Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (2) 2024, 325-347 | DOI 10.3897/zse.100.120305 > PENSUFT. Heth BERLIN Four new species and one newly-recorded species of the genus Opopaea Simon, 1892 (Araneae, Oonopidae) from southern China, with a key to Chinese species Yang Zhou", Dongju Bian*", Zizhong Yang°, Zhisheng Zhang*, Yanfeng Tong', Shuqiang Li? Be. G3 OO, Chongqing 400715, China College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Entomoceutics, Dali University, Yunnan Dali, 671000, China Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 5 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China https://zoobank. org/4B676BBB-C& DD-471C-A5BC-57ECDA275599 Corresponding author: Yanfeng Tong (tyf68@hotmail.com) Academic editor: Danilo Harms # Received 6 February 2024 # Accepted 4 March 2024 # Published 27 March 2024 Abstract Five species of the genus Opopaea Simon, 1892 from southern China are recognised, including four new species: Opopaea mangun Tong & Li, sp. nov., Opopaea taibao Tong & Yang, sp. nov., Opopaea wenshan Tong & Zhang, sp. nov. and Opopaea yuhuang Tong & Li, sp. nov. from Yunnan and one newly-recorded species: Opopaea foveolata Roewer, 1963 from Hainan. Detailed diag- noses, descriptions and photomicroscopy images of new species are provided, based on specimens of both sexes. A key to species of the genus Opopaea from China is provided. Key Words biodiversity, goblin spiders, Hainan, Yunnan, taxonomy Introduction Goblin spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae) are small (usually < 3 mm), six-eyed, haplogyne, non-web building spi- ders distributed worldwide and are especially diverse in tropical regions. They occupy diverse habitats and main- ly occur in leaf litter, under bark and in the tree canopy (Henrard and Jocqué 2012; Ranasinghe and Benjamin 2018). Oonopidae is amongst the nine most diverse spi- der families with 1940 extant described species in 115 genera (WSC 2024). * These authors contributed equally to this work. The goblin spider genus Opopaea Simon, 1892 is a widespread and highly diverse genus, with biodiver- sity hotspots in Africa, Asia and Australia (Baehr et al. 2013). A total of 187 valid extant species are currently known, in which 46 in Africa, 35 in Asia, 96 in Australia and New Caledonia and 10 in other areas (WSC 2024). Opopaea are small to medium-sized oonopids, ranging from 1.0 to 2.4 mm in body length, with the abdomen completely covered with ventral and dorsal scuta (Tong and Li 2015). Species of Opopaea have the male palpal patella greatly swollen, connected to the femur medially Copyright Zhou, Y. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 326 Zhou, Y. et al.: Four new species and one newly recorded species of the genus Opopaea Simon, 1892 and the cymbium and bulb are completely fused. The ge- nus Opopaea can be easily distinguished from the other genera by the absence of legs spines, by the completely fused cymbium and bulb and by the presence of dorso- lateral, triangular extensions on pedicel, as well as paired scutal ridges on the scuto-pedicel region (Andriamalala and Hormiga 2013; Baehr et al. 2013). The Opopaea fauna of China is poorly known, with only 18 described species, of which one species (O. me- dia Song & Xu, 1984) is from Anhui and Zhejiang; one species (O. plumula Yin & Wang, 1984) from Hunan; one species (O. sauteri Brignoli, 1974) from Taiwan; two pantropical species (O. apicalis (Simon, 1893), O. deser- ticola Simon, 1891) from Hainan and Taiwan; six spe- cies endemic to Hainan; six species endemic to Yunnan; and one species (O. cornuta Yin & Wang, 1984) widely distributed in southern China (Tong and Li 2010, 2014, 2015). Here, we recognise five species of the genus Opo- paea from China, four of which are new to science. Materials and methods The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details of body parts and measure- ments were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Endogynes were cleared in lactic acid. Scanning electron micro- scope images (SEM) were taken under high vacuum Key to Opopaea species from China with a Hitachi S-4800 after critical-point drying and gold-palladium coating. All measurements in the text are expressed in millimetres. All materials studied are deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China. Terminology mainly follows Andriamalala and Hor- miga (2013) and Tong et al. (2020). The following abbre- viations are used in the text: AL = abdomen length; ALE = anterior lateral eyes; ALE-ALE = distance between ALEs; ALE-PLE = distance between ALE and PLE; AW = abdomen width; CBL = cymbiobulbus length; CBW = cymbiobulbus width; CL = carapace length; CW = car- apace width; EGW = eye group width; FI = femur in- sertion on patella; FML = femur length; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; PME-PME = distance between PMEs; PLE-PME = distance between PLE and PME; PTL = patella length; TL = total length. Used in the figures: ap = apodeme; asr = anterior scutal ridge; ass = arch-shaped sclerite; boc = booklung covers; dte = dorsolateral, triangular extensions; ga = globular appendix; na = nail-like process; nle = needle-like exten- sion; pd = postgynal depression; pls = paddle-like scler- ite; prr = prolateral ridge; psr = posterior scutal ridge; rds = round dark spot; rer = retrolateral ridge; sr = scutal ridge; trp = triangular protrusion; usr = upper scutal ridge. Taxonomy Family Oonopidae Simon, 1890 Genus Opopaea Simon, 1892 Males of O. flabellata, O. semilunata and females of O. chunglinchaoi, O. sanya and O. sauteri are unknown; O. plu- mula Yin & Wang, 1984 is not included because of insufficient information found in the original description. 1 ae aes Ae ens ena dy seee cere sR creased yy RAE vite teva us OM tk ey eo Laws eens OM eee eas ihe Sue 2 2 _ mca fiflks |e A eek re Pee Ae ec 2c Pe ee a Re ee RRP Wie ants, Bae ao oe Oe PP Sea J ee Ce eee Pe 21 2 With a pair of posterolateral spikes on the dorsum of carapace (e.g. Tong and Li (2010): fig. 1A-D)........... eee 3 - WithCUIDINe ALOreMmenuOnee) ChiaraClens s...../5..m.ccmsbiue bderess meee cts mele, gs Sadi ee iY iat ayiei sr ee Be tty ede od WA alias ee NoMa, 6 3 Clypeus height about 2.5 times ALE diameter (Tong and Li 2010: fig. 1B, K)...............00. O. cornuta Yin & Wang, 1984 - Chy peUsielcait esssiau Ll sahines: Abr Cteate het. ! ta newes rel canes nak: Pain ieee ok Mie sag fall ou ee ee eens Pra 88 Pees Bea Bea Bey pa 4 iN OPHURE AAP. Ae ea oe ee Oe OS Booklung covers medium sized; distal part of palpal bulb with long medially bent outgrowth (Tong and Li 2010: figs MRO FREE NT IS AEM ARNT CON UTI O. vitrispina Tong & Li, 2010 Booklung covers very small; distal part of palpal bulb without the aforementioned character ..............00c:ceeeeeeeeeeee eters 5 Abdomen with strongly elevated and blackened area between posterior spiracles (Tong and Li 2010: fig. 1H, 1)............ Abdomen without the aforementioned character ............. Oo | Bae) lars freer he tit Re i doer, O. diaoluoshan Tong & Li, 2010 Seeeges OEE YY oe SOW oe oa ee eee O. gibbifera Tong & Li, 2008 With dark spot at the posterior end of the abdominal dorsum (Platnick and Dupérré 2009: figs 105-110) ................. vi Without the aforementioned character ...............:..c0.c0s000s es With basal protrusion on the palpal bulb (Platnick and Dupérré 2009: fig. 151)... eee O. apicalis Simon, 1893 - Without the aforementioned character (Lin et al. 2023: fig. 7A, B).....O. chunglinchaoi Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 Ss ‘With nearlystratentscdtalttidge en Scuto-pedicel region cere Fis) sa. gcd covee es gy seth eds hele ey sete hee yen Loree gy ede g - With nearly arch-shaped scutal ridge on scuto-pedicel region (e.g. Figs 7H, 10G, 13H) ........ eee eeee ce eee eee ee eeeeeeeee es aS zse.pensoft.net 9 Zoosyst. Evol. 100 (2) 2024, 325-347 327 With a small apophysis in the retrolateral distal region of palpal bulb (Tong and Li 2010: fig. 5B; Tong and Li 2015: fig. BSE watcha t td EAE rope mrieacirarse eee obs Rothe ciaiee RA EN Reet sect AAS EEA Paainlh ccd etaige SRELALLS TE Cuan arush ap eet Been’ tyes oh bbtagel Reee EIS Alena chee 10 WITHOUT TNE: A1OrementlOmeckeharaete he Nee ee eee Pn te canes ete peel ae nanan ete eS Re 11 Posterioreye row precurved trom. above Clong:and. Li 2010: Te. 5G).. 2.0... a essa jel: O. sanya Tong & Li, 2010 Posterior eye row straight from above (Tong and Li 2015: fig. 8D) ..... 00... cece ee cece eeeeeeeee tees O. rigidula Tong & Li, 2015 Cymbiobulbus:as: long asthe palpal patella CRG JO lity 28.0 canny tapedissnaiesqpadast nnstncenedas eeseatsionad reehnlaecds ses O. mangun sp. nov. Cyn DUS -SHORtEr taal ie tehlipel qebe lias 00.5 <7. see etc 23 We nas. hetee WA0y ee Saree owe oO) IEE ere eS PR me Foe 12 Distal part of palp ear-shaped, with a small outgrowth (Tong and Li 2015: figs 1H, |, 3A-C)...... O. auriforma Tong & Li, 2015 Distal part of palp round, without small outgrowth (Tong and Li 2015: figs 5l, J, 7A-C)......... O. macula Tong & Li, 2015 Clypens helentinerestiiga2 OG Virniest aie ClaINeleres 2. ct. siataet sees see heated tee A ata tads Se teh eBa Eire ree 14 Chypeus height less fen Mens sean toorcter