JHR 87: 223-233 (202 I ) OX JOURNAL OF A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/jhr.87.67256 RESEARCH ARTICLE () Hymenopter a The International Society of Hymenopterists RESEARCH https://jhr.pensoft.net Janzenella theia Bremer & Talamas (Platygastroidea, Janzenellidae): a new species from Baltic amber Jonathan Bremer', Thomas van de Kamp’, Elijah J. Talamas' | Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA 2. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Corresponding author: Elijah J. Talamas (elijah.talamas@fdacs.gov) Academic editor: Zachary Lahey | Received 12 April 2021 | Accepted 20 May 2021 | Published 23 December 2021 http:/!z00 bank. org/F B31 C3 13-3609-43B8-AB6A-9698FE22ACDB Citation: Bremer J, Kamp T, Talamas EJ (2021) Janzenella theia Bremer & Talamas (Platygastroidea, Janzenellidae): a new species from Baltic amber. In: Lahey Z, Talamas E (Eds) Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea III. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 223-233. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.67256 Abstract A new species, Janzenella theia Bremer & Talamas, sp. nov., is described from Baltic amber, which is the second known species of the family Janzenellidae (Platygastroidea). Synchrotron scanning was performed to observe internal structures and external morphology that was occluded by turbidity in the amber matrix surrounding the specimen. Keywords Eocene, paleontology, synchrotron Introduction Platygastroid wasps are well represented in amber deposits, offering opportunities to study the evolution of numerous lineages within the superfamily. Based on published records and our direct examination of specimens, the platygastroid fauna in Eocene amber is a combination of extant and extinct genera (Johnson et al. 2008). This con- trasts with the fauna in Dominican amber, which is equivalent to the extant fauna at the generic level (Talamas and Buffington 2015), and Cretaceous amber, for which all genera but one, Archaeoteleia Masner, are extinct (excluding misplaced species) (Johnson et al. 2008; Ortega-Blanco et al. 2014; Talamas et al. 2017; Talamas et al. 2019). The intermediate age of Eocene fossils thus requires intimate experience with Copyright Jonathan Bremer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 224 Jonathan Bremer et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 223-233 (2021) the preceding and subsequent faunas to appropriately place species and infer phylo- genetic relationships. We here describe a new species from Baltic amber in the extant genus Janzenella Masner & Johnson. Janzenella has a distinct metasoma in which the anterior margins of the first tergite and sternite are non-carinate, a form found only in Jangenella and the scelionid genus Mantibaria Kirby (Masner and Johnson 2007). In conjunction with other diagnostic characters, this enabled us to place the species in Janzenella, but we were unwilling to describe it as new because many important characters were oc- cluded by the amber matrix. This obstacle has been overcome using a synchrotron and 3D reconstruction software, enabling us to visualize external morphology for species description as well as internal characters of phylogenetic significance. Material and methods Photographs were taken with a Leica DMRB compound microscope with a GT-Vision Lw11057C-SCI digital camera attached and rendered using the program Combin- eZP, or with a Macropod Microkit with images rendered using Helicon Focus. Some specimens for electron microscopy were coated in ~70 nm of gold/palladium using a Cressington sputter coater and imaged with a Hitachi TM3000 Tabletop Microscope at 15 keV. Uncoated specimens were imaged using a Phenom XL G2 Desktop SEM at 5 keV. In some cases, multiple images were stitched in Adobe Photoshop to provide larger images with high resolution and magnification. Synchrotron microtomography was performed at the imaging cluster of the KIT light source of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology using a parallel polychromatic X-ray beam produced by a 1.5 T bending magnet. Scans were done by taking 3,000 projec- tions at 70 frames per second and an optical magnification of 10x, resulting in an effective pixel size of 1.22 um. The beam was spectrally filtered by 0.2 mm aluminum with a spectrum peak at about 15 keV and a full-width at half maximum bandwidth of about 10 keV. A fast indirect detector system was employed, consisting of a 10 um (10x) LuAG:Ce scintillator, diffraction limited optical microscope (Optique Peter) and a 12bit pco.dimax high speed camera with 2016 x 2016 pixels. We used the control system concert (Vogelgesang et al. 2016) for automated data acquisition and online reconstruction of tomographic slices for data quality assurance. Online data processing was performed by the UFO framework (Vogelgesang et al. 2012). The resulting cross- sections were rendered into 3D models and manipulated using the 3D Viewer and Volume Viewer plugins in ImageJ (FIJI) (Schmid et al. 2010; Schindelin et al. 2012; Rueden et al. 2017). Models were further refined to improve character resolution with 3DSlicer 4.11 (Fedorov et al. 2012). The raw scan images are available individually at https://doi.org/10.5281/zeno- do.4608043, and as a multipage tiff at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4608412. All rendered images, including those not included as figures are available at https://doi. org/10.5281/zenodo.4608788. Janzenella theia: a new species from Baltic amber 225 Character annotations amem anterior extension of the mesofurca (Figure 14) fula — profurcal arms (Figure 13) fu2 = mesofurca (Figure 14) fu3 metafurca (Figure 15) Imfa lateral mesofurcal arms (Figure 14) lo lateral ocellus (highlighted in red) (Figure 8) mo median ocellus (Figure 8) mnt metanotum (Figures 11, 12) ts tibial spur (Figures 16, 17) Taxonomy Janzenella Masner & Johnson Janzenella Masner & Johnson, 2007: 2 (original description. Type: Janzenella innupta Masner & Johnson, by monotypy and original designation). Note. Our generic description comprises the characters shared by /. innupa and _J. theia, and thus is largely a reduction of the description of /. imnupta provided by Masner & Johnson (2007). Two characters, the tibial spur formula and the morphology of inter- nal apodemes, were not assessed for both species but are assumed to be stable within the genus. Nomenclature of internal structures follows Miko et al. (2007). Description. Small, elongate, length 1.2—1.3 mm; body strongly depressed, with relatively short legs and antennae; macropterous. Head. Head transverse in dorsal view, width 1.5 times length, somewhat narrowed medially; hyperoccipital carina absent, head in frontal view wider than high, height 0.8 times width; frons largely flat to weakly convex, smooth; interantennal process absent, torulus large, opening forward, lower rim of torulus nearly reaching oral cavity; sub- median carina absent; orbital carina absent, lower frons reflexed ventrally; inner orbits rounded, diverging dorsally and ventrally; clypeus very small, triangular, not differenti- ated into postclypeus, anteclypeus; malar sulcus absent; malar and facial striae absent; labrum not visible externally; mandible short, robust, tridentate, teeth subequal in size; antenna 11-merous; radicle inserted apically into Al, nearly parallel to axis of Al; Al short, strongly widened in apical half, apex excavate for reception of flagellum; A3 dis- tinctly shorter than A2; A3—A5 globular; apical 4 antennomeres expanded into semi- abrupt clava in female; papillary sensilla on female antenna arranged in longitudinal pairs on apical antennomeres; claval formula A8—A11: 2-2-2-1. Mesosoma. Mesosoma strongly depressed, in dorsal view longer than wide, in lateral view distinctly longer than high; pronotum in dorsal view narrowed later- ally; subparallel to outline of mesoscutum, anterolateral corners rounded, anterior 226 Jonathan Bremer et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 223-233 (2021) face extended forward into necklike elongation; transverse pronotal carina absent; vertical epomial carina absent; horizontal epomial carina present; lateral face of pro- notum largely flat to weakly concave, without scrobe for reception of foreleg, an- terior margin very finely foveolate; netrion absent; anterior margin of mesoscutum meeting pronotum dorsally; admedian lines absent; parapsidal lines absent, notauli absent; skaphion absent; mesoscutum with roughly circular punctate areas present on either side; transscutal articulation well developed, simple; scutellum wider than long, unarmed, nearly flat; metanotum extremely narrow, striplike, dorsellum not differentiated, keels, plicae of propodeum not developed; mesopleural carina absent; acetabular carina fine, anterior margin of ventral portion of mesepisternum straight, not projecting between fore coxae; posterior margin of mesopleuron with complete line of foveolae extending from base of forewing to mid coxa; episternal foveae absent; anteroventral portion of metapleuron rounded, not separated from lateral face by ca- rina, metapleural pit not apparent; posterior margin of metapleuron rounded; meta- pleuron above hind coxa reticulate, otherwise smooth; lateral propodeum without longitudinal carinae, posterolateral corner not produced posteriorly, posterior margin broadly rounded; legs relatively short, slender, only hind femur somewhat enlarged; tarsal formula 5-5-5; forewing extending to apex of metasoma, R bifurcating apically, bulla absent; R1 absent or extremely short, therefore without postmarginal vein; r-rs (stigmal vein) present, at least longer than R1; hindwing with R very short; tibial spur formula: 1-2-2. Metasoma. Metasoma weakly sclerotized, loosely articulated, depressed; T1—T3 subequal in length; 7 terga, 6 sterna visible externally; laterotergites extremely wide, no submarginal ridge present; laterosternites absent; no spiracles visible; anterior mar- gin of segment 1 without anterior carina, Tl and S1 rounded and prolonged anteri- orly into short neck that inserts into propodeal foramen; sutures between all segments simple, terga and sterna broadly overlapping; anterior margin of S2 straight; narrow sublateral felt fields absent. Internal morphology. Profurca without dorsal bridge, anterior profurcal lamellae forming long, slender processes that extend anteriorly over the basisternum; mesofurca Y-shaped, lacking an apparent dorsal bridge; metafurca slanted anteriorly, metafurcal arms simple, straight, rod-like. Janzenella theia Bremer & Talamas, sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/3429DDD3-FDC4-40E7-84AB-3E18EBF8C057 Description. Width of head decreasing anteriorly, occiput in dorsal view strongly ex- cavated, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by approximately one ocellar diam- eter, compound eye relatively large, its length approximately 0.75 that of the head in lateral view; interorbital space broad, approximately equal to height of compound eye; mesoscutum 1.3 times wider than long; femoral depression shallow, weakly defined; forewing with R straight basally, curving toward anterior margin in distal third, R sepa- Janzenella theia: a new species from Baltic amber 227, Figures |, 2. Janzenella theia (USNMENT01223652), head, mesosoma, metasoma, brightfield photog- raphy | dorsolateral view 2 ventrolateral view. rated from costal margin by at least the width of the vein, r-rs (stigmal vein) straight, much longer than wide ( >3x); 1Rs, 1Rs+1M, 2Rs, M, and Cu present as spectral veins; propodeum with coarse rugae radiating from propodeal foramen. Material examined. Holotype female, USNMENT01223652 (Hoffeins #0002-7), Kaliningrad, Russia, coll. Yantarny, 2015 (deposited in Senckenberg Deutsches Ento- mologisches Institut, Miincheberg, Germany). Diagnosis. Janzenella theia differs from J. innupta in just a few notable characters. The compound eyes of /. theia are significantly larger than those of J. innupta, occu- pying most of the lateral head (compare Figures 5, 6). Janzenella theia also lacks the 228 Jonathan Bremer et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 223-233 (2021) Figures 3, 4. Janzenella theia (USNMENT01223652), head, mesosoma, metasoma 3 lateral view 4 an- terolateral view. pronounced genal swelling that gives the head a quadrate appearance in /. innupta. In the forewing of /. theia, R is separated from the wing margin by at least the width of the vein, and r-rs is much longer than wide (>3x) (Figures 2, 10), contrasting that of J. innupta in which R reaches the costal margin and the length of r-rs is about equal to its width (Figure 9). The propodeum of /. theia has coarse rugae radiating from the propodeal foramen (Figure 12) whereas /. innupta has rugose-areolate sculpture with submedian smooth patches (Figure 11). Janzenella theia: a new species from Baltic amber 229 Figures 5-8. 5 Janzenella innupta (OSUC 264384), head, anterior view 6 /. theia (USN- MENT01223652), head, anterior view 7 J. innupta (OSUC 264384), head, dorsal view 8 J. theia (USN- MENT01223652), head, dorsal view. Etymology. The species is named after Theia, the mythical Greek titaness of sight, who is credited with endowing precious stones with their brilliance and intrinsic value. The name is treated as an appositional noun. Discussion. Janzenella theia and J. innupta are remarkably similar (compare Fig- ures 1—4 to 18, 19) given the span of time between the Eocene and the present, as is evidenced by the brevity of our species description and length of the generic de- scription. This similarity, and the conspecificity of J. innupta specimens in Dominican amber and from Costa Rica (Masner and Johnson 2007), support the notion that morphological change occurs very slowly in Janzenella. We included two characters in our generic description that were assessed in only one of the species. The tibial spurs in Janzenella innupta are very small and required use of high magnification microscopy to confidently assess their number (Figures 16, 17), we were not able to determine their number on /. theia, but given that a 1-2-2 tibial spur formula is plesiomorphic for the superfamily (Chen et al. 2021), we consider it reasonable to believe that the older species has the same configuration. The pro-, meso- and metafurcae are clearly visible in the reconstructions of /. theia (Figures 13, 14) but we have not yet examined these structures in /. innupta. Given the similarity of J. theia and J. innupta, we treat these characters as stable within Janzenella for the purposes of comparative analysis. 230 Jonathan Bremer et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 223-233 (2021) Figures 9-12. 9 Janzenella innupta (OSUC 264400), fore and hind wings, dorsal view 10 /. theia (USNMENT01223652), fore and hind wings, ventral view II J. innupta (OSUC 264384), mesosoma, dorsolateral view 12 J. theia (USNMENT01223652), mesosoma, posterodorsal view. ® 10 pm : Z 15 um Figures 13-17. 13 Janzenella theia (\USNMENT01223652), profurca, posterior view 14 /. theia (USN- MENT01223652), mesofurca, posterior view I5 /. theia, metafurca, posterior view 16 /. innupta (OSUC 264397), mesotibia, lateral view 17 J. innupta (OSUC 264397), metatibia, lateral view. Janzenella theia: a new species from Baltic amber 23% © “Wie B 0S rnin = Nii os’ if j land : Figures 18, 19. Janzenella innupta (OSUC 264384), head, mesosoma, metasoma, lateral view. Metanotum. The lateral metanotum in /. innupta (Figure 11) is rugose in addi- tion to the line of foveae along the posterior part of the sclerite. Such sculpture on this part of the metanotum (metanotal trough in taxa where the metascutellum is visible) is otherwise unknown to us in Platygastroidea. We were not able to resolve this detail in the rendered images of /. theia. Profurca. Vilhelmsen et al. (2010) found the profurcal bridge to be absent in Plat- ygastroidea, although it has since been found to exist in the platygastrid genus Amitus Haldeman (Mik6 et al. 2021). The absence of the profurcal bridge in Janzenella is congruent with treating this as a plesiomorphic condition, although internal characters have yet to be examined in the recently erected families Geoscelionidae, Proterosceli- opsidae, and Neuroscelionidae (Talamas et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2021). Mesofurca. Miko et al. (2007) reported the presence of a mesofurcal bridge in Sce- lionidae, which at that time contained lineages now treated as Nixoniidae and Spara- sionidae (Chen et al. 2021). Miko et al. (2021) reported two forms in Platygastridae: without a bridge in Amitus and with a bridge in Synopeas Forster. Heraty et al. (1994) determined the mesofurcal bridge to be absent in Platygastridae based on examination of two genera (Jsocybus Forster and Jnostemma Haliday) and considered that these loss- es were apomorphies. The absence of a mesofurcal bridge in /. theia thus may indicate close relation to Platygastridae, as was suggested by the analyses of Chen et al. (2021). However, the presence of a mesofurcal bridge in Synopeas reflects the need for greater taxon sampling in Platygastridae to confidently establish the plesiomorphic condition for Platygastridae and to determine if loss of the mesofurcal bridge is indeed irrevers- ible as Heraty et al. (1994) suggested. 232 Jonathan Bremer et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 223-233 (2021) Conclusion The phylogenetic treatment of Chen et al. (2021) elevated Janzenella into a family, which was retrieved in a trichotomy with Platygastridae and Neuroscelionidae. Given that Platygastridae is found in Burmese amber and clearly recognizable at the family level (Talamas et al. 2019, Talamas et al. 2021), we speculate that Janzenellidae might also be easily recognized if encountered in Cretaceous amber. At present, we are ana- lyzing an undescribed taxon from Burmese amber with a metasoma much like that of Janzenella. This comparative analysis has just begun, but already foretells more exciting discoveries in the evolution of Platygastroidea. Acknowledgments We thank Christel Hoffeins, whose loan of Baltic amber made this study possible, and Dr. Lubomir Masner, Canadian National Collection of Insects, who kindly provided specimens of /. innupta for comparative analysis. Jonathan Bremer and Elijah Talamas were supported by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Di- vision of Plant Industry. References Chen H-y, Lahey Z, Talamas EJ, Valerio AA, Popovici OA, Musetti L, Klompen H, Plaszek A, Masner L, Austin AD, Johnson NF (2021) An integrated phylogenetic reassessment of the parasitoid superfamily Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupomorpha) results in a revised familial classification. 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