JHR 88: I-16 (2021) oe, JOURNAL OF Seewtertensen ern doi: 10.3897/jhr.88.708 19 RESEARCH ARTICLE ) Hymenopter a . https://jhr.pensoft.net The Inarasional Society of Hymenopeeriss, RESEARCH The species of Eucera Scopoli, subgenus Tetralonia Spinola from Sardinia (Italy) with new records and E. gennargentui sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Roberto Catania!', Vittorio Nobile?, Salvatore Bella! | (CREA) Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e lanalisi dell’economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca olivi- coltura, frutticoltura e agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, I-95024 Acireale (CT), Italy 2 Via Psaumida 17, lotto 25, I-97100 Ragusa, Italy Corresponding author: Salvatore Bella (salvatore.bella@crea.gov.it) Academic editor: Michael Ohl | Received 29 June 2021 | Accepted 25 November 2021 | Published 30 December 2021 Attp://zoobank. org/5 1 OF BE37-39CF-4332-B 105-59DFIECIF65D Citation: Catania R, Nobile V, Bella S (2021) The species of Eucera Scopoli, subgenus Tetralonia Spinola from Sardinia (Italy) with new records and E. gennargentui sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 88: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.88.70819 Abstract In this paper, an update of the species of the genus Eucera Scopoli, 1770, subgenus Tetralonia Spinola, 1838 from Sardinia is reported, based on data collection as well as on recent survey carried out at Gennar- gentu Massif. Seven species are recorded, four of which are newly added: Eucera fulvescens (Giraud, 1863), E. gennargentui sp. nov. Nobile, Catania & Bella, E. julliani (Pérez, 1879), and E. nana (Morawitz, 1873). The new species, Eucera (Tetralonia) gennargentui Nobile, Catania & Bella is described from the high al- titude of Gennargentu Massif. Details on distributions, host plants, and other biological aspects are given for each species treated. The taxonomic comparison of the taxa belonging to the subgenus Tétralonia from Sardinia, including E. gennargentui sp. nov., are discussed taking into account both morphological and COI barcode sequences. An identification key to Eucera (Tetralonia) species from Sardinia is also provided. Keywords Apidae, Eucera (Tetralonia), new taxon, Mediterranean bees, Sardinia Copyright Roberto Catania et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Roberto Catania et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 88: 1-16 (2021) Introduction Belonging to the Eucerini tribe, Eucera Scopoli, 1770 is a genus of bees widespread in the world (Michener 2007), with a relevant number of species in the Palaearctic region and especially in the Mediterranean Basin (Tkalcu 1979, 1984; Risch 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003; Michener 2007; Dorchin et al. 2018). In their recent taxonomic studies Dorchin et al. (2018) treated the genus Tetraloniella Ashmead, 1899 within Tetralonia Spinola, 1838, and this last as a subgenus of Eucera. The subgenus Tétralonia includes different oligolectic species, some of them closely associated and specialised with plants of the Asteraceae family (Miller 2008). The species of this subgenus have been revised for the Afrotropical region by Eardley (1989), for the New World by LaBerge (2001), and by Tkalcu (1979, 1984) for the Palaearctic region. Eucera (Tetralonia) includes eleven species in Italy and some endemic subspecies of the main Italian islands, such as E. dentata amseli (Alfken, 1938) described from Sardinia and E. alticincta bindai (Nobile, 1993) described from Sicily (Alfken 1938; Nobile 1993). To date, the knowledge on Sardinian bees is still limited, and only three species of Eucera (Tetralonia) are known: E. dentata amseli, E. graja (Eversmann, 1852) and E£. malvae (Rossi, 1790) (Comba 2019; Nobile et al. 2021). This last species was recently found 78 years after its last report (Nobile et al. 2021). In this paper, we add a further four species of Eucera (Tetralonia) as new for Sar- dinia and describe a new endemic species E. gennargentui sp. nov. Nobile, Catania & Bella from Gennargentu Massif, based on both morphological and molecular data. Materials and methods The material examined belongs partly to the collection of Vittorio Nobile and partly comes from field collecting efforts carried out by the two other authors in Sardinia during the year 2020. Species identification was based on the works of Tkalcu (1979, 1984) and Scheuchl (2000). Morphological terminology and taxonomic classification follow Michener (2007) and Dorchin et al. (2018). Reference was made to the online ‘Check-list of Western Palaearctic Bees’ by Kuhlmann et al. (2018) and of ‘Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila of Italy’ by Comba (2019). Observations in the field on Eucera gennargentui sp. nov. were made in the first week of August 2020 in the locality of Bruncu Spina, near the town of Fonni (40°01'48.0"N, 9°17'56.6"E), in the central area of Gennargentu Massif, at 1540 ma.s.l., characterized by several endemic high mountain species plants (Bacchetta et al. 2013) (Fig. 1); obser- vations were carried out from 09:30 to 16:30, on the flowers of the Asteraceae family. Gennargentu Massif is located near the centre of the island, almost directly at 40° N. Bruncu Spina, at 1829 m a.s.l., is the second highest mountain in Sardinia, Description of Eucera gennargentui from Sardinia 3 Figure |. Sardinia and Gennargentu Massif, locality of Bruncu Spina, 1540 m a.s.l., the site of the sam- plings of Eucera gennargentui sp. nov. after Punta La Marmora (1834 ma.s.l.), and is the northernmost summit of the main Gennargentu ridge. In order to collect biological data on the new taxon, some specimens were marked using a dye specific to bees. The date of capture, general and Italian dis- tribution, number of specimens observed, and the plants visited are reported for all species. Each specimen was killed by freezing at -20 °C for use in DNA analysis and was dried and identified to species level after the observation of genital structures. The specimens were preserved in the collection of the authors, and in the collection of the Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, sect. Applied Entomology, Uni- versity of Catania (Di3A). The specimens were studied with a stereomicroscope Leica EZ4HD, the photos taken with a Leica Application Suite vs. 4.13. Total DNA was extracted from one posterior leg using the NucleoSpin Tissue Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. Subsequently, the enzymatic amplification took place using primers LCO1490F and HC02198R (Folmer et al. 1994). PCR products were purified using ExoSAP-IT (ThermoFisher Scientific) and were sequenced at BMR genomics (Padua, Italy), and the sequences obtained were analysed using MEGA X 10.2.4 (Kumar et al. 2018). The sequences were aligned with seven COI sequences of Eucera (Tetralonia) avail- able in GenBank, and we also included two sequences of Habropoda tarsata (Spinola, 1838) (accession numbers MN919536, MN919537) as an outgroup (Table 1). Se- quence divergences were calculated using the p-distance model (Srivathsan and Meier 2012), and a neighbour-joining (NJ) tree (Saitou and Nei 1987), as implemented in MEGA X, was used to visualize the distance matrix among taxa. 4 Roberto Catania et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 88: 1-16 (2021) Table |. Analyzed sequences with accession number and origin countries. Species Accession number Country Eucera alticincta alticincta MNHNLO05-20 Luxembourg Eucera alticincta bindai MZA437367 Italy, Sicily Eucera dentata FBAPD711-11 Germany Eucera fulvescens ABEE208-17 Austria Eucera gennargentui sp. nov. MZ437082 Italy, Sardinia Eucera graja MG251108 - Eucera malvae FBAPC604-11 Germany Eucera nana ABEE206-17 Austria Eucera salicariae FBAPC749-11 Croatia Habropoda tarsata MN919536 Italy, Sicily Habropoda tarsata MN919537 Italy, Sicily Acronyms Di3A —_ Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy; RC Roberto Catania, Catania, Italy; SB Salvatore Bella, Catania, Italy; VN Vittorio Nobile, Ragusa, Italy. Results Detected species Genus Eucera Scopoli, 1770 Subgenus Tetralonia Spinola, 1838 Eucera dentata amseli (Alfken, 1938) Fig. 2 Tetraloniella dentata amseli Alfken, 1938, Mem. Soc. Entomol. It., 16: 97-114. Data from literature. Alfken 1938. Material examined. * 1 9; ITaty Sardinia, Iglesias, San Pietro (Cagliari province); 12.VII.1976. Distribution. Sardinia and Corsica. Range in Italy. Sardinia. Eucera fulvescens (Giraud, 1863) Tetralonia fulvescens Giraud, 1863, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 13: 42-43. Material examined. * 1 9; ITaty Sardinia, Busachi (Oristano province); 10.V1.1975; coll. C. Meloni — D. Sechi. Description of Eucera gennargentui from Sardinia D Figure 2. Male of E. dentata amseli Alfken. Sardinia, Ittiri (Photo by P. Niolu). Distribution. South Europe, North Africa, West and Central Asia (Tkalcu 1979). Range in Italy. This species is discontinuously present in the Italian peninsula and Sicily. New record for Sardinia Eucera gennargentui Nobile, Catania & Bella sp. nov. gs pe) Pe | F PR Z-ILI EN Material examined. 10 9, 1 3: Holotype: * 1 9; Ivaty, Sardinia, Fonni (Nuoro province), Gennargentu Massif, Bruncu Spina, 1540 m a.s.1.; 6-8. VHI.2020; S. Bella and R. Catania leg.; Di3A. Paratypes: ° 9 2, 1 3; paratypes identical data to previous; Di3A, RC, VN, SB. Description. Female (Fig. 3). Body length: 10 mm. Body with black integument with fine and evident punctation, grey setae. Head. Head with wrinkled punctation, finer at the edges and with white setae; clypeus black, with the lower half light yellow; this spot, extending upwards, and in the middle part, ends with a triangulated tip; labrum and mandibles black, antennae dorsally black, ventrally orange, with scape and 6 Roberto Catania et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 88: 1-16 (2021) Figure 3. Eucera gennargentui sp. nov., female (A-E) A head, anterior view B habitus, lateral view C dor- sal view D mesosoma, dorsal view E metasoma, dorsal view. (Photos by R. Catania). Figure 4. Eucera gennargentui sp. nov., male (A-E) A head, anterior view B habitus, lateral view C dorsal view D mesosoma, dorsal view E metasoma, dorsal view. (Photos by R. Catania). first two flagellar articles black. Mesosoma. Mesothorax with greyish setae, median part of the metathorax with dense and large punctation. Black legs with greyish setae and the last four tarsi brown; the hind legs are equipped with a uniformly yellow-rust-coloured pollen-collection system. Slightly darkened wings, with black veins and dark brown tegulae. Metasoma. Dark brown, almost black, with dense and fine punctation. T1 with long and sparse white setae, [2—4 with basal bands of white felt, T5 with white felt on the sides and dark brown in the middle, and T6 almost completely covered with dark- brown felt. Dark-brown sternites with thick punctation and long golden-yellow fringes. Description of Eucera gennargentui from Sardinia 7 Figure 5. Eucera gennargentui sp. nov., genitalia and hidden sterna (A-F) A S6 ventral view B S7 ventral view C S8 ventral view D genitalia, dorsal view E genitalia, lateral view F vision of gonostylus and pos- terodorsal projection of gonocoxa (Photos by R. Catania). Male (Figs 4-5). Body length: 9 mm. General appearance similar to the female, with yellow clypeus and labrum, antennae are more than half of the body length long and reddish, except for a black streak on the whole dorsal part; black scape; mandibles are black, but reddish in the distal half. Mesosoma. With long silky whit- ish setae. Black legs with whitish setae. The hind femur, in the lower median part, has a small pointed tubercle equipped with a tuft of brownish bristles. Metasoma. As in the female, is dark brown, but all segments are covered with white felt, and T6 on the sides has 2 prominent teeth, one on each side. The last sternites are provided with a long and deep longitudinal median sulcus. Genitalia and hidden sterna. S6 without anterolateral marginal projections; posterolateral carina curved laterally at each side. S7 with medial process rounded and attached at the posterior lobes of lateral processes; the posterior lobes of lateral processes are relatively short with straight superior margins; anterior lobes of lateral processes wide with straight superior margins and rounded lateral-inferior margins. S8 with a wide concavity between rounded apical lobes; apicomedian ventral process well defined and saddle shape, with a large depressed area at the base. Genital capsule with the apex of the gonostylus remarkably arched, and inward-facing triangular protuberance placed slightly over the central part of the gonostylus. 8 Roberto Catania et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 88: 1-16 (2021) Table 2. Morphological comparison between Eucera gennargentui sp. nov. and the closest related taxa. E. alticincta alticincta E. alticincta bindai Female E. gennargentui sp. nov. 1) slim overall appearance 1) compact and robust overall ap- pearance 1) slim overall appearance 2) mesosoma with sparse punctation 2) mesosoma with dense punctation 2) mesosoma with denser punctation 3) metasoma ovoidal 4) 3° and 4° metasomal tergites with white, broad, median tomentose band, slightly narrowing in the middle 3) metasoma subspherical 4) 3° and 4° metasomal tergites with white, broad, median tomentose band, deeply narrowing in the middle 3) metasoma ovoidal 4) 3° and 4° metasomal tergites with white, broad, median tomentose band, deeply narrowing in the middle 5) white long fringes on the metasomal sternites 5) white long fringes on the meta- somal sternites 5) yellow-gold long fringes on the metasomal sternites 6) scopa whitish externally and brownish internally 7) pigidial plate normally thinned 8) body length = 7 mm 1) compact overall appearance 2) brownish-yellow long silky mesosomal setae 6) scopa whitish externally and yel- lowish internally 7) less thinned pigidial plate 8) body length = 8 mm Male 1) less compact overall appearance 2) brownish-yellow long silky meso- somal setae 6) yellow-rust scopa 7) pigidial plate normally thinned 8) body length = 9-10 mm 1) less compact overall appearance 2) whitish long silky mesosomal setae 3) metasomal ovoidal (longer than wide) 4) 3° and 4° metasomal tergites with white, broad, median tomentose band, slightly narrowing in the middle 3) metasomal subspherical (as long as wide) 4) 3° and 4° metasomal tergites with white, broad, median tomentose band, deeply narrowing in the middle 3) metasomal ovoidal (longer than wide) 4) 3° and 4° metasomal tergites with white, broad, median tomentose band, deeply narrowing in the middle 5) 1° — 4° metasomal sternites distally with fringe of dense, bristly, short and protruding light ivory setae (more developed those on the 2° and 3°) 5) 1°— 4° metasomal sternites without fringe 5) 3° — 5° metasomal sternites distally with fringe of short and protruding yellow setae 6) less wide pigidial plate 7) body length = 7 mm 6) normal pigidial plate 7) body length = 9 mm 6) normal pigidial plate 7) body length = 8 mm Difference with the closest related taxa. The new species Eucera gennargentui, is similar to E. alticincta (Lepeletier, 1841), including the nominate subspecies and EF. alticincta bindai. In the female of F. gennargentui, the long fringes of the sternites are yellow-gold, where- as in the closest related species E. alticincta alticincta, they are white; the scopa is yellow-rust in the new species, whitish externally and brown internally in E. alticincta alticincta. In the male of the new species, the long silky hairs of the mesosoma are whitish, while they are brownish-yellow in E. alticincta alticincta. Genitalia of E. gennargentui is very similar to that of £. alticincta alticincta, however, in the gonostylus the inward-facing triangular protuberance, that in EF. alticincta is located in the middle part, in the new species is placed slightly over half of the gonostylus, slightly closer to the apex. Further differences can be noted in the morphology of the hidden sterna, especially for the medial and lateral processes in S7, and for apical lobes and apicomedian ventral process in S8. In both sexes of the new species, the integument and wings are considerably darker than E. alticincta alticincta, and the body length of both sexes of E. gennargentui is greater than that of the related species. Further morphological and bio-ecological comparisons between F. alticincta al- ticincta, E. alticincta bindai, and E. gennargentui are reported in Tables 2 and 3. Derivatio nominis. We named the new species after Gennargentu Massif, where the specimens were found. Description of Eucera gennargentui from Sardinia 9 Table 3. Geographic and bio-ecological comparison between Eucera gennargentui sp. nov. and the closest related taxa. E. alticincta alticincta E. alticincta bindai E. gennargentui sp. nov. Distribution Widespread in Europe, North Africa, | Sicily (Nobile, 1987; 1993), Nebrodi Mts (Messina province), | Central Sardinia, Gennar- and western Asia (Varnava et al. 2020) | northern slope of Mt Etna (RC, pers. observ.), and Syracuse gentu Massif province Host plants isi(‘“< ; .New record for Sardinia. Identification key to Eucera (Tetralonia) from Sardinia Female: Chypeussmore Gicless yellow tone cctdaatoschle esses eee a messeh eaten tances’ 2 @bypeustolack 2 1 seid cesadlec bee sed teae beeacet east surat tap theued seeds tty tive cohasdteatoeahed 5 Antennae ventrally dark brown. 10,5-11,5 mm.............4. E. dentata amseli Antennae ventrally light red, except for the scape and 1-2 flagellar articles thatteare: blake Be ees rk eee cere ees eet sere csa ee ce node hata asters 3 Scopa dark brown externally and even darker internally. 12-14 mm.........0.0.. hcastartrt png ves eeadene dimen te bise tert vip vncnineeactee acne titydaarvert po dewedideetere densa gttitiry E. graja Different colour of the scopa, smaller body size .......eeeeeeeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeseeeeee 4 Scopa whitish externally and brown internally. 8-9 mm.............. E. julliani Scopa uniformly rusty-yellow. 9-10 mm............44 E. gennargentui sp. nov. Orange:sco pay WAV 2 mitt save enes een ceaweoneunteindeeoegncnvots cxseoveboniete E. fulvescens SWiliite Ory wLitishnseOpan ty ee tere et etceee ee tee mentee ta eaten eee 6 Scopa with long, sparse, thin, and white setae. 8 mm... eee E. nana Scopa with long, sparse and whitish setae. 11-13 mm... E. malvae Antennae-ventrally*more. or léss:dark Drowtissiiuscs.diciesssdacoostvdeasecttenesstunebedss 2 Antennae ventrally light red except for the scape black... eee 5 Labrum-andvelypenistyvelll owe. fp ucenexatiewtsarcscnces ihrote sg etoees ines tel pes eae teeta 3 Labrum and the lower part of the clypeus yellow. 11-13 mm........ E. malvae T6 laterally with short and stocky teeth, one on each side, facing backwards. Or LUI sn tanitenava ch nde seseces ae enaisebpes tab eniiedpenmegahrsinte teponea ap yinde tetome dpb E. nana Moretergités-with teeth, lareer Dodyisize £.. codecs secenite restos. oogpeencsctersoung Mees 4 In addition to clypeus and labrum, the base of the mandibles is yellow, T 5—6 with short and stocky teeth. 10 mm... eeeeeeeeeteeeneeeeeees E. dentata amseli Mandibles black, T5—7 with slightly longer and sharper teeth. 11-12 mm... TEER IEW fae PPLE Re Se MIE ro Av Seth iv ne eee E. fulvescens Clypeus, labrum, supraclypeal space and mandible yellow. 11-13 mm.......... rh ence atenptew naheoligh seiraOnoheg veo arivepega dl enicoadineplentnievtellphyenevisnthsidiohens racket ent easivesteesles E. graja Mandibles: atid’/suprackpealispace: Blacks: .. 2... e.c6. -haneet-aecenecgadet omens et en seoee eee 6 In the genital capsule the apex of the gonostylus facing inwards are almost strate Dal Omi ac tesan std veoneneeentevonteeds Re'cseneavetev Pavey exv'eedsteseedes E. julliani In the genital capsule the apex of the gonostylus are remarkably arched. AMINE 5 Sho seme Meeagnnntnaaiaiese seioeaesoneMacaieneotinetiawmbentneeeees E. gennargentui sp. nov. 12 Roberto Catania et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 88: 1-16 (2021) Table 4. p-distance and nucleotide divergences (expressed as percentages) of Eucera gennargentui sp. nov., E. alticincta bindai, and Eucera (Tetralonia) species with Habropoda tarsata used as the outgroup. Average distance: 12.25. 1 Eucera gennargentui sp. nov. 2 = Eucera alticincta bindai 2.21 3 Eucera alticincta alticincta 2.08 1.21 4 Eucera fulvescens 4.09 3.55 3.41 5 Eucera graja 7.65 7.31 7.47 7.47 6 Eucera dentata 8.34 8.0 8.05 8.68 8.34 7 Eucera salicariae 7.30 6.95 6.68 6.82 7.65 8.20 8 Eucera nana 7.69 8.84 8.07 8.84 9.61 8.84 6.92 9 Eucera malvae 7.82 8.0 8.51 7.44 6.43 8.81 6.38 6.92 10 Habropoda tarsata MN919536 22.61 23.29 24.73 24.92 23.29 23.96 23.05 24.61 23.05 11 Habropoda tarsata MN919537 22.61 23.29 24.06 24.24 9=22.76 23.44 922.36 24.61 22.51 0 Molecular evidences High-quality DNA sequences were obtained for the two specimens analysed, one sequence of E. gennargentui sp. nov. from Sardinia (GenBank accession number MZ437082) and one of E. alticincta bindai from Sicily (1 9; Ivaty, Sicily, Mount Etna, Gurrida Lake, 25.VIII.2020 RC leg., det., and coll.) (GeneBank accession number MZ437367). Both COI sequences obtained from the samples were used as queries in BOLD-IDS tools, and the system returned a match (sequence of E. gennargentui: 97.88%; sequence of E. alticincta bindai: 98.77%) with a sequence of E. alticincta present in GenBank. Sequence divergences calculated using the p-distance model are reported in Table 4, and the neighbor-joining tree showing the relationships between the new species and other related species of Eucera (Tetralonia) are reported in Fig. 7. Eucera alticincta bindai MZ437367 Eucera alticincta alticincta MNHNLOO5-20 Eucera gennargentui sp. n. MZ437082 Eucera fulvescens ABEE208-17 Eucera salicariae FBAPC749-114 Eucera nana ABEE206-17 Eucera malvae FBAPC604-11 Eucera graja |MG251108 Eucera dentata FBAPD7?11-11 Habropoda tarsata MN919536 Habropoda tarsata MN919537 — 0.020 Figure 7. Neighbor-Joining tree showing relationships among Eucera gennargentui sp. nov., and Eucera (Tetralonia) species with Habropoda tarsata used as the outgroup. Description of Eucera gennargentui from Sardinia 13 Conclusion In the current study, Eucera fulvescens, E. julliani, and E. nana are reported for the first time for Sardinia, and FE. gennargentui sp. nov. is described from Gennargentu Massif. This new species shows a larger body size and a darker appearance than the closest related taxa E. alticincta alticincta and E. alticincta bindai, and other different charac- ters reported in this work. Furthermore, following our field observations, we ascer- tained how the new species was linked to three Sardo-Corsican and Sardinian endemic botanical species of the flora of Gennargentu Massif. The barcode sequence of the new species Eucera gennargentui diverged from that of E. alticincta alticincta from 2.08% and from that of E. alticincta bindai by 2.21%. In Europe, wild bees are threatened by habitat changes resulting from human ac- tivities, e.g., urban exspansion, agricultural practices, habitat destruction or changes, and climate changing (Matheson et al., 1996; Steffan-Dewenter et al., 2005; Nieto et al. 2014; Bella et al. 2020; Fisogni et al. 2020). There was poor information for the ma- jority of the species (56.7%) to determine their conservation status (Nieto et al. 2014). In Italy, the availability of information on bees is particularly scarce, especially in southern and insular regions, so it is important to increase research to better under- stand the distribution and the population tendencies, especially for localised taxa. More observations are necessary to understand the conservation status of this new spe- cies and of the other Eucera (Tetralonia) species present in Sardinia. However, the area of Gennargentu where Eucera gennargentui was found is rather restricted and subject to dis- turbing factors due to strong grazing regimes and reckless reforestation that inexorably dam- age the grasslands where the endemic host plants live. The frequency of numerous fires that devastate natural ecosystems and rural areas in Sardinia (Capra et al. 2018; Salis et al. 2021) represents a further important threat to the diversity of flora and consequently of wild bees. The present study greatly improves the Sardinian bee fauna, showing that this Mediterranean island will surely deserves further new acquisitions, in order to increase our knowledge of its still underestimated pollinator fauna. Acknowledgements We thank Pietro Niolu (Alghero, Italy) for guiding us in the territory of Gennargentu Massif, and Silvia Di Silvestro (CREA, Acireale, Italy) for helping us in the genetic investigations. 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