktoprak Stream, an uppermost drainage of Tigris River. IUCN Status. Not Evaluated. The results of this study revealed that G. rezai is distributed in at least seven dif- ferent drainage areas in Turkiye. Although G. rezai is known from only one locality in Iran outside Turkiye, we expected it to inhabit also other localities in Iran, Iraq and possibly Syria. In summary, this species occurs in various drainage areas and, in general, its populations appear to be in good condition; its IUCN status is suggested to be Least Concern. Intermediate specimens Amongst all 73 lots, we had difficulty in identifying only five samples from the Aktoprak Stream station (FFR1821, n = 23). A total 18 of these samples were easily recognised as G. rezai with 12(3), 13(3), 14(2), 15(5), 17(4), 20(1) PreDs and 7/2(16), 8’2(2) DFR ranges. However, five individu- als (later moved to another lot with a new collection code: FFR 4062) with 9(1), 11(3), 17(1) PreDs and 7% (2), 8’ (3) DFR ranges did not match either G. rufa or G. rezai and zse.pensoft.net 352 Kaya, C. et al.: Distribution of Garra rezai in Turkiye Garra rezai Garra rufa Menfez Stream - Tigris Kaynarca Stream - Murat Ciratan Stream - Yanarsu Bitlis Stream - Botan Figure 2. Sympatric comparison of G. rufa and G. rezai: Menfez Stream, Tigris drainage: (a) G. rezai, FFR 4044, 86 mm SL, (b) G. rufa, FFR 4044, 84 mm SL; Kaynarca Stream, Murat drainage, Euphrates, (¢) G. rezai, FFR 4061, 70 mm SL, (d) G. rufa, FFR 1340, 69 mm SL; Ciratan Stream, Yanarsu drainage, Tigris, (e) G. rezai, FFR 1302, 113 mm SL, (f) G. rufa, FFR 4037, 125 mm SL; Bitlis Stream, Botan drainage, Tigris, (g) G. rezai, FFR 1274, 75 mm SL, (h) G. rufa, FFR 1348, 72 mm SL. zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (2) 2024, 349-356 J03 Figure 3. Upper one, G. rufa, not preserved, about 110 mm SL, from Merzimen Stream, Euphrates drainage: Lower one, G. rezai, FSJF 3824, 104 mm SL; Turkiye: Ciratan Stream, upper Yanarsu drainage, Tigris (Retrieved from Mousavi-Sabet et al. (2022)). the values were grouped between the two species. Although GRs were analysed for control, these individuals did not match either species. The most notable example was an in- dividual with 17 PreDs and 8’2 DFR, which was expected to be G. rezai; however, it moved the individual closer to G. rufa with 20 GR (GR range of G. rufa is 20-29). Therefore, here we identified these five individuals as Garra sp. (Fig. 4). We encourage researchers to further study these popula- tions, especially using molecular markers. Discussion Mousavi-Sabet et al. (2022) distinguished Garra rezai from G. rufa by a minimum K2P distance of 14.9% in the mtDNA COI barcode region, as well as the follow- ing morphologic characters: G. rezai is distinguished from G. rufa by having 11-16 total gill rakers [GR] (vs. 20-29), 15-19 scales on predorsal mid-line between dor- sal-fin origin and nape [PreDs] (vs. 11-14), 7% (rarely 8’) branched dorsal-fin rays [DFR] (vs. usually 8’, rarely 7'4 or 9’), 15-18 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 11-13), 54 (rarely 4’% and 6/2) and transverse scale rows between the lateral line and the dorsal-fin origin (vs. 4/4). Here, we selected the most diagnostic and easily distin- guishable two characters: PreDs and DFR. Based on the two critical diagnostic characters focused on in this study, Mousavi-Sabet et al. (2022) examined 25 G. rezai individuals for PreDs and counted as 15—19 [15(2), 16(3), 17(10), 18(8), 19(2)], while they examined 58 indi- viduals for DFR [7/2(54), 8'4(4)]. In order to determine to what extent these characters are realistic and to reveal to which species the identified specimens belong, 1165 specimens preserved in FFR and ESFM were examined. Our morphological examination demonstrated that 1016 of these specimens belong to G. rufa, while 149 belong to G. rezai (Table 1 and Suppl. material 1). Our preliminary results are in agreement with Mousavi-Sabet et al. (2022) ranges for PreDs and DFR, even if they are partially ex- panded and the mode value of G. rezai changed. Accord- ing to our comprehensive examination, PreDs range was (8)9—12(13-14) with mode 10 in 1016 G. rufa specimens and (12)13—18(19-21) with mode 15 in 149 G. rezai speci- mens (see Table 1 and Fig. 5 for details). Mousavi-Sabet et al. (2022) identified the PreDs range of G. rezai as 15-19 with a mode of 17. For DFR range of our results, we found (7'2)8'2(9'2) in 1016 G. rufa specimens and 7/2(8'4) in 149 G. rezai specimens (see Table | and Fig. 5 for details). zse.pensoft.net 354 Kaya, C. et al.: Distribution of Garra rezai in Turkiye Figure 4. Some intermediate specimens: FFR 4062, Aktoprak Stream, upper Tigris drainage, from the top, 65 mm SL, 67 mm SL, 69 mm SL, 71 mm SL. PreDs 1000 463 234 234 WG. rufa OG. rezai 100 a 33 e& 3 wv = g 15 Le | 1 8 9 40° «TT 6d Or CTA OS SCO6 27 14 5 4 17 18 19 20 21 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percent HG. rufa WG. rezai Figure 5. Frequency distributions of G. rufa and G. rezai for PreDs and DFR. zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (2) 2024, 349-356 395 Table 1. Frequency distributions of G. rufa and G. rezai for PreDs and DFR. n 8 9 10 11 12 tS PreDs 14 15 16 NZ, 18 19 20 21 G. rufa 1016 15 234 463 234 49 ily 4 - - - - - - - G. rezai 149 - - - - 5 12 14 34 33 27 14 5 4 n DFR us 8 9 G. rufa 1016 9 1006 1 G. rezai 149 137 12 - Our previous in-situ observations and examination of the collection specimens in FFR and ESFM revealed that there is an important relationship between Garra rezai, the main species of this study and the recently described Turcinoemacheilus ekmekciae Kaya, Yogurtcuoglu, Aksu, Bay¢celebi & Turan, 2023, particularly concerning their distribution ranges. As mentioned in the Results section, G. rezai individuals were found from Kaynarca Stream (upper Murat River drainage, Euphrates), as well as from Yanarsu, Botan, Menfez, Hezil and Batman drainage areas (tributaries of the Tigris River). 77 ekmekciae was described from Kaynarca Stream (upper Murat River drainage), as well as recorded from Yanarsu, Botan, Ner- dus and Batman drainage areas (tributaries of the Tigris River) (Kaya et al. 2024). It is obvious that both species have a very similar distribution pattern. In fact, the most interesting point in the distribution of these two species is that they were not expected to be distributed in different rivers and inhabit limited areas. Despite this, the fact that these two species - in addition to their expected distribu- tion outside the Tigris River - also occur in the Murat Riv- er, the most important tributary of the Euphrates River, shows that there may be a strong relationship between the Murat and Tigris Rivers. In particular, the distribution of Turcinoemacheilus ekmekciae, which is not known to in- habit more than one different river and belongs to a genus with a generally limited distribution range and G. rezai, which is thought to have a regional distribution in certain areas (Fig. 1), in both the Yanarsu and Murat Rivers in- dicates that the connection of these two rivers naturally points to the elevation of at least part of the Mus South Mountains not being very ancient. This study has shown that the distribution of G. rezai is not restricted and that many previous records of G. rufa (e.g. Hashemzadeh et al. (2015); Kaya et al. (2016)) may actually belong to G. rezai. Therefore, this study will shed light on studies to determine the distribution of this species in Iran, Iraq and Syria. We strongly encourage morphological and molecular studies to reveal the distri- bution of G. rezai and G. rufa in Iran, Iraq and Syria. Acknowledgements We would like to express our appreciation to the Repub- lic of Turkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for the legal permission for this research. As the senior au- thor gave her contributions to this manuscript while she was at Bournemouth University, we would like to thank Bournemouth University for providing their facilities and TUBITAK BIDEB (2219 Program) which supported her with one-year scholarships during her post-doc research in the United Kingdom. We would like to thank Fadil Kaya (Bitlis), Jorg Freyhof (Berlin), Davut Turan and Esra Bay¢elebi (Rize) who contributed to provide Garra rufa and G. rezai samples from the Tigris and Euphrates for FFR and ESFM. We also thank to Davut Turan (FFR) and Hasan Musa Sari (ESFM) for letting us examine ma- terial deposited in their fish collections. References Armbruster JW (2012) Standardized measurements, landmarks, and meristic counts for cypriniform fishes. 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The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 50(2): 459-464. https:// archive. org/embed/raffles-bulletin-zoology-50-459-464 Supplementary material | Material examined for this study with detailed collections data Authors: Ciineyt Kaya, Haydar Birol Imre, Irmak Kurtul Data type: docx Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacom- mons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Data- set while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.118766.suppl1