Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 365-375 | DOI 10.3897/zse.98.90797 > PENSUFT. Ate BERLIN Phylogenetic position of the relict South American genus /diopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911 (Gastropoda, Truncatelloidea), with the description of two new cave species Rodrigo B. Salvador, Fernanda S. Silva*, Maria E. Bichuette? 1 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 169 Tory Street, 6011 Wellington, New Zealand 2 Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Avenida Nazaré 481, 04263-000, Sado Paulo, SP, Brazil 3 Laboratorio de Estudos Subterrdneos, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos. Rodovia Washington Luis km 235, CP 676, 13565-905, Sdo Carlos, SP, Brazil https://zoobank. org/6CEC845A-7018-4DF3-ADE7-141B1I5FCBE05 Corresponding author: Rodrigo B. Salvador (salvador.rodrigo.b@gmail.com) Academic editor: Thomas von Rintelen # Received 25 July 2022 Accepted 24 August 2022 @ Published 14 September 2022 Abstract Idiopyrgus is a relict genus of freshwater snails from Brazil traditionally classified in the family Pomatiopsidae. Herein, we use mo- lecular data from newly acquired specimens to test that classification through Bayesian inference phylogenetic analysis. We conclude that Idiopyrgus belongs in the Gondwanan family Tomichiidae, together with the African genus Jomichia and the Australian genus Coxiella. Furthermore, we reassess currently synonymized genus- and species-level names in /diopyrgus. The genera Hydracme and Aquidauania are considered synonymous with /diopyrgus. The species I. brasiliensis and I. pilsbryi are restored as accepted species; I. walkeri is considered a taxon inquirendum. Two new species from caves in Bahia state are described herein: Idiopyrgus adaman- teus sp. nov. and /diopyrgus minor sp. nov. Key Words Caenogastropoda, Gondwana, molecular phylogenetics, Pomatiopsidae, Tomichiidae Introduction Idiopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911 is a relict genus of operculat- ed freshwater snails from Brazil, which, as presently understood, includes only two species (Simone 2006). Idiopyrgus (Fig. 1) is the single South American repre- sentative of the family Pomatiopsidae, which is most- ly an Asian family, albeit with representatives in North America (Pomatiopsis Tryon, 1862), southern Australia (Coxiella E. A. Smith, 1894) and South Africa (Jomichia Benson, 1851) (Wilke 2019). The other potential South American Pomatiopsidae genus, Spiripockia Simone, 2012, was recently transferred to Cochliopidae based on new anatomical data (Simone and Salvador 2021). This disjunct distribution has been difficult to ex- plain and competing biogeographic hypotheses have proved impossible to be fully untangled (Wilke 2019). Phylogenetic works involving the family have mostly been concerned with its Asian branch, which is by far the most diverse (e.g., Attwood et al. 2003; Guan et al. 2008; Kameda and Kato 2011; Liu et al. 2014). The only study to include both Zomichia and Coxiella was Wilke et al. (2013), which recovered both genera as sister taxa, separated from Pomatiopsidae and hence recognized as the family Tomichiidae. Nevertheless, this classification scheme has not yet gained widespread acceptance and 1s absent from later works (e.g., Wilke 2019). As such, the inclusion of the South American /diopyrgus, largely ignored so far, is the final piece of this puzzle. Here- in we use newly collected material to include /diopyrgus in a molecular phylogenetic framework of freshwater Trun- catelloidea, in an attempt to resolve the matters of phylog- Copyright Sa/vador, R.B. et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 366 eny and classification, and also shed light on the biogeo- graphic history of the group. We also reassess synonymized genus and species level taxa within diopyrgus and describe two new species based on the newly collected material. Material and methods Taxonomic background When first described, Idiopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911 contained only one species: /diopyrgus souleyetianus Pilsbry, 1911 (type species by original designation), whose type local- ity is Rio Doce (“Doce River”), in Espirito Santo state, SE Brazil (Pilsbry 1911). Three further species were later described from other localities in Brazil, but are presently considered junior synonyms of J. souleyetianus according to Simone (2006): (1) /. pilsbryi Baker, 1914, type locali- ty: Lago Papary, Rio Grande do Norte state; (2) I. walkeri Pilsbry, 1924, type locality: Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais state; and (3) Oncomelania brasiliensis Rey, 1959, type locality: Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state. Like- wise, two genera have been synonymized with /diopy- rgus (Simone 2006): Aquidauania Davies, 1979, whose only representative is J. brasiliensis (Rey, 1959) (Davis 1979); and Hydracme Haas 1938, which contained only I. rudolphi (Haas, 1938). From the above, it follows that /. souleyetianus 1s cur- rently considered a widespread species in Brazil, being reported from the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, and Rio Grande do Norte (Birckolz et al. 2016). The only other cur- rently accepted species in the genus is /. rudolphi (Haas, 1938) (Simone 2006), known only from its type locality in Jatoba, in Pernambuco state, NE Brazil (Haas 1938). Material analyzed The specimens (including types) analyzed for the pres- ent study are housed in the following collections: ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (Phil- adelphia, PA, USA); LES, Laboratorio de Estudos Subter- raneos, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil); MZSP, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil); SMF, Naturmuse- um Senckenberg (Frankfurt am Main, Germany). New specimens of /diopyrgus spp. have been collected in Bahia state by the team at LES as part of cave surveys in the region. They come from the following localities (and caves): Central municipality (Gruta da Machadinha, Toca Bonita, Toca da Mulher, Toca de Candeias); Coribe municipality (Gruna Bem Bom); Feira da Mata municipality (Gruna da Pingueira II, Gruna do Engrunado). A paper is in preparation with a full account of the localities surveyed during those expeditions and the land and freshwater gastropods found. The following abbreviations are used throughout the text: BA, Bahia state; ES, Espirito Santo state; H, shell zse.pensoft.net Salvador, R.B. et al.: Phylogenetic position of /diopyrgus height (measured parallel to columellar axis); leg., collec- tor(s); MG, Minas Gerais state; MS, Mato Grosso do Sul: PE, Pernambuco state; RN, Rio Grande do Norte state. Material analyzed Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov.: BRAZIL °¢ holotype; BA, Central, Toca Bonita; 13 Mar. 2017; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallaéo leg.; MZSP 158237. 14 paratypes; BA, Central, Toca Bonita; 13 Mar. 2017; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallao leg.; LES 0027975. 3 paratypes; BA, Cen- tral, Toca Bonita; 13 Mar. 2017; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallao leg.; LES 0027975. 2 shells; BA, Central, Toca da Mulher; 03 Jul. 2018; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallao leg.; LES 0027976. 3 shells; BA, Central, Toca de Can- deias; 03 Jul. 2018; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallao leg.; LES 0027977. 4 shells; BA, Central, Toca de Candeias; 03 Jul. 2018; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallo leg.; LES 0027978. 13 shells; BA, Central, Gruta da Machadinha; 15 Mar. 2017; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallo leg.; LES 0027979. Idiopyrgus pilsbryi: BRAZIL ¢ lectotype; RN, Lago Pa- pary; F. Baker leg.; ANSP 130700. Idiopyrgus rudolphi: BRAZIL ¢ holotype; PE, Jatoba, Rio SAo Francisco; SMF 24365. Idiopyrgus minor sp. nov.: BRAZIL ° holotype; BA, Feira da Mata, Gruna da Pingueira I; 14 Oct. 2020; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallao, J. S. Gallo, D. F. Torres leg.; MZSP 158238. 2 paratypes; BA, Feira da Mata, Gruna do Engrunado; 8 Jul. 2021; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallao, J. S. Gallo leg.; LES 0027980. Idiopyrgus souleyetianus: BRAZIL * holotype; ES, Rio Doce; 1910; H. v. Ihering leg.; ANSP 100534. 1 shell; ES, Rio Doce; H. v. Ihering leg.; ANSP 275181. 15 shells; BA, Sao Desidério, Gruta do Catao; 03 Nov. 2012; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallo leg.; MZSP 122772-122775. Idiopyrgus cf. souleyetianus: BRAZIL « 1 shell; MG, Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruacu; 06 May 2014; M.E. Bichuette et al. leg.; MZSP 138998. 1 shell; MG, Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peru- acu, Lapa do Branco I; 09 May 2015; M.E. Bichuette et al. leg.; MZSP 139003. Idiopyrgus cf. walkeri: BRAZIL ¢ 3 shells; BA, Coribe, Gruna Bem Bom; 07 Jul. 2021; M.E. Bichuette, J. E. Gallao et al. leg.; LES 0027981. The holotype of /diopyrgus brasiliensis (MZSP 14598; MS, Campo Grande) could not be found in the MZSP collection and 1s therefore considered lost. Pilsbry (1924) did not indicate the type material of 7. walkeri, which is a very unusual situation for that author; the specimen(s) could not be located in the ANSP collection, where most of his types are housed. Molecular data One juvenile and one adult specimen (paratypes of each of the new /diopyrgus species) preserved in ethanol 98% were used for DNA extraction. With the exception of the holotypes and other paratypes of these species, all other available specimens of /diopyrgus spp. are dry shells only. Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 365-375 DNA extraction followed the standard protocol of the QIAGEN DNEasy® Blood & Tissue Kit, with the addition of a repetition of the final step in order to increase yield. The following markers were target herein: (1) the barcoding fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene (c. 650 bp; prim- ers LCO/HCO of Folmer et al. 1994); (2) the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (c. 450 bp; primers 16SarL/16SbrH of Si- mon et al. 1994); (3) the ITS2 region and the 5' end of the 28S rRNA gene (c. 1,400 bp; primers LSU-1/LSU-3 and LSU-2/LSU-5 of Wade et al. 2006). The protocol for PCR were as follows. COI and 16S: initial denaturation at 96 °C (3 min); 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C (30 s), annealing at 48 °C (1 min), and extension at 72 °C (2 min); final ex- tension at 72 °C (5 min). ITS2+28S: initial denaturation at 95 °C (3 min); 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C (30 s), an- nealing at either 50 °C (ITS2 section) or 45 °C (28S section) (1 min), and extension at 72 °C (5 min for ITS2 section; 2 min for 28S section); final extension at 72 °C (4 min). The PCR products were assessed via agarose gel elec- trophoresis, cleaned (following the manufacturer’s pro- tocol) with ExoSAP-IT™ (Affymetrix Inc.), and sent to Massey Genome Service (Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand) for Sanger sequencing. Sequences were quality-proofed and assembled in Geneious Prime (v.2020.2.2, Biomatters Ltd.). The consensus sequence of each marker was uploaded to GenBank (registration numbers are listed under each species entry below). The DNA sequences for the phylogenetic analysis were extracted from GenBank (Table 1), with a focus on Pomatiopsidae and Tomichiidae. Representatives of oth- er closely-related families were also selected, including those families and genera in which /diopyrgus has been historically classified or been considered related to, such as Amnicolidae, Assimineidae and Tateidae (e.g., Pilsbry 1924; Morretes 1949; Rey 1959). A Littorinidae species was chosen as outgroup (Table 1). Sequence alignment was conducted in Geneious Prime via the MAFFT plugin (v.7.450; Katoh et al. 2002; Ka- toh and Standley 2013) with default settings. The resulting alignment of each marker (COI, 16S, and ITS+28S) was visually proofed for inconsistencies and then run through Gblocks (Castresana 2000; Talavera and Castresana 2007) with the least restrictive settings to eliminate poor- ly-aligned or data-deficient positions that could hamper the analysis. The resulting post-Gblocks alignments were con- catenated (2,610 bp in total) for a single Bayesian inference phylogenetic analysis, conducted with MrBayes (v.3.2.7, Ronquist et al. 2012) via the CIPRES Science Gateway (v. 3.3, Miller et al. 2015). Two concurrent analyses were run, each with 4 Markov chains of 40 million generations (the first 20% discarded as ‘burn-in’), the default priors, nst = 6, rates = invgamma, temperature parameter = 0.1, sampling every 1,000 generations, and with substitution model parameters unlinked across the markers (COI, 16S, ITS+28S). MCMC convergence was assessed by examin- ing the standard deviation of split frequencies (<0.01) and the potential scale reduction factor (PSRF ~1.0), as well as trace plots in Geneious (Ronquist et al. 2009). 367 Results and discussion The specimens used herein for DNA analysis were iden- tified as two new species of /diopyrgus, described below: Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. and Idiopyrgus minor sp. nov. Genus I[diopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911 Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/277BBC82-4F6F-48 10-AQE0-7E23B7301D18 Fig. 2A-H Type material. MZSP 158237 (holotype), LES 0027974 (14 paratypes, from type locality), LES 0027975 (3 para- types, from type locality). Type locality. Brazil, Bahia state, Central municipali- ty, Toca Bonita cave. Distribution. Known from four caves in Central mu- nicipality. Etymology. From Latin, meaning ‘of diamond’; an allusion to the region in Bahia known as Chapada Dia- mantina, where all the caves in the species’ known distri- bution are located. Diagnosis. Elongated shell spire; narrow body whorl; more circular aperture when compared to congeners. Description. Shell small, truncatelloid, of translucent beige to whitish color. Protoconch bulbous and translu- cent, of fragile appearance (it is broken off in many speci- mens). Spire narrow. Shell smooth except for fine growth lines; growth lines can be more marked in some speci- mens, forming a light axial ribbing pattern (Fig. 2E, G). Suture deep; subsutural cord observed in one specimen (Fig. 2E). Whorl profile markedly convex, rounded. Whorls initially increasing regularly in size with growth, but final whorls are typically similar in size (Fig. 2A, D-G). Aperture small in proportion to body whorl; oval to circular, with a more acuminate end towards the upper lip insertion. Peristome complete; reflexed but not thick- ened. Shell rimate. Operculum translucent, of same color as the shell. Soft body white. Measurements. holotype: 6% whorls, H = 5.3 mm, D = 2.3 mm; mean (n = 7), 62 whorls (min 6, max 7), H = 5.6 + 0.39 mm, D=2.5 + 0.12 mm. Genetic data. GenBank reg. nrs: COI, ON323464; 16S, ON359913; ITS2+28S, ON324828. Remarks. /diopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. is most similar in shell shape to 1. souleyetianus and J. brasil- iensis, but it can be diagnosed from them by the fewer number of whorls and the much narrower body whorl, as well as a more circular aperture (Fig. 1). It can be dis- tinguished from /. rudolphi by the deeper suture, more convex whorl profile and more circular aperture. It dif- fers from the remaining congeners by its narrower shell, more elongated spire and smaller aperture (in proportion to body whorl). Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. displays a fair amount of morphological variation in the shell, even in specimens zse.pensoft.net 368 Salvador, R.B. et al.: Phylogenetic position of /diopyrgus Table 1. Species used in the phylogenetic analysis, with GenBank registration number of each marker, locality data, and reference. The taxa are arranged alphabetically for ease of use; type species of the genera are indicated by an asterisk after their name. Taxon Col 16S 28S Locality Reference Amnicolidae Akiyoshia kobayashii Kuroda & Habe, 1958 AB611823 AB611822 AB611821 Japan, Shiga, Taga Kameda and Kato 2011 Amnicola limosus (Say, 1817) AF213348 AF212903 — USA, Michigan, Blind Lake Wilke et al. 2001 Assimineidae Angustassiminea satumana (Habe, 1942) AB611803 AB611802 AB611801 Japan, Kagoshima, Kikai ls. Kameda and Kato 2011 Assiminea grayana Fleming, 1828* HQ623170 HQ623153 — Germany, Lower Saxony, Varel Wilke et al. 2013 Assiminea hiradoensis Habe, 1942 AB611807 AB611806 AB611805 Japan, Nagasaki, Urakami Kameda and Kato 2011 Assiminea ovata (Krauss, 1848) — KC109939 KC109991 South Africa, Western Cape, Criscione and Ponder Knysna Lagoon 2013 Paludinellassiminea japonica (Pilsbry, 1901)* AB611811 AB611810 AB611809 Japan, Ehime, Hiburi Is. Kameda and Kato 2011 Pseudomphala miyazakii (Habe, 1943) AB61815 ABol11814 AB611813 Japan, Saga, Ashikari Kameda and Kato 2011 Falsicingulidae Falsicingula athera Bartsch in Golikov & Scarlato, HQ623172 HQ623155 — Japan, Hokkaido, Etorofu Is. Wilke et al. 2013 1967 Falsicingula mundana (Yokoyama, 1926) AB930492 AB930424 AB930366 Japan, Kyoto, Kotobikihama Takano and Kano 2014 Littorinidae Littoraria pallescens (Philippi, 1846) AB611831 AB611830 AB611829 Japan, Okinawa, Nago Kameda and Kato 2011 Pomatiopsidae Blanfordia bensoni (Adams, 1861) AB611711 AB6o11710 AB611709 = Japan, Hokkaido, Nigorikawa Kameda and Kato 2011 Blanfordia integra Pilsbry, 1924 AB611719 AB611718 AB611717 Japan, Shizuoka, Mt. Mikuni Kameda and Kato 2011 Blanfordia japonica (Adams, 1861)* AB611727 AB611726 AB6ol1725 Japan, Niigata, Sado Kameda and Kato 2011 Blanfordia simplex Pilsbry, 1902 AB611731 AB611730 AB611729 Japan, Yamagata, Yunohama Kameda and Kato 2011 Cecina manchurica Adams, 1861 * AB611743 AB611742 AB611741 Japan, Ishikawa, Nanao Kameda and Kato 2011 Delavaya dianchiensis Davis & Guo, 1986 KC832692 KC832713 — China, Yunnan, Dianchi Lake Liu et al. 2014 Fukuia kurodai Abbott & Hunter, 1949* AB611767 AB611766 AB611765 Japan, Fukui, Takeda Kameda and Kato 2011 Fukuia multistriata Abbott & Hunter, 1949 AB611779 AB611778 AB611777 Japan, Fukui, Umeura Kameda and Kato 2011 Fukuia ooyagii Minato, 1982 AB611783 AB611782 AB611781 Japan, Aomori, lwaya Kameda and Kato 2011 Gammatricula shini (Habe, 1961) AB611799 AB611798 AB611797 Japan, Okinawa, Yonaguni Is. Kameda and Kato 2011 Gammatricula songi Davis, Chen & Yu, 1994 EF394902 EF394867 EF394879 China, Zhejiang, Zhongcun Guan et al. 2008 Hubendickia schuetti (Brandt, 1968) KC832688 KC832709 — Laos, Ban Xieng-Wang Liu et al. 2014 Jinghongia jinghongensis (Guo & Gu, 1985)* KC832707 KC832728 — China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Liu et al. 2014 Manningiella polita Brandt, 1970* KC832694 KC832715 ~ Thailand, Phibun Mangsahan Liu et al. 2014 Neoprososthenia levayi (Bavay, 1896) KC832687 KC832708 — Laos, Ban Hat-Xai-Kuhn Liu et al. 2014 Neotricula aperta (Temcharoen, 1971)* AF531541 AF531556 AY207034 Mekong River (28S Thailand, 16S/ — Attwood et al. 2003 COI Laos) Neotricula burchi (Davis, 1968) AF531544 AF531542 AY207035 Thailand, Chiang-Mai Attwood et al. 2003 Oncomelania hupensis Gredler, 1881 * AB611787 AB611786 AB611785 Japan, Yamanashi, Nirasaki Kameda and Kato 2011 Oncomelania minima (Bartsch, 1936) AB611791 AB611790 AB611789 Japan, Ishikawa, Wajima Kameda and Kato 2011 Pachydrobia munensis Brandt, 1968 KC832700 KC832721 — Thailand, Phibun Mangsahan Liu et al. 2014 Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say, 1817)* AF367636 AY676118 — USA, Michigan, Bridgewater Wilke et al. 2001 Robertsiella silvicola Attwoodet al., 2005 AF531550 AF531548 — Malaysia, Kedah, Baling Attwood et al. 2003 Tricula bambooensis Davis & Zheng, 1986 KC832699 KC832720 — China, Yunnan, Dianchi Lake Liu et al. 2014 Tricula bollingi Davis, 1968 AF531553 AF531551 AY207039 Thailand, Chiang-Mai Attwood et al. 2003 Tricula fujianensis (Liu et al., 1983) EF394893 EF394873 EF394885 China, Fujian, Sanming Guan et al. 2008 Tricula hongshanensis Tang et al., 1986 EF394896 EF394876 EF394888 China, Hubei, Kedian Guan et al. 2008 Tricula hortensis Attwood & Brown, 2003 EF394900 EF394871 EF394883 China, Sichuan, Han-Wang Guan et al. 2008 Tricula hsiangi Kang, 1984 EF394897 EF394877 EF394889 China, Hubei, Shenjiabao Guan et al. 2008 Stenothyridae Stenothyra australis Hedley, 1901 KC439692 KC439814 KC439915 Australia, Queensland, Magazine Cr. Golding 2014 Stenothyra paludicola van Benthem Jutting, 1963 KC439733 KC439855 KC439923 Timor-Leste, Manufahi Golding 2014 Tateidae Potamolithus ribeirensis Pilsbry, 1911 JX970618 JX970549 — Brazil, Sao Paulo, lporanga Wilke et al. 2013 Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) AY631102 AY314009 AY014159 Undetermined Guan et al. 2008 Potamopyrgus estuarinus Winterbourn, 1970 AB930485 — AB930357 New Zealand, Auckland, Orewa Takano and Kano 2014 Tatea huonensis (Tenison Woods, 1876)* JX970619 JX970550 — Australia, New South Wales, Manly Wilke et al. 2013 Lagoon Tomichiidae Coxiella striatula (Menke, 1843)* KC439800 KC109948 KC110000 Australia, Victoria, Nelson Criscione and Ponder 2013 Tomichia ventricosa (Reeve, 1842)* — JX970552 — South Africa, Agulhas Plain Wilke et al. 2013 Truncatellidae Truncatella pfeifferi Martens, 1860 AB611819 AB611818 AB611817 Japan, Ishikawa, Nanao Kameda and Kato 2011 Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)* — KC110035 KC109982 Italy, Sicily, Trapani Criscione and Ponder 2013 zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 365-375 369 Figure 1. Shells of Jdiopyrgus spp. A, B. I. souleyetianus Pilsbry, 1911, holotype ANSP 100534; C, D. 7. pilsbryi Baker, 1914, lecto- type ANSP 130700; E. 1. walkeri Pilsbry, 1924, reproduced from Pilsbry (1924: p. 6, fig. 9); KF, G. 1. rudolphi (Hass, 1938), holotype SMF 24365; H. J. brasiliensis (Rey, 1959), reproduced from Rey (1959: p. 145, fig. 2). Scale bars: 1 mm. from the same cave (Fig. 2A—D, F—H), like what is ob- served in many other freshwater truncatelloids. The shell and the spire of some specimens can be shorter (Fig. 2C) or taller and more elongated (Fig. 2D), the body whorl can be slighter wider (Fig. 2C, H), the shell sculpture can be more prominent (Fig. 2E, G), and a subsutural cord can be present (Fig. 2E). Given its occurrence in four distinct caves of Central region (Bahia state), /diopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. is considered a troglophilic species rather than a strict tro- globitic one. The region of Central is characterized by a dry vegetation type (Caatinga) and the caves represent good shelters for these animals, given their high-humid- ity microhabitats. Few collections were conducted out- side the caves and, as such, this species occurrence out- side subterranean habitats was not tested. Nevertheless, the lack of body pigmentation and the translucent shell of some specimens (Fig. 2A—H) are possible troglomor- phisms, 1.e., morphological traits typically observed in cave-dwelling gastropods (Christiansen 2012; Trontely et al. 2012; Salvador et al. 2022). The caves of Central municipality and their surround- ings are impacted by deforestation caused by subsistence agriculture, mining activities, and wind energy installa- tions in the karst landscapes (Bichuette, pers. obs.). Idiopyrgus minor sp. nov. https://zoobank. org/5472, I oOo Fig. 2I-K \ FA6-F079-4FE7-BO5SF-801ADC23B749 Type material. MZSP 158238 (holotype), LES 0027980 (2 paratypes, from Gruna do Engrunado). Type locality. Brazil, Bahia state, Feira da Mata mu- nicipality, Gruna da Pingueira II cave. Distribution. Known only from two caves in Feira da Mata municipality. Etymology. From Latin, meaning ‘little’. zse.pensoft.net 370 Salvador, R.B. et al.: Phylogenetic position of /diopyrgus Figure 2. Shells of the two new species of /diopyrgus. A—H. Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov.; A, B. Holotype MZSP 158237; C. Paratype LES 0027975; D. Paratype LES 0027975; E. LES 0027975 (from Gruta da Machadinha); F, LES 0027978 (from Toca de Candeias); G. LES 0027977 (from Toca de Candeias); H. LES 0027978 (from Toca de Candeias); I-K. /diopyrgus minor sp. nov.; I, J. Holotype MZSP 158238; K. Paratype LES 0027980 (from Gruna do Engrunado). Scale bars: 1 mm zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 365-375 0.55 0.78 Angustassiminea satumana 08 1 Assiminea grayana Assiminea hiradoensis Pseudomphala miyazakii Assiminea ovata Paludinellassiminea japonica 0.99 Blanfordia bensoni Blanfordia japonica eee Blanfordia simplex Fukuia ooyagii 1 Blanfordia integra 1 Fukuia kurodai Fukuia multistriata Cecina manchurica 1 1 0.93 Delavaya dianchiensis Tricula hsiangi 0.82 Tricula bambooensis 371 ASSIMINEIDAE 1 Hubendickia schuetti 0.63 Neoprososthenia levayi 0.99 Tricula bollingi Tricula hongshanensis 1 Tricula hortensis Gammatricula shini 4 Gammatricula songi Jinghongia jinghongensis 0.6 0.88 4 0.61 0.82 0.51 Manningiella polita Neotricula aperta POMATIOPSIDAE 0.51 Pachydrobia munensis 0.98 Robertsiella silvicola Neotricula burchi 0.55 Tricula fujianensis 0.51 1 Oncomelania minima Oncomelania hupensis Pomatiopsis lapidaria Falsicingula athera Falsicingula mundana Truncatella pfeifferi Truncatella subcylindrica Stenothyra paludicola 1 Potamolithus ribeirensis Tatea huonensis | FALSICINGULIDAE TOMICHIIDAE | TRUNCATELLIDAE | STENOTHYRIDAE TATEIDAE Potamopyrgus antipodarum Potamopyrgus estuarinus Littoraria pallescens 0.3 Akiyoshia kobayashii Amnicola limosus | AMNICOLIDAE Figure 3. Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree based on CO1, 16S, ITS2 and 28S, highlighting the family Tomichiidae and the position of /diopyrgus. The posterior probabilities are shown on the nodes; scale bar is substitutions per site. Diagnosis. Smaller shell than congeners; spire not as elongated and wider than most congeners; aperture pro- portionately larger in relation to preceding whorl. Description. Shell minute, truncatelloid, of translu- cent white color. Protoconch not too prominent. Shell smooth except for fine growth lines. Suture deep, ren- dering whorls lightly shouldered in holotype (Fig. 21, J). Whorl profile convex. Whorls increasing regularly tn size with growth. Aperture large in proportion to body whorl; oval to circular, with a more acuminate end towards the upper lip insertion. Peristome complete; reflexed but not thickened. Shell rimate. Operculum translucent, of same color as the shell. Soft body white. Measurements. holotype: 5 whorls, H = 3.5 mm, D = 1.7 mm; paratype: H = 3.7 mm, D= 1.7 mm. Genetic data. GenBank reg. nrs: COI, ON720330; 16S, ON720564; ITS2+28S, ON720562. Remarks. /diopyrgus minor sp. nov. can be distin- guished from its congeners by its small size. It also has a less elongated and wider spire than most of its congeners, the exceptions being /. pilsbryi and I. walkeri (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, it can also be easily diagnosed from them: I. minor sp. nov. 1s much smaller and has a narrower shell than /. walkeri, and has a larger and wider aperture than I. pilsbryi. Finally, there is a reasonably large genetic distance separating /. minor sp. nov. from [. adamanteus sp. nov. (Fig. 3), comparable to the distance between the species of Truncatellidae and Stenothyridae present on the tree and larger than the distances between species of Pomatiopsidae. zse.pensoft.net sv This species is considered troglobitic, given tts occur- rence in a single cave of the Serra do Ramalho karst area. The specimens were collected in pools resulting from in- filtration water and seem to be restricted to this habitat. Besides the translucent shell and lack of body pigmen- tation, the smaller body size of /. minor sp. nov. can also be interpreted as a possible troglomorphism, given that miniaturization is common in cave organisms, including snails (Christiansen 2012; Salvador et al. 2022). The Serra do Ramalho region has been historically ex- ploited for agriculture, charcoal production, and mining, from small to large scales (Gallao and Bichuette 2018). Phylogenetics and biogeography The phylogenetic analysis included a total of 51 species (counting the outgroup) and all family level taxa were well-supported (posterior probability, PP = 1 in all cases except Falsicingulidae, for which PP = 0.98). As such, even though there is an unsolved polytomy in the tree (Fig. 3; in all likelihood a result of the exclusion of north- ern hemisphere families not immediately related to our question), the membership of each species to a particular family can be readily and reliably assessed. In that regard, it can be seen that /diopyrgus does not belong to Pomatiopsidae; rather, it is grouped together with Jomichia and Coxiella. These three genera together form the family Tomichiidae, which recovers the results of Wilke et al. (2013) and fully establishes this family as a Gondwanan clade. The most basal branch in Tomichiidae appears to be the Australian Coxiella, with the South Af- rican Jomichia and the South American /diopyrgus spp. forming a well-supported monophyletic clade (PP = 0.97; Fig. 3). This represents a typical Gondwanan scenario, with the Australian branch being the most basal one. Fur- thermore, it can be surmised that all three genera are rel- icts in their respective continents, given their present low diversity and restricted distributions (Wilke 2019). Nevertheless, the diversity of the Brazilian branch of this family might be underestimated. Specimens of /. souleye- tianus have been reported from several localities in Brazil, including the aphotic zones of caves (e.g., Thiengo et al. 2005; Salvador et al. 2017; Salvador and Simone 2021). Shell morphology and the apparent isolation of some popu- lations in cave systems indicate, however, that “/. souleye- tianus’ from the literature 1s likely a species complex (see also the discussion below). The two new species described herein from caves also point towards this conclusion. Fu- ture morphological and molecular studies might thus shed light on the real diversity of this group in Brazil. It is also noteworthy that Tomichiidae is absent from Zealandia, especially considering that the family Tatei- dae is likewise a Gondwanan clade and has representa- tives in South America, Australia and New Zealand (Fig. 3; Zielske et al. 2016; Ponder 2019). Given the more basal position of Tateidae in relation to Tomichiidae, it can be hypothesized that it represents an earlier branch zse.pensoft.net Salvador, R.B. et al.: Phylogenetic position of /diopyrgus of Truncatelloidea and that Tomichiidae therefore arose after Zealandia had split from Gondwana (circa 80 Ma). Taxonomy Based on the study of type material and further specimens available to us, it was possible to reassess those species of Idiopyrgus that are presently considered synonyms (as per Simone 2006) of . souleyetianus. This assessment was done based on conchological characters of the type specimens, topotypes, and additional voucher specimens, as no addi- tional DNA-grade material could be acquired. Therefore, we are aware that our proposed arrangement may change in the future when more material becomes available. I. souleyetianus (Fig. 1A, B) is here restricted to pop- ulations from Espirito Santo state (Southeast Atlantic hy- drographic region), which includes the type locality, and Bahia state (Sao Francisco hydrographic region; speci- mens reported by Salvador et al. 2017) (Fig. 4). The spec- imens from northern Minas Gerais (Sao Francisco hydro- graphic region; Fig. 4) assigned by Salvador and Simone (2021) to 1. souleyetianus display much smaller shells, with fewer whorls and a weak axial teleoconch sculpture. As such, they might represent a still unrecognized spe- cies. Likewise, the records from Goias state assigned to I. souleyetianus by Thiengo et al. (2005: not illustrated) stem from an area belonging to yet another hydrographic region (Tocantins-Araguaia; Fig. 4) and should be reas- sessed; they are treated here as /diopyrgus sp. Idiopyrgus pilsbryi (Fig. 1C, D) has a much smaller Shell than 7 souleyetianus, having circa 2/3 of the lat- ter’s shell length. The whorls of 1. souleyetianus are taller than those of /. pilsbryi, and it has a taller spire with more whorls. I. pilsbryi inhabits Rio Grande do Norte state, ca. 1,500 km north of the type locality of 1. souleyetianus, ina completely different climate and biome. It is geographical- ly isolated from /. souleyetianus, whose northernmost oc- currence is in central Bahia state (Fig. 4), and in a different hydrographic region (Eastern Northeast Atlantic region). As such, we reinstate . pilsbryi as an accepted species. Idiopyrgus walkeri was described from Minas Gerais state and its type specimen could not be located in the ANSP collection during the present study. By its descrip- tion and published illustrations (Pilsbry 1924, reproduced here as Fig. 1E), it has a more conical shell and wider and more convex whorls than /. sou/eyetianus (being of similar size to it), alongside a shorter spire with fewer whorls. It in- habits the Sao Francisco hydrographic region (Fig. 4), but on a different area from where I. souleyetanus is known. In absence of type material, /. walkeri is here considered po- tentially distinct from /. souleyetanus, but it is regarded as a taxon inquirendum until the types come to light or topo- types are collected. Three specimens collected from caves in Coribe municipality, southern Bahia state (Fig. 4), have wider shells and could represent specimens of I. walkeri. Idiopyrgus rudolphi (Fig. 1F, G) is the most immedi- ately diagnosable species, as its shell has a straighter spire Zoosyst. Evol. 98 (2) 2022, 365-375 373 “™souleyetanus Hydrographic regions of interest: |__| East Northeast Atlantic [| Sao Francisco [| Tocantins-Araguaia [| Paraguay [| Southeast Atlantic Figure 4. Map of Brazil showing state borders, hydrographic regions, and occurrence of /diopyrgus spp. Black squares represent the known records of each species, while the red circles represent specimens of uncertain identification (potentially representing new species) here labeled /diopyrgus sp.; the red square indicates the area where the specimen used in the phylogeny was collected. profile, almost subulinid-like, with whorls only slightly convex in profile. This feature was deemed sufficient by Haas (1938) to describe the genus Hydracme to house this species. Considering the morphological variation known in the shell shape of truncatelloids, we prefer to follow the most conservative approach for now and to maintain Hydracme as a synonym of /diopyrgus until molecular studies on I. rudolphi can be conducted and its position in the group’s phylogeny assessed. I. rudolphi is known only from its type locality in Pernambuco state (Sao Francisco hydrographic region), seemingly isolated from /. souleye- tianus to the south and /. pilsbryi to the north (Fig. 4). The type material of /diopyrgus brasiliensis, despite being databased in the MZSP collection, could not be lo- cated during the present study. According to the species description and published illustrations (Rey 1959, repro- duced here as Fig. 1H), this species is very similar in shell shape and size to J. souleyetianus, but it has a taller body whorl, a more vertically positioned aperture, and a less reflected lip. It is also geographically isolated from oth- er Idiopyrgus spp. (Fig. 3). Therefore, we reinstate it as an accepted species. It inhabits Mato Grosso do Sul state (Paraguay hydrographic region) and, given its occurrence in Corumba municipality (Rey 1959) close to the border, it should likely be found in Bolivia and perhaps Paraguay as well. The record from Mato Grosso state (Simone 2006; Birckolz et al. 2016) is in all likelihood a misinter- pretation of the records of Rey (1959), since back then the state of Mato Grosso still contained the area that later be- came Mato Grosso do Sul state. The genus Aquidauania, which was erected to house /. brasiliensis (erroneously described as belonging to Oncomelania Gredler, 1881, an Asian genus; Rey 1959), is therefore a synonym of Idiopyrgus, as already indicated by Simone (2006). zse.pensoft.net 374 The two new species described herein, . adamante- us sp. nov. and /. minor sp. nov., are from Bahia state, belonging to the Middle Sao Francisco hydrographic re- gion (Fig. 4). Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. 1s apparent- ly isolated from /. souleyetianus in the south and I. rudol- phi in the north (Fig. 4). The distribution of 7. minor sp. nov., however, overlaps with 1. souleyetianus and poten- tially with 1. walkeri as well (Fig. 4). It is thus tempting to consider /. souleyetianus and/or I. walkeri as widespread species whose isolated populations in caves might have given rise to new species such as /. minor sp. nov. Conclusion Based on our results, we transfer /diopyrgus (and Cox- iella) from Pomatiopsidae to Tomichiidae, and reinstate previously synonymized species-level taxa. Hence, we propose the following arrangement for family Tomichi- idae and, in particular, the genus /diopyrgus. Superfamily Truncatelloidea Gray, 1840 Family Tomichiidae Wenz, 1938 [=Coxiellidae Iredale, 1943] Genus Jomichia Benson, 1851 Genus Coxiella E. A. Smith, 1894 Genus /diopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911 [=Hydracme Haas, 1938; Aquidauania Davies, 1979] Idiopyrgus souleyetianus Pilsbry, 1911 [type species] Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. Idiopyrgus brasiliensis (Rey, 1959) Idiopyrgus minor sp. nov. Idiopyrgus pilsbryi Baker, 1914 Idiopyrgus rudolphi (Haas, 1938) Idiopyrgus walkeri Pilsbry, 1924 [taxon inquirendum] Acknowledgements We are very grateful to Paul Callomon (ANSP), Sigrid Hof (SMF), and Jean-Claude Stahl (NMNZ), for infor- mation and/or photos of the specimens used in the present study; to J.E. Gallao, J.S. Gallo and D.F. Torres for help in the field trips and organization of LES collection; to GBPE and Grupo Pierre Martin de Espeleologia (GPME) for sharing speleological information, respectively, of Serra do Ramalho karst area and of Central region with MEB; to SISBIO (Sistema de Autorizacao e Informa¢aéo em Biodiversidade) for the collection permit to MEB (#28992): and to Frank Kohler and Thomas von Rintelen for the comments and suggestions. MEB thanks FAPESP (Funda¢ao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Pau- lo, Brazil, regular Project number 2010/08459-4, Central collections), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvi- mento Cientifico e Tecnologico, Brazil, productivity fel- lowship 310378/2017—6), and ICMBio/CECAV (Institu- to Chico Mendes para Conserva¢éo da Biodiversidade/ Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conserva¢ao de Cavernas, Brazil) for financial support to the project “Estudos para zse.pensoft.net Salvador, R.B. et al.: Phylogenetic position of /diopyrgus defini¢ao de areas prioritarias para a Conservac¢ao de Pro- tecao Espeleologico na Serra do Ramalho — BA”, under execution by the GBPE (Grupo Bambui de Pesquisas Es- peleolégicas), coordinated by Ezio Rubbiol1. 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