Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 70 (2) 2023, 283-290 | DOI 10.3897/dez.70.104621

> PENSUFT.

Arte
BERLIN

Taxonomic review of the genus Sinopanorpa Cai & Hua, 2008
(Mecoptera, Panorpidae) with descriptions of two new species

Yuan Hua!', Kai Gao*, Lianxi Xing!?4

FB W MY fF

710069, China
https://zoobank. org/050327E 4-54 94-428C-A64A-11451F60B39D

Corresponding author: Lianxi Xing (Ixxing@nwu.edu.cn)

College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China

Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China

Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China

Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi

Academic editor: Susanne Randolf # Received 6 April 2023 Accepted 29 June 2023 @ Published 27 July 2023

Abstract

The scorpionfly genus Sinopanorpa Cai & Hua, 2008 is endemic to the mountain regions of central China, currently consisting

of four species: Sinopanorpa tincta (Navas, 1931), S. digitiformis Huang & Hua, 2008, S. nangongshana Cai & Hua, 2008, and

S. baokangensis Wang, 2021. Here, the genus is taxonomically reviewed, with descriptions of two new species: Sinopanorpa min-

shanicola sp. nov. from the Minshan Mountains and Sinopanorpa shennongjiaica sp. nov. from the Shennongjia Mountains, increas-

ing the species number of the genus to six. An updated key to species of Sinopanorpa 1s provided.

Key Words

biodiversity, China, Oriental Region, scorpionfly, Sinopanorpa, taxonomy

Introduction

The scorpionfly genus Sinopanorpa Cai & Hua, 2008 was
erected with Panorpa tincta Navas, 1931 as its type spe-
cies (Cai et al. 2008). The genus is mainly characterized
by the wing membrane deeply yellow with sooty brown
markings, male tergum VI without anal horns, basal part
of male abdominal segment VII much thinner, and the
gonostylus of male with the basal process modified as a
sharp crescent blade.

Since the establishment of Sinopanorpa, the biology
and morphology of S. tincta have been studied in many
aspects. It completes one generation per year, with the
adults emerging from late June to mid-September (Cai
et al. 2008). The ovoid eggs with a ridge network on the
chorion are deposited in clusters in a soil cavity (Ma et
al. 2009). As in other species of Panorpidae (Byers and
Thornhill 1983), the larvae of S. tincta are eruciform,
with eight pairs of abdominal prolegs in addition to three

pairs of thoracic legs (Chen and Hua 2011). The larvae
possess a pair of compound eyes on the lateral side of
the head, each consisting of approximately 40 ommatidia
(Chen and Hua 2011).

The ommatidia of adult compound eyes in S. tincta are
of the typical apposition type, each retinula consisting of
eight retinula cells (Chen et al. 2012). Three dorsal ocelli
are located on the vertex of the head, each having a cor-
neal lens, a layer of corneagenous cells, and fused rhab-
doms (Wei and Hua 2011). The mandibulate mouthparts
are modified to feed on liquid food after the extra-oral di-
gestion with hair brushes on the hirsute epipharynx, ga-
lea, labial palps, and hypopharynx (Huang and Hua 2011).
The salivary glands exhibit a sexual dimorphism in that
the male has six extremely elongate secretory tubules, but
the female has only a short less-developed tube (Ma et al.
2011). The well-developed salivary glands of males are
associated with their salivary secretions that are served as
nuptial gifts to the females during mating. The spermatheca

Copyright Yuan Hua et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

284

consists of a bean-shaped spermathecal reservoir and an
elongated spermathecal duct (Yang and Hua 2021). The
male reproductive system mainly comprises a pair of testes
of three follicles, a pair of elongate vasa deferentia, and an
ejaculatory sac in addition to the external genitalia. The vas
deferens is highly coiled for its distal part into an epididy-
mis and greatly expanded for its middle part into a well-de-
veloped seminal vesicle (Lyu and Hua 2017). According
to recent phylogenetic analyses (Ma et al. 2012; Hu et al.
2015; Miao et al. 2019; Wang and Hua 2021), Sinopanorpa
is confirmed to be monophyletic and forms a sister group
with part of the paraphyletic genus Panorpa.

In this paper, we taxonomically reviewed the genus
Sinopanorpa in the mountain regions of central China,
and described two new species, raising the species num-
ber of the genus to six. An updated key to species of
Sinopanorpa is provided.

Material and method

All the materials examined in this study are deposited in
the Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F Universi-
ty, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (NWAU). Specimens were
collected with collecting nets from the mountain regions
in central China. Some type specimens were spread and
pinned, and others were preserved in 75% or 95% ethanol.
Specimens were dissected under a Nikon SMZ 1500 ste-
reoscopic zoom microscope. The genitalia were macerated
in cold 10% NaOH for 3—5 min and rinsed with distilled
water. Habitus and ecological photographs were taken with
a Nikon D7100 digital camera. Character images were tak-
en using the scientific digital micrography system ZEISS
SteREO Discovery.V20 equipped with the auto-montage
imaging system AxioCam IC. All photographs were assem-
bled with Adobe Photoshop CC 2015. A distribution map
was generated by ArcGIS v.10.2 (ESRI, Redlands, USA)
and was annotated in Adobe Illustrator CC. The localities
in the map came from the collection labels of observed
specimens and literature (Cai et al. 2008; Wang 2021).

Results
Genus Sinopanorpa Cai & Hua, 2008

Sinopanorpa Cai & Hua in Cai et al. 2008: 44.

Type species. Panorpa tincta Navas, 1931, by origi-
nal designation.

Diagnosis. The genus Sinopanorpa can be readily dis-
tinguished from other genera of Panorpidae by the follow-
ing characters: wing membrane deeply yellowish-brown
with sooty brown markings; vein R, generally 3-branched;
notal organ on the posterior margin of male tergum III
less-developed; tergum VI of male without anal horns;
abdominal segment VII much thinner, stalk-like for basal
1/3, but distinctly thicker for distal 2/3; gonostylus in male
genitalia greatly elongated with well-developed pointed

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Yuan Hua et al.: Taxonomic review of Sinopanorpa

basal lobe; ventral parameres simple, with spines on inner
side, extending over apex of gonocoxite; A6 bearing a
bundle of dense hairs on the centre of T6 in males; and
female medigynium with extremely elongated thin axis.

Distribution. China (Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei,
Shaanxi, and Sichuan provinces) (Fig. 1).

Sinopanorpa tincta (Navas, 1931)

Panorpa tincta Navas, 1931: 75; Cheng 1957: 50; Chou et al. 1981:
2; Nie and Hua 2004: 190. Type locality: Huixian County, Gansu.
Panorpa statura Cheng, 1949: 148; Cheng 1957: 56. Synonymized by
Hua and Peng 2005: 123. Type locality: Mt. Taibaishan, Shaanxi.
Sinopanorpa tincta, Cai et al., 2008: 45.

Diagnosis. This species differs from its congeners by the
following characters: 1) gonostylus of male with medi-
an tooth blunt, and prominent basal lobe crescent spatula
in shape; 2) ventral parameres shortened, only extending
over apex of gonocoxite, with long comb-like spines along
mesal margin on distal half; and 3) female medigynium
narrow, with main plate nearly rectangular for basal 2/3,
axis extending over 1/3 of its length beyond main plate.
Distribution. China (Gansu and Shaanxi provinc-

es) (Fig. 1).

Sinopanorpa digitiformis Huang & Hua, 2008

Sinopanorpa digitiformis Huang & Hua in Cai et al. 2008: 48. Type

locality: Shennongjia Mountains.

Diagnosis. This species can be differentiated from its
congeners by the following characters: 1) abdominal
segment VI of male markedly tapering towards apex in
distal half; 2) basal lobe of gonostylus well-developed,
with two acute distal hooks; 3) ventral parameres elon-
gate, extending distinctly over basal lobe of gonostylus;
and 4) main plate in female medigynium much shorter,
only slightly longer than wide, with axis extending over
half its length beyond main plate.

Distribution. China (Chongqing, Hubei, and Shaanxi
provinces) (Fig. 1).

Sinopanorpa nangongshana Cai & Hua, 2008

Sinopanorpa nangongshana Cai & Hua in Cai et al. 2008: 51. Type
locality: Mt. Nangongshan.

Diagnosis. This species can be readily differentiated from
its congeners by the following characters: 1) posterior ab-
domen and male genitalia dark blackish brown; 2) ventral
parameres greatly elongated, extending distinctly over
median tooth of gonostylus; 3) basal lobe of gonostylus
much narrower, with two short acute teeth at apex; and
4) main plate in female medigynium elongate, with thick
axis extending half its length beyond main plate.

Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 70 (2) 2023, 283-290

104°E 106°E

285

@S. tincta

@ S. digitiformis

©) S. nangongshana

© S. baokangensis

© S. shennonjiaica sp. n.
© S. minshanicola sp. n.

36°N

34°N

32°N

112°E

Figure 1. Species distribution map of the genus Sinopanorpa Cai & Hua, 2008. BK, Baokang (Hubei); BLG, Baligou (Hubei); DHB, Da-
heba Forest Park (Gansu); DJH, Dajiuhu (Hubei); FHS, Fenghuangshan (Shaanxi); FP, Foping (Shaanx1); HAB, Huang’ anba (Chongq-
ing); HC, Hengchong Nature Reserve (Hubei); HDT, Huoditang (Shaanxi); HLS, Hualongshan (Shaanxi); HX, Huixian (Gansu); HZZ,
Houzhenzi (Shaanx1); JHP, Jiuhuping (Hubei); JLJ, Jialing River (Shaanxi); LHG, Laohegou (Sichuan); LJP, Liujiaping (Gansu); LP,
Liping (Shaanxi); MCS, Micangshan (Sichuan); NGS, Nangongshan (Shaanx1); TB, Taibai (Shaanx1); TTH, Tongtianhe Forest Park
(Shaanx1); TY, Tianyan (Hubei); XLS, Xiaolongshan (Gansu); ZBS, Zibaishan (Shaanx1); ZQ, Zhuque Forest Park (Shaanx1).

Distribution. China (Shaanxi Province) (Fig. 1).

Sinopanorpa baokangensis Wang, 2021

Sinopanorpa baokangensis Wang, 2021: 1. Type locality: Baokang, Hubei.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from its con-
geners by the following characters: 1) male gonostylus
with greatly developed simple acute basal lobe, extending
beyond median tooth; 2) male ventral parameres moder-
ately elongate, extending over base of basal lobe; and 3)
female medigynium with main plate slightly longer than
wide, with axis slender, two times as long as main plate.
Distribution. China (Hubei Province) (Fig. 1).

Sinopanorpa minshanicola sp. nov.
https://zoobank. org/56273B3C-54B7-4 1F3-9565-AB22F8B72F09
Figs 2, 3

Type specimens. Holotype 3 (NWAU), Cutna, Sich-
uan Province, Pingwu County, Laohegou (32°29'17"N,
104°43'17"E, 1800 m), 20 July 2017, leg. Yuan Hua &
Kai Gao. Paratypes: 33 29 (NWAU), Cuina, Sich-
uan Province, Pingwu County, Laohegou (32°29'17"N,
104°43'17"E, 1800 m), 14 July 2022, leg. Yuan Hua; 2¢
22 (NWAU), Cuina, Sichuan Province, Pingwu County,
Laohegou (32°29'17"N, 104°43'17"E, 1650-1900 m), 6

July 2021, leg. Yuan Hua; 34’ 59(NWAU), Cumna, Gan-
su Province, Wenxian County, Liujiaping (32°48'30"N,
104°46'43"E, 2080 m), 25 June 2019, leg. Kai Gao &
Zhi-Chao Jia.

Diagnosis. The new species can be readily recognized
from its congeners by the following characters: 1) ver-
tex with a dark transverse band across ocellar triangle;
2) ventral parameres of male shortened, only extending
slightly over basal lobe of gonostylus; 3) basal process
of gonostylus short, simple, acute, but non-furcated; and
4) female medigynium elongate, with axis half its length
out of main plate.

Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the
type locality, Minshan, and the Latin -cola (dwell).

Description. Male (Fig. 2A). Head mostly yellowish
brown. Rostrum faint yellow, with a pair of darkish lon-
gitudinal stripes laterally. Maxillary and labial palps yel-
lowish brown, with distal segment dark brown. Antenna
filiform, blackish brown. Ocellar triangle black. A dark
transverse band across ocellar triangle to eyes (Fig. 2C).

Pronotum dark brown, with short black setae along
anterior margin (Fig. 2D). Meso- and metanotum black-
ish brown. Pleura and sterna pale. Legs yellowish brown,
with distal parts of tarsomeres dark brown.

Forewing length 15.96-16.70 mm, width 3.84—
3.92 mm. Forewing membrane light yellow, with mark-
ings pale brown; pterostigma prominent, orange yellow;
apical band broad, covering whole apical part; pterostig-
mal band complete, with basal and distal branches equal

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286

Yuan Hua et al.: Taxonomic review of Sinopanorpa

Figure 2. Sinopanorpa minshanicola sp. nov. A. Male adult, dorsal view; B. Female adult, dorsal view; C. Male head, frontal view;

D. Male head and thorax, dorsal view; E. Male abdomen, lateral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C—E). ms, mesonotum. mt,

metanotum. pr, pronotum.

in width; marginal spot elongate-rectangular, extending
from costa to R,,.; basal band almost complete, across
whole wing; basal spot absent; R, three-branched; R,
arising from middle of pterostigmal band (Fig. 2A).
Hindwing similar to forewing in pattern, but marginal
spot and basal band absent. Forewings with 7-9 jugal
bristles, hindwings with 2-3 frenular bristles.

Abdominal segments I-IV (Al—A4) black in terga,
pale yellow in sterna, and pale in pleura with spiracles
clearly visible. Notal organ on posterior margin of tergum
III (T3) less-developed, with postnatal organ on tergum
IV very small near anterior margin. A5 pale yellow. A6
reddish yellow, greatly elongated, two times as long as
A5, without anal horns. A patch of golden hairs along mid
T6. A7 much thinner in basal 1/3 than in distal 2/3, with a
cluster of hairs on anterio-dorsal corner of distal part (Fig.
2E). A8 longer than A7, slightly constricted for basal 1/4.

Genital bulb long elliptic (Fig. 3A—C). Epandrium
(tergum IX) broad at base, narrowing towards apex with
a shallow apical emargination; a pair of cerci protruding
subapically from under epandrium (Fig. 3C). Hypandri-
um (sternum IX) almost without basal stalk; hypovalves
broad, extending beyond apex of gonocoxites, mesal
margin of distal half bearing numerous barb spines. Two
hypovalves almost parallel, with apex blunt (Fig. 3A).
Gonocoxite with two small dark apical spots. Gonosty-
lus elongate, slender, longer than gonocoxite, smoothly
curved outwards; median tooth blunt, roughly at basal
1/3; basal lobe extremely developed, prominent, strongly

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sclerotized in apical half, assuming a stout elongate spine
(Fig. 3E). Ventral parameres slender, finger-like, extend-
ing over basal lobe of gonostylus, distal half with dense
long spines along mesal margins, shorter towards apical
part. Aedeagus simple, with paired ventral and dorsal
valves (Fig. 3B).

Female (Fig. 2B). Head dark yellow. Thorax dark
black dorsally, light yellow laterally. Forewing length
16.30-16.76 mm, width 3.88-4.00 mm. Wing pattern
similar to that of male, but markings vaguer, margin-
al spot absent. In hindwings, markings indistinct, basal
band completely absent. Al—A4 dark black in terga, light
yellow in sterna; A5—A7 yellowish brown dorsally, with
a longitudinal thin mesal line.

Subgenital plate broad at base, gradually narrowing
towards apex, with bluntly rounded apex, apical part
bearing long setae (Fig. 3D). Medigynium (genital plate)
very broad, main plate longer than wide, with a pair of
posterior arms roughly forming a broad U-shape; axis
elongate, extending half its length beyond main plate
(Fig. 3F, G).

Distribution. China (The Minshan Mountains in Gan-
su and Sichuan provinces).

Habitat. Numerous adults of the new species were
collected from late June to the end of July at the edges of
coniferous and broad-leaf mixed forests, with dense sub-
shrubs in the Minshan Mountains. At the type locality,
adults are often found in moist microhabitats, especial-
ly rich on the alpine shrub or understory in broad-leaved

Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 70 (2) 2023, 283-290

287

Figure 3. Sinopanorpa minshanicola sp. nov. A. Male genitalia, ventral view; B. Male genitalia, with hypovalves removed, ventral

view; C. Male genitalia, dorsal view; D. Female terminalia, ventral view; E. Male gonostylus, dorsal view; F, G. Female medigy-

nium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. ax, axis. bp, basal process. ce, cercus. ep, epandrium. gex, gonocoxite. gs,

gonostylus. hv, hypovalve. mp, main plate. pa, posterior arm. pm, paramere. sgp, subgenital plate.

forests with an altitude ranging from 1600 to 2100 m
above sea level (Fig. 1).

Sinopanorpa shennongjiaica sp. nov.
https://zoobank. org/F36 1CD43-9169-4FE0-A AC 1-7E41EE040CCA
Figs 4, 5

Type specimens. Holotype 3 (NWAU), Cuina, Hu-
bei Province, Shennongjia Nature Reserve, Tianyan
(31°42'58"N, 110°21'35"E; 1800 m), 1 July 2018, leg. Kai
Gao & Yu-Ru Yang. Paratypes: 13 22 (NWAU), CuHI-
NA, same data as for the holotype; 22 (NWAU), CHINA,
Hubei Province, Shennongjia, Dalongtan (31°29'39"N,
110°18'10"E; 2200 m), 3 July 2018, leg. Kai Gao &
Yu-Ru Yang; 84 62 (NWAU), Cumna, Hubei Province,
Shennongjia, Jiuhuping (31°30'32"N, 110°20'57"E;
1850 m), 3 July 2018, leg. Kai Gao & Yu-Ru Yang; 2°
(NWAU), CuHina, Hubei Province, Shennongjia, Jiuh-
uping (31°30'32"N, 110°20'57"E; 2200 m), 4 July 2018,
leg. Kai Gao & Yu-Ru Yang; 63' 62 (NWAU), CHINA,
Hubei Province, Shennongjia, Jiuhuping (31°30'32"N,
110°20'57"E, 1900 m), 18 July 2019, leg. Kai Gao.
Diagnosis. The new species can be differentiated
from its congeners by the following characters: 1) vertex

with ocellar triangle black, but without transverse band;
2) male tergum VI and female terga VI-IV orange; 3)
ventral parameres of male greatly elongated, extend-
ing distinctly over median tooth of gonostylus to apical
forth; 4) gonostylus with basal lobe well-developed and
split into two separate acute elongate hooks; and 5) fe-
male subgenital plate with X-shaped ridge over whole
length, and medigynium with slender axis non-expand-
ed anteriorly.

Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the
type locality, Shennongjia, by using the adjective form of
the locality name with the fuffix -ica.

Description. Male (Fig. 4A). Head yellowish brown;
eyes dark; ocellar triangle black; vertex and frons yellow-
ish brown. Antennae darkish brown, filiform with 44—45
segments. Rostrum, labrum, and maxillae light brown;
mandibles reddish brown with tips dark brown; maxillary
palp light yellow except apical part dark brown.

Thorax blackish brown dorsally, pale yellow or yel-
lowish brown laterally. Pronotum with 12 setae along
anterior margin. Legs yellow, except joints from tibia to
claws dark brown to black, claws serrate with six teeth.

Forewing length 15.32-16.34 mm, width 3.78-
3.94 mm. Forewing membrane deeply yellow, with
markings faint grayish brown; pterostigma prominent,

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288 Yuan Hua et al.: Taxonomic review of Sinopanorpa

Figure 4. Sinopanorpa shennongjiaica sp. nov. A. Male adult, dorsal view; B. Female adult, dorsal view; C. Male head, frontal
view; D. Male head and thorax, dorsal view; E. Male abdomen, lateral view. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C-—E). pr, pronotum.
ms, mesonotum. mt, metanotum.

“li .

vt

ay )
oa) tJ
1

Figure 5. Sinopanorpa shennongjiaica sp. nov. A. Male genitalia, ventral view; B. Male genitalia, with hypovalves removed,
ventral view; C. Male genitalia, dorsal view; D. Female terminalia, ventral view; E. Male gonostylus, dorsal view; F, G. Female
medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. ax, axis. bp, basal process. ce, cercus. ep, epandrium. gex, gonocoxite.
gs, gonostylus. hv, hypovalve. mp, main plate. pa, posterior arm. pm, paramere. sgp, subgenital plate.

dez.pensoft.net

Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 70 (2) 2023, 283-290

orange. Apical band broad; pterostigmal band prominent,
with complete basal and distal branches equal in width;
marginal spot absent or elongate, extending from R, to
R,,,; basal band complete, broad; basal spot absent. R,
3-branched. Hindwings similar to forewings, but margin-
al spot and basal band absent (Fig. 4A).

Terga I-IV blackish brown, A5 yellowish brown; A6
orange reddish brown, A7—A9 yellowish brown. Sterna
I-V pale yellow, pleura pale with dark longitudinal stripes.
Notal organ on posterior margin of T3 less-developed. A6
subcylindrical, at least two times as long as A5, with a
cluster of hairs on mid protuberance of tergum, without
anal horns. A7 prominently thinner for basal 1/3, then sud-
denly swollen dorsad for distal 2/3, with a cluster of short
hairs along anterodorsal corner of distal part (Fig. 4).

Genital bulb rounded (Fig. 5A—C). Epandrium (ter-
gum IX) broad at base, gradually narrowing towards
apex, with apex shallowly emarginated: a pair of cer-
ci protruding subapically from under epandrium (Fig.
5C). Hypandrium (sternum IX) with basal stalk very
short; hypovalves broad, split from base of hypandri-
um, extending to apex of gonocoxite, almost parallel,
bearing long setae on inner margin of distal half (Fig.
5A). Gonocoxites yellowish brown, with two black

289

spots at apex. Gonostylus elongate, curved outwards,
almost as long as gonocoxite, with one pointed mesal
tooth and two prominent acute basal lobes (Fig. 5E).
Ventral parameres greatly elongate, extending distinctly
over median tooth to distal forth of gonostlylus, without
distinct spines along inner margins, with apices slightly
convergent. Aedeagus black (Fig. 5B).

Female. Forewing length 16.64-17.12 mm, width
3.94-4.10 mm. Wings generally similar to those of male,
but marginal spot present (Fig. 4B). Terga I-III black,
corresponding sterna pale; T4 reddish brown, with lateral
margins black; TS—T9 reddish brown.

Subgenital plate narrow, with an X-shaped ridge
(Fig. 5D). Medigynium broad, nearly rectangular from
above; main plate two times as long as wider, with a pair
of posterior arms in U-shape. Axis elongate, slender, ex-
tending half its length beyond main plate, not expanded at
anterior end (Fig. 5F, G).

Distribution. China (Hubei Province).

Habitat. This species is distributed in the Shennong-
jia Mountains. In the type locality, all specimens were
captured on herbaceous groundcover, with elevations
ranging from 1800 to 2200 m. Suitable microhabitats are
moist and cool valleys during the imaginal flight period.

Key to species of Sinopanorpa Cai & Hua, 2008
Updated from Cai et al. 2008 and Wang 2021.

1 Male ventral parameres short, extending slightly over apex of gonocoxites at MOSt................ccccceceececeeeeseseessseeeseeeenees 2
Male ventral parameres elongate, extending distinctly beyond median tooth of ZONOStYIUS ............ccc ccc cce ec ee eee ee eee eenenees 3
Basal process of male gonostylus with distal tooth smaller than basal tooth; paramere with long comb-like spines on
inner margin; female medigynium with axis greatly divergent at DaSC...............ccccccceceeeeceeeeceeeseseeeeseesseeaeeeseeaees S. tincta

— Male gonostylus with basal process simple, not furcated distally; female medigynium elongate, with axis half its length

OUMROM etna Pave ay eeh eee ace Ale Be MPs oe Raed eer ee ote SAD Bae oe es Feb eR Ree Berek oh S. minshanicola sp. nov.
S Male conosivius with basall WhOCes stbifunoateG basally mere. fuss .0 sane tos See RES EEN Pee) eye oO ee ee etter 4
Male gonostylus: with basal précess-simple; not: bifurcated) basallysccse cebu. cyececctisiar yr ccdeimu ayes desueda ney Fewivings oy yyeseiuaea eed 5
Basal process of male gonostylus with two teeth almost equal in size; female medigynium with axis slightly divergent;
female medigynium with apodemes of axis divergent apically ................ccccceccececeeeececeeeeseeeeceeeeseseesesensesenees S. digitiformis

— Basal process of male gonostylus separate completely as two lobes from base; median tooth of gonostylus acute;
female subgenital plate with X-shaped ridge over whole length, and medigynium with slender axis not expanded anteri-

(2) 2a ee Se eA Pee en ee eed a ne eee ee ee a Se oe Os eee SA EB S. shennongjiaica sp. nov.
5 Basal process of male gonostylus well-developed, pointed, median tooth indistinct; female medigynium with stout pos-

LEKIOK-ALMSUONGSrR Nan Malt AME OTE Lal Plt Corvin reyes etna cdscn te nese tenths adedutns tarde decdly Seabee Sate edieate whee « S. baokangensis
— Male gonostylus with basal process only slightly developed, bifurcated distally; female medigynium with posterior por-

TO MW Ge rath sienl FAVVEGLUT: OF agit Telit lg OVALS ee tn oe PSE 2 eee eet ee em i EE See A eee ed ee 8 S. nangongshana
Discussion

with high elevation and high precipitation. Therefore, we
assume that they are typical cool-adapted insects. The

Species of the genus Sinopanorpa are found in high ele-
vation habitats ranging from 1600 to 2200 m above sea
level in the Qingling, Minshan, Bashan, and Shennong-
jia mountains. Numerous adults were often found in the
summer on the alpine shrub or understory at the edges of
coniferous and broad-leaf mixed forests, with dense sub-
shrubs. Their microhabitats are usually situated in consid-
erably cool and moist valleys in the mountain top regions

cool-adapted preference of Sinopanorpa species is sim-
ilar to that of Cerapanorpa, which has been reported as
a cold-adapted genus of Panorpidae (Gao and Hua 2019,
2021; Gao et al. 2020, 2022). The cool-adapted pref-
erence makes the genus Sinopanorpa an ideal model to
investigate the speciation and phylogeographic pattern of
cold-adapted insects. In an ongoing study, we are investi-
gating the distribution patterns of the Panorpidae in China,

dez.pensoft.net

290

trying to discover the centers of biodiversity, and areas of
endemism, and exploring the key factors in the speciation.
The discovery of Sinopanorpa minshanicola sp. nov.
and S. shennongjiaica sp. nov. increases the species
number of the genus to six. The six species are dispropor-
tionately distributed in central China’s mountain regions,
including the Qinling, Minshan, Bashan, and Shennongyia
mountains (Fig. 1). The widespread species Sinopanorpa
tincta (Navas, 1931) is located in the Qinling, Bashan and
Minshan mountains. It is noteworthy that the specimens
of Sinopanorpa from Sichuan and southern Gansu prov-
inces previously identified as S. tincta by Wang (2021)
are treated as S. minshanicola sp. nov. herein. Neverthe-
less, the other species are all geographically restricted.
Sinopanorpa minshanicola sp. nov. is likely endemic to
the Minshan Mountains, whereas S. digitiformis Huang
& Hua, 2008, S. nangongshana Cai & Hua, 2008, S. ba-
okangensis Wang, 2021 and S. shennongjiaica sp. nov.
are all distributed in the microhabitats of eastern Bashan
Mountains, including Shenongjia. Further phylogeo-
graphic analyses are needed to clarify the causes of the
disproportionate distribution pattern of Sinopanorpa.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Yu-Ru Yang and Zhi-Chao Jia for col-
lecting some specimens. We also thank two anonymous
reviewers for valuable comments on the revision of the
manuscript, and Prof. Bao-Zhen Hua (Northwest A&F
University) for revising the English. This research was
funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chi-
na (Grant number 32100347) and the China Postdoctoral
Science Foundation (Grant number 2020M683691 XB).

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