Zoosyst. Evol. 97 (2) 2021, 383-392 | DOI 10.3897/zse.97.69089

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BERLIN

Three new species of the spider genus Nopsma
(Araneae, Caponiidae, Nopinae) from Colombia

Alexander Sanchez-Ruiz', Leonel Martinez*, Alexandre B. Bonaldo!

1 Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Coordenagdao de Zoologia, Laboratorio de Aracnologia. Av. Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, CEP 66077-830,

Belém, Pard, Brazil

2 Grupo de Investigacion Biodiversidad del Caribe Colombiano, Semillero de Investigacion Sistemdtica de Artropodos Neotropicales,

Departamento de Biologia, Universidad del Atlantico, Barranquilla, Colombia

http://zoobank.org/0D9C19DB-BBED-4F03-A691-AFBA7AA9LI5E

Corresponding author: Alexander Sanchez-Ruiz (alex.sanchezruiz@hotmail.com)

Academic editor: Danilo Harms # Received 24 May 2021 Accepted 21 June 2021 Published 13 July 2021

Abstract

Three new Colombian species of the spider genus Nopsma Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2020 are described and illustrat-
ed: Nopsma leticia sp. nov. (male) from Amazonas department, Nopsma macagual sp. nov. (male) from Caqueta department and
Nopsma paya sp. nov. (male and female) from Putumayo department. The collection data of the holotype of Nopsma florencia
Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo are corrected. Additionally, an updated identification key for all species of the genus and a dis-

tribution map for the Colombian species are included.

Key Words

Arachnida, neotropical region, synspermiata, taxonomy

Introduction

The two-eyed spider genus Nopsma was recently pro-
posed by Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020) for four species oc-
curring in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Nicaragua. The
Ecuadorian species Nopsma juchuy (Dupérré, 2014) was
transferred from Nyetnops Platnick & Lise, 2007 and
was elected as the type species. Members of this genus
can be distinguished from other two-eyed Nopinae (ex-
cept Nyetnops), by lacking a crista and an arolium on
anterior metatarsi, and from Nyetnops by the presence
of a gladius. Additionally, Nopsma species are charac-
terized by having an elongated, prolaterally protruded
embolus, unique among nopines, and by the shape of
endites, without projected outer sides on anterior margin
(Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020).

Members of Nopsma are poorly known in Colom-
bia, being represented by only one species, N. florencia
Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2020. The species
was described from male specimens revised and photo-

graphed prior to the publication by the second author of
this paper (L.M.), who unfortunately confused the type’s
data label with those of other Colombian Nopsma spec-
imens from Macagual in Caqueta department, while the
actual locality of N. florencia 1s in Choco department. The
collection data of this Colombian species is corrected be-
low. On the bright side, this mislabeling event led to the
discovery of a new Nopsma species, since the specimens
from Macagual belong to an undescribed species. This
finding also triggered the opportunity to review caponiids
from three Colombian collections, leading to the discov-
ery of two additional undescribed Nopsma species. These
three species are herein described, along with the correc-
tion of the type locality of N. florencia. Photos of the hab-
itus, male palpal morphology and female genital organs,
line drawings of the male copulatory bulbs and schematic
drawings of the female internal genitalia are provided.
Additionally, a distribution map for all Colombian spe-
cies and an updated identification key for all species of
the genus are presented.

Copyright Alexander Sanchez-Ruiz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

384

Materials and methods

The specimens examined in this study were supplied by
the following collections (acronym and curator in pa-
rentheses): Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, Bogota,
Colombia ([AvH-I, J.C. Neita) Instituto de Ciencias Na-
turales of the Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia
(ICN-Ar, E. Florez) and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana,
Bogota (MPUJ-ENT, D. Forero).

Morphological observations and illustrations were
made using a Leica MC125 stereomicroscope with a cam-
era lucida. Multifocal images were taken with the Leica
MC-190 HD and Leica MC-170 HD digital cameras at-
tached to Leica S8APO and Leica MC125 stereomicro-
scopes respectively with extended focal range. All mul-
tifocal images were assembled using Helicon Focus Pro
ver. 5.3.14. The measurements are in millimeters (mm)
and were made using an ocular micrometer. Descriptions
and measurements follow Sanchez-Ruiz and Bresco-
vit (2018). Coloration patterns were described based on
specimens preserved in 70-80% ethanol. The internal fe-
male genitalia was dissected with fine forceps and their
soft tissues were digested for 24 hours with Ultrazyme
enzymatic eye lens cleaner, diluted with distilled water

Sanchez-Ruiz, A. et al.: Three new Colombian species of Nopsma

at the proportion of | tablet/5 ml. After cleaning, samples
were immersed in clove oil for visualization of internal
structures. The terminology for copulatory structures fol-
lows Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2015). All digital photos were
edited using Adobe Photoshop CS ver. 12.0 and the dis-
tribution map was prepared in QGIS (QGIS 2021). Plates
were edited with Corel Draw X7 ver. 17.1. Geographic
coordinates were extracted from original labels. Locality
elevations refer to meters above sea level.

The following abbreviations are used in the text and fig-
ures: ap = anterior plate, as = anterior tracheal spiracles, dmr
= distal margin of receptaculum, e = embolus, ess = external
sclerotization around spiracles, go = genital opening (go-
nopore), mk = membranous keel on embolus, re = recepta-
culun, pmr = proximal margin of receptaculum, pp = pos-
terior plate, ps = posterior tracheal spiracles, t = tegulum.

Taxonomy
Caponiidae Simon, 1890

Genus Nopsma Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit &
Bonaldo, 2020

Updated key to the species of Nopsma (males only)

1 Large tegulum, reaching or exceeding the palpal tibia length (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020: figs 11B, 17B)................. 2
- Small tegulum, not reaching the palpal tibia length (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020: figs 15B, 18B)............ eee eeee eee 2
2 Elongated palpal tibia, two times the patella length (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020: fig. 11B), embolus projecting from

the prolateral distal surface of the tegulum with a keel bordering the tip (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020: figs 11B, C,
A SE a eeeee tel NEL A) cd Aannsemnnmtesea tae conser abstr iene tele eeeeemne laa. a AY diemmemenet in ease tals mute anaes Sauhe N. enriquei
Short palpal tibia, just a little longer than patella length (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020: fig. 17B), embolus projecting from
the prolateral median surface of the tegulum with three very thin, long projections on the tip (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020:

1h A a Od oS tae eo De ee eo ee eae See nae Dee eS a, Aaa neh eee eR ak BM a a ee eee Ee N. armandoi
3 PrmibolusposteroriecirecteceGrigs. la ibe 7 Cem ates Pepe ee Sea ON Oe ee asi ce Megettn ate adnan Saateyeabeatten ninade nner Ma ete 4
- mdggpelel Whe: (ubeai tard hell ¢cet (oo dl capt OME, ee ote oa OR ON ee ee ee. 4 CR eee (5 N. macagual Sp. nov.
4 léesultim-one-third-or ihe.cymbiuimdensth criss ZC Wb, SC. D AB IE a.. a satan omens tle analh ss go mece Wh ee oil eee, Botha sade 5
- Tegulum conspicuously small, only one-fifth the cymbium length (Fig. 1C, D).............cceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees N. florencia
5 Embolus with a membranous keel at the opening, extended proximally towards the embolus shaft (Fig. 6E, F)........... 6
- Embolus with membranous keel restricted to the opening of embolus tip (Fig. 6G, H)..............: eee N. paya Sp. nov.
6 Membranous keel long, reaching more than one-third of the embolus shaft (Fig. 6F)..............::::::ee N. leticia sp. nov.
- Membranous keel short, reaching only one-fourth or less of the embolus shaft (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020: fig. 16B-E) ...

TE AAS SPRUE Ol Re STS ot nN hl i OE OE ok BNI A Sh el SURINDER AS INE FN OR SOR SE de et, SOROS Foe vic TDS N. juchuy

Nopsma florencia Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit &
Bonaldo, 2020
Figures 1A—D, 5A, B, 6A, B, 8

Nopsma florencia Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2020: 483,
fig. 18A—F.

Type material. Holotype ¢, COLOMBIA: Choco de-
partment, Jardin Botanico El Darién, Capurgana, Acan-
di, Camino a los Rios; 8°37'53.95"N, 77°21'23.43"W;
260 m; 14 April 2008; C. Pefia leg; pitfall trap; MPUJ-
ENT 61986; examined, type locality corrected.

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Remark. The type locality of this species is here cor-
rected. The data labels of the holotype and paratype re-
ported in the original description are actually those be-
longing to Nopsma macagual sp. nov.

Diagnosis. Males of Nopsma florencia resemble those
of Nopsma leticia sp. nov. by the similarly shaped mem-
branous keel on embolus tip (Fig. 6A, B, E, F), but can
be distinguished by the conspicuous small oval tegulum,
with only one-fifth the cymbium length (Fig. 1C, D),
(one-third in N. /eticia sp. nov., Fig. 2C, D) and by the
enlarged embolus (Fig. 1C, D) (shorter in N. /eticia sp.
nov., Fig. 2C, D).

Zoosyst. Evol. 97 (2) 2021, 383-392

385

Figure 1. Nopsma florencia Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, male (holotype). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, ventral view.
C. Left palp, retrolateral view. D. Left palp, prolateral view. Scale bars: A, B: 1.5 mm, C, D: 0.7 mm.

Description. Male described by Sanchez-Ruiz et al.
(2020). Female unknown.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality in
Choco, Colombia (Fig. 8).

Preservation status. Preserved in 70% ethanol. Male
holotype in good condition, left palp dissected in a sepa-
rate microvial.

Nopsma leticia sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/D736BA 90-2C7F-4339-8629-10D88C9EAC7TA
Figures 2A—D, 5E, F, 6E, F, 8

Type material. Holotype ¢, COLOMBIA: Amazonas de-
partment, Leticia, Comunidad Indigena Monifue Amena,
km 9,8 Via Leticia-Tarapaca; 4°8'30"S, 69°55'23.72"W;
70 m; 12 Oct. 2003; Ospina leg; MPUJ-ENT 70460.
Paratypes: 2 3; same collection data as for holotype; 13
Oct. 2003; MPUJ-ENT 70411.

Additional material examined. COLOMBIA « 1
3; Amazonas department, Leticia, Reserva Forestal del
Rio Calderon, Estacion Biologica El Zafire; 4°00'21"S,

69°53'55"W; 150 m; 2-13 Dec. 2007; L. Franco & S.
Florez leg; IAVH-I 3784 © 1 @; same data as for preced-
ing; [AvH-I 3785.

Diagnosis. Males of Nopsma leticia sp. nov. resem-
ble those of Nopsma florencia by having a similarly
shaped membranous keel on embolus tip (Fig. 6A, B,
E, F), but can be distinguished by having a larger teg-
ulum, one-third of the cymbium length (Fig. 2C, D),
and by the thicker embolus and membranous keel
(Fig. 6E, F).

Description. Male (holotype): Total length 3.92.
Carapace 1.67 long, 1.42 wide. Sternum 1.02 long, 0.92
wide. Leg measurements: I: 4.37; Il: 4.54; II: 4.31;
IV: 5.52. Carapace orange-brown with remarkable dor-
sal pattern of dark brown stains (Fig. 2A). Chelicerae,
palps, sternum, endites, labium and legs orangish brown
(Fig. 2B). Abdomen dorsally gray with tenuous light
stripes (Fig. 2A), ventrally yellowish (Fig. 2B). Anal tu-
bercle and spinnerets pale yellowish. Palp with rounded
tegulum and a posteriorly directed embolus (Fig. 2C, D),
with a long membranous keel, reaching more than one-
third of the embolus tip (Fig. 6F). Female: unknown.

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386

Sanchez-Ruiz, A. et al.: Three new Colombian species of Nopsma

Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition
taken from the type locality.

Variation. Males (n=5): total length: 2.68—3.99; cara-
pace length: 1.54—1.71.

Distribution. Known from two localities in Amazonas
department (Fig. 8).

Preservation status. Preserved in 70% ethanol. Male
holotype in good condition, left palp dissected in a sepa-
rate microvial.

Nopsma macagual sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/9392 1 7FE-49BE-4E54-B6F0-A D6D58207A67
Figures 3A, D, 5C, D, 6C, D, 8

Type material. Holotype 3, COLOMBIA: Caqueta
department, Florencia, Centro de Investigaciones de la
Universidad de la Amazonia Macagual; 1°30'5.364"N,
75°39'46.26"W; 250 m; 29 Mar.—04 Apr. 2017, E. Florez
leg; ICN-Ar 10354.

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Figure 2. Nopsma leticia sp. nov., male (MPUJ-ENT 0070411). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, ventral view. C. Left palp,
retrolateral view. D. Left palp, prolateral view. Scale bars: A, B: 1.5 mm, C, D: 0.7 mm.

Diagnosis. Nopsma macagual sp. nov. can be distin-
guished from all other members of Nopsma by having the
embolus anteriorly directed (Figs 3C, D, 6C, D).

Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.67. Car-
apace 1.51 long, 1.25 wide. Sternum 1.05 long, 0.86 wide.
Leg measurements: I: 4.83; II: 4.44; III: 4.42; IV: 5.67.
Carapace orange-brown with remarkable dorsal pattern
of dark brown stains (Fig. 3A). Chelicerae, palps, and
sternum orange-brown. Labium, endites and legs light or-
ange, excepting coxae and tarsi pale orange (Fig. 3A, B).
Abdomen dorsally dark gray, without stripes (Fig. 3A),
ventrally light gray (Fig. 3B). Anal tubercle and spinner-
ets pale light brown. Palp with large, pear-shaped tegu-
lum, one-third of the cymbium length (Fig. 3C, D, with
retrolateral torsion (Fig. 6C, D), embolus long, anterior-
ly directed (Fig. 3C, D), with a membranous keel at the
opening and surrounding the embolus tip (Fig. 6C, D).
Female: unknown.

Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition
taken from the type locality.

Zoosyst. Evol. 97 (2) 2021, 383-392

387

Figure 3. Nopsma macagual sp. nov., male (holotype). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, ventral view. C. Left palp, retrolateral
view. D. Left palp, prolateral view. Scale bars: A, B: 1.5 mm, C, D: 0.7 mm.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality
(Fig. 8).

Preservation status. Preserved in 80% ethanol. Male
holotype in good condition, but abdomen is dry and
shriveled (Fig 3A). Both palps of holotype dissected in a
separate microvial with partial damage on left cymbium
tip (Fig 3D).

Nopsma paya sp. nov.
http://zoobank.org/41F19726-8256-446E-98DF-43404A B773D9
Figures 4A-G, 5G, H, 6G, H, 7B, 8

Type material. Holotype 3, COLOMBIA: Putumayo,
Parque Natural Nacional La Paya, Cabafia Viviano Cocha;
0°7'S, 74°56'W; 320 m; 15-20 Jul. 2003; R. Cobete leg;
IAvH-I 3786. Paratypes: 19; same data as for holotype;
TAvH-I 3796 * 19; same data as for holotype; [AVH-I 3806.

Diagnosis. Males of N. paya sp. nov. resemble those
of N. leticia sp. nov. by having an oval tegulum reach-

ing one-third of the cymbium length (Figs 2C, D, 4E,
F), but can be distinguished by having a straighter em-
bolus with membranous keel restricted to the opening tip
(Fig. 6G, H) (curved, with membranous keel surrounding
the embolus in N. /eticia; Fig. 6E, F). Females differ from
those of N. juchuy, the only other Nopsma species known
by females, by the external genitalia strongly sclerotized
around spiracles, with V-shaped margin on posterior plate
(Fig. 4G) (concave margin on posterior plate, weak scle-
rotization around spiracles in N. juchuy, Sanchez-Ruiz
et al. 2020: fig. 151); internally with median concavity
on distal margin of receptaculum (Figs 4H, 7B) (straight
distal margin in N. juchuy; Fig. 7A, Sanchez-Ruiz et al.
2020: fig. 16G—J).

Description. Male (holotype): Total length (approx-
imately) 3.04. Carapace 1.60 long, 1.29 wide. Sternum
0.94 long, 0.81 wide. Leg measurements: I: 5.09; II:
4.84; III: 4.58; IV: 6.14. Carapace orange-brown with
disperse dorsal pattern of dark brown stains (Fig. 4A).
Chelicerae, palps, sternum, labium, endites and legs

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388

Sanchez-Ruiz, A. et al.: Three new Colombian species of Nopsma

1 itt

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Figure 4. Nopsma paya sp. nov.; A, B, E, F. male holotype; C, D, G. female paratype (IAVH-I 3796). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B Habi-
tus, ventral view. C. Habitus, dorsal view. D. Habitus, ventral view. E. Left palp, retrolateral view. F. Left palp, prolateral view. G. Ex-
ternal genitalia, ventral view. H. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: A—D: 1.5 mm, E, F: 0.7 mm, G, H: 0.5 mm. Abbrevia-
tions: ap = anterior plate, ess = external sclerotization around spiracles, go = genital opening, pp = posterior plate, re = receptaculum.

light orange-brown, except coxae and tarsi pale orange
(Fig. 4A, B). Abdomen dorsally dark gray with dark
patches, but not forming a pattern, ventrally light gray.
Anal tubercle and spinnerets pale light brown. Palp
with oval, pear-shaped tegulum with retrolateral torsion
(Fig. 6G, H) and a straight embolus with membranous
keel only at the opening tip (Fig. 6G, H). Female (para-
type, IAvH-I 3796): Total length 5.24. Carapace 1.80
long, 1.55 wide. Sternum 1.07 long, 0.99 wide. Leg mea-
surements: I: 5.21; II: 5.01; III: 4.58; IV: 6.37. Color-
ation as in male. External genitalia strongly sclerotized
around spiracles and in the anterior plate, with V-shaped
margin on posterior plate (Fig. 4G); internal genitalia
with median concavity or invagination on distal margin
of receptaculum, slightly sloping on sides (Figs 4H, 7B).

Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition
taken from the type locality.

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Variation. Females (n=2): total length: 4.97—5.24;
carapace length: 1.64—1.80.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality
(Fig. 8).

Preservation status. Preserved in 80% ethanol. Male
holotype with only a half of the abdomen, left palp dis-
sected in a separate microvial. Female paratype [AvH-I
3796 in good condition, genitalia dissected in a separate
microvial.

Discussion

The three new Colombian species of Nopsma described
here increase to seven the number of known species of
this genus. These new species are probably endemic,
being currently known from only one or two localities

Zoosyst. Evol. 97 (2) 2021, 383-392

389

Figure 5. Male copulatory bulbs of Colombian Nopsma species. A, B. Nopsma florencia Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo.
C, D. Nopsma macagual sp. nov. E, F Nopsma leticia sp. nov. G, H. Nopsma paya sp. nov. A, C, E, G. Retrolateral view. B, D,

F, H. Prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.7 mm.

within the country. Until now, only the males of Nopsma
are well known since the few known female specimens
belong to the type species, N. juchuy (Dupérré), which
was internally studied by (Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020). In
this paper we present the internal genitalia of Nopsma
paya sp. nov., the second species represented by females
within the genus. The internal genitalia of the Nopinae
females are weakly sclerotized (Sanchez-Ruiz and Bres-
covit 2018) and sometimes it is necessary to dissect sev-
eral females in order to resolve the internal morphology.
Generally, internal female genitalia of Nopinae genera
tend to be very similar among its species and only dif-
ferences in the morphology of the receptaculum were ob-
served in previous studies on these genera (see Platnick
1995; Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2010, 2020; Sanchez-Ruiz and
Brescovit 2017, 2018). The genus Nopsma seems to be no
exception, since the female genitalia of N. juchuy and N.

paya are very similar internally, with only few differences
in the distal margin of the receptaculum (Fig. 7A, B). The
straight distal margin of the receptaculum in N. juchuy
(Fig. 7A, Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020: fig. 16G—J) appears
to be diagnostic, while NV. paya sp. nov. shows an invag-
ination on distal margin of receptaculum with both sides
slightly sloping (Fig. 7B). Furthermore, comparing the
external genital area of both species we found also some
discrete differences that are diagnostic for each of these
species (see diagnosis of N. paya sp. nov.).

Members of Nopsma lack crista and arolium but re-
tain the gladius on the anterior legs. Sanchez-Ruiz et
al. (2020) suggested that this genus could be phyloge-
netically related to Nyetnops Platnick & Lise and Cu-
banops Sanchez-Ruiz, Platnick & Dupérré, since these
three genera have several common characteristics in the
shape and stain patterns of the cephalothorax, sharing a

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390 Sanchez-Ruiz, A. et al.: Three new Colombian species of Nopsma

Figure 6. Drawings of male copulatory bulbs of Colombian Nopsma species. A, B. Nopsma florencia Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit &
Bonaldo. C, D. Nopsma macagual sp. nov. E, F. Nopsma leticia sp. nov. G, H. Nopsma paya sp. nov. A, C, E, G. Retrolateral view.
B, D, F, H. Prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.7 mm. Abbreviations: e = embolus, mk = membranous keel, t = tegulum.

Figure 7. Schematic drawing of internal female genitalia in two Nopsma species. A. Nopsma juchuy (Dupérré). B. Nopsma paya sp.
nov. Scale bars: A, B: 0.5mm. Abbreviations: as = anterior tracheal spiracles, dmr = distal margin of receptaculum, ess = external
sclerotization around spiracles, go = genital opening, pmr = proximal margin of receptaculum, pp = posterior plate, ps = posterior
tracheal spiracles, re = receptaculum.

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Zoosyst. Evol. 97 (2) 2021, 383-392

@ Nopsma florencia
@ Nopsma paya sp. nov.
A Nopsma leticia sp. nov.

¥& Nopsma macagual sp. nov.

-76.00

33

-72.00

|

00°C!

00°8

00°

00°0

100 200 km

-76.00

-72.00

Figure 8. Distribution map of Colombian Nopsma species. Nopsma florencia Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo (circle), Nopsma
leticia sp. nov. (triangles), Nopsma macagual sp. nov. (star) and Nopsma paya sp. nov. (polygon).

distinct sub-circular, broad carapace shape, with narrow
pars cephalica on dorsal view. Besides, the pars thoraci-
ca is elevated near the middle and slops abruptly posteri-
orly on lateral view. The only known species of Nopsma
that diverges from those patterns 1s Nopsma armandoi
Sanchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo (see Sanchez-Ruiz
et al. 2020: fig. 17A). This species, however, exhibits
the Nopsma diagnostic characteristics mentioned by
Sanchez-Ruiz et al. (2020). Thus, although lacking an
arolium on the pretarsi, N. armandoi has the cephalotho-
rax similar to that presented by genera of the clade with
arolium (Nops MacLeay, Medionops Sanchez-Ruiz &
Brescovit and Nopsides Chamberlin). The absence of a
membranous keel on the embolus tip is another import-
ant characteristic that set apart NV. armandoi from other
members of Nopsma. All presently known Nopsma spe-
cies have this membranous keel, however N. armandoi
has three, very thin, long projections at the embolus tip
(see Sanchez-Ruiz et al. 2020: fig. 17B, C, F). These
projections at the embolus tip again relate this species
to those representatives from the arolium clade. There-
fore, this species must be better studied, preferably with
additional specimens, including the females which are
currently unknown. An updated phylogeny of Nopinae
that includes Nopsma, must address the hypothesis that
this species would not belong to the genus, but instead to
a hitherto undescribed lineage of Nopinae in which the
loss of arolium has occurred independently.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Jhon. C. Neita and Carolina Gomez
from Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, Dimitri Forero
from Universidad Javeriana and Eduardo Florez from
Universidad Nacional de Colombia for their support and
for allowing us the revision of the material herein refer-
enced. We also thank the reviewers Antonio D. Bresco-
vit and Nadine Dupérré for their valuable comments and
suggestions on the manuscript. This paper was supported
by the Programa de Capacitacao Institucional (MCTI/
MPEG/CNPq 444338/2018-7 process), CNPq _ grant
302013/2021-0 (A.S.R.) and by a CNPq-PQ grant CNPq
304965/2012-0 (A.B.B.). We also acknowledge a grant
from the Convocatoria para el Fortalecimento de las Insti-
tuciones de Educacion Superior (Convocatoria 890) from
Science Ministry of Colombia to L.M.

References

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