Apeer-reviewed open-access journa I

BioRisk 18:57—91 (2022) ites ;
doi: 10.3897/biorisk. 18.7700 RESEARCH ARTICLE & B lO R IS

https://biorisk.pensoft.net

Potential risk resulting from the influence of static
magnetic field upon living organisms.
Numerically-simulated effects of the static
magnetic field upon carbohydrates

Wojciech Ciesielski', Tomasz Girek', Henryk Kotoczek’,
Zdzistaw Oszczeda?, Jacek A. Soroka*, Piotr Tomasik?

I Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dtugosz University, 42 201 Czestochowa, Poland 2 Institute of Chemistry and
Inorganic Technology, Krakow University of Technology, 31155 Krakow, Poland 3 Nantes Nanotechnological
Systems, 59 700 Bolestawiec, Poland 4 Scientific Society of Szczecin, 71-481 Szczecin, Poland

Corresponding author: Wojciech Ciesielski (w.ciesielski@interia.pl)

Academic editor: Josef Settele | Received 24 October 2021 | Accepted 3 April 2022 | Published 6 June 2022

Citation: Ciesielski W, Girek T, Kotoczek H, Oszczeda Z, Soroka JA, Tomasik P (2022) Potential risk resulting from
the influence of static magnetic field upon living organisms. Numerically-simulated effects of the static magnetic field

upon carbohydrates. BioRisk 18: 57—91. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.18.77001

Abstract

Background: Recognising effects of static magnetic field (SMF) of varying flux density on flora and fauna
is attempted. For this purpose, the influence of SMF upon molecules of a- and /-D-glucose, a- and f-D-
galactose, a- and /-fructopyranoses, a- and /s-fructofuranoses and a- and $-D-xylofuranoses and a and
{-D-xylopyranoses is studied.

Methods: Computations of the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) of 0.0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 AFU (1
AFU > 1000 T) flux density were performed in silico for SMF changes distribution of the electron density
in these molecules.

Hyper-Chem 8.0 software was used together with the AM1 method for optimisation of the conformation
of the molecules of monosaccharides under study. Then polarisability, charge distribution, potential and
dipole moment for molecules placed in SMF were calculated involving DFT 3-21G method.

Results: Application of SMF induced polarisability of electrons, atoms and dipoles, the latter resulting in
eventual re-orientation of the molecules along the applied field of the molecules and the electron density
redistribution at particular atoms. Increase in the field strength generated mostly irregular changes of the
electron densities at particular atoms of the molecules as well as polarisabilities. Energy of these molecules
and their dipole moments also varied with the SMF flux density applied.

Conclusions: Saccharides present in the living organisms may participate in the response of the living organ-
isms to SMF affecting metabolism of the molecules in the body fluids by fitting molecules to the enzymes.

Structural changes of saccharide components of the cell membranes can influence the membrane permeability.

Copyright Wojciech Ciesielski et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

58 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57—91 (2022)

Keywords

D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-xylose, organisms, static magnetic field

Introduction

Carbohydrates (mono-, di-, oligo- and polysaccharides) serve several key functions
in fauna and flora. Customarily, products of their physical, chemical and biological
transformations are also accounted for in this group of compounds. Cellulose, a poly-
saccharide, is the most abundant carbohydrate all over the world. It is a structural
component of the cell walls of plants including aquatic plants like algae. Green plants,
which constitute about half of the living matter on the earth, also contain abundant
number of mono-, di- and oligosaccharides. Some of them are found also in animals.
Metabolism of those oligo- and lower carbohydrates provides energy and nutrients for
the plants (Heldt and Piechulla 2010).

In organisms of fauna and their life, the role of carbohydrates is much more com-
plex than in plants. They co-build membranes of body cells and microorganisms colo-
nising the body, enzymes and elements of genetic code. Carbohydrates are present in
systems protecting the cells from oxidative stress and participate in several reactions in
the body (Maton et al. 1993; Campbell et al. 2006; Reynolds et al. 2019). Carbohy-
drates in various forms are delivered to the organisms as food components. ‘The latter
are either physically, chemically or enzymatically transformed (metabolised) or left
intact playing the role of fibre. Fibre promotes a proper functioning of the excretory
system and, as an adsorbent, removes toxins concentrated in the intestines. All kinds
of physical, chemical and biochemical transformations are controlled by several fac-
tors, such as conformations of reacting molecules, equilibria, formation of transition
molecule — enzyme transition states and mechanisms of the transformations which can
be either reversible or irreversible. Their transformation can proceed following either
ionic or radical mechanisms (Tomasik 1997; Tomasik 2007a, 2007b; Keung and Me-
hta 2015; Churuangsuk et al. 2018).

The effect of increasing environmental pollution with a magnetic field (Hamza et
al. 2002; Rankovic and Radulovic 2009) and the role of the magnetic field in current
and future technologies (Committee to Assess the Current Status and Future Direction
of High Magnetic Field Science in the United States, Board on Physics and Astronomy
2013; Bao and Guo 2021; Tang et al. 2021) evokes certain anxiety. Therefore, recently
(Ciesielski et al. 2021) we presented a numerically-simulated effect of static magnetic
field (SMF) on the structure and behaviour of simple molecules, that is, triplet and
singlet oxygen, nitrogen, water, ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane (Ciesielski et
al. 2021) and lower alkanols (Ciesielski et al. 2022). The results prompted us to study
the effect of that field upon further molecules important in constituting and function-
ing organisms of flora and fauna.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 39

This paper presents results of numerical computations applied to selected
monosaccharides, that is to a and f-D-glucose, a and f-D-galactose, a and
6-fructopyranoses, a- and /-fructofuranoses, a- and f-D-xylopyranoses and a- and
{-D-xylofuranoses. They play essential roles in building structure and functioning of
organisms of flora and fauna.

Numerical computations

Molecular structures were drawn using the Fujitsu SCIGRESS 2.0 software (March-
and et al. 2014). Their principal symmetry axes were orientated along the x-axis of the
Cartesian system. A molecule of saccharide was situated inside of a triaxial elypsoid.
The long axis of that ellipsoid was accepted to be the x-axis. The shortest axis quasi-
perpendicular to either the pyranose or furanose ring was considered as the z-axis. The
y-axis was quasi-parallel to those rings plane. The magnetic field was fixed in the same
direction, along the x-axis with the south pole from the left side. Subsequently, involv-
ing Gaussian 0.9 software, equipped with the 6-31G** basis (Frisch et al. 2016) ice.
equipped with multiple polarization functions (Frisch et al. 1984), the molecules were
optimised and all values of bond length, dipole moment, health of formation, bond
energy and total energy for the systems were computed.

In the next step, the tendency of the static magnetic field (SMF) influence, em-
ployed as Arbitrary Field Unit (AFU) (1 AFU > 1000 T), upon optimised molecules
was computed with Amsterdam Modelling Suite software (Farberovich and Mazalova
2016; Charistos and Mufioz-Castro 2019) and the NR_LDOTB (non-relativistically
orbital momentum L-dot-B) method (Glendening et al. 1987; Carpenter and Wein-
hold 1988). Following that step, values of bond length, dipole moment, health of
formation equal to the energy of dissociation and charges at the atoms, were calculated
using Gaussian 0.9 software equipped with the 6-31G** basis (Frisch et al. 2016).

Visualisation of molecules in the coordinate system was performed involving the
HyperChem 8.0 software (Froimowitz 1993).

Results

Numerical simulations were performed for both anomers of D-glucose (Fig. 1)
Both anomers of D-galactose (Fig. 2)
Both anomers of D-fructopyranoses and both anomers of D-fructofuranoeses (Fig. 3)
Both anomers of D-xylopyranoses and both anomers of D-xylofuranoses (Fig. 4)
Particular structures contain numbering atoms followed in further discussions.
Tables 1-3 provide data illustrating properties of the «- and 8-D-glucose molecules
situated along the x-axis of the Cartesian system in SMF of the flux density of 0 to 100
AFU, distribution of charge density and bond lengths in those molecules, respectively.
Results of those computations are visualised in Fig. 5.

60 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

ri 24
H

16 B— 16 Be

H 18 18

Figure 2. Structure of «- and 6-D-galactose (a and b respectively) and followed by numbering of atoms.

Table |. Properties of the «- and 8-D-glucose molecules situated along the x-axis of the Cartesian system
in SMF of the flux density of 0 to 100 AFU.

Property Anomer Flux density [AFU]
0 0.1 1 10 100
Dipole moment [D] o 8.68 8.69 8.77 8.89 9.06
B 8.34 8.44 9.75 10.12 14.52
Heat of formation [kcal/mole] o -1259.6 -1259.6 -1248.7 -1141.5 -985.8
B -1246.6 -1245.8 -1223.5 -1095.3 -912.6

Corresponding data computed for anomers of D-galactose are presented in Tables
4—6. They are visualised in Fig. 6.

Tables 7-9 contain results of analogous computations for anomers of D-fructo-
pyranoses and visualisation of those data are visualised in Fig. 7.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 61

Figure 3. Structure of «- and $-D-fructopyranoses (a and b respectively) and «- and 8-D-fructofuranoses
(c and d respectively) and followed by numbering of atoms.

Properties computed for anomers of D-fructofuranoses are given in Tables 7, 10
and 11 and their visualisation can be seen in Fig. 8.

Corresponding data for D-xylopyranose anomers are provided in Tables 12—14
and visualisation of those data are presented in Fig. 9.

Finally, computations for anomers of D-xylofuranoses are presented in Tables 12,
15 and16. Visualisation of those data is given in Fig. 10.

Discussion

This study focused on recognising effects of SMF upon metabolism of monosaccha-
rides in the organisms of fauna and flora. Particular attention was paid to the effect
of SMF of increasing flux density upon the charge density at the atoms being the
reaction sites of the selected monosaccharide molecules responsible for initiating the
metabolic processes.

62 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

¢ d

Figure 4. Structure of «- and §-D-xylopyranoses (a and b respectively) and «- and 8-D-xylofuranoses

(c and d respectively) and followed by numbering of atoms.

SMF could perturb the trajectory of bonds forming electrons involving the Lor-
entz force. Additionally, the stability of the lone and bonding electron pairs resulting
from their oppositely-directed magnetic spins could be reduced. Such kind of electron
pairs reside in valence bonds and in non-bonding lone electron pairs of the oxygen
atoms. One of the two lone electron pairs of the latter atoms should be particularly
sensitive to the effect of SMF. SMF could turn hybridisation of that atom from nearly
sp’ to sp® proportionally to an increase in the flux density. That effect would influence
the electrostatic interactions through space within the molecules.

D-Glucose

This aldohexose resides chiefly in the cyclic form of «- and $-pyranose (Fig. 1). The
thermodynamically less stable open-chain molecule spontaneously isomerises into
one of two anomeric pyranoses (Tomasik 1997; Tomasik 2007a;, 2007b; Keung and
Mehta 2015; Churuangsuk et al. 2018).

Both anomers of D-glucose, that is, «- and 8-D-glucose are utilied in organisms
of flora and fauna as a main source of energy (Domb et al. 2019). They are directly

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 63

Table 2. Charge density [a.u] at particular atoms of the «- and 8-D-glucose molecules depending on
SMF flux density [AFU].

Atom Fluxdensity[AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1.0 10 100

Cl H1 0.421 0.428 0.430 0.435 0.434
12 0.466 0.442 0.425 0.398 0.375

C2 H3 0.094 0.108 0.126 0.148 0.156
H2 0.138 0.149 0.161 0.172 0.178

C3 V 0.135 0.137 0.129 0.050 0.053
V 0.108 0.108 0.079 0.050 0.093

C4 V 0.176 0.179 0.181 0.153 0.164
Ll 0.192 0.192 0.187 0.166 0.163

C5 IL 0.121 0.121 0.124 0.076 0.067
IL 0.102 0.110 0.096 0.058 0.034

C6 H3 0.004 0.010 0.036 0.371 0.427
H 0.009 0.027 0.139 0.374 0.460

O7 TH -0.639 -0.636 -0.632 -0.620 -0.628
H2 -0.631 -0.620 -0.610 -0.598 -0.017

O8 12 -0.697 -0.706 -0.715 -0.734 -0.736
H2 -0.727 -0.708 -0.702 -0.696 -0.688

O9 TH -0.706 -0.708 -0.708 -0.689 -0.683
H -0.752 -0.750 -0.740 -0.716 -0.696

O10 TH -0.752 -0.745 -0.721 -0.475 -0.551
H2 -0.745 -0.712 -0.580 -0.489 -0.634

Oll Vv -0.744 -0.741 -0.738 -0.724 -0.740
Vv -0.747 -0.740 -0.735 -0.728 -0.753

O12 V -0.711 -0.715 -0.716 -0.669 -0.651
H1 -0.708 -0.707 -0.702 -0.659 -0.600

H13 V 0.174 0.173 0.172 0.184 0.187
V 0.150 0.147 0.155 0.169 0.172

H14 L 0.182 0.178 0.175 0.174 0.175
V 0.192 0.191 0.161 0.201 0.201

H15 IH 0.200 0.201 0.204 0.241 0.240
V 0.155 0.153 0.164 0.172 0.134

H16 V 0.196 0.195 0.194 0.198 0.191
V 0.207 0.207 0.207 0.211 0.205

H17 IH 0.186 0.185 0.186 0.228 0.230

H1 0.161 0.162 0.179 0.214 0.221

H18 L3 0.155 0.130 0.075 -0.479 -0.493
L3 0.156 0.093 -0.087 -0.488 -0.434

H19 TH 0.186 0.183 0.185 0.256 0.278
H2 0.186 0.183 0.197 0.257 0.513

H20 H1 0.406 0.409 0.412 0.438 0.439
V 0.415 0.410 0.408 0.415 0.408

H21 Vv 0.395 0.396 0.393 0.393 0.396

LI 0.422 0.420 0.413 0.407 0.391

H22 L3 0.405 0.396 0.370 0.120 0.087
L2 0.423 0.395 0.285 0.187 0.133

H23 V 0.417 0.417 0.416 0.422 0.433
V 0.420 0.420 0.418 0.424 0.438

H24 H2 0.395 0.407 0.421 0.502 0.523
H2 0.397 0.418 0.451 0.500 0.513

*Data in normal font and in italics are for «- and 8-anomers, respectively. Data given in bold are related to the effects at atoms which
could be interpreted in details as not perturbed by a free rotation. Notation: H - high, L - low, IH and IL- irregular high and irregular
low changes, respectively and V — totally irregular changes of the values. Figures following symbol or L characterise intensity of the
change: 1 —weak, 2 — moderate, 3 — very strong.

64 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

Table 3. Bond lengths [A] in the a- and 6-D-glucose molecules depending on the applied SMF flux
density [AFU]*.

Bond Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1 10 100

C1-C2 H1 1.530 1.536 1.554 1.579 1.587
Hl 1.528 1.533 1.534 1.539 1.552

C1-08 Ll 1.413 1.413 1.408 1.389 1.394
Ll 1.390 1,389 1,387 1,382 1.382

O8-H20 H1 0.972 1.011 1.048 1.041 1.045
V 0.972 1.058 1.020 1.062 1,028

C1-H13 H1 1.099 1.117 1.125 1.121 1.126
H1 1.100 1,194 1.169 1.164 1.156

C2-C3 H1 1.528 1.530 1.533 1.553 1.561
H1 1.526 1.532 1.545 1.552 1.547

C2-09 H1 1.412 1.411 1.413 1.427 1.427
H1 1,412 1,416 1.417 1,424 1.431

O9-H21 V 0.972 1.007 1.004 1.004 0.993
V 0.972 0.989 0.983 0.955 0.969

C2-H14 H1 1.099 1.147 1.153 1.155 1.149
H1 1.099 1.187 1.170 1.152 1.155

C3-C4 Vv 1.527 1.518 1.514 1.525 1.523
V 1.527 1.514 1.517 1.530 1.534

C3-010 Vv 1.412 1.416 1.423 1.381 1.397
Vv 1.412 1.419 1.3934 1.378 1.194

O10-H22 H3 0.972 1.198 1.389 3.084 3.685
H3 0.972 1.378 1.979 2.886 3.990

C3-H15 H1 1.099 1.115 1.132 1.127 1.134
H1 1.099 1,132 1.116 1,148 1.125

C4-C5 Vv 1.533 1.529 1.531 1.529 1.525
Vv 1.532 1.530 1,527 1,533 1.538

C4-O11 H1 1.412 1.422 1.434 1.461 1.476
H1 1,412 1.427 1,442 1.455 1.461

O11-H23 V 0.972 0.968 0.972 0.964 0.964
Vv 0.972 0.969 0.957 0.977 0.970

C4-H16 H2 1.099 1.161 1.169 1.176 1.171
H2 1.099 1.187 1,168 1,140 1.153

C5-C6 H1 1.528 1.531 1.540 1.556 1.570
H1 1,528 1,532 1,538 1.553 1.559

C6-O12 IL 1.412 1.392 1.368 1.292 1.298
IL 1.412 L375 1,328 1,287 1.309

O12-H24 H 0.972 0.995 1.011 1.050 1.058
H 0.972 1,026 1.048 1.050 1.061

C6-H18 H2 1.099 1.148 1.150 1.168 1.169
V 1.099 1.184 1.204 1175 1.189

Co-H19 H3 1.099 1.262 1.444 2.675 3.259
H3 1.099 1.410 LI7L 2.656 3.742

C5-O7 V 1.433 1.431 1.429 1.429 1.437
V 1.434 1.430 1,430 1,435 1.467

O7-Cl1 Ll 1.433 1.414 1.392 1.387 1.375
V 1,432 1,402 1.3942 1.400 1,403

‘See Table 2 for notation.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 65

Figure 5. Simplified visualisation of the effect of SMF upon conformation and bond length of «-D- and

8-D-glucose anomers (a—c and d-f respectively), situated in the Cartesian system.

66 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

Table 4. Properties of the «- and 8-D-galactose molecules situated along the x-axis of the Cartesian sys-
tem in SMF of the flux density of 0 to 100 AFU.

Property Anomer Flux density [AFU]
0 0.1 1 10 100
Dipole moment [D] o 8.63 8.72 8.83 8.93 9.18
) 8.66 8.72 8.88 8.98 9.32
Heat of formation [kcal/mole] o -1286.3 -1285.2 -1267.4 -1206.5 -1128.4
8 -1252.3 -1251.2 -1247.4 -1198.7 -1111.3

metabolised in the body. In human organisms, that energy is generated chiefly from
glycogen stored in the liver. Under specific cases, D-glucose is delivered into organ-
isms as a component of food, for instance, a spice and supplement of diet injected
as an additional source of energy (World Health Organization 2019). D-Glucose is
metabolised in enzymatic processes. The first step of that process involves its esterifica-
tion with adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) at the C6-OH group (Heinrich et al. 2014).
Within the Entner-Doudoroff pathway operating in Gram-negative bacteria, certain
Gram-positive bacteria and archaea begin at the same reaction site engaging the Cl
atom (Conway 1992).

One of the important enzymatic reactions of D-glucose, called the Maillard reac-
tion, is known as the enzymatic browning reaction. In the reaction of D-glucose with
lysine and arginine, residues of the protein pentosidine are formed (Sell and Monnier
1989). Pentosidine is formed most readily from pentoses, but glucose, fructose and
other saccharides may also react in such a manner.

Performed computations showed that, based on the criterion of heat of formation,
the «-D-anomer was slightly more stable than the 8-D-anomer (Table 1). The stabil-
ity of both anomers decreased unevenly against the applied SMF flux density. The
8-D-anomer reacted more strongly to SME It was also associated with a significantly
stronger increase in dipole moment. These trends fitted results performed with density
functional/ab initio computation in silico. The same computations for both anomers
of D-glucose in water pointed to the «-D-anomer as more stable than the 8B-D-anomer
(Facundo Ruiz et al. 2005). However, electrochemical oxidation of the «-D-anomer
glucose and 8-D-anomer on the anode surface showed that the 8-D-anomer was much
more reactive (Largeaud et al. 1995).

The charge density at particular atoms of both anomers varied irregularly with an
increase in the flux density (Table 2). An increase in the SMF flux density produced a
more remarkable decrease in the electron density at the 1,2,4,5,6,7,11,12,15 and 20
atoms of the B-anomer than at the same atoms of the «-anomer. Extremely strong,
but an opposite effect was noted at the C2 and H21 atoms. Both atoms were bound
to one another and the C2 atom was in the vicinity to the endocyclic O7 atom. Thus,
observed effects could result from electrostatic interactions through space involving a
partially weakened lone electron pair of the oxygen atom. An increase in the electron
density produced by SMF was observed at C18 (atom Cl, 8-anomer), C48, C5, O8«
and H14« atoms, whereas the electron density remarkably decreased at Cla, C2, O7«,

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 67

Table 5. Charge density [a.u] at particular atoms of the «- and 8-D-glucose molecules depending on
SMF flux density [AFU].

Atom Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1.0 10 100
Cl V 0.447 0.456 0.452 0.439 0.399
V 0.448 0.436 0.426 0.431 0.398
C2 H1 0.112 0.113 0.132 0.148 0.203
TH 0.191 0.197 0.200 0.185 0.210
C3 IL 0.102 0.131 0.086 0.040 0.099
Ll 0.112 0.111 0.090 0.045 0.077
C4 IH 0.086 0.094 0.108 0.114 0.105
V 0.118 0.125 0.128 0.128 0.107
C5 L2 0.129 0.129 0.027 -0.044 -0.112
IL 0.107 0.112 0.080 0.002 -0.069
C6 H2 -0.038 -0.043 0.212 0.310 0.483
H2 -0.040 -0.062 0.001 0.249 0.476
O7 V -0.641 -0.641 -0.645 -0.637 -0.641
IL -0.629 -0.626 -0.622 -0.612 -0.623
O8 IL -0.714 -0.734 -0.749 -0.749 -0.745
H1 -0.698 -0.688 -0.669 -0.668 -0.646
O9 Vv -0.747 -0.746 -0.745 -0.742 -0.772
Vv -0.728 -0.721 -0.713 -0.700 -0.733
010 V -0.747 -0.758 -0.607 -0.502 -0.712
Vv -0.719 -0.706 -0.665 -0.483 -0.692
O11 H1 -0.777 -0.769 -0.731 -0.679 -0.608
H1 -0.690 -0.685 -0.667 -0.660 -0.617
O12 H -0.758 -0.727 -0.677 -0.619 -0.534
H -0.724 -0.704 -0.674 -0.628 0.551
H13 V 0.183 0.184 0.184 0.195 0.181
Vv 0.156 0.146 0.144 0.150 0.163
H14 V 0.190 0.181 0.182 0.190 0.183
V 0.220 0.219 0.218 0.228 0.210
H15 V 0.196 0.202 0.217 0.233 0.150
V 0.167 0.167 0.170 0.183 0.110
H16 V 0.189 0.195 0.205 0.214 0.200
H1 0.185 0.186 0.192 0.205 0.209
H17 TH 0.204 0.233 0.302 0.354 0.353
H1 0.174 0.179 0.195 0.236 0.267
H18 H1 0.205 0.204 0.239 0.283 0.301
TH 0.182 0.166 0.169 0.214 0.283
H19 12 0.181 0.093 -0.277 -0.496 -0.315
L2 0.163 0.158 0.040 -0.349 -0.376
H20 H1 0.431 0.436 0.443 0.451 0.457
V 0.395 0.396 0.394 0.408 0.388
H21 V 0.435 0.433 0.422 0.423 0.434
H1 0.411 0.412 0.412 0.413 0.420
H22 IL 0.445 0.449 0.443 0.209 0.078
IL 0.394 0.379 0.339 0.179 0.105
H23 Ll 0.461 0.446 0.414 0.384 0.325
Ll 0.398 0.394 0.382 0.374 0.339
H24 H1 0.425 0.438 0.455 0.480 0.487
H1 0.409 0.411 0.427 0.472 0.524

See Table 2 for notation.

68 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

Table 6. Bond lengths [A] in the «- and 8-D-galactose molecules depending on the applied SMF flux
density [AFU]*.

Bond Tendency Flux density [AFU]
0 0.1 1 10 100

C1-C2 V 1.5120 1.528 1.551 1.542 1.551
V 1.540 1,543 1.560 1.556 1.551

C1-O8 V 1.404 1.412 1.110 1.411 1.401
V 1.430 1,421 1.400 1.388 1.366

O8-H20 V 0.978 0.974 0.962 0.974 0.966
IH 0.960 1.011 1.071 1,026 1.096

C1-H13 V 1.100 1.141 1.103 1.149 1.116
V 1.090 1.179 1.168 1.172 1.092

C2-C3 Vv 1.515 1.497 1.504 1.576 1.536
V 1.537 1.520 1.505 1.510 1,543

C2-09 V 1.408 1.390 1.386 1.390 1.410
IL 1.430 1,416 1.394 1.386 1,424

O9-H21 Vv 0.979 1.003 0.962 0.991 0.955
V 0.960 1.013 1.014 0.998 0.972

C2-H14 Vv 1.100 1.189 1.171 1.212 1.166
TH 1.090 1.137 1.171 1.180 1.159

C3-C4 Vv 1.512 1.509 1.515 1.519 1.513
Vv 1.537 1,532 1.522 1.532 1.528

C3-0O10 V 1.407 1.490 1.380 1.364 1.381
Ll 1.430 1,429 1,427 1.374 1.370

O10-H22 H3 0.922 1.345 2.062 2.947 4.432
H3 0.960 1.191 1.439 2.279 3.963

C3-H15 V 1.100 1.145 1.140 1.143 1.154
TH 1.090 1.117 1.139 1.121 1,144

C4-C5 Ll 1.539 1.525 1.521 1.512 1.509
IL 1.540 1,535 1.534 1,532 1,533

C4-O11 Vv 1.412 1.432 1.153 1.158 1.475
H1 1.430 1,433 1,445 1,452 1.467

O11-H23 V 0.982 0.932 1.005 0.932 0.972
V 0.960 0.938 0.995 0.927 0.960

C4-H16 V 1.101 1.137 1.121 1.141 1.135
TH 1.090 L111 1.130 1.117 1.138

C5-C6 IL 1.534 1.489 1.448 1.437 1.479
Vv 1.540 1.516 1.439 1.477 1.529

C6-O12 V 1.100 1.543 1.099 1.210 1.123
V 1.090 1,167 LA27 1,182 1,132

O12-H24 V 0.975 1.013 0.988 1.033 1.000
V 0.960 1.021 1,031 1.080 1.081

C6-H18 L2 1.418 1.404 1.380 1.346 1.339
12 1.430 1.417 1.374 1.314 1.274

Co-H19 H3 1.100 1.108 2.360 3.401 5.114
H3 1.090 1.201 1.659 2.450 4.717

C5-H17 V 1.100 1.227 1.222 1.260 1.235
Vv 1.090 1.158 1.177 1,434 1.152

C5-O7 Vv 1.432 1.437 1.440 1.439 1.432
Vv 1.433 1.434 1.437 1.434 1.429

O7-Cl V 1.431 1.420 1.419 1.428 1.430
Vv 1,433 1.430 1.427 1.442 1.456

‘See Table 2 for notation.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 69

4

Figure 6. Simplified visualisation of the effect of SMF upon conformation and bond length of «-D- and

8-D-galactose anomers (a=c and d-f respectively), situated in the Cartesian system. (see Fig. 2 for notation).

70 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

Table 7. Properties of the «- and $-D-fructopyranose and corresponding «- and §-D-fructofuranose
molecules situated along the x-axis of the Cartesian system in SMF of the flux density of 0 to 100 AFU’.

Property Anomer Flux density [AFU]
0 0.1 1 10 100
Dipole moment [D] a-D-Frup 3.63 3.67 3.76 3.93 4.24
6-D-Frup 3.60 3.61 3.69 3.86 4.16
a-D-Fruf 3.68 3.69 3.87 3.92 4.16
6-D-Fruf 3.66 3.71 3.85 3.90 4.09
Heat of formation [kcal/mole] a-D-Frup -1193.2 -1190.4 -1153.8 -1140.6 -1096.5
6-D-Frup -1205.5 -1203.2 -1199.9 -1156.7 -1026.5
a-D-Fruf -1255.6 -1253.5 -1231.5 -1231.5 -1201.8
6-D-Fruf -1245.6 -1243.5 -1238.6 -1221.4 -1198.5

*Upper and lower values (in italics) are for «- and $-isomers, respectively.

O78, O88, O9, O10 and H15a atoms. Small and irregular changes of electron density
could be observed at C3, C4«, O11, H13, H148, H158 and H16 atoms. Remarkable
changes were noted at the C1, C5 and C2 atoms.

In fact, in a real molecule, all hydrogen atoms of the OH groups changed their
positions by free rotation because of the practically identical energy between particular
rotamers of those groups. This problem was well illustrated by the results of computa-
tion for the twin hydrogen H18 and H19 atoms. Due to accepted computation meth-
odology, the free rotation around the C5-C6 bond was eliminated. In consequence, the
H18 atom holds a considerable negative charge, whereas the H19 atom took increased
positive charge density. As a result, results of the computations for particular rotamers
could not be interpreted in detail in this case as well as in the cases of subsequently
discussed carbohydrates. For D-glucose, these restrictions were also valid for the H20,
H21, H22, H23, H24 and O12 atoms. Results of detailed analysis of the remaining
O7, O8, O9, O10, O11, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, H13, H14, H15 and H16 atoms
are identified in Table 2.

Generally, atoms of the pyranose skeleton were moderately sensitive to SME, al-
though increasing SMF flux density considerably decreased basicity of the ring O5
atom in the B-anomer. The O and H atoms were the most and least sensitive, respec-
tively, to the effect of SME In the group bound to the C3 atom perpendicularly to the
field, an increase in the flux density decreased the negative charge density at the O10
atom and the positive charge density at the H22 atom. It suggested a decrease in the
acidity of that group. In the quasi-parallel orientated O8-H20 group, SMF evoked the
opposite effect. Thus, the accepted orientation of the molecule under consideration ap-
peared very essential. One of the biochemically most important OH group at the C6
atom turned more acidic and that effect could noticeably influence the biochemistry
of D-glucose.

Review of Table 2 also identified that increased positive charge density at the Cl
in the «-anomer favoured attacks of various Lewis bases at this position. Such reac-
tions were also important from the biochemical point of view. Simultaneously, the
reactivity of the B-anomer involving this position was partly inhibited as the positive

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 71

Table 8. Charge density [a.u] at particular atoms of the «- and 8-D-glucose molecules depending on
SMF flux density [AFU].

Atom Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1.0 10 100

C1 H3 -0.049 -0.068 0.048 0.147 0.275
H3 -0.027 -0.036 -0.018 0.131 0.493

C2 H2 0.118 0.159 0.166 0.169 0.173
L2 0.103 0.098 0.098 0.062 -0.027

C3 V 0.098 0.051 0.052 0.050 0.052
V 0.130 0.145 0.146 0.131 0.089

C4 IL 0.160 0.084 0.076 0.071 0.096
V 0.175 0.185 0.144 0.117 0.179

C5 Vv 0.541 0.576 0.552 0.552 0.487
Vv 0.522 0.547 0.550 0.525 0.481

C6 IL 0.015 -0.068 -0.044 -0.046 -0.002
H1 -0.025 -0.021 0.015 0.027 0.032

O7 Vv -0.578 -0.578 -0.570 -0.561 -0.540
Vv -0.598 -0.598 -0.607 -0.586 -0.568

O8 L -0.699 -0.709 -0.733 -0.741 -0.758
IH -0.705 -0.701 -0.700 -0.691 -0.661

O9 H1 -0.751 -0.709 -0.688 -0.688 -0.683
H1 -0.748 -0.743 -0.715 -0.693 -0.668

010 Vv -0.734 -0.463 -0.453 -0.472 -0.586
IH -0.752 -0.709 -0.563 -0.434 -0.572

O11 V -0.676 -0.635 -0.631 -0.643 -0.639
Vv -0.728 -0.744 -0.751 -0.740 -0.754

O12 H2 -0.691 -0.660 -0.662 -0.657 -0.540
IL -0.694 -0.697 -0.690 -0.713 -0.725

H13 H2 0.180 0.210 0.245 0.260 0.289
V 0.212 0.210 0.202 0.222 0.272

H14 LI 0.208 0.171 -0.048 -0.175 -0.260
IL 0.192 0.194 0.188 -0.011 -0.329

H15 H1 0.171 0.178 0.196 0.201 0.206
TH 0.169 0.161 0.162 0.184 0.212

H16 V 0.166 0.194 0.194 0.193 0.191
V 0.176 0.172 0.171 0.185 0.187

H17 V 0.228 0.234 0.235 0.240 0.229
TH 0.239 0.234 0.248 0.261 0.281

H18 V 0.165 0.157 0.149 0.146 0.179
V 0.121 0.094 0.089 0.133 0.174

H19 V 0.159 0.200 0.202 0.212 0.142
V 0.198 0.196 0.198 0.184 0.180

H20 H2 0.360 0.422 0.434 0.446 0.467
V 0.413 0.413 0.408 0.414 0.424

H21 V 0.386 0.413 0.411 0.423 0.420
V 0.415 0.421 0.415 0.417 0.428

H22 V 0.418 0.116 0.099 0.110 0.130
L2 0.405 0.359 0.195 0.045 0.024

H23 Vv 0.416 0.316 0.358 0.372 0.387
V 0.407 0.412 0.402 0.406 0.430

H24 V 0.390 0.363 0.372 0.372 0.375
H2 0.198 0.408 0.411 0.418 0.427

aSee Table 2 for notation.

72 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57—91 (2022)

Z

Table 9. Bond lengths [A] in the «- and 8-D-fructopyranose molecules depending on the applied SMF
flux density [AFU]*.

Bond Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1 10 100
C1-C2 Vv 1.540 1.575 1.561 1.563 1.571
Vv 1.540 1,537 1.545 1.530 1.516
C1-H13 H3 1.090 1.562 2.053 2.481 3.678
H3 1.090 1.240 1,323 1.936 3.435
C1-H14 V 1.090 1.091 1.145 1.006 1.172
V 1.090 1.102 1.116 1.126 1.100
C2-C3 Vv 1.537 1.559 1.544 1.568 1.519
Vv 1.537 1.531 1.546 1.544 1.541
C2-08 H1 1.430 1.433 1.437 1.437 1.439
H1 1.430 1.435 1.435 1.445 1.473
O8-H20 V 0.960 1.026 0.968 1.026 1.017
V 0.960 0.952 1.050 0.985 1.030
C2-H15 V 1.090 1.252 1.190 1.217 1.234
V 1.090 1.217 1.178 1.215 1.198
C3-C4 Vv 1.537 1.562 1.570 1.568 1.566
IH 1.537 1.546 1.564 1.571 1.524
C3-O10 Vv 1.430 1.470 1.415 1.394 1.389
IL 1.430 1.396 1.370 1.371 1.368
O10-H21 V 0.960 0.986 0.916 1.017 0.907
V 0.960 0.971 0.929 0.954 0.993
C3-H16 V 1.090 1.193 1.137 1.202 1.173
V 1.090 1,127 1.113 1,122 1.1103
C4-C5 H1 1.540 1.621 1.622 1.627 1.628
Hl 1.540 1.547 1.560 L575 1.598
C4-O11 V 1.430 1.547 1.527 1.522 1.517
V 1.430 1.447 1,446 1,427 1,444
O11-H22 H3 0.960 2.268 2.928 3.341 3.781
H3 0.960 1,333 1.972 2.847 4.49]
C4-H17 V 1.090 1.137 1.110 1.137 1.116
V 1.090 1.099 1.410 1.087 1.083
C5-C6 V 1.540 1.638 1.596 1.580 1.526
TH 1.540 1.516 1.560 1.567 1.570
C5-09 IL 1.430 1.374 1.364 1.354 1.356
V 1.090 1.430 1.458 1.456 1,445
O9-H23 V 0.960 1.035 0.910 1.016 0.897
V 0.960 1.013 0.913 0.982 1.022
C6-O12 V 1.430 1.556 1.471 1.435 1.423
IL 1.430 1.413 1.378 1.388 L379:
O12-H24 V 0.960 0.963 0.932 0.974 0.928
Vv 0.960 0.906 0.988 0.967 0.912
C6-H18 V 0.960 1.101 1.119 1.080 1.111
IL 1.960 1.134 1.083 1,163 1,167
Co-H19 H2 1.090 1.128 1.154 1.157 1.569
V 1.090 1.184 1.205 1.107 1.170
C5-O7 Vv 1.433 1.387 1.397 1.393 1.416
V 1,432 1.417 1.392 1,402 1.400
O7-Cl TH 1.433 1.467 1.477 1.485 1.462
Vv 1,433 1.454 1.481 1.470 1.470

‘See Table 2 for notation.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates hs:

Figure 7. Simplified visualisation of the effect of SMF upon conformation and bond length of «-D- and $-D-

fructopyranose anomers (a=—c and d-f respectively), situated in the Cartesian system (see Fig. 2 for notation).

74 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

Table 10. Charge density [a.u] at particular atoms of the «- and 8-D-glucose molecules depending on
SMF flux density [AFU].

Atom Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1.0 10 100
Cl IL 0.521 0.528 0.523 0.499 0.464
H2 0.508 0.561 0.581 0.617 0.714
C2 L2 0.020 0.002 -0.012 -0.022 -0.037
IL 0.155 0.118 0.080 0.058 0.059
C3 V 0.129 0.129 0.124 0.121 0.189
IL 0.116 0.104 0.111 0.086 -0.005
C4 H1 0.115 0.122 0.128 0.130 0.140
Ll 0.092 0.080 0.079 0.071 0.032
C5 TH 0.097 0.086 0.109 0.206 0.405
12 0.034 0.015 -0.002 -0.023 -0.143
C6 IL 0.035 0.035 0.027 -0.016 -0.063
IL -0.006 -0.019 -0.038 -0.023 -0.038
O7 Vv -0.589 -0.597 -0.604 -0.511 -0.620
V -0.625 -0.634 -0.676 -0.658 -0.642
O8 H1 -0.656 -0.639 -0.628 -0.625 -0.560
V -0.711 -0.718 -0.665 -0.686 -0.469
O9 IL -0.712 -0.696 -0.670 -0.641 -0.680
H2 -0.741 -0.714 -0.686 -0.588 -0.380
O10 IH -0.711 -0.691 -0.677 -0.670 -0.680
TH -0.734 -0.712 -0.714 -0.699 -0.667
Oll H1 -0.674 -0.641 -0.620 -0.605 -0.580
H1 -0.700 -0.702 -0.690 -0.675 -0.607
O12 H2 -0.696 -0.682 -0.644 -0.500 -0.359
IH -0.743 -0.724 -0.709 -0.722 -0.699
H13 H1 0.217 0.219 0.222 0.228 0.245
IL 0.235 0.228 0.205 0.221 -0.218
H14 H1 0.180 0.182 0.184 0.188 0.189
TH 0.184 0.182 0.192 0.198 0.259
H15 H1 0.205 0.205 0.207 0.212 0.225
V 0.196 0.202 0.187 0.200 0.202
H16 H1 0.167 0.170 0.178 0.196 0.244
Ne 0.173 0.164 0.139 0.076 0.190
H17 L2 0.104 0.064 -0.004 -0.148 -0.470
H1 0.182 0.183 0.196 0.200 0.212
H18 VI 0.169 0.161 0.159 0.175 0.248
H 0.173 0.176 0.202 0.194 0.217
H19 V 0.148 0.142 0.143 0.154 0.171
V 0.173 0.159 0.174 0.162 0.179
H20 Vv 0.365 0.364 0.366 0.374 0.388
V 0.415 0.433 0.451 0.408 0.124
H21 H2 0.389 0.395 0.402 0.419 0.454
V 0.397 0.405 0.396 0.416 0.419
H22 L2 0.387 0.373 0.355 0.341 0.295
L2 0.401 0.394 0.385 0.304 0.244
H23 V 0.403 0.400 0.397 0.398 0.407
Vv 0.414 0.410 0.398 0.397 0.401
H24 L3 0.388 0.373 0.335 0.198 0.005
V 0.412 0.411 0.404 0.410 0.416

‘See Table 2 for notation.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates vie)

Z

Table 11. Bond lengths [A] in the «- and 8-D-fructofuranose molecules depending on the applied SMF
flux density [AFU]*.

Bond Flux density [AFU]
tendency 0 0.1 1 10 100

C1-C2 H1 1.540 1.549 1.559 1.570 1.592
H3 1.539 1.624 1.847 2.084 2.422

C1-O8 V 1.413 1.408 1.406 1.406 1.409
V 1.430 1.365 1.273 1.304 1.225

O8-H20 Hl 0.960 0.955 0.970 0.978 0.985
H3 0.960 0.994 1,155 1,183 1.783

C1-C5 Ll 1.535 1.521 1.511 1.502 1.495
IL 1.540 1.527 1.509 1.473 1.485

C5-Ol1 IH 1.412 1.389 1.586 1.376 1.848
Ve 1.430 1.439 1,442 1.421 1.370

O11-H21 Vv 0.960 0.960 0.970 0.978 0.995
V 0.960 0.992 0.982 0.961 1.001

C5-H16 V 1.091 1.151 1.150 1.121 1.112
V 1.090 1,145 1,132 1,128 1,132

C5-H17 H3 1.091 1.365 1.586 1.936 2.922
V 1.090 1,337 1,242 1.358 1,255

C2-C3 Vv 1.523 1.514 1.513 1.519 1.541
IL 1.539 1.536 1.497 1.477 1.522

C2-09 V 1.412 1.422 1.427 1.426 1.395
Vv 1,430 1.398 1.327 1.298 1.177

O9-H22 H3 0.959 1.173 1.322 1.487 2.036
H3 0.960 1.063 1.069 1,322 3.213

C2-H13 H1 1.092 1.109 1.120 1.124 1.153
V 1.090 1,172 1,142 1,131 1.153

C3-C4 IL 1.524 1.517 1.514 1.511 1.515
H1 1.540 1.544 1.596 1.601 1.610

C3-0O10 IL 1.412 1.398 1.390 1.386 1.399
H2 1.430 1.945 1.533 1.577 1.614

O10-H23 V 0.960 1.000 1.000 0.983 0.946
Vv 0.960 0.971 0.986 1.001 0.995

C3-H14 H1 1.091 1.103 1.131 1.146 1.178
V 1.090 1,453 1.119 1,132 1,106

C4-O7 H1 1.414 1.416 1.425 1.441 1.465
V 1,431 1.421 1.420 1.420 1.432
C4-C6 IH 1.531 1.532 1.536 1.540 1.5397
Vv 1.540 1.558 1,539 1.561 1.557

C4-H15 H1 1.092 1.142 1.166 1.172 1.198
V 1.090 1,207 1.079 1.069 1.036

Co6-O12 IL 1.411 1.417 1.410 1.391 1.360
V 1.430 1.450 1.580 1.499 1.505

O12-H24 H3 0.960 1.166 1.378 1.902 3.080
Vv 0.960 0.990 0.961 0.927 0.958

Co-H18 V 1.090 1.134 1.132 1.122 1.122
V 1.090 1,273 1.143 1,233 1,201

C6-H19 H2 1.098 1.190 1.246 L257 1.290
IH 1.090 1,139 1.147 1,139 1.155

O7-Cl Ll 1.421 1.420 1.420 1.417 1.409
vil 1,431 1,457 1.437 1,402 1.412

‘See Table 2 for notation.

76 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

Figure 8. Simplified visualisation of the effect of SMF upon conformation and bond length of «-D- and $-D-

fructofuranose anomers (a=—c and d-f respectively), situated in the Cartesian system (see Fig. 2 for notation).

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates el,

Table 12. Properties of the «- and 8-D-xylose molecules situated along the x-axis of the Cartesian system
in SMF of the flux density of 0 to 100 AFU*.

Property Anomer Flux density [AFU]
0 0.1 1 10 100
Dipole moment [D] a-D-Xylp 4.22 4.24 4.31 4.67 4.73
8-D-Xylp 1.22 1.23 1.29 1.37 1.47
a-D-Xylf 4.85 4.89 4.94. 5 5.69
8-D-Xylf 4.87 4.89 4.95 5.01 5.19
Heat of formation [kcal/mole] a-D-Xylp -1143.2 -1127.4 -1089.6 -1061.2 -1005.4
8-D-Xylp -1154.2 1147.3 -1110.3 -1089.5 -1021.8
a-D-Xylf -1076.2 —1075.4 -1069.4 -1041.3 -995.6
8-D-Xylf -1051.2 -1049.5 -1036.4 -1004.4 952.3

*Upper and lower values (in italics) are for «- and $-isomers, respectively.

charge density at this atom declined under the influence of SMF. The SMF induced an
increase in the positive charge density at the C6 atom. It was non-beneficial for enzy-
matic processes starting from esterification with adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) at C6-
O24 and the functioning of the Entner-Doudorff metabolic pathway (Conway 1992).

An insight into the effect of SMF upon the length of bonds in the molecules of
both anomers (Table 3) suggested that these changes resulted from a deformation of
the molecules and their deviation from the initially-established location of the mol-
ecules along the x-axis. Tendencies of the changes of computed values with an increase
in the flux density (Table 3) pointed to a uniform increase in the length of the valence
bonds, that is, to weakening their energy. Simultaneously, strongly polarised bonds,
with participation of the Cl atom, were regularly shortened, whereas the length of the
C3-C4, C3-O10, C3-C5 and C5-O7 bonds varied irregularly. Generally, in the 28
analysed bonds in each anomer, 16 bonds were elongated, four bonds were shortened
and the length of eight bonds varied irregularly against increased SMF flux density.
These results supported the hypothesis on the weakening of the bonding electron pair.
The SMF generated shortening of the C1-O8 bond and elongation of the O8-H20
bond seemed to be the most important. This effect implied the increased susceptibil-
ity of the hemi-acetal ring to its opening. Hence, SMF should favour a shift of the
mutarotation equilibrium towards the open chain form of D-glucose. This fact could
promote the Maillard reaction which proceeds on the open chain forms of saccharides
(Grandhee and Monnier 1991).

Visualisation of the data from Table 3 (Fig. 5) also includes non-analysable bonds.
The conformation of particular anomers is presented in the form of superposition of
the molecules without SMF (green colour) and molecules in the SMF of 100 AFU
(blue colour). The oxygen atoms are marked red. Structures a and d are given as the
projection along the y-axis, whereas the 6 and e structures are projections along the
z-axis. Structures c and fare superpositions of the same molecules demonstrating the
SMF flux density-dependent change in the bond lengths in the molecules under con-
sideration. Structures in Fig. 5 demonstrate a small effect of SMF upon the conforma-
tion of both anomers and a significant effect upon the bond lengths of some peripheral

78 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57—91 (2022)

Table 13. Charge density [a.u] at particular atoms of the «- and 8-D-glucose molecules depending on
SMF flux density [AFU].

Atom Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1.0 10 100
Cl H2 0.388 0.400 0.424 0.450 0.460
V 0.474 0.476 0.460 0.478 0.492
C2 12 0.093 0.085 0.035 -0.039 -0.059
12 0.087 0.058 0.057 -0.032 -0.055
C3 V 0.191 0.191 0.130 0.142 0.134
V 0.119 0.117 0.108 0.110 0.109
C4 TH 0.142 0.145 0.161 0.172 0.167
TH 0.163 0.179 0.195 0.215 0.196
C5 H2 -0.042 -0.038 -0.029 0.010 0.125
H2 -0.059 -0.048 -0.058 -0.040 0.066
O6 V -0.602 -0.603 -0.568 -0.560 -0.605
Vv -0.590 -0.590 -0.585 -0.569 -0.577
O7 Vv -0.695 -0.697 -0.749 -0.682 -0.704
V -0.683 -0.665 -0.661 -0.653 -0.674
O8 H2 -0.735 -0.730 -0.649 -0.522 -0.508
H2 -0.726 -0.703 -0.684 -0.494 -0.485
O9 H1 -0.751 -0.745 -0.719 -0.717 -0.714
H1 -0.743 -0.727 -0.721 -0.706 -0.706
010 V -0.728 -0.726 -0.725 -0.748 -0.768
Vv -0.730 -0.729 -0.731 -0.748 -0.765
Hil TH 0.160 0.161 0.166 0.193 0.190
V 0.160 0.160 0.156 0.166 0.172
H12 V 0.188 0.187 0.185 0.200 0.200
V 0.197 0.196 0.195 0.201 0.202
H13 V 0.191 0.191 0.194 0.206 0.201
V 0.176 0.175 0.173 0.186 0.190
H14 V 0.169 0.164 0.161 0.182 0.205
V 0.180 0.173 0.176 0.183 0.196
H15 V 0.228 0.224 0.234 0.071 0.258
V 0.208 0.206 0.208 0.194 0.239
H16 V 0.194 0.193 0.201 0.188 -0.062
V 0.181 0.168 0.177 0.105 -0.037
H17 V 0.410 0.405 0.373 0.386 0.396
Vv 0.367 0.355 0.345 0.353 0.369
H18 IL 0.398 0.392 0.335 0.238 0.230
LI 0.383 0.366 0.353 0.203 0.202
H19 V 0.415 0.415 0.413 0.407 0.412
V 0.419 0.416 0.414 0.411 0.413
H 20 TH 0.414 0.414 0.426 0.423 0.443
TH 0.417 0.415 0.420 0.435 0.445

*See Table 2 for notation.

C-H bonds. They are the C6-H19 and O10-H22 bonds. An increasing flux density
generated a considerable negative charge density at the H18 atom. It made the O12-

H24 bond relatively slightly polarised, that is, capable of interaction of electrons of
that bond with SMF.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates iy)

Z

Table 14. Bond lengths [A] in the «- and 8-D-xylopyranose molecules depending on the applied SMF
flux density [AFU]*.

Bond Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1 10 100
C1-C2 Vv 1.540 1.559 1.553 1.538 1.573
Vv 1.540 1.555 1.535 1.567 1.562
C1-O7 Vv 1.430 1.476 1.603 1.523 1.497
V 1,430 1,433 1.430 1.409 1.416
O7-H17 Vv 0.960 0.965 0.952 0.956 0.953
Vv 0.960 0.971 0.968 0.964 0.951
C1-H11 V 1.090 1.119 1.149 1.097 1.124
V 1.090 1,146 1.160 1.149 1,153
C2-08 V 1.430 1.500 1.516 1.388 1.425
V 1.430 1.504 1.523 1.403 1.431
O8-H18 H3 0.960 1.226 1.565 2.366 3.116
H3 0.960 1,220 1,358 2.532 3.116
C2-H12 V 1.090 1.128 1.159 1.124 1.139
H1 1.090 1,128 1.135 1135 1.136
C2-C3 TH 1.538 1.542 1.580 1.511 1.584
IH 1.537 1.567 1.583 1.602 1.597
C3-O09 Vv 1.430 1.404 1.379 1.407 1.393
Vv 1.430 1.398 1.394 1.397 1.393
O9-H19 Vv 0.960 0.957 0.952 0.953 0.953
Vv 0.960 0.958 0.958 0.958 0.952
C3-H13 V 1.090 1.127 1.152 1.125 1.145
V 1.090 1,132 1.135 1,144 1.140
C3-C4 Vv 1.537 1.609 1.652 1.622 1.630
Vv 1.537 1.614 1.640 1.603 1.624
C4-O10 V 1.430 1.408 1.367 1.412 1.373
Ll 1.430 1.418 1,392 1.380 1.366
O10-H20 H1 0.960 0.973 0.988 0.989 1.002
H1 0.960 0.977 0.978 0.997 1.002
C4-H14 H2 1.090 1.166 1.240 1.270 1.293
H2 1.090 1.169 1.189 1.295 1.309
C4-C5 Vv 1.540 1.553 1.555 1.498 1.519
V 1.540 1.563 1.568 1,492 1.513
C5-H15 H2 1.090 1.184 1.283 1.589 1.878
H2 1.090 1.188 1,221 1.637 1.897
C5-H16 Vv 1.090 1.110 1.108 1.180 1.085
V 1.090 1.118 1.115 1,162 1.104
C5-06 Vv 1.432 1.559 1.482 1.233 1.394
Vv 1.432 1.372 1,446 1.371 1.390
C1-06 Vv 1.432 1.385 1.233 1.439 1.369
Vv 1,432 1,414 1.392 1.419 1.403

*See Table 2 for notation.

D-Galactose

This aldohexose resides in two anomeric pyranose forms (Fig. 2) interconverting
through an open-chain thermodynamically unstable structure. «-D-Galactopyranose
(a-D-Galp) can be found in oligo- and polysaccharides, plant mucous and gums and

plant glycosides (Maton et al. 1993; Tomasik 1997; Campbell et al. 2006; Tomasik

80 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57—91 (2022)

f

Figure 9. Simplified visualisation of the effect of SMF upon conformation and bond length of «-D- and $-D-
xylopyranose anomers (a=c and d-=f respectively) situated in the Cartesian system (see Fig. 2 for notation).

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 81

Table 15. Charge density [a.u] at particular atoms of the «- and 8-D-glucose molecules depending on
SMF flux density [AFU].

Atom Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1.0 10 100

Cl Vv 0.350 0.348 0.353 0.353 0.343
V 0.433 0.431 0.441 0.451 0.451

C2 H1 0.171 0.171 0.180 0.187 0.207
V 0.093 0.092 0.080 0.095 0.068

C3 IL 0.080 0.046 0.029 0.018 0.022
Vv 0.111 0.098 0.073 0.089 0.077

C4 V 0.152 0.178 0.158 0.115 0.029
12 0.123 0.181 0.153 0.097 0.007

C5 H2 -0.018 -0.010 0.084 0.219 0.409
IH -0.044 -0.046 -0.026 0.092 0.342

O6 V -0.622 -0.627 -0.627 -0.618 -0.591
V -0.606 -0.609 -0.615 -0.600 -0.560

O7 H1 -0.680 -0.670 -0.670 -0.669 -0.669
IH -0.675 -0.673 -0.661 -0.647 -0.649

O8 TH -0.694 -0.671 -0.670 -0.665 -0.670
IH -0.705 -0.699 -0.668 -0.687 -0.634

O9 H2 -0.743 -0.721 -0.698 -0.675 -0.568
H2 -0.735 -0.729 -0.709 -0.681 -0.652

O10 H2 -0.742 -0.733 -0.717 -0.695 -0.527
H1 -0.736 -0.735 -0.726 -0.700 -0.661

H11 H2 0.183 0.182 0.184 0.187 0.201
Vv 0.201 0.200 0.195 0.192 0.199

H12 Ll 0.193 0.185 0.176 0.176 0.170
Vv 0.192 0.191 0.172 0.150 0.164

H13 TH 0.199 0.191 0.195 0.205 0.219
V 0.187 0.185 0.184 0.195 0.205

H14 IH 0.193 0.190 0.198 0.205 0.238
V 0.180 0.181 0.178 0.185 0.214

H15 H2 0.177 0.170 0.179 0.190 0.237
V 0.183 0.181 0.176 0.205 0.227

H16 L3 0.172 0.145 0.021 -0.145 -0.506
L3 0.181 0.178 0.140 -0.037 -0.369

H17 Vv 0.399 0.396 0.397 0.398 0.411
Vv 0.387 0.388 0.387 0.376 0.384

H18 Vv 0.397 0.387 0.393 0.391 0.399
Vv 0.398 0.396 0.385 0.398 0.356

H19 L2 0.423 0.427 0.414 0.396 0.291
V 0.418 0.420 0.422 0.399 0.393

H20 H1 0.412 0.415 0.421 0.429 0.456
H1 0.400 0.413 0.419 0.428 0.439

‘See Table 2 for notation.

2007a; Tomasik 2007b; Heldt and Piechulla 2010; Keung and Mehta 2015; Chu-
ruangsuk et al. 2018; Reynolds et al. 2019). Jointly with «-D-glucose, it constitutes
lactose, known as milk sugar. In fauna organisms, it is hydrolytically liberated from
lactose. In these organisms, it is converted into galactoso-6-phosphate involving ATP
a-D-galactose. The latter reacts with galactoso-1-phosphate uridinyltransferase into
UDP-galactose which is subsequently transformed with UDP-galactoso-4-epimerase

82 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57—91 (2022)

Table 16. Bond lengths [A] in the a- and 8-D-xylofuranose molecules depending on the applied SMF
flux density [AFU]*.

Bond Flux density [AFU]
Tendency 0 0.1 1 10 100
C1-C2 H1 1.525 1.555 1.593 1.619 1.666
H1 1.528 1.534 1.562 1.603 1.606
C1-O7 Ll 1.420 1.404 1.398 1.391 1.374
Vv 1.411 1.404 1.395 1.429 1.424
O7-H17 V 0.960 1.037 0.966 1.031 0.972
Vv 0.960 0.954 0.979 1.010 0.975
Cl1-H11 V 1.090 1.143 1.123 1.143 1.178
V 1.091 1.103 1.137 1.106 1.124
C2-C3 Vv 1.528 1.530 1.530 1.536 1.555
Vv 1,532 1.531 1.536 1.548 1.599
C2-08 Ll 1.412 1.382 1.342 1.323 1.292
IL 1.412 1,408 1.369 1.319 1.330
O8-H18 V 0.960 1.101 1.080 1.185 1.187
IH 0.960 0.981 1,142 1.111 1.341
C2-H12 V 1.091 1.110 1.126 1.113 1.179
V 1.091 1,082 1.153 1.166 1,128
C3-C4 Vv 1.540 1.568 1.567 1.569 1.558
H1 1.537 1.542 1.581 1.676 1.659
C3-O9 Vv 1.413 1.372 1.370 1.375 1.391
Vv 1.413 1.405 1.359 1.397 1.307
O9-H19 H2 0.960 1.053 1.171 1.246 1.579
IH 0.960 0.981 1.047 1,321 1.267
C3-H13 V 1.091 1.222 1.225 1.200 1.121
V 1.091 1111 1,231 1,100 1,231
C4-C5 IL 1.533 1.494 1.463 1.448 1.461
IL 1,533 1.523 1,475 1,434 1,449
C5-O10 IL 1.411 1.401 1.401 1.385 1.339
Vv 1.412 1.410 L221 1,336 1.355
O10-H20 Vv 0.960 0.953 0.967 0.957 1.004
V 0.960 0.948 1,189 1.017 0.984
C5-H15 H3 1.090 1.284 1.681 2.068 3.362
H3 1.098 1.418 1.390 1.708 2.636
C5-H16 V 1.091 1.154 1.112 1.123 1.088
V 1.092 PAT 1.151 1,096 1.108
C4-H14 H2 1.091 1.115 1.119 1.123 1.153
V 1.092 1.085 1.142 1.142 1,128
C4-06 H1 1.417 1.438 1.464 1.469 1.472
H1 1,414 1.416 1.454 1,485 1.473
O6-C1 V 1.413 1.418 1.417 1.414 1.421
Vv 1.412 1.412 1.428 1,447 1.417

See Table 2 for notation.

into UDP-glucose (Candy 1980). Microbiological oxidation of the CH,OH group of
a-D-galactose provides galacturonic acid which essentially inhibits progress of athero-
sclerosis (Parikka et al. 2015).

Based on computed values of heat of formation, one could note that the «-anomer
was more stable than the 8-anomer independently of applied SMF flux density. How-
ever, as shown by changes of dipole moment (Table 4), the 8-anomer was more po-

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 83

f
Figure. 10. Simplified visualisation of the effect of SMF upon conformation and bond length of «-D- and

6-D-xylofuranose anomers (a=—c and d-f respectively), situated in the Cartesian system (see Fig. 2 for notation).

84 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

larised with an increase in the flux density. As in anomers of D-glucose, the charge
density at particular atoms irregularly varied with increasing flux density. In contrast
to anomers of D-glucose, in anomers of D-galactose, the negative charge concentrated
at the O7, C5 and C4 atoms and SMF flux density turned it more negative. The nega-
tive charge also concentrated at the C2-H14 atom bound to it (Table 5). The positive
charge density was noted at the C3 and Cl atoms, as well as the H15 and H13 atoms
bound to them, respectively. These effects generated an increase in the corresponding
bond lengths (Table 5).

Due to an increase in the positive charge at the anomeric C6 atom, one could as-
sume a facilitating role of SMF in formation of galactoso-1- phosphate. In addition,
the effect of SMF upon the charge density suggested favouring oxidation of D-galac-
tose into galacturonic acid.

Particular attention should be paid to the C5, C6 and H19 atoms. SMF remark-
ably changed their charge distribution. The negative charge shifted to the C5 and H19
atoms, whereas the C6 atom lost this charge to a considerable extent. ‘The strongest in-
fluence was evoked by SMF upon the bonds orientated under 45° to the field strength
lines, that is, to the x-axis. Extremal elongation was observed for the C6-H19 and
O10-H22 bonds (Table 6). Simultaneously, the C6-H18 bond distinctly shortened. It
should be underlined that both H18 and H19 were twin atoms bound to the C6 atom.
Thus, observed differences could not originate from different intramolecular electronic
interactions and completely different situations by those atoms with respect to the
SMF line should be responsible for it.

Unlike in D-glucose, the positive charge density at the C1 atom decreased with an
increase in the flux density. Thus, reactions with any Lewis base would be obstructed.
Simultaneously, the flux density up to 0.1 AFU increased the negative charge density
at the C6 atom. It would favour phosphorylation at the vicinal hydroxyl group. How-
ever, higher flux densities turned the charge density at that atom to positive. Thus, the
increase in the charge density with the flux density inhibited that reaction.

The susceptibility of D-galactose to the ring opening and to the Maillard reaction
depended on its anomer. The C1-O8 bond in the «-anomer varied irregularly with the
flux density but, generally, the susceptibility of that anomer to the ring opening was
low. That bond in the 8-anomer regularly decreased with an increase in the applied
flux density. Simultaneously, the O8-H20 bond was shortened in the «-anomer and
elongated in the B-anomer (Table 6).

Data shown in Table 6 allowed the visualisation of the effect of SMF upon ano-
mers of D-galactose. Structures in Fig. 6 demonstrate a slight effect of SMF upon the
conformation of both anomers and significant effect upon the bond lengths of some
peripheral C-H bonds. They were the C6-H18 and O10-H22 bonds. An increasing
flux density generated a considerable negative charge density at the H22 atom making
the C6-H18 bond relatively slightly polarised. Therefore, that bond was capable of
interaction with the electrons of that bond with SME In the O10-H22 bond, both its
partners carried negative charge. This effect and its origin was the same as that observed
in D-glucose anomers.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 85

D-Fructose

D-Fructose, a ketohexose, is a typical monosaccharide of a floral provenance. In the free
form, it resides in fruits, honey and flower nectar. In a bound form, it can be found in
several di-, oligo- and polysaccharides, for instance, sucrose, raffinose and inulin, respec-
tively. Its presence in the organisms of fauna is a consequence of consumption of plant
food. In mammals, free fructose is found in their semen (Maton et al. 1993; Tomasik
1997; Campbell et al. 2006; Tomasik 2007a; Tomasik 2007b; Heldt and Piechulla 2010;
Keung and Mehta 2015; Churuangsuk et al. 2018; Reynolds et al. 2019). Humans me-
tabolise D-fructose almost entirely in the liver, where it is directed towards replenish-
ment of liver glycogen and triglyceride synthesis. In muscles and fat tissues, D-fructose
metabolism is initiated by phosphorylation with hexokinase at the O11 atom, turning
it into fructose-1-phosphate. The latter enters the glycolysis pathway. In the liver, the
metabolism of D-fructose is initiated by fructokinase which forms fructose-1-phosphtate
engaging the O10 atoms, respectively (Maton et al. 1993; Tomasik 1997; Hames and
Hooper 2004; Campbell et al. 2006; ; Tomasik 2007a; Tomasik 2007b; Heldt and Pie-
chulla 2010; Keung and Mehta 2015; Churuangsuk et al. 2018; Reynolds et al. 2019 ).

Alcohol fermentation and the Maillard browning reaction are other enzymatic
processes common for D-fructose. In the Maillard reaction, the anomeric C1 carbon
atom is first engaged (Grandhee and Monnier 1991).

D-Fructose resides in four mutually fast interconverting structures, including «-D-
fructopyranose («-Frup), 8-D-fructopyranose ($-Frup), «-D-fructofuranose («-Fru/)
and 8$- D-fructofuranose (8-D-Fru/) (Fig. 3). Computations of the heat formation
(Table 7) pointed to «-D-Frufand «-D-Frup being the most and least stable, respec-
tively, amongst the four anomers taken into account (Fig. 3). Applying SMF of 0.1
AFU, the flux density did not change their positions in this group. At 1 AFU, based
on that criterion, B-D-Fruf became the most stable, but a further increase in the flux
density returned «-D-Fruf to the position of the most stable anomer. «-D-Frup holds
the position of the least stable anomer at SMF up to 10 AFU. At 100 AFU, 8-D-Frup
became the least stable. The dipole moment of particular anomers also changed with
an increase in the applied flux density. However, these changes were in no simple rela-
tionship to the stability of particular anomers. It suggested deformation of their initial
structure by polarisation of particular bonds. They could also result from departure
from their initial situation in the Cartesian system. This was confirmed by comput-
ed changes of charge density and bond lengths (Tables 8-11). Inspection of Table 8
showed that, in «- and $-D-fructopyranoses, the negative charge density essential for
the phosphorylation reaction at the O12 atom was lower in the «-anomer and it fairly
linearly decreased against increasing flux density. Thus, that anomer should be more
reactive than the 8-anomer. The Maillard reaction required the positive charge density
at the Cl atom. Without SME, the 8-anomer showed a more positive charge at that
atom. It decreased against increasing flux density. The «-anomer carried considerably
lower positive charge density which additionally decreased against the flux density up
to 10 AFU and then increased regularly up to over twice at 100 AFU.

86 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57-91 (2022)

The strongest changes in the electron density occurred at the Cl, O12«, H13a,
H228 and H248 atoms. Thus, both anomers are clearly distinguished from one another.

Structural deformations of the «- and 8-D-fructopyranose molecules in SMF (Ta-
ble 9 and Fig. 6) resembled those observed for D-glucose and D-galactose anomers.
Considerable elongations were observed for the C1-H13, O11-H22 bonds and C6-
H19« bonds, whereas the twin C6-H18 bond was only slightly shortened. It was an-
other illustration of the importance of the position of the bonds with respect to the
SMF field.

In the case of D-fructofuranoses, comparison of the negative charge density (Table
10) at the O12 and O11 atoms being potentially the reaction sites for the phospho-
rylation suggested that the B-anomer should react more readily than the «-anomer.
An increase in the SMF flux density was not beneficial for this reaction as the value of
the charge density at these atoms turned less negative. The positive charge density at
the C4 and Cl atoms, being the potential reaction site for the Maillard reaction, were
higher in the 8-anomer and only slightly decreased with increasing AFU. SMF at 100
AFU generated an essential increase in the positive charge density at the C18, O98,
O12« and H21la atoms. At the same time, that charge decreased at the C2, C58,
H17a, H24« and particularly at the H208 atom.

Anomers of D-fructofuranoses were less susceptible to structural deformations
evoked by SMF (Table 11 and Fig. 8). In the «-anomer, the O12-H24, O9-H22
and C5-H17 bonds were longer and that effect was noticeable just at 100 AFU. The
8-anomer was deformed chiefly by elongation of the O9-H22, C1-C2 and O8-H208
bonds. Untypically, the ring was also deformed by the elongation of the C2-C1 bond.

D-Xylose

D-xylose, aldopentose, is a mono-sugar residing almost exclusively in plants. As a com-
ponent of hemicelluloses, it constitutes biomass. In the sphere of fauna, D-xylose was
also found in some species of Chrysolinina beetles. It co-constituted cardiac glycosides
of their defensive glands (David Morgan 2004).

Organisms of fauna receive xylose from their diet. Eukaryotic micro-organisms
employ the oxidato-reductase pathway to metabolize D-xylose (Gabaldon et al. 2005).
D-xylose is metabolised by humans involving protein xylosyltransferases (XYLT1,
XYLT2) which transfer xylose from UDP to a serine in the core protein of proteogly-
cans (Stoolmiller et al. 1972; Gotting et al. 2000). Mammals metabolise D-xylose with
D-xyloisomerase (Ding et al. 2009; Huntley and Patience 2018). Recently, a highly ef-
ficient low-temperature, atmospheric-pressure enzymatic process of the hydrogen pro-
duction from D-xylose was presented. It involved thirteen enzymes, including a novel
polyphosphate xylulokinase (Del Campo et al. 2013). In another technically important
reaction, D-xylose is used for production of furfural, a precursor for synthetic polymers
and to tetrahydrofuran (Hoydonck«x et al. 2007). In the initial step, hemicellulose is
hydrolysed in an acid-catalysed process (Binder et al. 2010; Millan et al. 2019). That
process starts from the protonation of the D-xylopyranose molecule at the O8 atom.

Effects of the static magnetic field on carbohydrates 87

It was also found that D-xylose could be useful in therapy of COVID-19 (Cheud-
jeu 2020). The latter interacts with D-xylose significantly stimulating the biosynthe-
sis of sulphated glycosylamineglycans (GAGs), particularly heparan sulphate (HS).
GAGs, especially HS and D-xylose interact with oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, active in lung infections.

D-Xylose resides in the form of «- and $-xylopyranoses (Xylp) (a and b), as well as
a- and B-xylofuranoses (Xyl/) (c and d) (Fig.4).

The heat of formation criterion pointed to B-D-xylopyranose as the most stable
amongst four anomers of D-xylose (Table 12). It is distinguished from other anomers
with a considerably low dipole moment. The increase in the SMF flux density regularly
increased the dipole moment of all anomers and, at the same time, destabilised them in
terms of their heat of formation values. In both D-xylopyranoses, the metabolic reac-
tions should be promoted by the high positive charge density at the O6 atom and low
negative charge density at the O8 and O9 atoms. Data in Table 13 showed that the in-
fluence of SMF upon the O6, O9 and O8 atoms was negligible, noticeable and strong,
respectively. A considerable increase in the positive charge density took place at the
Cla, C5 and O8 atoms, whereas its decrease was observed at the C2 and H188 atoms.
The SMF flux density promoted reactivity at the C1, especially the Cla atom, slightly
promoted reactions at the O9 atom and strongly increased the reactivity of the O8
atom. Taking these arguments under consideration, the «-anomer was more reactive
at the C1 atom when residing without SMF and, in SMF, the B-anomer reacted more
readily. The reactivity at the O8 atom in the 8-anomer was slightly higher when SMF
was applied and the reactivity at the O7 atom in the «-anomer was definitely higher.

As shown in Table 14 and Fig. 9, only the O8-H18 bond suffered considerable
elongation in SME Less intense elongation was observed at the C4-H14 and C5-H15
bonds in both anomers. ‘That effect was in line with the preference for the elongation
of the bonds orientated under approximately 45° with respect to the x-axis.

Metabolic processes in D-xylofuranose molecules involved the C1 and O10 atoms.
The highly positive and highly negative charge densities, respectively, were beneficial
for those reactions. Data in Table 13 showed that, in both anomers, SMF did not influ-
ence charge density at the Cl atom. SMF generated a decrease in the negative charge
density at the O10 atom. It was particularly noticeable in the «-anomer. It pointed to
an inhibition of the reactivity with Lewis acids in these centres. An increase in the posi-
tive charge density at the C5a, O9, O10«, H11, H15a and H19 atoms and its decrease
at the C48 and H16 atoms confirmed the rule of the importance of 45° orientation of
the bonds with respect to the SMF field. Data in Table 16 and Fig. 10 showed that, in
both anomers, the C5-H15 bond reacted intensively to an increase in the flux density
and the response from the C4-H14 and O9-H19« bonds was weaker.

Comparison of the relevant data for D-xylopyranoses and D-xylofuranoses re-
vealed that pyranose anomers metabolise more readily.

The SMF flux densities ranging from 100 to 10 000 T (0.1 to 100 AFU) employed
in performed computations were very high. Experiments performed by Nakamura et

al. Takeyama (Nakamura et al. 2018) with SMF of 1200 T (1.2 AFU) resulted in a

88 Wojciech Ciesielski et al. / BioRisk 18: 57—91 (2022)

destruction of the generators within few microseconds. The pulse electromagnet con-
structed in 2012 at Los Alamos Laboratories remained stable, but producing a field
with an intensity of only 100.75 T (approx. 0.1 AFU) (Nguyen et al. 2016). Therefore,
only insignificant effects evoked by SMF of flux density of 0.1-100T (0.0001-0.1
AFU) upon carbohydrates could be anticipated in a real life.

Conclusions

Performed numerical simulations showed the specific influence of static magnetic field
(SMF) upon equilibrium constants between particular anomers of the saccharides
under study. Their susceptibility to such enzymatic reactions essential for their me-
tabolism as phosphorylation with ATP at the CH,OH group, the Entner-Duodoroft
metabolic pathway and the Maillard reaction, both also engaging the C1 ring carbon
atom in reaction with enzymes and amino acids, is also controlled by SME

D-Glucose in SMF takes preferably the «-anomeric form. SMF stimulated its re-
activity involving the CH,OH group and the Cl-atom.

D-Galactose in SMF takes preferably the «-anomeric form. The reactivity at the
CH,OH group and Cl atom vary irregularly with an increase of the applied flux density.

D-Fructose in SMF takes preferably the «-D-Frufform and D-xylose under such
conditions takes preferably the B-D-Xylp form. Their susceptibility to the reactions
important for their metabolism irregularly vary with the applied flux density.

Only insignificant effects evoked by SMF of flux density of 0.1-100T upon carbo-
hydrates could be anticipated in a real life.

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