Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 | DOI 10.3897/zse.96.51349 Zeno yates desloge SPENSOFT. vd _ NATURKUNDE BERLIN Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Sars (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) and Cletodidae T. Scott, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis regarding the relationships of the Laophontoidea T. Scott, Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae Kai Horst George? 1 Senckenberg am Meer, Abt. Deutsches Zentrum ftir Marine Biodiversitdtsforschung DZMB, Siidstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany http://zoobank. org/96C924CA -95E0-4DF 2-80A8-2DCBE105416A Corresponding author: Kai Horst George (Kai.George@senckenberg.de) Academic editor: Kay Van Damme @ Received 21 February 2020 # Accepted 10 June 2020 Published 10 July 2020 Abstract Uncovering the systematics of Copepoda Harpacticoida, the second-most abundant component of the meiobenthos after Nematoda, is of major importance for any further research dedicated especially to ecological and biogeographical approaches. Based on the evolution of the podogennontan first swimming leg, a new phylogenetic concept of the Ancorabolidae Sars and Cletodidae T. Scott sensu Por (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) is presented, using morphological characteristics. It confirms the polyphyletic status of the Ancorabolidae and its subfamily Ancorabolinae Sars and the paraphyletic status of the subfamily Laophontodinae Lang. Moreover, it clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of the so far assigned members of the family. An exhaustive phylogenetic analysis was undertaken using 150 morphological characters, resulting in the establishment of a now well-justified monophylum Ancorabolidae. In that context, the Ancorabolus-lineage sensu Conroy-Dalton and Huys is elevated to sub-family rank. Furthermore, the mem- bership of Ancorabolina George in a rearranged monophylum Laophontodinae is confirmed. Conversely, the Ceratonotus-group sensu Conroy-Dalton is transferred from the hitherto Ancorabolinae to the Cletodidae. Within these, the Ceratonotus-group and its hypothesised sister-group Cletodes Brady are combined to form a monophyletic subfamily Cletodinae T. Scott, subfam. nov. Conse- quently, it was necessary to restructure the Ancorabolidae, Ancorabolinae and Laophontodinae and extend the Cletodidae to include the displacement and exclusion of certain taxa. Moreover, comparison of the Ancorabolidae, Cletodidae, Laophontoidea and other Podogennonta shows that the Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae form sister-groups in a monophylum Cletodoidea Bowman and Abele, which similarly has a sister-group-relationship with the Laophontoidea T. Scott. According to the present study, both taxa constitute a derived monophylum within the Podogennonta Lang. Key Words meiofauna, crustacea, Podogennonta, Cletodoidea, systematics, taxonomy Copyright Kai Horst George. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 456 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Table of contents PP OCUCLTONG cecstes Peet eee Mtag ait eR oe nN A eee Mg, Sn AR le OG eh SP Ne tee D OTST AT 76 [cae ra aan are Ses RnR arc he anf on is te ted Reel He Rea el Paar ne 8 aR at DA SR Ce toh a 3 IS CSU wer, eS A He Oe A ine, eee er tae Bh oe cree gcc a as Ores, 8 Me cree Mh le oar Oe a ce one See, ere. 3 PAS CUSSION. cy sceg cece scene utente Ame, eet ora NAR uted TaD er woh SER te Lh nat OE eR et AER tk eA iN td SRE tie UB ademett Aa, ued 14 I Cres THe Tec IN LG 2 len 8 Reh AES TO, Eat chlo ee Lie woh hi. BS ETE ans fe A hale IRAE RR Ela 14 II. The development of the P1 in the Podogennonta as the origin of the new phylogenetic concept.....................00.. 15 III. Phylogenetic analysis: A new concept for a podogennontan Laophontoidea — Ancorabolidae @ — Cletodidae @ -clade, based on the re-evaluation of morphological characters ........0..00000 cece ceceseeeseeeseeeeeessseeeeenees | A. The Laophontoidea—Cletodoidea-clade (L—C-clade) 0.0.0.0... cece ccccceccccecceseecccseeeeeeceeeeeeeestsssesesesseesessstieeeeenstees Ne B; Gletodomea Bowman eA bele 1982. 22S .n2 sere ot, eames ee Sees 9 ett ceaeetaoee ee ani Bee Yeoh, 18 Cre SNCOrDOMdaS Os al S490 93): 9) nos, teedormunen eeprom: hm on ree cunece fe cman oe) Wee Wedinss epee enna ancee i 20 I aophontodinds @xlans. AGA cP cect. sth deeat hy thntd Iga dee es sso atelier saahaniees Reh aaent ea Mt dit) te ld Svs skated te beet Zl EAncondbelinde @insdis!OO0= fe tenor Roos rat Bea me AR er ae a A Ree areas ee 24 F. The Algensiella—Probosciphontodes-clade (A—P-clade)............ccccccccccccccsececcscecenseeecesseeeccseeceuseeecssseeecsaeseneteesniees 27 Gi) LAD OLGOPHOVLOACS, Aces Wiehe a Min nok icdr sae nage hie eae ec beso ten hghcatd oe Phipeidcten hy Sutera ica caine etek on 28 H. The Calypsophontodes—Probosciphontodes-clade (C—P-clade)........0.cccccccccccccssecceteceecceescssseeestseeecsaeseseeeseneees 28 NDE EES SEALE a tt ahelite wler eh owe te I IPE Wee ry Se 2S ONL Sara A Fe RNY See arate Mane, eNO e Go a bere. orn Ae Ot ieee Me 29 J. The Laophontodes—Probosciphontodes-clade (La—P-clade) ............ccccccccccccceseccccteecececeeccseesesseeesssseeesseeeeseeeeensees 29 Re CIV DSO DNOMIOGGS tong Werner Ne. Pc tare Re oes eee Nicene cearRS era eh reed EE Cea onde: Ts ot wh ee eee 29 L. The Rostrophontodes—Ancorabolina-clade (R-A-Clade) 0.00... 000ccccccccecce cece cece ceceeeeeseceeeseecessesesestsssesesesieeeeestnees 30 RU INOSEL OPTION OM OSs ea, cle Mrs teks Tara a teats ta ccna nadciaannan fei Ave Reena a eS Ue aA neds qantas. Sean acer eed! 3] N. The Laophontodes—Ancorabolina-clade (La—A-clade) ........0....cccccccccccccecccceeeesecceeeeeeceeseesseseseessestseeseeesteeeeenees 32 CEA OPH OMI OD CS EES ecnaoth tics xtsp56. ck tan torent a de reer put tases ceaesti ene lm ee Re Nc ED ORE TS oad brndeBicag AE scee bag ee 52 P. The Bicorniphontodes—Ancorabolina-clade (B—A-Clade) .........00..cccccccc cece cecceceeeeseceeeeeesceeeeeesesseseesectsieteeenstens 33 OSI COFMIDUONEOA GS em, i.cicps. ah Specie OW. Mick t hs aperdeee Aiaaftand Manto chesents WEG ioNhs Me ict hil alice Anta d Makes oe ea ul Nand ce PAUIS Ri dda Meshes oe 33 IRMUATICORAD ONT Chee, non meron 00 amen Re an A Re OPE Re EN eee ee RR 0 eM a ad 34 S. The Paralaophontodes—Probosciphontodes-clade (Pa—P-clade) ...........0.ccccccccec cece cece ee cceeeeeseeseceeesetseeestaeenes 34 EPOPERAOPHONIDAES.. wesshn. FB PN RAN andes ARTI, Se nae Daseabhane tied driadls Wlashi ode hyickl i dd SRL WURGad sae HIE Vital UNAS va dhl ops ead to etd 35 WU. the:Lebopleura—Prebesciphoniodes-clade(o—P- clade yu int 28 ee A ss) SE 35 We HO DOPILCUTOR sh IRI cess Wet PAL os sce MO Al oe ton eee oc ere Anemi. are bm Mie ss oot Ams ee De 35 VEE OU OSCIPNOMIOGOS 4). ates Sie hee cee. i aie Baap thee Bee ase hae honest ae Py aa he aca eta aseTonnalietccten ce Passi hong lca oon 36 er Cletodidger@s I SCO. WOO GI on4) at Siar Brorgntns el. cte amin biti IE Bele ok flail 9 oath Rao ol Fre SM. ee A 36 YeWiletodinae Wes cople 1904s SULOL ATI ALONE ice tn et AN AR, AU eg Le Ie Ry oO ni NS tig NN thn mY 36 AREA CHOCO MACHO: crssctiret ict ntaasactl caver ea een Gyan ante wine bl cd vias scat hiya! ccicnsyas ater eee Riad aes hoor on nae Bh AX pS CS CEG OMOLUS 20 TOU Me ON Rn. BEY ata le: peng pct bak eer tee otea Babee aie ona Mes es ha aces dye ck. ye rng eee 37 NSTC HOLOA CS a csie scott Adoks ad teksti ny aa trea sh AR Otten ARMA BaaNt 2B. big dA AP eae PIE Mie REAR NE AP isla tates oA cic PR Moat APES chs 39 OO The StatisrOl eal APO nigel AMAT eS WO ncn art decane dest aaateallsk Sethonede ake MO Mecano ait dameelh dk cable dea bbecoves! 39 COMMIS ONS ML ee Loe atl. Oe RAR We Ue eee ee Ie Pe ee ee ee eee, Se AO JANG! AGN [lO FAS) 00 s1d RE Raana ae ot eee oe eS Ee ane eo en 4] IRENE ICES mer, Meas asrneaqeeerarsmrnae ee) Wil | Stes roses At BAN, Ny mnt hs FLL MWg ie Reds 22.348 BAN Age 9 322 ATE R22 oni RB battens et 4] Introduction With an estimated number of > 50,000 species (cf. George et al. 2020 and references therein), the Copepo- Um dahin zu gelangen, mufs man sich indessen von _ da (Crustacea) inhabit almost all aquatic habitats. In the den friiheren Ansichten so weit wie moglich freima- marine benthos, they present high abundance values, par- chen und so vorgehen, als sei bisher kein System _ ticularly the order Harpacticoida, which is outnumbered vorhanden gewesen. — only by Nematoda (Giere 2009), but becoming often the most important taxon with respect to biomass (Wells Translation: 1988). The Harpacticoida are of eminent ecological 1m- In order to get there, however, one has to get as far __ portance both as consumers/recyclers of organic matter away from the previous views as possible and act as if and as a food source for other organisms (e.g. Hicks and no system had been in place. _Coull 1983; Coull 1988; Giere 2009). Their quite suc- cessful dispersal over almost all marine habitats is re- Karl Lang (1936a: 445) _ flected by a striking morphological variability (cf. George zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 et al. 2020), providing numerous characteristics also for systematic studies (e.g. Lang 1948; Huys and Boxshall 1991). However, in phylogenetic research of the Copepo- da, molecular approaches combined with computer-aided cladistics have prevailed for more than three decades (cf. Seifried 2003). The inexorable ascent of molecular tax- onomy over this time has been matched by a progressive disregard for “traditional”, i.e. morphological, taxonomy, irrespective of morphologists’ attempts to justify and defend the morphological approach (e.g. Hopkins and Freckleton 2002; Lipscomb et al. 2003; Sudhaus 2007; Zhang 2008; Wheeler 2014). However, in the contri- bution on hand, morphological taxonomy was the only pragmatic approach owing to the lack of adequate mate- rial in sufficient quantities to enable molecular analysis. The Ancorabolidae Sars, 1909 (Fig. 1) were estab- lished to allocate the type genus Ancorabolus mirabilis Norman, 1903 and three further monotypic genera (Sars 1909). The systematics of the exclusively marine Ancor- abolidae has been the object of increasing interest par- ticularly in the last two decades (George 1998a, b, 2001, 2006a, b, c, 2017, 2018; Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; Conroy-Dalton 2001, 2003a, b, 2004; George and Plum 2009; Wandeness et al. 2009; George and Tiltack 2010; Gheerardyn and George 2010; Schulz and George 2010; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012; George and Muller 2013; George et al. 2013; George and Gheerardyn 2015; George et al. 2019; Lee and Huys 2019); a general historical summary of research on the Ancorabolidae was given by George (2006a) and recently updated by Lee and Huys (2019). Species assigned to the family are rarely found and, in sediment samples, they generally occur in very low numbers (e.g. George 1998a; George and Schminke 1998; Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; Wandeness et al. 2009). Moreover, samples were historically often fixed with formalin (e.g. George 1998a, b, 2001) and neither the types nor additional material of several species are available (e.g. Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; George 2001, 2017, 2018). Morphological species descriptions are available, however and although some may be of lim- ited quality (e.g. Calypsophontodes latissimus (Brady, 1918), Laophontodes antarcticus Brady, 1918, Bicor- niphontodes hamatus (Thomson, 1882), B. ornatus (Kr- ishnaswamy, 1957), Patagoniaella vervoorti Pallares, 1968, Polyascophorus gorbunovi (Smirnov, 1946)) (cf. Thomson 1882; Brady 1918; Smirnov 1946; Krishnas- wamy 1957; Pallares 1968), most provide many morpho- logical features of relevance for phylogenetic analyses. Thus, in the present study, a morphological taxonomic approach was the only way to resolve the systematics of the Ancorabolidae. The phylogenetic evaluation presented here provides a completely new hypothesis concerning the systematics of the Ancorabolidae. As a result of that rearrangement, a new systematic concept involving the supposed close- ly-related Cletodidae T. Scott, 1904 sensu Por (1986) is also presented and discussed in detail. 457 Methods This analysis strictly follows the concept of “consequent phylogenetics” (Hennig 1982; Ax 1984, 1988, 1995; Sud- haus and Rehfeld 1992); the characters used are compared and discussed in detail, leading to an intersubjective phy- logenetic hypothesis (Ax 1984). No computer-based cla- distic analysis was made, so the presented cladogram (Fig. 2) is not a computer-generated one, but simply serves to illustrate the result of the complex phylogenetic analysis. Morphological comparison was predominantly based on original species (re)descriptions, as well as on Lang (1948, 1965), Huys and Boxshall (1991), Huys et al. (1996), Willen (2000), Seifried (2003) and Boxshall and Halsey (2004). Whenever available, direct comparison of (type) material was included. General scientific terminology follows a literal trans- lation of Lang (1948) with additional terms from Huys and Boxshall (1991). Phylogenetic terminology is trans- lated from Ax (1984). The terms “telson” and “furca” are adopted from Schminke (1976). Abbreviations used in the text: A1: antennule, A2: antenna, cphth: cephalothorax, enp- l—-enp-3: endopodal segments 1-3, exp-1—exp-3: exopodal segments 1-3, FR: furcal ramus/rami, md: mandible, mx!: maxillula, mx: maxilla, mxp: maxilliped, PI—P5: swim- ming legs (= “pereiopods’”’) 1—5, syn.: synonymised names. Outer elements (setae/spines) of the swimming legs are indicated by Roman, inner elements by Arabic numerals. To facilitate the differentiation between the hitherto ex- isting taxonomic arrangement and the here postulated new arrangement, the following notation was used: “Ancorabo- lidae” set in quotation marks refers to the previous, while Ancorabolidae @ accompanied by a black dot means the here hypothesised new composition of the taxon. Same ap- plies to “Ancorabolinae’’/Ancorabolinae e, “Laophontodi- nae’’/Laophontodinae @ and “Cletodidae’’/Cletodidae e. With respect to the number of segments and setae/ spines, I adopt the generally accepted principle of oli- gomerisation (Huys and Boxshall 1991; Seifried 2003), which postulates that a reduction of segments/elements constitutes the relatively more derived state. When analysing a large number of characters, a remark- able amount of convergences may be expected. That is the case also in the contribution on hand. The supposed con- vergences are highlighted with grey in Table 1, whereas the respective yellow fields indicate to which taxon the charac- ter is explicitly assigned (and discussed correspondingly). Results An exhaustive phylogenetic analysis (cf. Methods), based on 150 morphological characters (Table 1), was under- zse.pensoft.net 458 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Figure 1. Representatives of “Ancorabolidae” Sars, 1909, A. Ancorabolus ilvae George, 2001, B. Ancorabolina chimaera George, 2006, C. Ceratonotus vareschii George, 2006, D. Laophontodes typicus T. Scott, 1894, E. Paralaophontodes anjae George, 2017. Modified from George 2001 (A), 2006a (B), 2006b (C), 2017 (D), 2018 (E). No scales. taken. It started with a re-examination of the “Ancorabo- lidae” confirming its polyphyletic status due to the ambi- guity of those characters that had so far been assumed as clear apomorphies for the “Ancorabolidae”. Consequent- ly, the following changes were made: 1. The Ceratonotus-group was excluded from the “Ancorabolidae”. Subsequent comparison with the “Cletodidae” revealed that the Ceratonotus-group shows closest relationship to the “cletodid” type ge- nus Cletodes Brady, 1872. Thus, it was assigned to the Cletodidae @ T. Scott, 1904 sensu Por (1986); 2. The formerly supposed sister-group of the Cera- tonotus-group, the Ancorabolus-lineage, was ele- vated to sub-family rank and is now redefined as Ancorabolinae e Sars, 1909; 3. As demonstrated by Lee and Huys (2019), the taxon Patagoniaella Pallares, 1968 cannot be retained in the “Ancorabolidae”’. However, their assignment of Pata- goniaella to the “Cletodidae” is rejected and the ge- nus 1s placed as species inquirenda in Harpacticoida; 4. Lee and Huys’ (2019) assignment of Ancorabolina George, 2006 to the “Laophontodinae” Lang, 1944 is here adapted to Laophontodinae e and phyloge- netically substantiated; 5. The assignment of the Ceratonotus-group to the Cletodidae @ and its discovered close relationship with Cletodes lead to the erection of Cletodinae T. Scott, 1904 subfam. nov. as a distinct monophylum within that family. However, as a detailed phyloge- netic analysis of the Cletodidae @ would go beyond zse.pensoft.net the scope of this study, the phylogeny within Cle- todidae @ remains unresolved; 6. Ancorabolinae @ and Laophontodinae e are charac- terised as sister-groups of the monophylum Ancor- abolidae @ Sars, 1909; 7. Ancorabolidae @ and Cletodidae e form the mono- phyletic Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, 1982; 8. Laophontoidea T. Scott, 1904 and Cletodoidea share a sister-group-relationship, building a monophyletic taxon within Podogennonta Lang, 1944, presumably in a clade named “taxon II” by Willen (2000). The results of the complete phylogenetic analysis are pictured in Fig. 2 and listed in Table 2. The latter summa- rises the results and presents the studied taxa, their sub- ordinate taxa, the apomorphies (Table 1) justifying the monophyletic states of the respective taxa, indicates the sections in the discussion that provide the detailed phy- logenetic argument and identifies the branches in Fig. 2 corresponding to the respective taxa/sections. That clear representation facilitates the detailed phylogenetic treat- ment as presented in the discussion. As the phylogenetic analysis lead, in parts, to a re- markable re-ordering of the supra-generic taxa, updated or newly-composed diagnoses were necessary: Family Ancorabolidae e Sars, 1909 (modified after Boxshall and Halsey 2004) Harpacticoida Sars, 1903, Podogennonta Lang, 1944. Body basally elongate, mostly cylindrical, occasionally Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 459 Table 1. List of 150 morphological characters used in the phylogenetic analysis. Apomorphic states marked with “/”, plesiomor- phies [set in square brackets in the first column] marked with “0”; “1+” indicates further deviation inside certain taxa. Convergent deviations marked with “J”. Interrogation marks: no information available. o ® £ | 3 $ 3 8 % s g 8 = 3 s5|3/2/s s/2/8/2/8) 2) 2] | 2/8 Character/taxon (0 = plesiomorphy; 1 = apomorphy; 1+ = £/ 2 3 2 s | 8 S 2 = | 3/3 3 No. 7 Bie 4 S| Ss | “e.| ce Se | SS pores | SS] Ss | eS) Salas = further deviation) »)/ se) e| § =| s|/es}/s/o/s/s/ Sle 2|2/2|= s/s) e)e/s/ 8] §)e)° ls QO. —I = — S s e ° 3 € ~ a = 1S) & 1 P1 elongation of endopod, longer than exopod, prehensile 1 [P1 enp-1 not longer than exopod, not prehensile] 2 Pl enp-2 strongly reduced in size [Pl enp-2 as long as 1 enp-1] 3 Pl enp-3 strongly reduced in size [P1 enp-3 as long as 1 enp-1] A Pl enp-3 element l-en shifted apically [element |-en 1 arising subapically on outer margin] 5 P1 enp-3 element l-en transformed into claw [element 1 l-en regular spine] 6 Pl enp-3 element 5 geniculated [element 5 non- 1 geniculate seta] 7 P1 enp-3 element 4 shortened [element 4 as long as accompanying elements] 8 P1 exp-3 element VI geniculated [element VI non- geniculate] 9 P1 exp-3 element VII geniculated [element VII non- geniculate] 10 Pl exp-3 element 3-ex lost [element 3-ex still present] 11 P1 exp-3 element 4-ex lost [element 4-ex still present] 12 P1 endopod fusion of enp-1 and -2 = 2-segmented enp 7 [segments not fused = 3segmented enp] 13 P1 enp-1 elongated, longer than exopod 14 Pl enp-1 element 1 lost 15 P1 enp-2 element 4 lost 16 Al female at most 8-segmented [female Al >8 segments] 17 A2 with Allobasis [A2 with basis] 18 A2 endopod with only 1 slender seta at distal edge [with ‘ 2 slender setae] - P2, P3 (female) and P4 enp 2-segmented, more slender a than exp [3-segmented enps, as broad as exp] 20 Pl exp-2 element 2-ex lost [element 2-ex still present] 21 P1 exp-3 element III lost [element III still present] 2 23 Al female fourth segment very small [segment not much a4 smaller than preceding/following segments] 25 Al female third segment (partly) overlapping fourth one [no overlap] 26 Al female aesthetasc on third segment [aes on fourth segment] 27 A2 exp with at most 3 setae [exp with >3 setae] 28 29 Md palpus with at most 6 setae [palpus >6 setae] @) 30 Mx! endopod and exopod fused with basis [at least exp 0 distinct] 31 Mx endopod with at most 2 setae [enp >2 setae] @) 32 Mxp syncoxa with at most 1 seta [Syncoxa >1 seta] e) 33 P2-P4 enp-2 very slender, cylindrical [enp-2 broad] O 34 P2 enp-2 without inner seta [inner seta still present] @) 35 P3 female enp-2 with at most 1 inner seta [enp-2 >1 seta]} O 36 P2-P4 Enp-1 without inner setae [at least 1 inner seta still 0 present] 37 P5 female endopod fused with basis = baseoendopod 0 0 [endopod still separate] 38 P5 endopodal lobe reduced, narrow [lobe broad, well- 0 0 developed] completely) [exp moderate or small, but well-developed] 40 |A2 exopod with at most 1 setafexp>isetal | 0 | O [7 [7 Al Mx with at most 2 endites [third endite at least 1 1 fepesenesbyisea] LO LOL FF | e xmas Te [ole Tr claw [elongate seta still present] zse.pensoft.net 460 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae a 7) 7) a So & wn £ ° 3 3 s 2 | Si] 3 3 ® 5 £is| 2) 8) 2) s|is5/| 8s) £/| 2/2) 2) » | 2 2 /si6|/s | &| 2) $ | fis) &] S| S| =z] &| sis N Character/taxon (0 = plesiomorphy; 1 = apomorphy; 1+ | ¢ E/£/a/2/]s|€ 2.5 Se | GS ee Si Bs/ s/e oO. ct Ae o|/s|2|ec]al]S]s/ 8] 8] ae] &] 8} 2] 8] S|] w = further deviation) eee) el Peel Bea] o's || cers lteceee| Ptemw| Peoey| 7m, |e end ee re, |e | he 2+) Salbea| tant |e |bGalice Madl cot) ar (So | ese] CBs | ses | o. SS eile ae) Bl | See | ose Hy = ro) s 6 x o a a;f|0 (7) =< o 43 |P2 enp-2 without outer seta [outer seta still present] Ae: Ea AL | 0 P5 female endopodal lobe with at most 4 setae a [endopodal lobe >4 setae] Sale Al 2. segment with cluster of spinules [no spinulose 45 cluster developed] AG A2 allobasis abexopodal seta (basal half) reduced = with at most 1 seta [that seta still present = with 2 setae] Ay P1 exopodal element || geniculate [element || non- geniculate] 48 P1 exopodal element IV geniculate [element IV non- geniculate] 49 P5 female baseoendopod at most 2 setae [baseoendopod >2 setae] 50 P5 endopod completely absorbed into basis [endopodal lobe still discernible] 51 Cphth anterolaterally with characteristic ,,sensillar group I“ [no ,,sensillar group |“] 52 Cphth anterolaterally with characteristic ,,sensillar group II“ [no ,,sensillar group II“] 53 Cphth laterally with characteristic ,,sensillar group III“ [no »sensillar group III“] 54 Cphth posterolaterally with characteristic ,,sensillar group IV“ [no ,,sensillar group IV “] 55 Cphth posterolaterally with characteristic ,,sensillar group V“ [no ,,sensillar group V“] 56 Development of cuticular, sensilla-bearing lateral body processes [no lateral body processes developed] 57 Development of characteristic sensilla [such sensilla not developed] 58 Al female 3-segmented [female Al > 4 segments] 59 P1 whole basis transversely elongated [basis trapezoid, as long as broad] 60 P1 exopod 2-segmented [exopod 3-segmented] 61 Pl enp-1 element 2-en lost [element 2-en still present] 62 P2-P4 exp-3 with 2 outer spines [with 3 outer spines] 63 P2-P4 bases transversely elongated, surpassing coxal outer margin [bases not elongated transversely] P2-P4 coxae shortened; at most half as broad as basis 64 [coxae as broad as bases] 65 Md palp with at most 4 setae [palp >4 setae] 66 P2 without endopod [endopod at least 1-segmented] 67 P4 without endopod [endopod at least 1-segmented] P5 baseoendopod female virtually absent [baseoendopod 68 stat still discernible] Mxp endopod fused with claw [endopod and claw still 69 voy distinct] 70 P1 basis longitudinally elongated [no longitudinal elongation] 1 Mxp without endopodal seta accompanying claw [with at least 1 accompanying seta] P3 enp-1 lost (= endopod 1-segmented) [enp-1 still 72 developed] P4 enp-1 lost (= endopod 1-segmented) [enp-1 still 73 developed] FR slender, at least 3x as long as broad [FR broad, at 74 most 2x longar than broad] 75 Rostrum ventrally curved [rostrum not curved] 76 Md palp with at most 5 setae [palp >5 setae] P2-P4 sexual dimorphism in the size [no sexual 77 ; Pieaee dimorphism; same size in female and male] Sexual dimorphism on P4 enp: loss of inner seta in 78 male [if sexual dimorphism, than by loss of inner seta in female] 79 P5 basis, endopod and exopod fused into single plate [not fused to single plate] 30 Body slender, virtually cylindrical [body fusiform, clearly tapering posteriorly] 81 P1 coxa elongated longitudinally [no longitudinal elongation] 32 A2 exopod at most represented by 1 tiny seta [at least a small, 1-segmented, knob-like exopod present] zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 No. Character/taxon (0 = plesiomorphy; 1 = apomorphy; 1+ = further deviation) Cuticula of cphth, pedigerous somites, and genital somite with reticulate surface ornamentation [respective ornamentation absent] P5-bearing somite, GDS, and first abdominal somite dorsally with curved spinous projections [lacking such projections] Mx! coxa with only 1 seta [with 2 setae] Podogennonta Laophontoidea Tapholaophontodes Algensiella Rostrophontodes Laophontodes Bicorniphontodes Ancorabolina Paralaophontodes Lobopleura [e) Probosciphontodes Ancorabolus-lineage Ceratonotus-group Cletodes [@) 461 Remaining Cletodidae (je) Mxp claw with long pinnules along distal half [mxp claw bare] oO P1 basis with centred outward elongation [basis cylindrical] (je) P1 enp-2 claw slender and elongate [claw short and robust] [e) {je} (je) ie} P2 enp-2 with 1 apical seta [with 2 apical setae] P3 enp-2 with 1 apical seta [with 2 apical setae] Cphth with postero-lateral processes [postero-lateral processes not developed] Cphth medio-laterally with triangular extensions [Such extensions not developed] Hyaline frills of body somites digitate, with rounded tips frills serrate or with spinules] FR setae | and II! displaced subapically [setae | and II arising mid-laterally] [e) [e) (je) (je) (je) je) (je) oO }O!O}] Oo A2 allobasis abexopodal seta (endopodal half) reduced = 0 abexopodal setae [seta still present = 1 abexopodal seta] P2 and P3 exp-3 outer spines unipinnate, comb-like, pinnae long [outer spines bipinnate, pinnae small] Al female with elongated, slender segments [segments compact, not elongated] A2 enp loss of subapical slender seta [at least 1 subapical slender seta present] A2 exopod completely lost [at least represented by tiny seta] Thoracic and first 2 abdominal somites laterally extended [no lateral extension of thoracic and first 2 abdominal somites] Al female 4-segmented [female Al >4 segments] P1 endopod strongly strengthened, mighty appendage [endopod elongate but slender, rather gracile] P3 female enp-2 without inner seta [enp with at least 1 inner seta] P4 female enp-2 without inner seta [enp with at least 1 inner seta] Cphth antero-laterally with triangular extension [antero- lateral extensions not developed] Cphth postero-laterally with triangular extensions [postero-lateral extensions not developed] Rostral tip distinct [rostral tip not distinct] Cphth dorso-median ridge extended intop 2 backwardly directed processes [such processes not developed] Cphth dorsally with hairy tuft [no hairy tuft developed] [H-like processes not developed] processes [A- or H-like processes not developed] Al male 5-segmented [male Al at least 6-segmented] Mxp lacking syncoxal apical seta [at least with 1 apical seta] Pl enp-2 distinctly elongated, half as long as enp-1 [enp- 2 small, not reaching half the length of enp-1] Body dorsoventrally depressed [body rounded in transverse section] Thoracic and first 2 abdominal somites with lateral spinulose lobate processes [Such processes not developed] Rostrum narrow at its base [rostrum triangular, with broad base] Al first segment with highly setulose seta [respective seta bipinnate, pinnae of small size] zse.pensoft.net 462 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae a 7) 7) a So & i) ty wn n o ® a] 2/2) 8 el/S/F/8/ 8/812) 2/2) 2 3 ei/s/sis/s/2/2)/ 8/8/85) 2] 315 g|3 No Character/taxon (0 = plesiomorphy; 1 = apomorphy; 1+ 5 =| S2|\Ue = 25 )FS i) con) ke 2 < = 3 3/9 = further deviation) si/2lesi/s|s|s|e|8/5| s/s] 8/3 =| 2 B/ els ||) 2) 8) 2) es] 2 |e |S) s/s Ss oO I a 4 iS) —I aS) 1 seta] On| ONTO =| Ome Ore) ify) 0 | 0 127 P5 baseoendopod represented by minute seta 1 o lo 7 [represented by >1 seta] i Development of paired genital system in both sexes as [genital system unpaired] 0 e oF ite 129 Cphth medially with well-developed lateral processes 0 0 0 lo ~ [lateral processes not developed] 130 Cphth: posterior corners produced into long lateral lobate 0 0 0 lo 7 processes [no lateral lobate processes developed] 131 Rostrum extremely elongated [rostrum of moderate 0 1 0 lo length] P Rostrum laterally with rows of long spinules [rostrum 132 ; O- |50 laterally without spinules] 4 A2 endopodal distalmost lateral spine strongly reduced in USS ; QO | 0 length [spine as long as the accompanying one] 134 |Maxillar endites each with 2 setae [endites >3 setae ] 0 |0 135 P3 endopod completely lost in both sexes [endopod still o lo . present at least in male] a Pl enp-1 strongly reduced in size, enp not prehensile 136 1% EL [enp-1 elongate, enp prehensile] : Pl enp-2 elongated, at least as long as enp-1 [enp-2 137 a es! shorter than enp-1] E Pl enp-2 element 5: geniculation reformed [element 5 138 ; Lot || still geniculated] ; P1 enp-2 element |-en reformed into spine [element I-en 139 : 12) |i still a claw] 5 Mxp loss of tiny seta accompanying the maxillipedal claw 140 ; ey | 4 [tiny seta still present] 14] P5 baseoendopod with at most 3 setae [P5 1/0 7 baseoendopod with >3 setae] 142 P2-P4-bearing body somites with cuticular, sensilla- 0 lo a bearing dorsal processes [no dorsal processes developed] | Rostrum small, narrow [rostrum triangular with broad 143 0 | 0 base] 3 Al first segment elongate [first segment compact, not 144 elongate] 0 @) e) QO} O OQ |) 0 145 |P1 enp-2 element 3 lost [element 3 still present] @) @) e) @) @) 0 |) 0 Z Basis P2 transversely as long as exopod [basal elongation 146 QO | 0 not reaching length of exopod] 147 Basis P3 transversely as long as exopod [basal elongation o lo 7 not reaching length of exopod] 148 Basis P4 transversely as long as exopod [basal elongation 0 lo 7 not reaching length of exopod] a P1 exopodal element VI lost geniculation [element VI still 149 1 |0 geniculated] 150 _|P1 exopodal element VII lost geniculation [element VI still po folofofo| Fofofojo]o| 1 /o slightly tapering posteriorly or slightly dorsoventrally compressed, podoplean boundary between pro- and uro- soma inconspicuous. Sexual dimorphism in Al, P3, P4 (occasionally), P5 and P6; females with genital double somite due to fusion of last (P6-bearing) thoracic somite with first abdominal (genital) one. Cphth and/or body so- mites sometimes with lateral, latero-dorsal and/or dorsal geniculated] zse.pensoft.net cuticular processes of different size and shape carrying a sensillum at their tips; somites often with long tube pores. Rostrum fused with cphth, of variable shape. FR short and squarish or elongate and slender, with 6—7 se- tae (seta I sometimes missing). Female Al 3—5-segment- ed, male Al 5—8-segmented, subchirocer or chirocer. A2 with allobasis that bears 0-2 abexopodal setae; exopod Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 463 foo Podogennonta__—---@-—----NNTNTIT > pT =a Laophontoidea-Cletodoidea-clade — as Cletodoidea SS ——_—$<—. i yi Ancorabolidaee istry an | Laophontodinaee : «x pinajdoqel < es 8 o = S S : . 5 S ° re © © : & T Q 4 P é o \Y ws N (e) is J ‘i io? g0° L M H os ea \ypsoP Cc z K Algensiella = | G Tapholaophon todes : Figure 2. Cladogram visualising the result of the current phylogenetic evaluation. Capitals A-BB refer to the corresponding sections in the text; asterisks (*; **; ***) refer to the respective discussion in Chapters I and II. small and knob-like with one tiny seta, represented by one tiny seta or absent. Md palp unilobate, with at most six setae. Mxl endo- and exopod incorporated into basis. Mx with two endites, endopod small, with two setae or represented by 1-2 setae. Mxp prehensile (subchelate), syncoxa with 0-1 apical seta, endopod and apical claw fused or distinct with claw accompanied by minute seta. P1 of podogennontan shape, prehensile, basis sometimes longitudinally and/or transversely elongated; endopod 2-segmented, enp-1 elongate, longer than exopod, with or without apical inner seta, enp-2 apically with claw and with or without long seta, subapically with spine or tiny seta; exopod 2—3-segmented, exp-1 with one outer spine, if exopod 3-segmented exp-2 with outer geniculate seta, inner seta absent, exp-3 with four setae, at least apical ones geniculated; if exopod 2-segmented exp-2 with five setae, at least apical ones geniculate. P2—P4 mostly with transversely elongated bases, exopods 3-segmented, exp- 1 lacking inner seta, exp-2 with or without inner seta, exp-3 with O—2 inner setae and 2-3 outer spines; P2 and P4 endopods absent or 1—2-segmented, if present enp-1 small, without setae, enp-2 slender, cylindrical, with 0-1 inner and/or outer seta/spine and 1—2 apical setae; P3 en- dopods in female as in P2 and P4, in male 2—3-segment- ed, with apophysis on the second or terminal segment. P5 with baseoendopod, endopodal lobe small or completely absorbed into basal part, with 1-4 setae, exopod fused with baseoendopod (females) or distinct (males), with 3-5 setae/spines. Genital system single (one copulatory pore and fused gonopores); P6 forming a genital opercu- lum in females, asymmetric or absent in males. Included genera: Algensiella Cottarelli & Baldari, 1987, Ancorabolina George, 2006, Ancorabolus Nor- man, 1903 (type genus), Arthropsyllus Sars, 1909, Bi- corniphontodes George, Glatzel & Schroder, 2019, Brev- iconia Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000, Calypsophontodes Gheerardyn & Lee, 2012, Juxtaramia Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000, Laophontodes T. Scott, 1894, Lobopleura Conroy-Dalton, 2004, Paralaophontodes Lang, 1965, Probosciphontodes Fiers, 1988, Rostrophontodes Lee & Huys, 2019, Tapholaophontodes Soyer, 1975, Uptionyx Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000. Subfamily Ancorabolinae e Sars, 1909 Harpacticoida Sars, 1903, Podogennonta Lang, 1944, Ancorabolidae @ Sars, 1909. Body basally elongate, mostly cylindrical, podoplean boundary between pro- and zse.pensoft.net 464 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Table 2. Results of the phylogenetic analysis. The list shows the investigated taxa, their assigned subordinated genera/species, cross-references to the respective Chapter/sections in the discussion and in Fig. 2 and the recognised autapomorphies. Convergent apomorphies are set in bold italics. Taxon Assigned subordinated taxa Discussion: section Fig. 2: branch Tab. 1: autapomorphies Podogennonta Lang, 1944 cf. Willen (2000) I, ll * 2, 3-4).-9,76)-75-67 951071 Ic et: Willen (2000), Seifried (2003) Remaining Podogennonta cf. Willen (2000) I, Il ae cf. Willen (2000) (including remaining ,,Taxon II“ Laophontoidea-Cletodoidea- Laophontoidea T. Scott, 1904 I, Il, IZA A 12, 13, 1415) 16,17, 18,19: clade (L-C-clade) Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, i 1982 Laophontoidea T. Scott, 1904 Adenopleurellidae Huys, 1990 |, Il ae cf. Huys (1990), Huys and Lee Cristacoxidae Huys, 1990 (1998/99) Laophontidae T. Scott, 1904 Laophontopsidae Huys & Willems, 1989 Normanellidae Lang, 1944 Orthopsyllidae Huys, 1990 Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, Ancorabolidaee Sars, 1909 Il, HI/B B 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 1982 Cletodidaee T. Scott, 1904 sensu 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, Por (1986) 38 Ancorabolidaee Sars, 1909 Ancorabolinaee Sars, 1909 I, Il, HI/C C 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 Laophontodinaee Lang, 1944 Laophontodinaee Lang, 1944 Algensiella Cottarelli & Baldari, I/D D 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 141 1987 Ancorabolina George, 2006 Bicorniphontodes George, Glatzel & Schroder, 2019 Calypsophontodes Gheerardyn & Lee, 2012 Laophontodes T. Scott, 1904 Lobopleura Conroy-Dalton, 2001 Paralaophontodes Lang, 1965 Probosciphontodes Fiers, 1988 Rostrophontodes Lee & Huys, 2019 Tapholaophontodes Soyer, 1975 Ancorabolinaee Sars, 1909 Ancorabolus Norman, 1903 IIZE E- 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, Arthropsyllus Sars, 1909 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 74, 82, 98, Breviconia Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 100, 102, 104, 105, 114, 125 2000 Juxtaramia Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 Uptionyx Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 Algensiella-Probosciphontodes- Algensiella I/F F 61, 63, 64 clade (A-P-clade) Ancorabolina Bicorniphontodes Calypsophontodes Laophontodes Lobopleura Paralaophontodes Probosciphontodes Rostrophontodes Tapholaophontodes Soyer, 2 species II/G G 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 76, 90, 91, 96, 1974 99, 100, 104, 105, 122 Calypsophontodes- Ancorabolina II/H H 69, 70 Probosciphontodes-clade (C-P- Bicorniphontodes clade) Calypsophontodes Laophontodes Lobopleura Paralaophontodes Probosciphontodes Rostrophontodes Algensiella Cottarelli & Baldari, 2 species IIZI | 66, 71, 72, 73, 90, 91, 96, 99, 100, 1987 104, 105, 122 Rostrophontodes- Ancorabolina II/J J 74 Probosciphontodes-clade (R-P- Bicorniphontodes clade) Laophontodes Lobopleura Paralaophontodes Probosciphontodes Rostrophontodes zse.pensoft.net Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 Taxon Calypsophontodes Gheerardyn & Lee, 2012 Rostrophontodes-Ancorabolina- clade (R-A-clade) Assigned subordinated taxa 2 species Ancorabolina Bicorniphontodes Discussion: section Fig. 2: branch III/K 465 Tab. 1: autapomorphies 75, 76,77, 78, 79, 96, 122, 131 80, 81 K HIZL lb Laophontodes Rostrophontodes Rostrophontodes Lee & Huys, Monotypic III/M M 75, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 2019 91, 96, 120, 124, 126, 127, 131 Laophontodes-Ancorabolina- Ancorabolina III7N N 82 clade (La-A-clade) Bicorniphontodes Laophontodes Laophontodes T. Scott, 1904 13 species ? Bicorniphontodes-Ancorabolina- Ancorabolina III7P P 92 Bicorniphontodes George, 5 species II1/Q Q 93, 94, 95, 96,97, 104 Glatzel & Schroder, 2019 Ancorabolina George, 2006 6 species 88, 98, 99, 100, 144 Paralaophontodes- Lobopleura II7S S 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 Probosciphontodes-clade (Pa- Paralaophontodes P-clade) Probosciphontodes Paralaophontodes Lang, 1965 8 species 81, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,113, 114, 115 Lobopleura-Probosciphontodes- Lobopleura 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, clade (Lo-P-clade) Probosciphontodes 123, 124 Lobopleura Conroy-Dalton, 3 species IH/V V 125, 126, 127, 128 2004 Probosciphontodes Fiers, 1988 2 species 66, 67, 81, 129, 130, 131, 132, Cletodidaee T. Scott, 1904 sensu Por (1986) Cletodinae T. Scott, 1904 subfam. nov. Acrenhydrosoma Lang, 1944 Australonannopus Hamond, 1974 Barbaracletodes Huys, 2009 gen. incertae sedis Dyacrenhydrosoma Gee, 1999 Echinocletodes Lang, 1936 X 133, 134, 135, 146, 147, 148 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 Cletodidaee (cont.) Enhydrosoma Boeck, 1872 Enhydrosomella Monard, 1935 Geehydrosoma Kim et al., 2014 Intercletodes Fiers, 1987 Kollerua Gee, 1994 Limnocletodes Borutzky, 1926 Miroslavia Apostolov, 1980 Monocletodes Lang, 1936 Nannopodella Monard, 1928 Neoacrenhydrosoma Gee & Mu, 2000 Paracrenhydrosoma Gee, 1999 Pyrocletodes Coull, 1973 Schizacron Gee & Huys, 1996 Scintis Por, 1986 Sphingothrix Fiers, 1997 Spinapecruris Gee, 2001 Strongylacron Gee & Huys, 1996 Stylicletodes Lang, 1936 Triathrix Gee & Burgess, 1997 Arthuricornua Conroy-Dalton, 2001 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 Cletodinae Por, 1986 subfam. nov. Ceratonotus Sars, 1909 Cletodes Brady, 1872 Dendropsyllus Conroy-Dalton, 2003 Dimorphipodia Lee & Huys, 2019 Dorsiceratus Drzycimski, 1967 Echinopsyllus Sars, 1909 Polyascophorus George, 1998 Pseudechinopsyllus George, 2006 Touphapleura Conroy-Dalton, Acrenhydrosoma 39, 40, 41, 44, 61, 62, 141 Remaining Cletodidaee T. Scott, 1904 sensu Por (1986) Australonannopus Barbaracletodes(?) zse.pensoft.net 466 Taxon Remaining Cletodidaee (cont.) Assigned subordinated taxa Dyacrenhydrosoma Echinocletodes Enhydrosoma Enhydrosomella Geehydrosoma Intercletodes Kollerua Limnocletodes Miroslavia Monocletodes Nannopodella Neoacrenhydrosoma Paracrenhydrosoma Pyrocletodes Schizacron Scintis Sphingothrix Spinapecruris Strongylacron Stylicletodes Triathrix Arthuricornua Ceratonotus Dendropsyllus Dimorphipodia Dorsiceratus Echinopsyllus Polyascophorus Pseudechinopsyllus Touphapleura Ceratonotus-group (C-g) Discussion: section George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Fig. 2: branch Tab. 1: autapomorphies II/Z Z ? III/AA AA 43, 59, 63, 64, 74, 76, 80, 82, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148 Cletodes Brady, 1872 34 species (plus 1 nomen nudum) urosoma inconspicuous. Sexual dimorphism in Al, P3, P4 (occasionally), PS and P6; females with genital double somite due to fusion of last (P6-bearing) thoracic somite with first abdominal (genital) one. Cphth and/or body somites with lateral and sometimes also with dorsolateral and dorsal cuticular processes of different size and shape that carry a sensillum at their tips; sensilla arising like a ball-and-socket joint from cup-shaped tips of processes. Somites often with long tube pores. Rostrum fused with cphth, of variable shape. FR elongate and slender, with 6—7 setae (seta I sometimes missing). Female Al 3-segmented, male Al 7—8-segmented. A2 with allobasis that bears 0—2 abexopodal setae; A2 exopod absent. Md palp unilobate, with at most six setae. Mxl endo- and exopod fused with basis. Mx with two endites, endopod small, with two setae. Mxp prehensile (subchelate), syncoxa lacking apical seta, endopod and apical claw fused, claw accompanied by minute seta. First swimming leg (P1) of podogennontan shape, prehensile, basis transversely elongate; endopod 2-segmented, enp-1 elongate, longer that exopod, without apical inner seta, enp-2 apically with two geniculate setae, subapically with tiny seta; exopod 2-segmented, exp-1 with one outer spine, exp-2 with five setae/spines, 3-4 of which geniculate. P2—P4 with transversely elongated bases, exopods 3-segmented, exp-1 lacking inner seta, exp-2 with or without inner seta, exp-3 no inner setae, two outer spines; P2 and P4 endopods 2-segmented, enp-1 small, without setae, enp-2 slender, cylindrical, with O-1 inner and two apical setae; sometimes with outer seta/ spine; P3 endopods in female as in P2 and P4, in male zse.pensoft.net I1/BB BB 150-151 2-segmented, with apophysis on second segment. P5 with baseoendopod, endopodal lobe small, with four setae (females) and two setae (males). Exopod distinct, with 3-4 setae/spines. Genital systems single (one copulatory pore and fused gonopores), P6 forming a genital operculum (females), asymmetric or absent in males. Included genera: Ancorabolus (type genus), Ar- thropsyllus, Breviconia, Juxtaramia, Uptionyx. Subfamily Laophontodinae e Lang, 1944 Harpacticoida Sars, 1903, Podogennonta Lang, 1944, An- corabolidae @ Sars, 1909. Body basally elongate, mostly cylindrical, occasionally slightly tapering posteriorly or slightly dorsoventrally compressed, podoplean boundary between pro- and urosoma inconspicuous. Sexual dimor- phism in Al, P3, P4 (occasionally), P5 and P6; females with genital double somite due to fusion of last (P6-bear- ing) thoracic somite with first abdominal (genital) one. Cphth sometimes with lateral cuticular processes; somites often with long tube pores and sometimes with dorsal cu- ticular projections. Rostrum fused with cphth, of variable shape. FR short and squarish or elongate and slender, with 6—7 setae (seta I sometimes missing). Female Al 4—5-seg- mented, male Al 5—7-segmented, subchirocer or chirocer. A2 with allobasis bearing 0-1 abexopodal seta; A2 exo- pod small and knob-like with one tiny seta, represented by one tiny seta or absent. Md palp unilobate, with at most six setae. Mxl endo- and exopod fused with basis. Mx with two endites, endopod small, with two setae or rep- Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 resented by 1—2 setae. Mxp prehensile (subchelate), syn- coxa with 0-1 apical seta, endopod and apical claw fused or distinct, claw accompanied by minute seta. First swim- ming leg (P1) of podogennontan shape, prehensile, basis sometimes longitudinally and/or transversely elongated; endopod 2-segmented, enp-1 elongate, longer that exo- pod, with or without apical inner seta, enp-2 apically with claw and with or without long seta, subapically with spine or tiny seta; exopod 2—3-segmented, exp-1 with one outer spine, if exopod 3-segmented exp-2 with outer geniculate seta, inner seta absent, exp-3 with four setae, at least api- cal ones geniculate, if exopod 2-segmented, exp-2 with five setae, at least apical ones geniculate. P2—P4 mostly with transversely elongated bases, exopods 3-segmented, exp-1 lacking inner seta, exp-2 with or without inner seta, exp-3 with O—2 inner setae and three outer spines; P2 and P4 endopods absent or 1—2-segmented, if present, enp-1 small, without setae, enp-2 slender, cylindrical, with 0-1 inner and/or outer seta/spine and with 1—2 apical setae; P3 endopods in female as in P2 and P4, in male 3-segmented, with apophysis on the second segment. P5 with baseo- endopod, endopodal lobe completely absorbed into bas- al part, with two (females) or 1—2 setae (males), exopod fused with benp (females) or distinct (males), with 3—5 setae/spines. Genital systems single (one copulatory pore and fused gonopores), P6 forming a genital operculum (females), asymmetric or absent in males. Included genera: Algensiella, Ancorabolina, Bicor- niphontodes, Calypsophontodes, Laophontodes (type genus), Lobopleura, Paralaophontodes, Probosciphon- todes, Rostrophontodes, Tapholaophontodes. Family Cletodidaee T. Scott, 1904 sensu Por (1986) (updated after Boxshall and Halsey 2004) Harpacticoida Sars, 1903, Podogennonta Lang, 1944. Body basally elongate, occasionally cylindrical, podo- plean boundary between pro- and urosoma inconspicuous. Sexual dimorphism in Al, P3, P4 (occasionally), P5, P6, FR (sometimes); females with genital double somite due to fusion of last (P6-bearing) thoracic somite with first ab- dominal (genital) one. Cphth and/or body somites some- times with latero-dorsal or dorsal cuticular projections of different size and shape that carry a sensillum at their tips; somites occasionally with long tube pores. Rostrum fused with cphth, usually triangular in shape, often bifid at tip, recurved dorsally in some species, narrow and short in others, occasionally completely absorbed into cphth. FR short and pyriform, sometimes elongate, with 6—7 setae. Female Al 4—5-segmented, male Al 6—7-segmented, sub- chirocer. A2 with allobasis that bears 0-2 abexopodal se- tae; A2 exopod small, 1-segmented, with 2—3 setae or tiny, knob-like, bearing one seta or absent. Md palp unilobate, with 2—6 setae. Mxl coxa distinct, partially or completely fused to basis; endo- and exopod fused to basis. Mx usu- ally with two2 endites — in some species (Limnocletodes Borutzky, 1926), an additional proximal endite is repre- sented by one seta; endopod small, with two setae that are 467 sometimes fused at base or represented by two setae. Mxp prehensile (subchelate), syncoxa with one apical seta, en- dopod and apical claw fused, claw accompanied by long Or minute seta. First swimming leg (P1) not prehensile, basis sometimes transversely elongated; endopod 2-seg- mented or absent, rarely reaching length of exopod; enp-1 at most as long as enp-2, with or without inner seta; enp- 2 apically with 2—3 setae; exopod 2—3-segmented, exp-1 with one outer spine, if exopod, 3-segmented: exp-2 with outer spine, inner seta absent, exp-3 with two outer spines and two apical setae, sometimes geniculate, if exopod, 2-segmented exp-2 with two outer spines and three apical setae, often geniculate. P2—-P4 sometimes with transverse- ly elongated bases, exopods 2—3-segmented, exp-1 lack- ing inner seta, exp-2 with inner seta, exp-3 without inner seta, with 2—3 outer spines and two apical setae; P2 and P4 endopods absent or 1—2-segmented, if present enp-1 small, without setae, enp-2 slender, cylindrical, with 0-1 inner and/or outer seta/spine and 1—2 apical setae; P3 en- dopods in female as in P2 and P4, in male 2—3-segment- ed, with apophysis on the second or terminal segment. P5 with baseoendopod, endopodal lobe small or completely absorbed into basal part, with 1-5 setae, exopod distinct or fused with benp, with 3-4 setae/spines. Female genital system with one copulatory pore and fused gonopores , P6 forming a genital operculum in females, asymmetric or absent in males. Included genera: Acrenhydrosoma Lang, 1944, Ar- thuricornua Conroy-Dalton, 2001, Australonannopus Hamond, 1974, Barbaracletodes Huys, 2009(?), Cera- tonotus Sars, 1909, Cletodes Brady, 1872 (type genus), Dendropsyllus Conroy-Dalton, 2003, Dimorphipodia Lee & Huys, 2019, Dorsiceratus Drzycimski, 1967, Dyacr- enhydrosoma Gee, 1999, Echinocletodes Lang, 1936, Echinopsyllus Sars, 1909, Enhydrosoma Boeck, 1872, Enhydrosomella Monard, 1935, Geehydrosoma Kim, Trebukhova, W. Lee & Karanovic, 2014, Intercletodes Fiers, 1987, Kollerua Gee, 1994, Limnocletodes Borutz- ky, 1926, Miroslavia Apostolov, 1980, Monocletodes Lang, 1936, Nannopodella Monard, 1928, Neoacren- hydrosoma Gee & Mu, 2000, Paracrenhydrosoma Gee, 1999, Polyascophorus George, 1998, Pseudechinopsyl- lus George, 2006, Pyrocletodes Coull, 1973, Schizacron Gee & Huys, 1996, Scintis Por, 1986, Sphingothrix Fiers, 1997, Spinapecruris Gee, 2001, Strongylacron Gee & Huys, 1996, Stylicletodes Lang, 1936, Triathrix Gee & Burgess, 1997, Touphapleura Conroy-Dalton, 2001. Subfamily Cletodinae T. Scott, 1904, subfam. nov. Harpacticoida Sars, 1903, Podogennonta Lang, 1944, Cletodidae e T. Scott, 1904 sensu Por (1986). Diagno- sis generally as for Cletodidae @, with following amend- ments: A2 exopod atrophied, at most formed by one small, knob-like segment that carries one tiny seta or completely absent. Mx with two endites only. P1 enp-1 without inner seta, P2—P4 exp-3 with two outer spines. Female PS with at most four setae. zse.pensoft.net 468 Included genera: Arthuricornua, Ceratonotus, Cletodes (type genus), Dendropsyllus, Dimorphipodia, Dorsiceratus, Echinopsyllus, Polyascophorus, Pseu- dechinopsyllus, Touphapleura. Discussion I. General remarks The historical background regarding the establishment of the taxa “Ancorabolidae”’, “Ancorabolinae” and “La- ophontodinae” was summarised by George (2006a) and recently updated by Lee and Huys (2019). Since the fam- ily’s erection by Sars (1909), its monophyletic status has been generally accepted, although several authors have raised concerns, particularly at the beginning of the 21* century (e.g. Conroy-Dalton 2003a, 2004; George 2006a; Gheerardyn and George 2010; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012). More recently, George and Miller (2013) presented a de- tailed discussion on some characteristics indicating the paraphyletic status of the “Ancorabolidae”. As shown by these authors (and already indicated by Conroy-Dalton (2004) and George (2006a)), the monophyletic status of the “Ancorabolidae” was questioned by the ambiguity of its presumed autapomorphies. George (2006a) listed three characters as potential “ancorabolid” autapomor- phies [plesiomorphic states in square brackets]: A. Female Al at most 5-segmented [female A1 at least 6-segmented |; B. Bases of P2—P4 transversely elongated [bases not elongated transversely]; C. PS exp longitudinally elongated [P5 exp not elon- gated longitudinally]. A fourth derived character, originally identified by Lang (1948), 1.¢. the loss of the antennary exopod, was rejected by George (2006a), since several “ancorabolid” species are now known to bear a small, 1-segmented A2 exp. When discussing the systematic relation of Echinocle- todes Lang, 1936 with the “Ancorabolidae”, George and Muller (2013) qualified characters A—C, confirming their ambiguity — these characters are not exclusively found in the “Ancorabolidae” but widely distributed amongst several harpacticoid families and characters B and C are, in addition, not found in all “Ancorabolidae”. Moreover, these authors discussed the complexity of character B, highlighting three distinct features, namely (1) reduction and shortening of P2—P4 endopods; (i1) lateral elonga- tion of the bases themselves, leading to a lateral shift of the exopod; (i11) shortening of the coxae, resulting in a coxa-basis borderline that does not enclose the whole ba- sis. Consequently, George and Miller (2013) rejected the monophyletic status of the “Ancorabolidae”. The extensive phylogenetic analyses of harpacti- coid major taxa, provided by Willen (2000) and Seifried (2003), support Lang’s (1948) assignment of the “Ancor- zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae abolidae” to the Podogennonta Lang, 1944 (Fig. 2, branch *) Although being highly derived if compared with the di- agnostic characters of podogennontan groundpattern (cf. Willen 2000; Seifried 2003), the “Ancorabolidae” share apomorphies of the Podogennonta, such as the reduction of the mxp enp-2, with the mxp endopod being 1-seg- mented (Willen 2000; Seifried 2003). Similarly, in some “Ancorabolidae” (“Laophontodinae”’; “Ancorabolinae”: Ancorabolus-lineage sensu Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; Ancorabolina), the shape of the P1 corresponds to that of the podogennontan groundpattern. This important affiliation is discussed in detail below (Chapter II). Within the Podogennonta, however, the position of the “Ancorabolidae” remains uncertain. They yet may be as- signed to Willen’s (2000) “taxon IT’, which encloses all Podogennonta except the (?)Harpacticidae Dana, 1846, (?)Latiremidae Bozic, 1969 and Pseudotachidiidae Lang, 1936 (cf. Willen 2000: 198, fig. 82) (altogether pooled in Fig: 2. branch:**): Lang (1948) united the “Ancorabolidae”, Laophon- tidae T. Scott, 1904 and “Cletodidae” in the supra-fa- miliar taxon Cletodidimorpha Lang, 1948, whose name was changed to Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, 1982 (Bowman and Abele 1982). However, when splitting the “Cletodidae” into several different families, Por (1986) placed the “Ancorabolidae” and Laophontidae into the Laophontoidea T. Scott, 1904, with the “Cletodidae” in its own supra-family Cletodoidea. Subsequently, Huys (1990a) established the Laophontoidea uniting the Ad- enopleurellidae Huys, 1990, Cristacoxidae Huys, 1990, Laophontidae, Laophontopsidae Huys & Willems, 1989 and Orthopsyllidae Huys, 1990. Huys (1990a) stated that the “Ancorabolidae” does not share any of the laophon- toid apomorphies and, therefore, rejected the hypothesis of a closer “Ancorabolidae’—Laophontoidea-relationship. Later, Huys and Lee (1998/99) added the Normanellidae Lang, 1944 to the Laophontoidea (Fig. 2, branch ***), leading to further systematic complications. Although the Laophontoidea is not registered in the World Register of Marine Species (Walter and Boxshall 2020), its validity as a monophylum is generally accepted (e.g. George 2006a; Kihara and Huys 2009; Huys and Kihara 2010). This was also the case for the assumption that the “Ancoraboli- dae” is more closely related to the “Cletodidae” than to the Laophontoidea (Conroy-Dalton 2003a, 2004). Nev- ertheless, George (2006a) followed Lang’s (1948) and Por’s (1986) hypothesis of a close relationship between the “Ancorabolidae” and Laophontidae, extending it to the Laophontoidea. This was based on the shape of the P1 and a re-evaluation of laophontoid apomorphies, con- cluding that a close relationship between the Laophon- toidea and “Ancorabolidae” still holds (George 2006a). Against the background discussed above, the Laophon- toidea and “Cletodidae” were selected as outgroups of the “Ancorabolidae” for this current phylogenetic analysis. Further comparison aimed to uncover the phylogenetic relationships amongst all three groups. A matrix of 150 phylogenetically-relevant morphological characters was Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 created (Table 1), including the presumed “ancorabolid” autapomorphies A—C. This enabled the morphological comparison of all “ancorabolid” species with each oth- er, aS well as with the Laophontoidea, “Cletodidae” and other podogennontan taxa (e.g. the Ameiridae, Argestidae and Tetragonicipitidae). This analysis suggests, as discussed below, that the monophyly of the “Ancorabolidae” cannot be maintained. Thus, Lang’s (1936a) suggestion of starting anew was adopted. Confirming George and Miller’s (2013) doubts, it is shown that the “Ancorabolidae” forms a polyphy- lum and neither the “Ancorabolinae” nor “Laophontodi- nae” are monophyletic. Moreover, the “Ancorabolidae” and “Cletodidae” must be re-ordered: the “Laophonto- dinae” (plus Ancorabolina = Laophontodinae e@) and the Ancorabolus-lineage constitute a monophyletic taxon Ancorabolidae @, whilst the Ceratonotus-group sensu Conroy-Dalton (2001) forms part of the Cletodidae e. Additionally, ancorabolid @, cletodid @ and laophontoid species together form a well-supported clade within the Podogennonta, as proposed by Lang (1948) and George (2006a). This hypothesis is supported by and based upon Willen (2000) and Seifried’s (2003) phylogenetic charac- terisation of the Podogennonta, particularly the shape and development of the P1. II. The development of the P1 in the Podogennonta as the origin of the new phylogenetic concept The shape, size and setation of the first swimming leg is an important indicator of systematic relationships within the Harpacticoida and particularly in the Podogennonta (Willen 2000) and has been the object of significant con- troversial discussion with regards to ancorabolid taxon- omy (e.g. Lang 1948; Huys 1990a; Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; Conroy-Dalton 2001; George 2006a). As summarised by George (2006a), there have been two op- posite hypotheses, namely (1) the interpretation of a pre- hensile P1 in the Ancorabolus-lineage as a derived stage (Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000) and (11) the assumption of the respective Pl as an ancestral state (Lang 1948; George 2006a). The inclusion of the Laophontoidea and “Cletodidae” as outgroups in this current analysis has proved informative to this discussion. According to Willen (2000) and Seifried (2003), the hypothetical podogennontan ancestor (Fig. 2, branch *) bore a P1 (Fig. 3A) characterised by eleven derived fea- tures (Table 1: characters 1-11). The endopod consists of an elongated enp-1 (Table 1, character 1), a small enp-2 (Table 1, character 2) and enp-3 (Table 1, character 3), resulting in a Pl endopod longer than the Pl exopod. Additionally, the outer spine of enp-3 (Fig. 3A, element I-en) was shifted apically (Table 1, character 4) and trans- formed into a claw (Table 1, character 5); the middle apical seta (Fig. 3A, element 5-en) became geniculated (Table 1, character 6) and the inner apical seta (Fig. 3A, 469 element 4-en) was diminished in size (Table 1, character 7). Thus, the endopod became prehensile. In the exopod, both apical setae of exp-3 (Fig. 3A, elements VI, VII) be- came geniculated (Table 1, characters 8 and 9), whilst the 2 inner setae (Fig. 3A, elements 3-ex and 4-ex) reduced completely (Table 1, characters 10 and 11). Such a P1 1s still retained in several podogennontan taxa, such as the Ameiridae (part.) and Tetragonicipitidae (part.). Howev- er, within Willen’s (2000) “taxon IT’, a further develop- ment of the Pl can be observed. In this study, the data suggest the following scenario: 1. In the hypothetical ancestor of the Laophontoidea— Cletodoidea-clade (L—C-clade, cf. III/A), the en- dopod became 2-segmented and enp-1 underwent elongation (Fig. 3B), becoming longer than the whole exopod. Additionally, the proximal seta of enp-1 (Fig. 3B, element 1-en) and the short apical seta of enp-2 (Fig. 3B, element 4-en) were lost (Ta- ble 1, characters 12—15). 2. The Laophontoidea (Fig. 2, branch ***) and Cleto- doidea (cf. II/B) were separated by further evolution in the Cletodoidea, with the P1 exopod losing the in- ner element on exp-2 (Fig. 3C, element 2-ex) and the proximal outer spine of exp-3 (Fig. 3C, element II) (Table 1, characters 20 and 21). These elements are still present in the Laophontoidea (Fig. 3B). Within the Cletodoidea, the ancestor of the Ancor- abolidae e (cf. III/C) retained the P1 condition shown in Fig. 3C, as did the subordinated Laophontodinae e (cf. IH/D), as still detectable in the laophontodin genus Zaph- olaophontodes. The sister-group of the Ancorabolidae e, the Cletodidae e (cf. III/V), may be characterised by the following further development of the P1: 3. The formerly elongated enp-1 strongly reduced in size, becoming, at most, as long as exp-1, whilst enp-2 increased in length (Fig. 3D; Table 1, char- acters 127-130). Overall, the Pl endopod in the Cletodidae e is shortened considerably in compar- ison with the podogennontan ancestor. If Willen’s (2000) and Seifried’s (2003) hypothesis regarding the podogennontan Pl groundpattern is adopted, the Pl of the Cletodidae e exhibits several supple- mentary deviations. However, these are ambiguous and await more detailed evaluation, specifically: the enp-2 apical claw (Fig. 3D, element I-en) reverted to an outer pinnate spine in the subapical position; the enp-2 geniculate apical seta (Fig. 3D, element 5-en) reverted to a bipinnate or biplumose seta. Thus, the P1 in the Cletodidae e lost its prehensile state, being the endopod at most as long as the exopod. The secondary transformation of highly specialised elements (I-en, element 5) into a more primitive, pre-po- dogennontan state may sound somewhat implausible. However, as discussed by several authors (e.g. Mayr zse.pensoft.net 470 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Figure 3. Schematic representation of hypothesised groundpatterns for the shapes of the first swimming leg P1 in each proposed taxon. A. Podogennontan (after Willen 2000; Seifried 2003), B. Laophontoidea—Cletodoidea-clade, C. Cletodoidea, D. Cletodidae e, E. Ancorabolidae e. Black crosses indicate apomorphies; Roman numerals = outer spines, Arabic numerals = inner setae; ex = exopod, en = endopod. Explanations given in the text. 1975; Ferrari 1988; Fiers 1990; Boxshall and Huys 1998; Wagele 2001; Seifried 2003), such reverse transforma- tion may apparently occur, it is in fact: .. not simply a regain of the older state, but instead a new state that merely resembles the older plesiomorphic one. (Seifried 2003: 209/210). This hypothesis serves as the basis for the secondary transformation of elements I-en and 5-en in the Cletodi- dae @ presented here. The alternative was that the special- isation of elements I-en and 5-en into a claw (combined with an apical shift) and a geniculated seta, respectively, do not form part of the podogennontan groundpattern as postulated and well-supported by Willen (2000) and Seifried (2003). The rejection of a secondary transforma- tion of a prehensile Pl back to a non-prehensile P1 in the Cletodidae @ would, however, mean that it could no longer be assigned to the Podogennonta, but should be placed between the Podogennonta and the Neobradyidae Olofsson, 1917, if following Seifried’s (2003) system- zse.pensoft.net atic concept. As shown below, such displacement of the Cletodidae e would cause a conflict with respect to sever- al other derived characters that are shared with the Ancor- abolidae e (cf. III/A, II/B). It is therefore postulated that the podogennontan groundpattern of the P1 constitutes the evolutionary basis for the Ancorabolidae @ and Cleto- didae @. Consequently, the drastic transformation of the P1 in both the “Cletodidae” and the Ceratonotus-group 1s regarded as an evolutionary novelty that has been inherit- ed from a common ancestor. That premise forms the basis of the here presented new phylogenetic concept. 4. The Ancorabolidae e splits into two sister-groups, the Laophontodinae e (cf. II/D) and the Ancorabo- linae @ (cf. III/E). The latter is characterised by a further deviation of the prehensile P1, with loss of the distal inner seta (Fig. 3E, element 2-en) of enp-1 (Table 1, character 61). This is evidenced by the re- tention of element 2-en in Zapholaophontodes (La- Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 ophontodinae @) and in Limnocletodes (Cletodidae e). However, within two sub-clades—in the A—P- clade (cf. I/F) and the Cletodinae subfam. nov. (cf. IH/Y ) — element 2-en is subsequently reduced and 1s considered here as a convergent development. To summarise, the following conclusions, with respect to P1 development, can be made: (1) the Laophontoidea, the “Ancorabolidae” and the “Cletodidae” evolved from a common ancestor with a P1 characterised by four apo- morphies (Fig. 3B; Table 1, characters 12—15); (11) the “Ancorabolidae” and the “Cletodidae” descend from a common ancestor characterised by two further apomor- phies missing from the supposed sister-group Laophon- toidea (Fig. 3C; Table 1, characters 20-21); (111) the “Cletodidae” and the Ceratonotus-group share a P1 char- acterised by four further apomorphies (Fig. 3D; Table 1, characters 137-140), whilst the “Laophontodinae” and the Ancorabolus-lineage derive from a common ancestor that retained the Pl as shown in Fig. 3C; (iv) with the loss of element 2-en on P1 enp-1, the ancestor of the An- corabolus-lineage (= Ancorabolinae e) evolved a further apomorphy (Table 1, character 61), which also occurred convergent in the A—P-clade and in Cletodinae subfam. nov. (Fig. 3D, E). This scenario provides the foundation for the phyloge- netic analysis below, in which a large number of addition- al derived characters are discussed. III. Phylogenetic analysis: A new concept for a podogennontan Laophontoidea — Ancorabolidae @ — Cletodidae e -clade, based on the re-evaluation of morphological characters Characters 1-11 of Table 1 focus on the derived state of the podogennontan P1 as compared with the remaining Harpacticoida. It is not the aim of this study to evaluate the phylogenetic status of the Podogennonta, which has been done extensively by Willen (2000) and was con- firmed later on by Seifried (2003). Thus, characters 1-11 merely illustrate that the here treated taxa—even those that present further deviations—can generally be assigned to Podogennonta. The phylogenetic evaluation starts with “taxon II” of Willen’s (2000) system. Compared with other podogen- nontan “taxon II” taxa (Ameiridae, Argestidae, Tetragon- icipitidae), there is a group formed by the Laophontoidea, “Ancorabolidae” and “Cletodidae”. Remarks: The analysis explicitly excludes two “an- corabolid” taxa, namely Echinocletodes Lang, 1936 and Patagoniaella Pallares, 1968. Echinocletodes has been excluded from “Ancorabolidae” by George and Miller (2013) and is currently assigned to the “Cletodidae” (Walter and Boxshall 2020); it is therefore not further discussed here. The assignment of Patagoniaella to the 471 “Ancorabolidae” has been questioned already by George (2006a). Recently, Lee and Huys (2019) suggested its affiliation to the “Cletodidae”. Its phylogenetic status 1s discussed in detail below (cf. II/CC). A. The Laophontoidea—Cletodoidea-clade (L—C-clade) The monophyly of the Laophontoidea—Cletodoidea-clade (L—C-clade) clade is supported by eight unambiguous au- tapomorphies (Table 1, characters 12—19; Fig. 2, branch A). Characters 12—15 refer to the development of the P1 and were discussed above (cf. Chapter II). Character 16, female Al at most 8-segmented: accord- ing to Seifried (2003), the podogennontan female Al con- sists of nine segments. This agrees with the groundpattern of Oligoarthra (Willen 2000), which is now synonymised with Harpacticoida (Khodami et al. 2017). Within Po- dogennonta, oligomerisation of the female Al takes place in several taxa. Families such as the Ameiridae Boeck, 1865, Argestidae Por, 1986, Canthocamptidae Brady, 1880, Tetragonicipitidae Lang, 1944 and Thalestridimor- pha sensu Willen (2000) include several species whose female antennules have a reduced number of segments, down to a minimum of six segments (cf. Boxshall and Halsey 2004 for overview). The L—C-clade also reflects such oligomerisation in the Al. In the Cletodoidea, the female Al consists of at most five segments (e.g. Conroy-Dalton 2004; George 2006a, 2017, 2018; George and Gheerardyn 2015) and the laophontoid Adenopleurellidae, Cristacoxidae, Laophon- topsidae and Orthopsyllidae are characterised by a 4-seg- mented female Al (Huys and Willems 1989; Huys 1990a, b, c). Nonetheless, as several species of Normanellidae and Laophontidae present female antennules with up to six and eight segments, respectively (e.g. Willen 1992; Huys 1990a; Lee and Huys 1999a; Kihara and Huys 2009), it is concluded that the ancestor of the L—C-clade carried an 8-segmented female Al. Compared with the podogennontan groundpattern, that number of segments is regarded here as deviation. Character 17, A2 with allobasis: an antennar alloba- sis 1s formed by the fusion of the basis and the first en- dopodal segment (Lang 1948). This derived condition is found in all representatives of the L—C-clade but not in the groundpattern of other “taxon II’-Podogennonta (e.g. Ameiridae, Tetragonicipitidae): exceptions occur in two species of Normanella Brady, 1880 (Laophontoidea: Normanellidae), namely N. bolini Lang, 1965 and N. pal- laresae Lee & Huys, 1999, in which the basis and enp-1 are discernible by a transverse suture (Lang 1965; Pack- mor and Ried! 2016). Another conspicuous feature of the A2 is the 1-seg- mented antennar exopod, which is observable in the whole L—C-clade. This might be interpreted as apomor- phic character when compared with Ameiridae (cf. Box- shall and Halsey 2004) and Thalestridimorpha (Willen zse.pensoft.net 472 2000). Nevertheless, a 1-segmented A2 exopod is het- erogeneously distributed over the Podogennonta (e.g. Cletopsyllidae Huys & Willems, 1989, Rhizotrichidae Por, 1986, Tetragonicipitidae). Thus, whilst the phyloge- netic relationship of the L—C-clade with the remaining “taxon II’’-Podogennonta remains unclear, a 1-segmented A2 exopod cannot be used for phylogenetic comparison, as it might indicate a close relationship within the Po- dogennonta at a higher taxonomic level. Character 18, A2 endopod with only one slender seta accompanying the two spines at the distal edge: Within the relatively derived Podogennonta (Thalestridimorpha, Tetragonicipitidae; cf. Willen 2000), the A2 endopod still bears, apart from two strong spines, two very slender and fine juxtaposed setae. In the L—C-clade, however, one of these setae is reduced; this is seen as an autapomorphy of that clade compared with the remaining Podogennonta. Character 19, endopods of P2, P4 and female P3, slender and 2-segmented: In the groundpattern of the Podogennonta, swimming legs have 3-segmented endo- pods (cf. Willen 2000). However, the Laophontoidea, “Ancorabolidae” and “Cletodidae” show 2-segmented P2, P4 and female P3 endopods. Moreover, the endopods are much more slender than the respective exopods. Ad- ditionally, enp-1 becomes shorter than enp-2. In addition to the named taxa, this endopodal shape is also observed in the Argestidae (part.), Cletopsyllidae, Rhizotrichi- dae (part.) and Tetragonicipitidae. Nevertheless, these latter taxa are considered as distinct monophyla (Kunz 1984; Por 1986; Huys and Lee 1998/99: Corgosinho and Martinez Arbizu 2010; Packmor 2013; Gheerardyn and George 2019), owing to the absence of autapomorphies of the L—C-clade. Thus, the development of slender, 2-segmented P2—P4 endopods in the Argestidae (part.), Cletopsyllidae, Rhizotrichidae (part.), Tetragonicipitidae and in the L—C-clade is regarded as convergence. For the L—C-clade, the development of such endopods forms part of a set of derived characters. It is assumed here that their development took place in the common ancestor of the Laophontoidea, “Ancorabolidae” and “Cletodidae”, be- ing synapomorphic for these three taxa. Remarks: Character 19, along with characters 33, 36, 62, 63, 64, 78, 84, 98, 112, 113, 123, 124 and 143 con- stitutes a character complex, as it pools the respective character changes (seta reduction, seta/segment elonga- tion or shortening) of three different pairs of swimming legs. However, to date, they have always been observed together; if, in future, new species present morphological changes in only single pairs of swimming legs, they can be split into single characters. B. Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, 1982 As stated by Lang (1948), the “Ancorabolidae” and “Cle- todidae” form a monophyletic major taxon, shown here to be unambiguously supported by 19 autapomorphies (Ta- ble 1, characters 20-38; Fig. 2, branch B). These evolved zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae in a hypothetical common ancestor being exclusively present in “Ancorabolidae” and “Cletodidae” species, but missing in the sister-group Laophontoidea. Characters 20 and 21 refer to the Pl and have been discussed above (Chapter II). Character 22, Rostrum: According to Huys and Box- shall (1991), the harpacticoid groundpattern has a distinct rostrum, being defined at its base and this, therefore, rep- resents the ancestral state within the Harpacticoida. While several Laophontoidea still retain this plesiomorphic state (e.g. Huys and Willems 1989; Huys 1990a; Willen 1992, 1995), it is fused to the cephalothorax in all species of the Cletodoidea and interpreted here as an autapomorphy for that taxon. Characters 23—26, development of the female anten- nule: The most plesiomorphic female Al within the “An- corabolidae” and “Cletodidae” consists of five segments (character 23), being a clear apomorphy compared with the Laophontoidea, which retains an up to 8-segmented female Al (cf. HI/A, character 16). The female Al in the Cletodoidea is quite characteristic, with segments 1-3 of almost equal length, segment 4 very small (character 24) and (at least partly) overlapped by the acrothek of the previous segment (character 25) and segment 5 of nearly the same length as segments 1, 2 and 3, respectively, but more slender (Fig. 4A—D). Aesthetascs are present on the third (character 26) and fifth segments. The presence of an aesthetasc on the third segment is also found in sev- eral laophontoid species (e.g. Normanellidae, Cristacoxi- dae, Adenopleurellidae; cf. Huys 1990a, b; Huys and Lee 1998/99): however, in several Laophontidae (e.g. Afro- laophonte chilensis Mielke, 1985, Bathylaophonte Lee & Huys, 1999, Heterolaophonte minuta (Boeck, 1872)), the aesthetasc arises from the fourth segment, even if the Al consists of only five segments, for example, in Am- erolaophontina reducta (Coull & Zo, 1982) (cf. Mielke 1985; Fiers 1991; Willen 1992; Lee and Huys 1999a). Thus, in the laophontoid groundpattern, the position of the first aesthetasc is on the fourth antennular segment, whilst its location on the third segment occurred later as a convergence. In the “Cletodidae’’,, the above-described female Al is found in all genera with the exception of /ntercletodes (four segments), Limnocletodes (four segments), Scin- tis (four segments) and Sphingothrix (three segments). In most species, the 5-segmented A1 is rather short and sturdy, as in Enhydrosoma (Fig. 4A), although it may be elongated and narrower, as in Cletodes (Fig. 4B). Remarks: An exception is the “cletodid”(?) genus Barbaracletodes Huys, 2009. The females of B. barbara Becker, 1979 and B. carola Becker, 1979 bear a 7-seg- mented Al (Becker 1979), being a huge exception with- in the “Cletodidae”. Nevertheless, the systematic status of Barbaracletodes is absolutely uncertain. Huys et al. (1996) removed it to the Canthocamptidae, which was adopted by Boxshall and Halsey (2004). Additionally, Gee (1998) stated that Barbaracletodes cannot be main- tained within the “Cletodidae”; however, like Huys et al. Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 473 Figure 4. Antennulae (Al) of A. Enhydrosoma parapropinquum Gomez, 2003, B. Cletodes meyerorum George & Miller, 2013, C. Bicorniphontodes bicornis (A. Scott, 1896), D. Ancorabolina divasecunda Gheerardyn & George, 2010. Arrows indicate grad- ual elongation. Modified after Gomez 2003 (A), George and Miller 2013 (B), George and Gheerardyn 2015 (C), Gheerardyn and George 2010 (D). No scales. (1996), he provided no further justification. Therefore, Wells (2007; cf. also Huys 2009) retained the genus in the “Cletodidae” as genus incertae sedis. In the present contribution, Barbaracletodes is not included in the phy- logenetic analysis. In the “Ancorabolidae”, a 5-segmented Al is found in the subfamily “Laophontodinae”, specifically in A/- gensiella, Ancorabolina (Fig. 4D), Bicorniphontodes, Laophontodes (Fig. 4C), Rostrophontodes, and Tapho- laophontodes. Instead, all remaining “Ancorabolidae” bear only four or even three segments in the female A1. Therefore, within the “Ancorabolidae”’, a 5-segmented female Al has always been regarded as the ancestral state (e.g. Lang 1936, 1948). As noted for the “Cletodidae”’, a gradual elongation and cutting-back of the female Al 1s also observed in the “Ancorabolidae”. Due to the very specific shape of the female Al in the “Cletodidae” and “Ancorabolidae”, it is considered here to have developed in a common ancestor of both taxa. Comparison with the sister-group Laophontoidea (and even with other Podogennonta) clearly reveals that the reduction towards a 5-segmented Al, in combination with the above-described additional morphological par- ticularities, forms a derived state that 1s shared only by the “Cletodidae” and “Ancorabolidae”, thus constituting a complex synapomorphy for both taxa. The reduction of antennular segments within Laophontoidea (see above) is—analogue to the position of the aesthetasc on the third segment—consequently interpreted here as convergence. Character 27, A2 exopod with at most three setae: while the hypothetical ancestor of the Laophontoidea is charac- terised by an A2 exopod bearing four setae (Laophontidae, Normanellidae (part.), Orthopsyllidae; cf. Huys 1990a), the groundpattern of the here-postulated Cletodoidea con- sists of at most three exopodal setae as documented for the cletodid genus Limnocletodes by Gee (1998). This is seen as autapomorphic for the Cletodoidea. Characters 28 and 29, md palp 1-segmented, with at most six setae: the hypothetical ancestor of the Laophon- toidea bore a md palp with both the exopod and endopod well-developed, a condition that 1s retained in, for exam- ple, Archilaophonte maxima Willen, 1995 (Laophonti- dae) and in the Normanellidae, whilst in the Cristacox1- dae, the md endopod is retained (cf. Huys 1990a; Willen 1995; Lee and Huys 1998/99). In the Cletodoidea, how- ever, both the endopod and exopod are incorporated into zse.pensoft.net 474 the basis, resulting in a unilobate md palp (character 28). Moreover, at least seven setae are found on the md palp of the ancestral laophontoid (two basal setae, one exopodal and four endopodal setae), as still observed in Normanel- la (cf. Lee and Huys 1998/99; Packmor and Ried! 2016). In comparison, all representatives of the Cletodoidea bear at most six setae on the md palp, which is regarded as autapomorphic for that group. Character 30, mxl endopod and exopod fused with basis: while in the laophontoid groundpattern, the mxl bears both an endopod and exopod (e.g. Archilaophonte Willen, 1995, Heterolaophonte minuta, Bathylaophonte), these are lost in the Cletodoidea. This is considered as an autapomorphy of that taxon. Character 31, mx endopod with at most two setae: in the laophontoid groundpattern, the mx bears three endo- podal setae (e.g. Bathylaophonte, Normanella; cf. Huys and Lee 1998/99; Lee and Huys 1999a, b; Packmor and Ried! 2016), whilst all members of the Cletodoidea carry only two setae on the mx endopod. This latter state is re- garded as a shared deviation and thus as an autapomorphy for the group. Character 32, mxp syncoxa with at most one seta: the Laophontoidea present 2—3 apical setae on the mxp syn- coxa (e.g. Laophontidae (part.), Normanellidae (part. ); cf. Willen 1992, 1995; Huys and Lee 1998/99; Packmor and Ried! 2016), whilst in the Cletodoidea only one seta is re- tained. This is interpreted as autapomorphy of the taxon. Character 33, extreme reduction of P2—P4 endopods: the above-discussed development of the P2—P4 endopods (cf. II/A, character 19) suffered a further deviation in the Cletodoidea: the enp-2 is transformed into a relatively slender and cylindrical segment (cf. Figs 5A—D, 6B, C). Although noted in other podogennontan taxa (e.g. Arges- tidae (part.)), in combination with the additional derived characters of Cletodoidea, this occurs in all known cleto- doid species and is, therefore, considered as inherited from their last common ancestor and thus interpreted as an autapomorphy of that suprafamily. Character 34, loss of inner setae on P2 enp-2: the groundpattern of the Laophontoidea includes the reten- tion of three inner setae at the P2 enp-2, as document- ed for some normanellid species (Paranaiara Kihara & Huys, 2009, Normanella (part.)) (cf. Huys and Lee 1998/99; Kihara and Huys 2009; Packmor and Riedl 2016) and is considered to be the plesiomorphic state. In contrast, the Cletodoidea is characterised by the complete loss of all inner setae on P2 enp-2, which constitutes a clear autapomorphy of that group. Character 35, female P3 enp-2 with at most one inner seta: analogue to character 34, the Laophontoidea retains a plesiomorphic condition as compared with the Cleto- doidea: several laophontoid species retain three inner se- tae on the female P3 enp-2 (e.g. Archilaophonte maxima, Bathylaophonte, Normanella dubia Brady & Robertson, 1880, N. pallaresae) (cf. Willen 1995; Lee and Huys 1999a; Packmor and Riedl 2016). In the Cletodoidea, this number 1s drastically reduced; here, the most plesio- zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae morphic condition of one inner seta is still found in some “Cletodidae” (e.g. C. bodini Dinet, 1974, C. dentatus Wells & Rao, 1987, Enhydrosoma littorale Wells, 1967), as well as in some “laophontodin” species (e.g. Calypso- phontodes macropodia, Laophontodes (part.)), most An- corabolina species and in the Ancorabolus-lineage (part. ) (cf. Dinet 1974; Wells 1967; Gee and Fleeger 1986; Wells and Rao 1987; Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; Gheerar- dyn and George 2010; George and Gheerardyn 2015). Therefore, character 35 is seen as autapomorphic for the Cletodoidea. Character 36, P2—P4 enp-1 without inner seta: as com- mented in III/A, character 19, the P2—P4 enp-1 became shorter than the enp-2. In the Laophontoidea, however, the enp-1 still retains an inner seta (e.g. Cristacoxidae (part.), Laophontidae (part.) and Normanellidae). That seta is lost completely in the Cletodoidea, perhaps as a result of a further diminution of the enp-1, so character 36 forms a clear autapomorphy of the Cletodoidea. Characters 37 and 38, shape of female PS: contrary to the condition in the supposed laophontoid groundpattern (Fig. 7A), the species of the Cletodoidea present a female P5 with the basis and endopod fused to form a baseoen- dopod (character 37) (Fig. 7B—D). That fusion is a clear deviation and therefore regarded as autapomorphy for the Cletodoidea. Moreover, the endopodal part becomes nar- row (character 38) (Fig. 7B—D) or is lost completely (Fig. 7E, F). This latter state is considered apomorphic when compared with the Laophontoidea. C. Ancorabolidae e Sars, 1909 The Cletodoidea splits into two monophyletic taxa that can be characterised each by distinct autapomorphies: the An- corabolidae @ and the Cletodidae e. The latter taxon is char- acterised primarily by the exclusive transformation of the P1 (cf. II, IM/X), whilst the Ancorabolidae e (Fig. 2, branch C) presents a set of six autapomorphies that are not related to further transformation of the P1 (Table 1, characters 39-44). Characters 39 and 40, A2 exopod reduced, at most knob- like and A2 exopod with at most one seta: within the An- corabolidae @, the A2 exopod is most commonly small and knob-like (character 39) bearing one small seta (character 40), as noted for Calypsophontodes, Lobopleura, Para- laophontodes (part.), Probosciphontodes and Rostrophon- todes. Additionally, a further deviation with the exopod represented only by a minute seta, 1s recorded in Bicor- niphontodes and Laophontodes (part.), whilst in Algensiel- la, Ancorabolina, the Ancorabolus-lineage, Laophontodes (part.) and Zapholaophontodes, the A2 exopod may be completely lost. The absence of an exopod is confirmed by highly-detailed species descriptions in Ancorabolina, the Ancorabolus-lineage and Tapholaophontodes rollandi Soyer, 1975; however, it is possible that, in some Laophon- todes species, Algensiella and Tapholaophontodes remo- tus Cottarelli & Baldari, 1987, the presence of an exopod/ seta may have been overlooked, as noted for other taxa (cf. Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 Sy Figure 5. A. P3 of Zapholaophontodes rollandi Soyer, 1975, B. P3 of Calypsophontodes macropodia (Gee & Fleeger, 1986); dotted circle indicates approximate position and size of coxa; C. P3 of Laophontodes sarsi George, 2018, D. P4 of Probosciphontodes stellata Fiers, 1988. Modified after Mielke 1985 (A), Gheerardyn and Lee 2012 (B), George 2018 (C), Fiers 1988 (D). No scales. George 2018). However, since even overlooked exopods can be expected to be small or to bear only one seta, for the context of this analysis, both characters are considered to be autapomorphies for the Ancorabolidae e. The convergent presence of both apomorphies, as well as all further convergences, in the Cletodidae e is dis- cussed below (cf. III/X). Character 41, mx with at most 2 endites: the complete reduction of the proximal endite in the mx took place in the Ancorabolidae @, whereas in the Laophontoidea and Cleto- didae @ (part.), the proximal endite is at least represented by one seta. Its complete loss is therefore considered as autapomorphic for the Ancorabolidae e. For its convergent presence in Cletodinae subfam. nov., see section ITI/Y. Character 42, mxp claw without elongate accompa- nying seta: in the Laophontoidea, the claw of the mxp is accompanied by one small and one long seta (Nor- manella, Sagamiella, Cristacoxidae (part.); cf. Huys and Lee 1998/99; Huys and Kihara 2010; Packmor and Riedl 2016), the latter being lost in the Ancorabolidae e and is thus considered an autapomorphy. Character 43, P2 enp-2 without outer seta: While the P2 enp-2 still retains an outer seta in the groundpattern of the Laophontoidea and Cletodidae e, it is lost in the An- corabolidae e (and convergent in the Ceratonotus-group; cf. IH/AA). Character 44, P5 female baseoendopod with at most four setae: whereas in the Laophontoidea (e.g. Hetero- laophonte minuta, Laophontopsis borealis Huys & Wil- lems, 1989, Normanella mucronata Sars, 1909, Sagamiel- la latirostrata Lee & Huys, 1999) and in the groundpattern of the Cletodidae @ (Scintis, Enhydrosoma baruchi Coull, 1975), a female P5 baseoendopod bearing five setae (Fig. 7A) is not uncommon, in the Ancorabolidae @, the number of baseoendopodal setae never exceeds four (Fig. 7B—F). This is regarded as autapomorphic for the Ancorabolidae eA further deviation is present in the Cletodinae subfam. nov. (cf. II/Y), with a female PS baseoendopod carrying only three setae (Table 1, character 142). D. Laophontodinae @ Lang, 1944 The Ancorabolidae @ splits into two monophyla, name- ly the Ancorabolinae e (cf. III/E) and Laophontodinae e. The latter comprises the genera Zapholaophontodes, zse.pensoft.net 476 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Figure 6. A. P2 of Arthropsyllus serratus Sars, 1909, B. P2 of Polyascophorus monoceratus George, Wandeness & Santos, 2013, C. Female P3 of Enhydrosoma curticauda Boeck, 1872, D. Female P3 of Cletodes meyerorum George & Miller, 2013. Dotted cir- cles indicate approximate position and size of coxa. Modified after Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000 (A), George et al. 2013 (B), Gee 1994 (C), George and Miller 2013 (D). No scales. Algensiella, Calypsophontodes, Laophontodes, Rostro- phontodes, Bicorniphontodes, Ancorabolina, Paralaop- hontodes, Lobopleura and Probosciphontodes and is characterised by six unambiguous characters (Table 1, characters 45-50; Fig. 2, branch D). Character 45, Al second segment with cluster of spinules at outer margin: all members of the Laophonto- dinae @ are characterised by several stout or long spinules clustered on the outer margin of the second antennular segment. This is missing in the Ancorabolinae @, Cletodi- dae @ and Laophontoidea and 1s, therefore, interpreted as an autapomorphy of the Laophontodinae e. A further de- viation, detected by Gheerardyn and George (2010), is a rounded, bump-like expansion, from which the spinulose cluster arises. Contrary to the assumption of Gheerardyn and George (2010), which was subsequently adopted by Gheerardyn and Lee (2012), it is not clear if this deviation is apomorphic for the whole Laophontodinae e. Although such a bump 1s, in fact, well-developed in most species of that clade, being at least weakly indicated in Bicorniphon- todes bicornis (A. Scott, 1896), B. horstgeorgei (George & Gheerardyn, 2015), Calypsophontodes macropodia, zse.pensoft.net Laophontodes scottorum George, 2018, L. sabinegeorge- ae George & Gheerardyn, 2015 and L. whitsoni T. Scott, 1912, it is definitely absent in L. macclintocki Schizas & Shirley, 1994 and L. monsmaris George, 2018 (cf. Schizas and Shirley 1994; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012; George and Gheerardyn 2015; George 2018). Until clarification of the significance of the absence (secondary reduction) of the bump-like expansion in L. macclintocki and L. mons- maris, it should not be considered indicative of the mono- phyletic status of the Laophontodinae e and is, therefore, not considered in the present analysis. Character 46, abexopodal seta absent from basal part of A2 allobasis: in the groundpattern of the Podogennon- ta, both the A2 basis and enp-1 bear one abexopodal and one inner seta, respectively (Seifried 2003). As demon- strated above (cf. IH/A, character 17), the fused allobasis represents a derived state for the L—C-clade also. Howev- er, the allobasis in the L—C-clade retains two abexopodal setae, the proximal seta corresponding to the former basis and the distal to the former enp-1. Thus the loss of the proximal seta in Laophontodinae e is regarded as autapo- morphic for that clade. Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 477 Figure 7. Female P5 of A. Heterolaophonte minuta (Boeck, 1872), B. Cletodes meyerorum George & Miller, 2013, C. Ancorabolus chironi Schulz & George, 2010, D. Calypsophontodes macropodia (Gee & Fleeger, 1986). E. Laophontodes sarsi George, 2018, F. Dorsiceratus wilhelminae George & Plum, 2009. Modified from Willen 1992 (A), George and Muller 2013 (B), Schulz and George 2010 (C), Gheerardyn and Lee 2012 (D), George 2018 (E), George and Plum 2009 (F). No scales. Characters 47, 48, transformation of Pl exopodal spines II and IV into geniculate setae: in the Podogen- nonta, Laophontoidea, Cletodidae e@ and also in the An- corabolinae @, Pl exopodal elements II (character 47) and IV (character 48) are “typical” outer bipinnate spines (cf. Figs 8A, B, D, 9C, D). In contrast, in the species of Laophontodinae e, these elements are transformed into geniculated setae (cf. Fig. 9A, B), creating a clear autapo- morphy for Laophontodinae e. Character 49, the female PS baseoendopod bearing two setae only: all members of the Laophontodinae @ show the reduced number of, at most, two setae (Fig. 7E), while its supposed sister-group Ancorabolinae @ retains four setae (cf. Fig. 7C) as seen in the groundpattern of the Cleto- doidea (cf. I[I/B). However, Character 49, or even a further reduction in the setal number, is also observed in the Cleto- dinae subfam. nov. (e.g. Cletodes carthagiensis Monard, 1935 (two setae), C. /ongifurca Lang, 1948 (two setae), C. meyerorum (two setae; Fig. 7B) and the Ceratonotus-group (1-2 setae)), although, in the groundpattern of the hypothe- sised Cletodidae e (cf. III/X), the female PS baseoendopod bears three setae (e.g. Cletodes hartmannae Lang, 1965, C. macrura Fiers, 1991, Enhydrosoma baruchi Coull, 1975, Intercletodes interita Fiers, 1987) (cf. Lang 1965; Coull 1975; Fiers 1987, 1991). This is seen as an autapo- morphy of Cletodidae @ compared with its hypothesised sister-group Ancorabolidae e (Table 1, character 142). The reduction to, at most, two baseoendopodal setae within the Cletodidae e, on the other hand, 1s considered convergent. Character 50, the complete absorption of the female PS endopod into the basis: all species of the Laophon- todinae @ (except Calypsophontodes, cf. III/K) present a female P5 in which the endopodal lobe is complete- ly incorporated into the basis, thus losing its biramous shape (Fig. 7E). Compared with the Ancorabolinae e and Cletodidae e, which retain an elongated endopodal lobe in the baseoendopod (Fig. 7C and Fig. 7B, respectively), that state is considered autapomorphic for the Laophon- todinae e. It is noteworthy that although some species in the Ceratonotus-group (e.g. Fig. 7F) have similar female PS swimming legs, this is considered convergent, since other taxa (Echinopsyllus, Pseudechinopsyllus) retain an endopodal lobe (Conroy-Dalton 2003a; George 2006b, Wandeness et al. 2009). zse.pensoft.net 478 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae San Snes See Figure 8. P1 of A. Enhydrosoma curticauda (Boeck, 1872); arrow points to inner apical seta (element 3), B. Cletodes meyerorum George & Miller, 2013, C. Zouphapleura schminkei (George, 1998), D. Ceratonotus steiningeri George, 2006. Modified from Gee 1994 (A), George and Miller 2013 (B), George 1998b (C), George 2006c (D). No scales. Figure 9. Pl of A. Laophontodes monsmaris George, 2018, B. Ancorabolina divasecunda Gheerardyn & George, 2010, C. Ar- thropsyllus serratus Sars, 1909, D. Ancorabolus chironi Schulz and George; 2010. Modified from George 2018 (A), Gheerardyn and George 2010 (B), Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000 (C), Schulz and George 2010 (D). No scales. E. Ancorabolinae @ Sars, 1909 Composition: eleven species in five genera: Ancorabolus Norman, 1903 Ancorabolus chironi Schulz & George, 2010 Ancorabolus confusus Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 Ancorabolus hendrickxi Gomez and Conroy-Dalton, 2002 zse.pensoft.net Ancorabolus ilvae George, 2001 (species inquirenda) Ancorabolus inermis Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 Ancorabolus mirabilis Norman, 1903 (type species) Arthropsyllus Sars, 1909 Arthropsyllus serratus Sars, 1909 (type species) Breviconia Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 Breviconia australis (George, 1998) (type species): syn. Arthropsyllus australis George, 1998 Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 Breviconia echinata (Brady, 1918) (species inquiren- da), syn. Laophontodes echinatus Brady, 1918 Juxtaramia Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 Juxtaramia polaris Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 (type species) Uptionyx Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 Uptionyx verenae Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 (type species) The Ancorabolus-lineage, which is elevated here to the subfamily Ancorabolinae e (Fig. 2, branch E), was carefully examined in detail by Conroy-Dalton and Huys (2000). They documented a set of derived charac- ters, namely the development of five peculiar “sensillar groups” on the cphth (Table 1, characters 51—55) that are exclusively present in all representatives of that lineage and are not further discussed here. Seven additional apo- morphies are presented with regard to the current hypoth- esis (Table 1, characters 56-62). Character 56, development of lateral cuticular pro- cesses on the free body somites: although the develop- ment of lateral and/or dorsal cuticular body processes is widespread in the Harpacticoida (e.g. Idyanthidae Lang, 1944: Meteorina George, 2004, Pseudometeori- na George & Wiest, 2015, Stvracothorax Huys, 1993; Laophontidae: Echinolaophonte Nicholls, 1941; Argesti- dae: Mesocletodes Sars, 1909 (part.); Aegisthidae Gies- brecht, 1893: Pontostratiotes Brady, 1883; Tetragonicip- itidae: Laophontella Thompson and A. Scott, 1903), the development of such processes in the “Ancorabolidae” has been considered a good diagnostic and even phyloge- netically-relevant character. The body processes of most “Ancorabolidae” and particularly of those taxa united in the subfamily “Ancorabolinae” seem at first glance to be quite similar: their location on the cephalothorax and body somites is more or less the same in the differ- ent species; the processes themselves are of a remarkable length at least in most species; they are often covered by fine spinules and bear a sensillum at their tip. Nonethe- less, attempts to homologise the “ancorabolid” processes have been made rarely (Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; Conroy-Dalton 2001, 2003a) and careful comparison of “ancorabolid” cuticular body processes actually reveals a variability that includes non-“ancorabolid” taxa. A detailed homologisation of the cuticular processes in the “Ancorabolidae” requires an extensive study of all corresponding species, including detailed ontogenet- ic comparison from the first to the last copepodid stage. Such an approach cannot be achieved in the contribution on hand. However, a comparison of the available infor- mation already provides relevant and helpful information, so the peculiar and “typical ancorabolid” body processes can be included into the current systematic evaluation. Within the “Ancorabolidae”, sensilla-bearing lateral body processes are restricted to Ancorabolinae e; neither Laophontodinae e nor the Ceratonotus-group developed them. Thus, their evolution in Ancorabolinae e is a clear autapomorphy for that taxon. Additionally, this may be 479 accompanied by the derived development of a second set of processes arising latero-dorsally (cf. George 1998a; Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000). However, inclusion of these latter characters would require a detailed compari- son of the respective species and, therefore, it 1s not con- sidered here. Character 57, development of special sensilla on the body: there is a second indication contradicting the sup- posed autapomorphic character of dorsal/dorsolateral cuticular processes for the “Ancorabolinae”. Specifical- ly, the shape of the sensilla at the tips of these process- es: in the Ceratonotus-group, the tip of each process—at least in the supposed original form as seen in Zouphap- leura, Dimorphipodia, Arthuricornua, Pseudechinop- syllus and Dorsiceratus—is rather rounded and blunt and from the centre of which a tiny, hair-like sensillum arises (Fig.10A, B). These sensilla strongly resemble those that simply break through the cuticula; they are found in all Harpacticoida and are considered as the ancestral, plesi- omorphic, state. In contrast, in the Ancorabolinae e (i.e., the former Ancorabolus-lineage), even in those species showing the weakest cuticular processes, the process ends in a cup- shaped tip; the terminal sensilla has a base as broad as the cup-shaped tip of the process, inserting like a ball-and- socket joint and tapering distally, as observed in Brevi- conia (Fig. 10C) and Juxtaramia (cf. Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000). This derived sensillar shape is regarded as au- tapomorphy for the Ancorabolinae e. Furthermore, in Up- tionyx and Ancorabolus, the sensillum is transformed into a “spiniform main branch bearing a flagelliform lateral branch” (Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000: 347) (Fig. 10D). Character 58, female antennule 3-segmented: all fe- males of the Ancorabolinae e bear a 3-segmented Al, while the groundpattern of the Cletodoidea consists of a 5-segmented Al (cf. III/B, character 23). A 5-segmented female Al is retained in most Laophontodinae e and has therefore also been seen as a laophontodin groundpattern. The 5-segmented Al also forms part of the groundpattern of the Cletodidae e (cf. Boxshall and Halsey 2004), so the occurrence of a 3-segmented female antennule in some rep- resentatives of the Cletodidaee (Ceratonotus, Dendropsyl- lus, Scintis) is interpreted here as convergent evolution. Character 59, basis of P1 transversely elongated: the current hypothesis assumes that. within the Ancorabolidae e, the classical “Laophontodinae” retained a P1 basis in the ancestral state (i.e. not transversely elongated; Fig. 9A), All Ancorabolinae e show a longitudinally short but transversely elongated P1 basis (Fig. 9C, D). That derived condition is present also in the Ceratonotus- group and has been interpreted as autapomorphy of the “Ancorabolinae” (Lang 1948). In that context, George (2006a) assumed that the moderate transverse elongation in Ancorabolina chimaera George, 2006 (cf. Fig. 9B) may constitute an intermediate state between the “Laophontodinae” and “Ancorabolinae” and assigned that species to the “Ancorabolinae”’, despite some morphological discrepancies. Recently, Lee and Huys zse.pensoft.net 480 George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Figure 10. Cuticular body processes of A. Arthuricornua anendopodia Conroy-Dalton, 2001, B. Dorsiceratus ursulae George, 2006, C. Breviconia australis (George, 1998), D. Ancorabolus inermis Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000. Modified after Conroy-Dalton 2001 (A), George 2006b (B), George 1998a (C), Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000 (D). No scales. (2019) shifted Ancorabolina from the “Ancorabolinae” to the “Laophontodinae”. This was done, based (amongst others) on the hypothesis that the transverse elongation of the P1 basis in Ancorabolina did not enclose the whole segment as in the “Ancorabolinae”, but only its distal part. Simultaneously, according to Lee and Huys (2019), the departure of the endopod suffered a longitudinal elongation, resulting in a P1 basis that formed cylindrical pedestals for both the endo- and the exopod (Lee and Huys 2019). Whilst the phylogenetic position of Ancorabolina in the Laophontodinae @ is discussed below (cf. HI/L—HI/R), here I agree with the hypothesis of Lee and Huys (2019) that the transverse elongation of the P1 basis is not homologous in the Ancorabolinae e and Ancorabolina. For the latter, I hypothesise that, previous to the transverse elongation, a longitudinal prolongation of the Pl basis took place (Table 1, character 70), which is a clear autapomorphy of the laophontodin e C—P- clade (cf. III/H). The subsequent transverse elongation of the basis within the C—P-clade (Ancorabolina, Rostrophontodes) is, according to Lee and Huys (2019, interpreted here as independent development and listed in Table 1 as character 89 (cf. III/M). Thus, character 59 is considered as autapomorphic for the Ancorabolinae e. Its presence also in the Ceratonotus-group must be regarded as convergence, as both taxa can be clearly assigned to their respective superordinate taxa and characterised by autapomorphies that are missing from each other. The Cletodidae e also exhibits elongation of the P1 ba- sis in a few species, particularly a slight transverse elon- gation can be observed in the genus Cletodes (Fig. 8B), being greater in the Ceratonotus-group (Fig. 8C, D) and reaching a maximal length in derived taxa such as Arthu- ricornua Conroy-Dalton, 2001, Ceratonotus (Fig. 8D), Echinopsyllus and others. This is also seen as convergent, both for Ancorabolina and the Ancorabolinae e, owing to several derived characters observed in the Cletodidae e, zse.pensoft.net but absent from Ancorabolina and the Ancorabolinae e (cf. IN/V), which are similarly characterised by apomor- phies lacking in the Cletodidae e. Character 60, Pl exopod 2-segmented: all members of the Ancorabolinae @ bear a 2-segmented P1 exopod. This deviation is considered to be inherited from a com- mon ancestor and thus an autapomorphy. However, a 2-segmented Pl exopod is also found in several mem- bers of the Ceratonotus-group (e.g. Arthuricornua, Cer- atonotus, Dendropsyllus, Dimorphipodia, Dorsiceratus (part.), Polyascophorus, Pseudechinopsyllus and Toup- hapleura), but, since some taxa of that group still retain a 3-segmented P1 exopod (Dorsiceratus (part.), Echinop- syllus), it cannot be seen as autapomorphic of the Cer- atonotus-group or as a potential synapomorphy shared with the Ancorabolinae @:; instead, it must be regarded as convergent development. Likewise, the presence of a 2-segmented Pl exopod in some Laophontodinae e (e.g. Ancorabolina (part.), Paralaophontodes (part.)) is regarded as convergence, as most representatives of that subfamily retain a 3-segmented P1 exopod. Character 61, Pl enp-1 element 2-en lost: as discussed in Chapter II, the loss of the inner distal seta on P1 enp- 1 occurred independently in both the Ancorabolinaee and Laophontodinae @, with the exception of Zapholaophon- todes. Such convergent loss took place a third time in a com- mon ancestor of Cletodes and the Ceratonotus-group, for which it can be seen, however, as synapomorphy (cf. III/Y). Character 62, P2—P4 exp-3 with two outer spines: the species of the Ancorabolinaee are characterised by the possession of only two outer spines on P2—P4 exp-3. That character state is considered as derived, because, in the Copepoda, the original condition is the presence of three outer spines on the respective segments (Huys and Boxshall 1991; Willen 2000; Seifried 2003). Three outer spines are also retained in the Laophontodinae @ (except Tapholaophontodes) and, thus, this derived loss of one Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 outer spine can be considered apomorphic for the An- corabolinae @. However, the loss of one outer spine also occurs in the Ceratonotus-group and was regarded as a characteristic supporting the monophyly of the “Ancor- abolinae” that included both the Ancorabolus-lineage (= Ancorabolinae @) and the Ceratonotus-group (Lang 1948; see also Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; George 2006a). Comparison with the “Cletodidae” revealed, however, that Cletodes also shares that deviation and, therefore, conver- gence is more likely. Cletodes, the remaining “Cletodi- dae” and the Ceratonotus-group share derived characters 138-142 supporting their close phylogenetic relationship (cf. II/X) and suggesting character 62 is convergent for the Cletodinae subfam. nov. and Ancorabolinae e, rather than synapomorphic. Assuming a synapomorphic rela- tionship would also mean that the complex development of Pl which took place in the Cletodinae subfam. nov. was the result of convergent development in Cletodes and the Ceratonotus-group, whilst in this new taxonomy both the Ancorabolinae @ and the Ceratonotus-group are well-em- bedded in their respective super-ordinated clades. F. The Algensiella—Probosciphontodes-clade (A—P-clade) This clade (Fig. 2, branch F) comprises the genera A/gen- siella, Calypsophontodes, Laophontodes, Rostrophon- todes, Bicorniphontodes, Ancorabolina, Paralaophon- todes, Lobopleura and Probosciphontodes. Apart from the convergent development of character 61 on P1 (cf. II, HI/E), they all share two derived features that are not present in their supposed sister-group 7apholaophontodes (Table 1, characters 63 and 64). Character 63, P2—P4 bases transversely elongated, sur- passing coxal outer margin: the transverse elongation of the bases of swimming legs 2-4 has always been seen as a derived character for the “Ancorabolidae” (e.g. Lang 1948, George 2006a, George and Muller 2013). The elon- gation is such that the swimming legs stick out laterally, leading to the “spider-like” habitus attributed to repre- sentatives of that family (e.g. Huys and Boxshall 1991). Within the Podogennonta, such elongation is rare, being seen in a similar form in only one genus of Ameiridae, Stenocopia Sars, 1907 and certain members of Argestidae (Anoplosomella Strand, 1929, Malacopsyllus Sars, 1911) and Idyanthidae (e.g. Meteorina, Pseudometeorina). However, as these latter taxa are considered monophy- letic (cf. Seifried 2003; Corgosinho and Martinez Arbi- zu 2010; Gheerardyn and George 2019), each presenting a set of apomorphies that are not shared with the A—P- clade, a closer relationship can be rejected. In the Ancorabolidae @, the bases of P2—P4 exhibit gradual transverse elongation. However, although this is considered characteristic for the Ancorabolidae e, it is not universally recorded in all species. Both species of Zapho- laophontodes, T: remotus and T: rollandi show absolutely no transverse elongation of the P2—P4 bases (Fig. 5A). 481 The weakest transverse elongation in the Laophonto- dinae @ is seen in Calypsophontodes macropodia (Gee & Fleeger, 1986) (cf. Gee and Fleeger 1986; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012) (Fig. 5B), followed by Laophontodes (Fig. 5C), within which different states of elongation occur. Strongest transverse elongation is present in Lobopleura, Paralaophontodes and Probosciphontodes (Fig. 5D). In the “Ancorabolinae”, the weakest transverse elon- gation is observed in Arthropsyllus serratus Sars, 1909 (Ancorabolus-lineage, now Ancorabolinae e) (Fig. 6A) (cf. Sars 1909; Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000), whereas the strongest elongations are present in the representa- tives of the Ceratonotus-group (Fig. 6B). A transverse elongation of the P2—P4 bases also occurs in the “Cletodidae”. In most cletodid species, however, it is slightly indicated by a shortening of both lobes, combined with a slightly outward shift of the ex- opod (Fig. 6C). Particularly, in the type-genus Cletodes all species, with the exception of three (C. hartman- nae Lang, 1965, C. longicaudatus (Boeck, 1872), C. spinulipes Por, 1967), present an increasing transverse elongation of the P2—P4 bases (Fig. 6D) (cf. Sars 1909; Lang 1965; Por 1967). Nevertheless, this character is considered as autapomorphic for the A—P-clade owing to the lack of elongated bases in 7apholaophontodes, which is regarded as a sister-group of the A—P-clade, with which it shares unambiguous synapomorphies 45— 50 (cf. II/D). Furthermore, it is assumed that this basal elongation occurred independently several times and is not a shared deviation inherited from a common ancestor of “ancor- abolid” species. Synapomorphy of this character for the A-P-clade and for the Ancorabolinae @ would mean that the more complex characters 45—50 result from conver- gent development in the A—P-clade and Zapholaophon- todes. This is rather implausible and, combined with the occurrence of basal elongation in P2—P4 in other har- pacticoid taxa, indicates the convergent evolution of this character (63). Convergent development is also assumed for the Ceratonotus-group and in Cletodes owing to their shared derived characters which are not seen in the A—P- clade or the Ancorabolinae e (cf. HI/Y). Character 64, P2—P4 coxae remarkably shortened, width at most half of the width of the respective bases: the shortening of the P2—P4 coxae seems to be linked to the transverse elongation of the basis (e.g. Figs 5B—D, 6A, B, D). In the harpacticoid and podogennontan ground- patterns, the coxa is a large segment, at least as broad as the respective basis (cf. Huys and Boxshall 1991; Willen 2000; Seifried 2003). That state is retained in the Laophontoidea and also in 7Zapholaophontodes (cf. Fig. 5A) and most “Cletodidae” (e.g. Fig. 6C). A shortened coxa and transversely elongate basis is also observed in the Ancorabolinae e and in other harpacticoid taxa (e.g. Argestidae (part.), Idyanthidae (part.), Stenocopia). It is concluded here that character 64 forms an autapomorphy for the A—P-clade, while having developed convergently in the other above named taxa. zse.pensoft.net 482 G. Tapholaophontodes Composition: two species: Tapholaophontodes Soyer, 1975 Tapholaophontodes remotus Cottarelli & Baldari, 1987 Tapholaophontodes rollandi Soyer, 1975 (type species) Tapholaophontodes (Fig. 2, branch G) presents 5 de- rived characters (Table 1, characters 62, 65-68), two of which (65, 68) are exclusive to this taxon. Character 62, P2—P4 exp-3 with two outer spines: within the Laophontodinae @, Zapholaophontodes is the only taxon showing the derived loss of one outer spine on P2—P4 exp-3. As discussed above (cf. III/E), this is also seen in the comparatively-distant taxa Ancorabolinae e and in the Cletodinae subfam. nov. (cf. III/Y), which do not share any other derived characters with Zapho- laophontodes. Thus, the loss of one outer spine is inter- preted as convergent development in these taxa. Character 65, md palp with only four setae: in the groundpattern of the Cletodoidea, the md palp carries six setae (Table 1, character 29). That setal number ts re- tained in most representatives of that taxon. Nevertheless, within the Cletodoidea, a reduction of setae on the md palp is recorded. Some taxa present a palp with five setae (Table 1, character 77, cf. HI/K), whilst Zapholaophon- todes is characterised by the further deviation of a md palp bearing only four setae. This is interpreted as auta- pomorphic for Zapholaophontodes. Characters 66 and 67, P2 and P4 without endopod: the complete loss of endopods in the swimming legs is widely and quite heterogeneously distributed amongst the Har- pacticoida. In the “Ancorabolidae”’’, several, not closely related, species show such endopodal loss at least in the P2 and including up to all pereiopods (e.g. A/gensiella (P2), Arthuricornua (P2), Ceratonotus (part.; P2), Den- dropsyllus (P2), Dimorphipodia (P2), Echinopsyllus (P2), Lobopleura (P2), Paralaophontodes (part; P2, P3, P4), Polyascophorus (P2), Probosciphontodes (P2, P4)), thus indicating convergent development. In the groundpattern of the Laophontodinae e, all swimming legs still bear en- dopods, that condition being retained in the sister-group of Tapholaophontodes, the A—P-clade; their subsequent loss within the latter (in Lobopleura, Paralaophontodes (patt.) and Probosciphontodes) is regarded here as convergent. In that context, characters 66 and 67 are interpreted as autapomorphies of a monophylum Zapholaophontodes. Character 68, female P5 endopodal lobe complete- ly lost: as discussed above (cf. III/D, character 50), the Laophontodinae e is characterised by a female P5 whose endopodal lobe is completely absorbed into the basal part. Nonetheless, it is still represented by at least 1-2 setae (often accompanied by 1-2 tube pores). In Zapho- laophontodes, even these setae have been lost complete- ly. Thus, the PS of Zapholaophontodes 1s unilobate, carry- ing solely the exopodal armour, as well as the outer basal seta; no endopodal remnants are detectable (cf. Soyer 1975; Mielke 1985; Cottarelli and Baldari 1987). That zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae condition is unique to Zapholaophontodes and is there- fore considered autapomorphic. In addition to autapomorphies 65-68, the loss of one seta on the FR might be also considered a derived character for Tapholaophontodes: the original armour of the furcal rami in the Harpacticoida consists of seven setae (Huys and Boxshall 1991). This is quite a conservative state. It is pres- ent in most harpacticoid species and is also the common state for the taxa treated here. However, in their descrip- tion of Zapholaophontodes remotus, Cottarelli and Baldari (1987) list only six furcal setae, as does Mielke (1985) in the re-description of 7’ ro/llandi. In contrast, Soyer (1975) shows seven furcal setae in the description of 7° ro/landi, but provided a dorsal and a lateral illustration of the FR (Soyer 1975: 1217, fig. 21B, C) which contradict each oth- er with respect to the location of the setae and also differ from Mielke’s (1985) re-description. Thus, this character warrants re-evaluation and re-inspection of 7° ro/landi. H. The Calypsophontodes—Probosciphontodes- clade (C—P-clade) The C—P-clade (Fig. 2, branch H) comprises the genera Calypsophontodes, Laophontodes, Rostrophontodes, Bi- corniphontodes, Ancorabolina, Paralaophontodes, Lo- bopleura and Probosciphontodes. It can be supported by two apomorphies (Table 1, characters 69 and 70): Character 69, mxp endopod and apical claw fused: for the groundpattern of the Laophontodinae e, a separation between the mx endopod and the apical claw is assumed, based on the presence of that plesiomorphic state in rath- er basal taxa, i.e. Zapholaophontodes and Algensiella. In- stead, in all members of the C—P-clade, the apical claw is fused with the mx endopod, which is considered autapo- morphic for the C—P-clade. The presence of that deviation also in the Ancorabolus-lineage (= Ancorabolinae @) is interpreted as convergence, as both the Laophontodinae e (that includes the C—P-clade) and the Ancorabolinae e are clearly separated and well-supported by characters 45—50 and 51-62, respectively. Future studies may discover fur- ther apomorphies for the C—P-clade. It can be argued that, within Paralaophontodes, the importance of character 69 remains uncertain. While most species (P. anjae George, 2017, P. armatus (Lang, 1936), P. elegans Baldari & Cottarelli, 1986, P. exopoditus Miel- ke, 1981 and P. robustus (Bozic, 1964)) unambiguously show a fusion of the mxp endopod with the claw, Soyer (1975, fig. 19E) clearly describes the endopod being sep- arated from the claw in P. psammophilus (Soyer, 1975) and Lang (1965, fig. 301g) shows a fine line in the mxp of P. hedgpethi (Lang, 1965), interpreting it as borderline between the endopod and the claw. Fiers (1986) did not describe the mouthparts of P. echinata (Willey, 1930), pointing to their similarity with P. hedgpethi. Nonethe- less, as P. anjae still presents a fine suture that may cor- respond to the former borderline between endopod and claw, the same may be the case in P. hedgpethi/P. ech- inata (and even in P. psammophilus). A re-examination Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 of this material is necessary to define their status. In the meantime, I postulate that, in Paralaophontodes, the mxp endopod and claw are fused together. Character 70, Pl basis longitudinally elongated: all members of the C—P-clade present a longitudinally elon- gated P1 basis, a condition that is absent in all remaining members of the Cletodoidea. This further increases the already elongated swimming leg (Fig. 9A, B), which is additionally strengthened in some species by an elonga- tion of the coxa (cf. III/L, character 82). An elongated P1 basis is regarded as autapomorphic for the C—P-clade. I. Algensiella Composition: two species: Algensiella Cottarelli & Baldari, 1987 Algensiella boitanii Cottarelli & Baldari, 1987 (type species) Algensiella laurenceae (Bodiou & Colomines, 1988); syn. Zapholaophontodes laurenceae Bodiou & Colo- mines, 1988 Algensiella (Fig. 2, branch I) may be characterised by four autapomorphies (characters 71—74), all being un- ambiguous. Character 71, mxp without tiny seta accompanying the mxp claw: all representatives of the Ancorabolidae @ have a mxp claw accompanied by one short seta (cf. III/C, char- acter 42). In A/gensiella, however, this short seta is absent. This loss is thus considered as autapomorphic for Algen- siella. Nonetheless, as noted for the A2 exopod (cf. II/C, character 40), it is possible that such tiny mxp setae may have been overlooked (cf. George 2018). Therefore, char- acter 71 should be treated carefully and requires confir- mation by re-examination of new material of Algensiella. Characters 72, 73, loss of P3 and P4 enp-1: as clear- ly shown in the descriptions of A/gensiella boitanii and A. laurenceae (Cottarelli and Baldari 1987; Bodiou and Colomines 1988), the P3 and P4 endopods lack the small enp-1, having only one elongate, slender segment. This is almost unique and similar descriptions given for spe- cies, such as Calypsophontodes latissimus (Brady, 1918), Laophontodes antarcticus Brady, 1918, L. propinquus Brady, 1910 and Bicorniphontodes ornatus (Krishnas- wamy, 1957) (cf. Brady 1910, 1918; Krishnaswamy 1957) may be errors in observation rather than true mor- phology. For the descriptions of the A/gensiella species, these doubts do not exist, so the complete loss of the P3 and P4 enp-1 is considered autapomorphic of the genus. J. The Laophontodes—Probosciphontodes-clade (La—P-clade) The La—P-clade (Fig. 2, branch J) unites Laophontodes, Rostrophontodes, _Bicorniphontodes, | Ancorabolina, Paralaophontodes, Lobopleura and Probosciphontodes and 1s characterised by a single autapomorphy (Table 1): 483 Character 74, FR slender, at least 3 times longer than broad: it is assumed that this derived state is the result of convergent development in both the Ancorabolinae e and the Ceratonotus-group. This assumption 1s supported by autapomorphies 51-62 that characterise the Ancor- abolinae @ and the unambiguous characters 45-50 (cf. III/D, Table 1) that characterise the Laophontodinae e, in which the La—P-clade is embedded. In addition, the Cer- atonotus-group is seen to branch off much earlier than the La—P-clade, sharing a set of derived characters with the “Cletodidae”, which is considered here to be a sis- ter-group of the Ancorabolidae e (cf. III/C). That phy- logenetic relationship is discussed in detail in section III/X below. Consequently, character 74 is regarded as au- tapomorphic of the La—P-clade. Future investigation may uncover further morphological deviations supporting that hypothesis. However, compared to the basal laophonto- din taxa, namely Japholaophontodes, Algensiella and Calypsophontodes, which each bear short and stout FR (considered the plesiomorphic condition: Gheerardyn and Lee 2012), the long, slender FR in the La—P-clade is a plausible autapomorphy. K. Calypsophontodes Composition: two species: Calypsophontodes Gheerardyn & Lee, 2012 Calypsophontodes_ latissimus (Brady, Laophontodes latissimus Brady, 1918 Calypsophontodes macropodia (Gee & Fleeger, 1986) (type species); syn. Laophontodes macropodia Gee & Fleeger, 1986 1918); syn. After Paralaophontodes and Lobopleura (Lang 1965; Conroy-Dalton 2004), Calypsophontodes was the third genus formerly assigned to Laophontodes (Gheerardyn and Lee 2012). Whilst Gee and Fleeger (1986) noted uncertainty in the taxonomic position of Laophontodes latissimus and L. macropodia, it was not until Gheerar- dyn and Lee (2012) undertook a detailed re-description of C. macropodia, accompanied by a detailed systematic appraisal, that both species were displaced into a new- ly-erected genus Calypsophontodes. The monophyly of Calypsophontodes was supported by two autapomorphic characters, namely (1) sexual dimorphism in P4 enp-2 and (11) sexual dimorphism in size of the P2—P4 swim- ming legs. Beside these characters, careful comparison revealed three additional autapomorphies. Thus, Calyp- sophontodes may be characterised as monophylum by five autapomorphies (Table 1, characters 75-79; Fig. 2, branch K): Character 75, rostrum ventrally curved: in Calypso- phontodes, the rostrum suffered a remarkable elonga- tion (cf. II/W, Table 1, character 131), combined with a ventral curvature and a strong tapering towards its tip. That rostral shape is quite derived if compared with most Laophontodinae e, whose rostrum is short, triangular in shape and not curved. It 1s therefore regarded as autapo- zse.pensoft.net 484 morphy of Calypsophontodes. However, a very similar rostral shape 1s present also in Rostrophontodes, Ancor- abolina anaximenesi Gheerardyn & George, 2010 and A. galeata Gheerardyn & George, 2010. However, despite the striking similarity, no closer relationship between the named taxa is hypothesised, due to their unambiguous characterisation as, respectively, their affiliation to other genera 1s based on distinct apomorphies. Remarks: As discussed below (cf. HIJ/AA, character 143), the rostral shape and size varies remarkably within the Cletodoidea. In particular, the length of the rostrum ranges from a longitudinal diminishing (e.g. Arthuricor- nua, Dimorphipodia, Polyascophorus, Touphapleura) towards its complete absence (Ceratonotus, Dendropsyl- lus) over the supposed ancestral condition of a small, triangular rostrum (e.g. A/gensiella, Bicorniphontodes, Cletodes, Laophontodes, Tapholaophontodes) towards its longitudinal elongation (e.g. Ancorabolina, Ancorabo- lus, Calypsophontodes, Lobopleura, Rostrophontodes). Such variability in rostral length is often combined with a remarkable narrowing (e.g. Ancorabolus, Dorsiceratus, Paralaophontodes, Probosciphontodes). It is, therefore, assumed here that the development of similar rostral shape in different cletodoid species is, in most cases, the result of convergent evolution. Character 76, md palp with five setae: While the groundpattern of the La—P-clade (cf. III/J) retains the ple- siomorphic six setae on the md palp (Table 1, character 29), C. macropodia bears only five setae (not described for C. latissimus by Brady (1918)). More specifically, all genera of the La—P-clade, except Ancorabolina, include species with five setae on the md palp (Bicorniphontodes: B. horstgeorgei, Laophontodes: L. sarsi, L. scottorum, L. spongiosus, L. whitsoni, Lobopleura: L. ambiducti; Pro- bosciphontodes: P. ptenopostica) (cf. Schizas and Shirley 1994; Conroy-Dalton 2004; George and Gheerardyn 2015; George 2018). Thus, the reduction of one seta in Calypsophontodes is interpreted as an autapomorphy for that genus, but convergent where it occurs in single spe- cies of the remaining genera. Additional note: Laophon- todes mourois Arroyo. George, Benito & Maldonado, 2003 was incorrectly described by Arroyo et al. (2003) as having seven setae on the md palp; in fact, it bears Six setae in total as two apical, one inner and one outer subapical and two outer lateral setae (George, pers. obs.). Character 77, P2—P4 with sexual dimorphism ex- pressed in size: that character is absent in all remaining species, so I agree with the assumption of Gheerardyn and Lee (2012) and regard that character as autapomor- phic for Calypsophontodes. Character 78, sexual dimorphism in the P4 endopod: in addition to sexual dimorphism in the P3 and P5, sev- eral “ancorabolid” species also show sexual dimorphism in the P4 (e.g. Arthropsyllus serratus Sars, 1909, Cera- tonotus tauroides George, 2006, Dorsiceratus octocor- nis Drzycimski, 1967, Juxtaramia polaris Conroy-Dal- ton & Huys, 2000, Laophontodes monsmaris George, 2018, L. whitsoni T. Scott, 1912) (cf. Drzycimski 1967; zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; George 2006b, c, 2018; George and Gheerardyn 2015). It arises as differences in the shape and size of endopodal segments and setae/ spines. Usually, sexual dimorphism in the P4 endopod is expressed as the loss of one seta in the female. However, in Calypsophontodes macropodia, it is the male that has lost one seta. This condition is found exclusively in Ca- lypsophontodes and is regarded here as autapomorphy, as proposed by Gheerardyn and Lee (2012). Character 79, P5 basis, endopod and exopod fused to a single plate: as pointed out by Gheerardyn and Lee (2012), the PS in both the female and male of Calypsophontodes differs remarkably from all Laophontodes species and, in fact, from all Cletodoidea. The characteristic shape of the P5 in the Cletodoidea consists of an elongated exopod that is often separated from the baseoendopod in females, but fused with it in males (cf. Fig. 7B, C, E, F), combined with a reduced endopodal lobe, becoming narrow and short (Fig. 7B, C) or even completely lost (Fig. 7E, F). In contrast, the P5 of Calypsophontodes is comparatively broad and ovoid (Fig. 7D). However, it fits with charac- ters 37, 38 and 49 (cf. III/B, HI/D)-the endopod is fused with the basis (37), it is small and slender (38) and it car- ries two setae only (49)-clearly supporting the affiliation of Calypsophontodes to the Cletodoidea and down to the C-—P-clade. Therefore, it is hypothesised that the PS of Calypsophontodes suffered a transformation into a broad, ovoid appendage by retaining its narrow endopodal lobe, but widening the exopodal lobe (Fig. 7D). This deviation is unique within the Cletodoidea and 1s, therefore, consid- ered as autapomorphy for Calypsophontodes. L. The Rostrophontodes—Ancorabolina-clade (R—A-clade) The La—P-clade (cf. HI/J) splits into two monophyletic taxa considered as sister-groups, the R-A-clade and the Pa—P- clade (cf. III/S). The R—A-clade (Fig. 2, branch L) encloses the genera Rostrophontodes, Laophontodes, Bicorniphon- todes and Ancorabolina and can be characterised by two unambiguous autapomorphies (characters 80-81): Character 80, body slender, virtually cylindrical: as stated by Gheerardyn and Lee (2012: 279), Laophon- todes species “...exhibit a narrow and elongated body shape with virtually cylindrical body somites...” (cf. also George and Gheerardyn 2015; George 2018). In contrast, Algensiella, Tapholaophontodes, Calypsophontodes, Lo- bopleura, Probosciphontodes and even Paralaophon- todes (i.e. P. elegans Baldari & Cottarelli, 1986) show a more robust and fusiform or dorsoventrally-flattened body (cf. Baldari and Cottarelli 1986; Gee and Fleeger 1986; Cottarelli and Baldari 1987; Bodiou and Colo- mines 1988; Fiers 1988; Conroy-Dalton 2004). In fact, this latter state is found in many “Cletodidae” and in the Laophontoidea and is quite common in the Harpacticoida. Thus, it is regarded as plesiomorphic, whilst the narrow and elongate body shape of Laophontodes, which is also Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 found in Rostrophontodes, Bicorniphontodes and Ancor- abolina (George 2006a; Kornev and Chertoprud 2008; George and Tiltack 2009; Gheerardyn and George 2010; George et al. 2019), is interpreted as autapomorphic for the R—A-clade. The presence of a narrow and elongate body in the Ceratonotus-group is seen as convergence (cf. TI/AA). Character 81, longitudinal elongation of the P1 coxa: as indicated in the discussion of the longitudinal elonga- tion of the P1 basis (C—P-clade, cf. III/H, character 70), some representatives of that clade also show a longitu- dinal elongation of the coxa. This applies for all mem- bers of the R-A-clade and two genera of the Pa—P-clade, namely Paralaophontodes and Probosciphontodes. How- ever, both clades can be distinguished clearly by their own apomorphies, which are not expressed in the other taxon. For instance, neither Paralaophontodes nor Pro- bosciphontodes (cf. I/S) share R-A-clade-apomorphy 80, but present a set of shared deviations missing in the R—A-clade. Thus, character 81 is seen as autapomorphy for the R-A-clade and also its presence in the other two genera Is interpreted as convergence. M. Rostrophontodes Composition: monotypic: Rostrophontodes Lee & Huys, 2019 Rostrophontodes gracilipes (Lang, Laophontodes gracilipes Lang, 1936 1936), syn. Lee and Huys (2019) established the genus Rostro- phontodes (Fig. 2, branch M) to accommodate the species Laophontodes gracilipes. They listed eight supposed auta- pomorphies, (1) a very large rostrum that 1s sharply point- ed towards its tip and recurved ventrally; (2) the cphth, as well as the pedigerous body somites and the anterior half of the GDS (genital somite in males) with a reticulate surface ornamentation; (3) the presence of paired spinous projections dorsally on the P5-bering somite, GDS and first free abdominal somite; (4) mxp claw with long pin- nules on distal half; (5) P1 basis transversely elongated in distal half; (6) P1 enp-2 with apical claw being slender and almost as long as adjacent geniculate seta; (7) P2—P4 enp- 2 with one instead of two apical setae; (8) furcal seta I (and possibly also seta I) located in proximal third of FR. From Lee and Huys’ (2019) above listed characters five (2-4, 6 and 8) are adopted here without further discussion and listed in Table 1 as characters/character complexes 83 (2), 84 (3), 87 (4), 89 (6) and 85 (8). As discussed by Lee and Huys (2019), they are unique and derived if compared with remaining Laophontodes species. I agree with these authors, considering these characters as auta- pomorphies of Rostrophontodes. Character (1) is restrict- ed to the ventral curvature of the rostrum, which is seen as autapomorphy for Rostrophontodes, but also occurred convergently in Calypsophontodes and Ancorabolina (part.). It 1s listed in Table 1 as character 75 and discussed 485 in section II/K. Character (5) (Table 1, character 88) is interpreted in a different way by Lee and Huys (2019) and discussed below. Character (7) is split into three charac- ters: whilst the reduction of one apical seta in P2 and P3 is listed as characters 90 and 91, respectively (Table 1), the reduction of one apical seta in P4, which occurs con- vergently in Lobopleura, is listed in Table 1 as character 126 and discussed in section III/V. Besides these ten auta- pomorphies, another deviation was detected: Character 86, mx] coxa with only one seta: as shown by Kornev and Chertoprud (2008, fig. 5.192.E), the max- illular coxal endite bears one strong unipinnate seta. This is regarded as autapomorphic, because all remaining An- corabolidae e bear two setae. Character 88, P1 basis transversely elongated: as dis- cussed above (cf. III/E), the transverse elongation of the Pl basis in the Ancorabolinaee and Rostrophontodes (and Ancorabolina) is not considered as convergent de- velopment. In Rostrophontodes (and Ancorabolina), the P1 basis underwent a longitudinal elongation (Table 1, character 70) previous to its transverse elongation. That longitudinal elongation of the Pl basis constitutes a clear autapomorphy of the laophontodine C—P-clade (cf. IH/H). Thus, the subsequent transverse elongation in Ros- trophontodes (and Ancorabolina) 1s interpreted here as a distinct deviation and is regarded as autapomorphic for Rostrophontodes. It evolved convergently in Ancorabo- lina that can, however, clearly be separated from Rostro- phontodes (cf. III/R). Remarks: Lee and Huys (2019) hypothesise that the transverse elongation in both Rostrophontodes and An- corabolina is restricted to the distal part of the P1 basis. If their statement is interpreted correctly, the transverse elongation of the distal part of the P1 basis was accom- panied by a simultaneous longitudinal elongation of the inner apical part, resulting in the formation of cylindrical pedestals for both the exopod (lateral pedestal) and the en- dopod (apical pedestal). I do not agree with that assump- tion. As the P1 basis had previously suffered a remarkable longitudinal elongation (cf. HI/H, Table 1, character 70), the subsequent further development of an apical pedestal for the endopod is considered here as rather implausible. Instead, I assume that the transverse elongation started with a lateral outgrowth on the outer basal margin of the longitudinally elongated P1 basis, as already indicated in several members of the C—P-clade, such as, for example, in Bicorniphontodes, Calypsophontodes and Laophon- todes (part.) (cf. Thomson 1882; Lang 1934; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012; George and Gheerardyn 2015; George 2018; George et al. 2019). In Rostrophontodes gracilipes and particularly in Ancorabolina, that lateral outgrowth— rather centred than distally—may already be interpreted as transverse elongation, reaching its maximal expression in Ancorabolina chimaera, A. divasecunda and, especially, in A. galeata (cf. George 2006a; Kornev and Chertoprud 2008; Gheerardyn and George 2010). Characters 90 and 91, P2 and P3 enp-2 with one api- cal seta: in the groundpattern of the Laophontodinae e, zse.pensoft.net 486 both the P2 and P3 enp-2 are equipped with two apical setae, a condition that is retained in Ancorabolina, Bi- corniphontodes, Calypsophontodes, Laophontodes and Paralaophontodes hedgpethi (Lang, 1965). Instead, Ros- trophontodes lost one apical seta in the respective endop- odal segments, being autapomorphic for that taxon. With respect to the P3 enp-2, a convergent loss of one apical seta is hypothesised for Zapholaophontodes, the basal taxon of Laophontodinaee. Remarks: Lee and Huys (2019) based their establish- ment of Rostrophontodes on the detailed re-description of R. gracilipes (as Laophontodes gracilipes) provided by Kornev and Chertoprud (2008). In the meantime, ad- ditional material was collected from Anaximenes Sea- mount (eastern Mediterranean) by George et al. (2018). Although resembling R. gracilipes in several derived features (shape of rostrum, body with reticulate surface ornamentation, P2—P4 enp-2 with only one apical seta), the Anaximenes material (two females, one male) differs from R. gracilipes in other characters. For instance, both the female and male Al bear a spinulose “bump” on the second antennular segment; the maxillipedal claw car- ries spinules along the inner margin, but these are not enlarged on the distal part of the claw; the penultimate abdominal somite is spinulose on its posterior margin, but, contrary to the condition described for R. gracilipes, in the Anaximenes material, these spinules are strong and low in number; the FR are longer than in R. gra- cilipes and furcal setae I and II originate from half of the rami, not from the proximal third as in R. gracilipes (George, pers. obs.). This suggests that the Anaximenes material probably does not belong to R. gracilipes as supposed by George et al. (2018), but belongs to anoth- er species of Rostrophontodes. That has consequences for both the phylogenetic characterisation of the genus, as well as for its systematic relationships with other su- praspecific taxa. For instance, the apomorphies assigned to the genus Rostrophontodes by Lee and Huys (2019) (see above) may at least partly turn into apomorphies of R. gracilipes only, which would consequently lead to changes in the phylogenetic constellation within the R—A-clade. An ongoing evaluation (George, in prep.) that includes even further material from the Arctic, may elucidate the phylogenetic status of Rostrophontodes and the species therein. N. The Laophontodes—Ancorabolina-clade (La—A-clade) The La—A-clade (Fig. 2, branch N) encloses the genera Laophontodes, Bicorniphontodes and Ancorabolina. So far, that clade can be characterised by one autapomorphy (Table 1): Character 82, A2 exopod represented by tiny seta: as discussed in section III/C for characters 39 and 40, the Ancorabolidae e is characterised by having at most a 1-segmented, knob-like A2 exopod bearing one small zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae seta. That state 1s retained in the Pa—P-clade (cf. III/S), but in the La—A-clade, the endopodal segment is com- pletely lost and the A2 exopod is represented by a single seta only (which is also lost in Ancorabolina, cf. III/R). This character is interpreted as autapomorphic for the La—A-clade. It is noteworthy that George and Gheerar- dyn (2015) erred when re-describing the A2 exopod of Laophontodes whitsoni as knob-like carrying a bare seta: re-examination of available material revealed that what George and Gheerardyn (2015) considered to be a tiny exopod, was, in fact, the remarkably sclerotised insertion of the seta (George, pers. obs.). Thus, the derived state of character 82 can be assigned, without exception, to all representatives of the La—A-clade. O. Laophontodes Composition: thirteen species: Laophontodes T. Scott, 1894 Laophontodes antarcticus Brady, 1918 (species incer- tae sedis) Laophontodes georgei Lee & Huys, 2019, syn. Laophontodes norvegicus George, 2018 Laophontodes gertraudae George, 2018 Laophontodes macclintocki Schizas & Shirley, 1994 Laophontodes monsmaris George, 2018 Laophontodes mourois Arroyo, George, Benito & Maldonado, 2003 Laophontodes propinquus Brady, 1910 Laophontodes sabinegeorgeae George & Gheerardyn, 2015 Laophontodes sarsi George, 2018 Laophontodes scottorum George, 2018 Laophontodes spongiosus Schizas & Shirley, 1994 Laophontodes typicus T. Scott, 1894 (type species) Laophontodes whitsoni T. Scott, 1912 The phylogenetic evaluation of the monophyletic sta- tus of Laophontodes (Fig. 2, branch O) remains unproven until today and remains the weakest part of the phyloge- netic concept presented here. Laophontodes is regard- ed as the type genus of “Laophontodinae”, since, when “Laophontodinae” was established by Lang (1944, 1948), Laophontodes was its only genus. Compared with the remaining “Laophontodinae” and despite the description of several new Laophontodes species since the establishment of that genus (cf. Lang 1948; Schizas and Shirley 1994; Arroyo et al. 2003; George and Gheerardyn 2015; George 2018), it cannot yet be characterised by even a single autapomorphy. Yet detailed re-description of several species (George and Gheerardyn 2015; George 2018), as well as careful morphological comparison, did not enable the detection of any morphological deviations shared by all Laophon- todes species. Thus, it can only be hoped that future re- search on Laophontodes (Table 2) will resolve this un- satisfying taxonomy. Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 P. The Bicorniphontodes—Ancorabolina-clade (B—A-clade) The striking morphological similarity of Ancorabolina and Bicorniphontodes bicornis was addressed by Ghee- rardyn and George (2010), who noted that: ... the very first examinations of Ancorabolina chimae- ta (mis-)lead to the assumption of it being a somewhat derived Laophontodes bicornis. (Gheerardyn and George 2O1LO"-53): However, these authors subsequently listed 10 differ- ences between these two species, concluding that they belong to different genera. Nonetheless, the current phy- logenetic evaluation reveals a sister-group relationship between Ancorabolina and Bicorniphontodes, the latter having been characterised in more detail, due to the re- cent description of B. horstgeorgei (George & Gheerar- dyn, 2015) and B. clarae George, Glatzel & Schroder, 2019 (George and Gheerardyn 2015; George et al. 2019). The B—A-clade is defined by a single, but phylogenetical- ly, highly relevant autapomorphy (Fig. 2, branch P): Character 92, postero-lateral cuticular processes on the cephalothorax: more or less similar processes are present in some genera of the distantly-related Ceratonotus-group (e.g. Echinopsyllus Sars, 1909, Polyascophorus George, 1998, Pseudechinopsyllus George, 2006) (cf. Sars 1909; George 1998b, 2006b; Conroy-Dalton 2003a). They are absent in the Ancorabolinaee, which exhibits complete- ly different processes in some representatives (cf. HI/E). Therefore, their presence in both Ancorabolina and Bi- corniphontodes may be attributed to their development in a hypothetical common ancestor; thus, character 92 must be considered synapomorphic for Bicorniphontodes and Ancorabolina, 1.e. as an autapomorphy of the B—A-clade. Remarks: Lee and Huys (2019) suggest a close rela- tionship of Ancorabolina with Rostrophontodes, based on four potential synapomorphies; (1) presence of spinules along the inner margin of the maxillipedal claw; (2) P1 basis bilaterally expanded on distal half, forming distinct pedestals for both the endo- and the exopod; (3) apical claw of P1 enp-2 turned into a slender element; (4) body somites dorsally with spinous processes. As pointed out by Lee and Huys (2019), the presence of spinules on the inner margin of the maxillipedal claw (1) is also present in species of other genera. In particu- lar, the C—P-clade (cf. III/H) encloses species of different genera bearing such spinules, besides Rostrophontodes gracilipes and Ancorabolina spp., as well as, for exam- ple, Bicorniphontodes horstgeorgei, Calypsophontodes macropodia, Laophontodes mourois and L. whitsoni (cf. Arroyo et al. 2003; George 2006a; Kornev and Cherto- prud 2008; Gheerardyn and George 2010; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012; George and Gheerardyn 2015). Thus, the assumption of a derived feature shared by Rostrophon- todes and Ancorabolina is only weakly founded and therefore rejected here. With respect to character (4), Lee and Huys (2019) themselves qualify its significance, as the presence and shape of spinous processes vary in the 487 different species of Ancorabolina inhibiting an unambig- uous characterisation. However, characters (2) and (3) may indeed indicate a closer relationship of Ancorabo- lina with Rostrophontodes. A remarkably-narrowed claw on P1 enp- 2 is also shared by Laophontodes whitsoni, but this might be a convergence. Otherwise, if characters (2) and (3) supported a close relationship of Ancorabo- lina with Rostrophontodes, the here-postulated synapo- morphy of Ancorabolina and Bicorniphontodes, charac- ter 92, would represent a convergence for these species. Based on the argumentation given above (cf. HI/M), the here-proposed sister-group Bicorniphontodes—Ancorabo- lina is tentatively maintained until an unambiguous char- acterisation of Rostrophontodes is presented. Q. Bicorniphontodes Composition: five species: Bicorniphontodes George, Glatzel & Schroder, 2019 Bicorniphontodes bicornis (A. Scott, 1896) (type spe- cies); syn. Laophontodes bicornis A. Scott, 1896 Bicorniphontodes clarae George, Glatzel & Schroder, 2019 Bicorniphontodes hamatus (Thomson, 1882); syn. Merope hamata Thomson, 1882, Laophontodes ham- atus Lang, 1934 Bicorniphontodes horstgeorgei (George & Gheerar- dyn, 2015); syn. Laophontodes horstgeorgei George & Gheerardyn, 2015 Bicorniphontodes ornatus (Krishnaswamy, 1957), syn. Laophontodes ornatus Krishnaswamy, 1957 With Laophontodes hamatus, Thomson (1882) de- scribed the first Laophontodes species carrying poste- ro-lateral processes on the cphth. A second species, L. bicornis, was described by A. Scott (1896), which was later on re-described by Sars (1909) and again by George and Gheerardyn (2015). Krishnaswamy (1957) reported and partly described L. ornatus. It was then more than 50 years before another species bearing postero-lateral cephalothoracic processes was described: Laophontodes horstgeorgei was presented as a new representative along- side the first review of the systematic relationship of all above-named species (George and Gheerardyn 2015). It was noted that all four species had a potentially closer re- lationship, owing to two shared derived characters, name- ly (1) the presence of backwardly directed postero-lateral processes on cphth and (11) free body somites with special hyaline frills, whose tips end in tiny round lappets. How- ever, due to the inadequate descriptions of L. hamatus and L. ornatus, George and Gheerardyn (2015) felt unable to provide a more detailed phylogenetic discussion. Recent- ly, the description of Bicorniphontodes clarae George, Glatzel & Schroder, 2019 enabled a deeper analysis (George et al. 2019), yielding six derived characters that support a monophyletic status for L. bicornis, L. hamatus, L. horstgeorgei, L. ornatus and B. clarae. In addtion to zse.pensoft.net 488 characters (1) and (ii) listed above, these are: (111) cphth with medio-lateral triangular extensions, (iv) furcal setae I and II displaced subapically, (v) A2 allobasis lacking abexopodal seta on the endopodal half and (v1) outer spines of P2 and P3 exp-3 unipinnate and comb-like, with extremely long pinnae set widely apart from each other. Consequently, George et al. (2019) transferred the four above-listed species into Bicorniphontodes. As shown above (cf. HI/P), character (1) 1s regarded as synapomor- phic for Ancorabolina and Bicorniphontodes (Table 1, character 92), but the remaining characters (ii-vi) can be considered autapomorphic (Table 1, characters 93-97) for Bicorniphontodes (Fig. 2, branch Q) (see George et al. (2019) for a detailed discussion of these characters and justification for the erection of Bicorniphontodes). The abexopodal seta is also absent from the endopodal half of the A2 allobasis in Tapholaophontodes, Algensiella and Calypsophontodes;, however, this is considered conver- gent due to the mutual differences between these taxa and Bicorniphontodes as confirmed by the respective autapo- morphies (cf. III/G, I, K). R. Ancorabolina Composition: six species: Ancorabolina George, 2006 Ancorabolina anaximenesi Gheerardyn & George, 2010 Ancorabolina belgicae Gheerardyn & George, 2010 Ancorabolina cavernicola George & Tiltack, 2009 Ancorabolina chimaera George, 2006 (type species) Ancorabolina divasecunda Gheerardyn & George, 2010 Ancorabolina galeata Gheerardyn & George, 2010 With respect to its supposed sister-group Bicorniphon- todes, Ancorabolina can be characterised by four autapo- morphies (Table 1, characters 88, 98—100; Fig. 2, branch R): Character 88 has been discussed in section ITI/M. Character 98, female Al segments slender, elongated: whilst Bicorniphontodes still retains the characteristic shape of the Al, as described for the Cletodoidea (cf. II/B, characters 23—26), the Al of Ancorabolina exhibits a fur- ther deviation, being elongated and comparatively slender. This is found in all known Ancorabolina species and is, therefore, regarded as autapomorphic for that genus. Character 99, small seta on distal edge of A2 endopod absent: as discussed above (cf. III/A, character 18), the L—C-clade lost one of two slender setae that accompany the two spines on the distal edge of the A2 endopod in the Podogennonta. Considered autapomorphic for the L—C- clade, that state (presence of only one slender seta) turns into a plesiomorphy at advanced taxonomic levels within the L—C-clade. It is retained, at least in the groundpat- tern, of several “ancorabolid” genera (e.g. the Ancorabo- lus-lineage, Calypsophontodes, the Ceratonotus-group, Laophontodes, Lobopleura, Paralaophontodes, Probosci- zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae phontodes), in Bicorniphontodes (cf. Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000; Conroy-Dalton 2001, 2003a, b, 2004; George 2006b, c, 2017, 2018; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012; George and Gheerardyn 2015; Gomez and Diaz 2017; George et al. 2019) and in the groundpattern of the “Cletodidae” (e.g. Cletodes, Enhydrosoma Boeck, 1872, Limnocle- todes, Neoacrenhydrosoma Gee & Mu, 2000, Thriatrix Gee & Burgess, 1997; cf. Gee and Huys 1996; Gee and Burgess 1997; Gee 1998; Gee and Mu 2000; George and Muller 2013). Conversely, all Ancorabolina species share the derived loss of that seta (cf. George 2006a; George and Tiltack 2009; Gheerardyn and George 2010) and this is, therefore, considered autapomorphic for the genus. A/- gensiella and Tapholaophontodes are also thought to lack that seta (Soyer 1975; Mielke 1985; Baldari and Cottarelli 1986; Cottarelli and Baldari 1987), although this may be the result of inaccurate observation rather than the ab- sence of the seta itself (cf. George 2018). Unfortunately, the type material for both A/gensiella and Tapholaophon- todes is not available and, therefore, it has not been pos- sible to confirm this character state for these genera. Nev- ertheless, even the absence of that seta is irrelevant in this instance, since both genera branch off much earlier, ren- dering this character convergent for these genera. Character 100, A2 exopod absent: as discussed above (cf. III/C), the Ancorabolidae e can be characterised by an atrophied, knob-like A2 exopod carrying one tiny seta (Table 1, characters 39 and 40). This is retained in the groundpattern of the La—P-clade, whilst in the ground- pattern of the La—A-clade, the A2 exopod is represented by a tiny seta only (cf. III/N, character 82). Ancorabolina presents a further derived state with the complete loss of even that tiny seta. This state is regarded as autapomor- phic for Ancorabolina; it is regarded as convergent where it is seen elsewhere in other related taxa (Algensiella, Ancorabolinae @, Ceratonotus-group, Laophontodes (part.?), Paralaophontodes (part.), Tapholaophontodes). S. The Paralaophontodes—Probosciphontodes- clade (Pa—P-clade) The Pa—P-clade (Fig. 2, branch Q) encloses the genera Paralaophontodes, Lobopleura, and Probosciphontodes. It can be characterised by five autapomorphies (Table 1, characters 101—105), of which two (characters 101, 103) are unique to that clade: Character 101, free thoracic and first two abdominal somites laterally extended: in the La—-B—A-clade (the supposed sister-group of the Pa—P-clade, III/L), the free body somites run more or less longitudinally towards their posterior margins. In the Pa—P-clade, however, the free thoracic and first two abdominal somites are later- ally extended. This is most weakly expressed in Para- laophontodes (cf. George 2017), whilst the longest lat- eral development is seen in Probosciphontodes (cf. Fiers 1988; Conroy-Dalton 2004). This deviation is regarded as autapomorphic for the Pa—P-clade. Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 Character 102, female Al 4-segmented: all genera in the Pa—P-clade are characterised by a 4-segmented female Al, whereas the remaining taxa assigned to the superordinate Laophontodinae e (cf. I/D) retain the 5-segmented female Al which arose in the Cletodoidea (Table 1, character 23). Thus, character 102 is seen as au- tapomorphic for the Pa—P-clade. The 4-segmented female A1, observed in the Cletodidae e, is seen as convergent. Character 103, Pl endopod reinforced: the represent- atives of the Pa—P-clade share the presence of a great- ly-strengthened P1 endopod, such as it forms a powerful appendage. This marks a clear deviation from the remain- ing members of the Laophontodinae @, whose P1 remain rather slender and delicate. George (2017) assumed that the derived state was autapomorphic for the monophylum Paralaophontodes (character 15 in George 2017); how- ever, since Lobopleura and Probosciphontodes also ex- hibit a thickened P1, it is regarded here as synapomorphic for the three taxa. Characters 104, 105, female P3 and P4 enp-2 with- out inner seta: whilst the loss of an inner seta on the P2 enp-2 is a derived character shared by all members of the Cletodoidea (cf. HI/B, character 34), the cletodoid groundpattern for the P3 and P4 enp-2 still bears one in- ner seta. That condition is retained in the groundpattern of the C—P-clade (and still observable in Calypsophon- todes), although a reduction of the inner seta took place independently in both sub-ordered clades (R—A-clade and Pa—P-clade). Nonetheless, in the R-A-clade, some spe- cies of Ancorabolina and Laophontodes (P4 enp-2: also in Bicorniphontodes) still retain that seta, suggesting that characters 104 and 105 evolved independently within these genera. However, since these characters are shared by Lobopleura, Paralaophontodes and Probosciphon- todes, they can be interpreted as autapomorphies for the Pa—P-clade, having evolved in the Pa—P-clade ancestor. Remarks: In addition to the taxa discussed here, the reduction of the inner endopodal setae in the female P3 and P4 is also present in Zapholaophontodes, Algensiella, the Ancorabolinaee and the Ceratonotus-group and, as such, represent multiple convergences. T. Paralaophontodes Composition: eight species: Paralaophontodes Lang, 1965 Paralaophontodes anjae George, 2017 Paralaophontodes armatus (Lang, Laophontodes armatus Lang, 1936 Paralaophontodes echinatus (Willey, 1930) (type spe- cies), syn. Laophonte echinata Willey, 1930 Paralaophontodes elegans Baldari & Cottarelli, 1986 Paralaophontodes exopoditus Mielke, 1981 Paralaophontodes hedgpethi (Lang, 1965), Laophontodes hedgpethi Lang, 1965 Paralaophontodes psammophilus (Soyer, 1975), syn. Laophontodes psammophilus Soyer, 1975 1936), syn. syn. 489 Paralaophontodes robustus (Bozic, Laophontodes robustus Bozic, 1964 1964), syn. The monophyletic status of Paralaophontodes (Fig. 2, branch T) was unambiguously confirmed by George (2017) who identified 16 autapomorphic characters for this genus and elucidated the systematic relationships within that taxon (George 2017). Character 15 discussed by George (2017) is here regarded as synapomorphic for Paralaophontodes, Lobopleura and Probosciphontodes (section HI/S, character 102). However, the remaining 15 characters are confirmed as autapomorphic for Para- laophontodes. These are united to characters/character complexes 106-115 (see George (2017) for further dis- cussion). The simultaneous lack of an apical seta on the mxp syncoxa (character 114) in the Ancorabolinae @ is interpreted as convergence. U. The Lobopleura—Probosciphontodes-clade (Lo—P-clade) The probable sister-group relationship of Lobopleura and Probosciphontodes (Fig. 2, branch U) has been discussed in detail by Conroy-Dalton (2004), who listed 10 synapo- morphies (characters a—}) for the taxon. Of these, eight characters (a—c, e—g, 1, ]) are adopted here (Table 1, char- acters 116-121, 123 and 124) (see Conroy-Dalton (2004) for further discussion). Character (d), the 4-segmented female A1, is not restricted to Lobopleura and Probosci- phontodes, but also present in the supposed sister-group of the Lo—P-clade, Paralaophontodes and is, therefore, not apomorphic for the Lo—P-clade (see discussion above (cf. IH/S, character 102)). Conroy-Dalton’s (2004) character (h), a 3-dimensional appearance of the P5, is set aside in the current analysis owing to lack of material available for observation and confirmation. One additional autapo- morphic character was detected for the Lo—P-clade: Character 122, P2—P4 exp-2 lacking inner seta: whilst an inner seta on the second exopodal segment of P2—P4 is retained in the groundpattern of Paralaophontodes (P. hedgpethi (Lang, 1965)), it is absent in both Lobopleura and Probosciphontodes. This 1s interpreted as a synapo- morphy of both taxa and, thus, as an autapomorphy for the Lo—P-clade. V. Lobopleura Composition: Three species: Lobopleura Conroy-Dalton, 2004 Lobopleura ambiducti Conroy-Dalton, 2004 (type species) Lobopleura expansa (Sars, 1908), syn. Laophontodes expansus Sars, 1908 Lobopleura multispinata (Korney & Chertoprud, 2008), syn. Laophontodes multispinatus Kornev & Chertoprud, 2008 zse.pensoft.net 490 The phylogenetic characterisation of Lobopleura (Fig. 2, branch V) was discussed and confirmed by Con- roy-Dalton (2004) by means of four autapomorphies. They are unambiguous and thus included in the present evaluation without further discussion of characters 125 (male P3 endopod 2-segmented), 126 (P4 endopod with one apical seta) and 127 (P5 benp represented by one minute seta). The fourth character, namely the display of a paired genital system in both sexes, was considered as a secondary development for Lobopleura (Conroy-Dalton 2004) and is included as character 128 (Table 1). Remarks: A 2-segmented male P3 endopod (char- acter 125) is also observed in the Ancorabolinae e (cf. Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000) and certain taxa of the Laophontoidea (cf. Huys and Willems 1989; Huys 1990a; Huys and Lee 1998/99; Conroy-Dalton 2004) and in the “Cletodidae” (cf. Gee 1994, 1997, 1999). Nevertheless, it is shown in the overall phylogenetic discussion that the An- corabolinae e (cf. III/E) and Lobopleura are not closely re- lated. Therefore, a 2-segmented male P3 endopod in these other taxa is considered as convergent, as also found for other characters in different laophontoid and cletodid taxa. W. Probosciphontodes Composition: two species: Probosciphontodes Fiers, 1988 Probosciphontodes ptenopostica Fiers, 1988 Probosciphontodes stellata Fiers, 1988 (type species) Conroy-Dalton (2004) presented an exhaustive dis- cussion on Probosciphontodes, providing seven autapo- morphies for that taxon (Conroy-Dalton 2004, characters 1—7). Of these, character (5) 1s not considered here, ow- ing to insufficient explanation (“maxillule without ele- ments representing distal endite”). Characters 14, 6 and 7 are considered (Table 1, characters 129/130-133, 134 and 135, respectively), with character (1) divided into character 129-extreme lateral extension of the median expansion on cphth—and character 130—extreme lateral extension of the posterior expansion on cphth. The extreme rostral elongation (Table 1, character 131) evolved as convergence also in Calypsophontodes, Rostrophontodes and some species of Ancorabolina (Gheerardyn and George 2010; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012; Lee and Huys 2019). X. Cletodidae e T. Scott, 1904 Composition: The Cletodidaee comprises the family “Cletodidae” T. Scott sensu Por (1986), which includes 25 genera (Walter and Boxshall 2019) and the Ceratono- tus-group (cf. III/AA), previously assigned to the “An- corabolinae”. As discussed in Chapter II, the development of the po- dogennontan first swimming leg (P1) and its subsequent zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae deviations provide the main basis for the new phyloge- netic concept presented here and, consequently, the reor- ganisation of the “Ancorabolidae”’. It is hypothesised that Cletodoidea (cf. II/B) split into two subordinated taxa, namely the Ancorabolidae e (cf. III/C) and its supposed sister-group, the Cletodidae e. The phylogenetic justi- fication for the hypothesis of the Ancorabolidae e and all its sub-ordinated clades/genera as well-characterised monophyla was given in sections C—W in Chapter III. The relationship between the family “Cletodidae” and the Ceratonotus-group forming a monophyletic taxon is dis- cussed here. Primarily the cletodid @ type genus Cletodes and the Ceratonotus-group are considered, whilst the remaining Cletodidae e play a role in a basal phyloge- netic evaluation. This is due to the unclear relationships within the Cletodidae @, which deserve a more detailed phylogenetic analysis, but which is beyond the scope of the current study. The Cletodidae @ (Fig. 2, branch X) can be character- ised by five unambiguous characters (Table 1, characters 136-140), four of which (133-139) relate to the Pl de- velopment. These four characters have been discussed in detail in Chapter II. Character 140, tiny seta accompanying mxp claw lost: as discussed in III/C, the Laophontoidea retains the ple- siomorphic condition of the presence of one long and one tiny seta accompanying the mxp claw. It was further proven that the sister-group of the here-reordered Cleto- didae @, i.e. the Ancorabolidae e, lost the long seta (cf. III/C, character 42). The opposite occurred in the Cleto- didae @, with the tiny seta lost and the long seta retained. This assumed evolutionary pathway is supported by the presence of a long seta in species, such as Cletodes mey- erorum, Enhydrosoma curticauda Boeck, 1872, Neoacr- enhydrosoma zhangi Gee & Mu, 2000 and Pseudechi- nopsyllus sindemarkae George, 2006 (cf. Gee 1994; Gee and Mu 2000; George 2006b; George and Miller 2013). Within the Cletodidae e@, a tiny seta is present in, amongst others, Ceratonotus, Cletodes (part.), Dendropsyllus and Enhydrosoma (part.). However, this is considered to be the secondarily shortening of the long seta retained in the Cletodidae e rather than the homologue short seta present in the Ancorabolidae @. This assumption is justified by the observation of the seta gradually decreasing in length across some cletodid @ species (e.g. ranking between the longest and the smallest type: Arthuricornua anen- dopodia Conroy-Dalton, 2001, Echinopsyllus nogueirae Wandeness, George & Santos, 2009, Polyascophorus monoceratus George, Wandeness & Santos, 2013) (cf. Conroy-Dalton 2001; Wandeness et al. 2009; George et al. 2013). Therefore, the loss of the tiny mxp seta Is re- garded as autapomorphic for the Cletodidae e. Y. Cletodinae T. Scott, 1904, subfam. nov. The Cletodidae e splits into two taxa, regarded here as sister-groups: the Cletodinae subfam. nov., compris- Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 ing the cletodid type genus Cletodes and the Ceratono- tus-group and the remaining Cletodidaee (cf. II/Z). Unlike the Cletodidae e, the characterisation of its subor- dinated taxon Cletodinae subfam. nov. (Fig. 2, branch Y) is somewhat ambiguous. All but one of the apomorphies, recognised for the Cletodinae subfam. nov., are present as convergences in other clades discussed here. As in the Ancorabolidae e (cf. II/C), the Cletodinae subfam. nov. is characterised by characters 39-41, 44, 61 and 62 (Table 1). However, since the Cletodidae e (cf. III/X) 1s well-jus- tified by its exclusive development of the P1 (characters 138-141), a convergent development of characters 39- 41, 44, 61 and 62 in the Cletodinae subfam. nov. must be assumed. These latter characters are not present in the groundpattern of the Cletodidae @, having evolved in the sub-ordinated clades/taxa. Moreover, characters 39-41, 44, 61 and 62 treat the reduction of setae, which (a) is considered to be a simple deviation compared with the complex transformation of a prehensile P1 endopod into a non-prehensile one and (b) occurs quite frequently and independently amongst the Harpacticoida, assuming a synapomorphic status of these characters in the respec- tive (subordinated) clades would inevitably lead to the as- sumption of a convergent development of the P1. This is refuted here, as discussed in Chapters I, II/C (characters 39-41 and 44) and III/E (characters 61 and 62). One further unambiguous deviation is shared by all members of the Cletodinae subfam. nov.: Character 141, female P5 baseoendopod with three setae (Table 1): Ancorabolidae @ could be characterised by a female P5 baseoendopod with four setae (cf. II/C, Table 1, character 44). Conversely, all Cletodes species and all members of the Ceratonotus-group are character- ised by a female P5 baseoendopod carrying at most three setae, whilst the remaining Cletodidae e retain five setae (cf. IH/C, character 44). This deviation is, therefore, seen as autapomorphic for the Cletodinae subfam. nov. Z. Remaining Cletodidaee The remaining Cletodidae e (Fig. 2, branch Z) enclose all cletodid @ genera except Cletodes and the Ceratono- tus-group (cf. Results, family diagnosis of the Cletodidae e). The most recent list of nine potential autapomorphies of the supposed monophyletic Cletodidae was proposed by Gee (1998, characters i-ix). However, most of these are invalid, characters (1) to (v) being present in the whole Cletodoidea rather than restricted to the Cletodidae, Le. (i) rostrum fused to the cephalothorax (cf. III/B; Table 1, character 22); (11) 4-5-segmented female Al (Table 1, character 23); (111) A2 exopod bearing at most three setae (Table 1, character 27); (iv-a) unilobate md palp (Table 1, character 28) and (iv-b) unilobate mx] basis (Table 1, character 30); and (v) P1 exp-3 without inner setae, with two apical and two outer elements only (cf. Chapter H; Table 1, characters 8, 9 and 21). Similarly, characters (vi-ix), presented by Gee (1996), are pooled and mixed 491 deviations that are all included in Table 1, characterising taxonomic clades at a higher level than the “Cletodidae”’. The phylogenetic status of the remaining Cletodidae e is, therefore, set with a question mark in Table 2 and a phylogenetic characterisation of the Cletodidae e is still pending, as stated above (cf. III/X). AA. The Ceratonotus-group (C-g) Composition: 29 species in 9 genera: Arthuricornua Conroy-Dalton, 2001 Arthuricornua anendopodia Conroy-Dalton, 2001 (type species) Ceratonotus Sars, 1909 Ceratonotus coineaui Soyer, 1964 Ceratonotus concavus Conroy-Dalton, 2003 Ceratonotus elongatus Gomez & Diaz, 2017 Ceratonotus pectinatus Sars, 1909 (type species) Ceratonotus steiningeri George, 2006 Ceratonotus tauroides George, 2006 Ceratonotus thistlei Conroy-Dalton, 2003 Ceratonotus vareschii George, 2006 Dendropsyllus Conroy-Dalton, 2003 Dendropsyllus antarcticus (George and Schminke 1998), syn. Ceratonotus antarcticus George and Schminke 1998 Dentropsyllus californensis Gomez & Diaz, 2017 Dendropsyllus kimi Lee & Hus, 2019 Dendropsyllus magellanicus (George & Schminke, 1998), syn. Ceratonotus magellanicus George & Schminke, 1998 Dendropsyllus thomasi Conroy-Dalton, 2003 (type species) Dimorphipodia Lee & Huys, 2019 Dimorphipodia changi Lee & Huys, 2019 (type species) Dorsiceratus Drzycimski, 1967 Dorsiceratus dinah George & Plum, 2009 Dorsiceratus octocornis Drzycimski, 1967 (type species) Dorsiceratus triarticulatus Coull, 1973 Dorsiceratus ursulae George, 2006 Dorsiceratus wilhelminae George & Plum, 2009 Echinopsyllus Sars, 1909 Echinopsyllus brasiliensis Wandeness, George & San- tos, 2009 Echinopsyllus grohmannae Wandeness, George & Santos, 2009 Echinopsyllus nogueirae Wandeness, George & San- tos, 2009 Echinopsyllus normani Sars, 1909 (type species) Polyascophorus George, 1998 Polyascophorus gorbunovi (Smirnov, 1946), syn. Echinopsyllus gorbunovi Smirnov, 1946, Ceratonotus gorbunovi Soyer, 1964 Polyascophorus martinezi George, 1998 (type species) Polyascophorus monoceratus George, Wandeness & Santos, 2013 Pseudechinopsyllus George, 2006 zse.pensoft.net 492 Pseudechinopsyllus sindemarkae George, 2006 (type species) Touphapleura Conroy-Dalton, 2001 Touphapleura schminkei (George, 1998) (type spe- cies), syn. Polyascophorus schminkei George, 1998 For the phylogenetic characterisation of the Ceratono- tus-group (Fig. 2, branch AA), Conroy-Dalton (2001: 182) listed seven autapomorphies: (1) body somites vir- tually cylindrical; (2) P2—P4-bearing somites with paired backwardly-produced processes dorsally; (3) rostrum small, narrow; (4) first Al segment elongate; (5) P1—P4 endopods reduced; setae/spines of terminal segment api- cal; (6) male P3 endopod 3-segmented, with apophysis on enp-2; (7) P5 endopod absorbed into basis, with at most two setae. Characters 1-4 are adopted here; Conroy-Dalton’s (2001) character (1) has been discussed in Chapter IHI/L, as a derived state in the R—A-clade (Table 1, character 80). It is hypothesised that this development is convergent for the Ceratonotus-group and the R—A- clade, as both clades are phylogenetically set widely apart and embedded in clearly-defined super-ordinated clades that can be characterised unambiguously by dis- tinct autapomorphies. Conroy-Dalton’s (2001) character (2) is listed in Ta- ble 1 as: Character 142, P2—P4-bearing body somites with cuticular, sensilla-bearing (latero-)dorsal processes: it was Conroy-Dalton (2001) who pointed towards a con- vergent evolution of the (latero-)dorsal cuticular body processes in both the Ancorabolus-lineage (= Ancorab- olinae @) and the Ceratonotus-group. She argued that both groups enclose taxa without such body processes, but that they had developed gradually within the respec- tive groups. In the Ancorabolinae e, dorsal cuticular processes are virtually absent in Arthropsyllus and Up- tionyx Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 (cf. Conroy-Dal- ton and Huys 2000), small in Breviconia Conroy-Dal- ton & Huys, 2000 and Juxtaramia Conroy-Dalton & Huys, 2000 (George 1998a; Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000) and reach their maximum size in Ancorabolus Norman, 1903 (Conroy-Dalton and Huys 2000). In the Ceratonotus-group, Touphapleura Conroy-Dalton, 2001 shows small cuticular processes, whilst they grad- ually increase in size and complexity through Arthu- ricornua, Pseudechinopsyllus, Dorsiceratus, Echinop- syllus, Polyascophorus George, 1998 and Ceratonotus (George 1998b; Conroy-Dalton 2001, 2003a, b; George 2006b, c; Wandeness et al. 2009; George et al. 2013; Gomez and Diaz 2017). Conroy-Dalton (2001) con- cluded that the hypothetical ancestor of the Ancorab- olinae @ lacked these processes, whereas those seen in the Ceratonotus-group evolved in their hypothetical ancestor, probably as observed in 7Zouphapleura and this seems correct. zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Conroy-Dalton’s (2001) character (3) is included in Table 1 as: Character 143, rostrum small, narrow: as discussed above (cf. III/B, character 22), the rostrum fused to the cphth in all representatives of the Cletodoidea, but is dis- tinct in the Laophontoidea. Although fused, the rostrum of the Cletodoidea maintains its original triangular shape with a broad base and a tapering tip (e.g. A/gensiella, Cletodes, Enhydrosoma (part.), Laophontodes (part.), Limnocle- todes) (cf. Cottarelli and Baldari 1987; Gee 1998; Gomez 2003; George and Miller 2013; George and Gheerardyn 2015), whilst some exhibit a range of transformations, from a remarkable elongation (e.g. Ancorabolina (part.), Lobopleura, Probosciphontodes), sometimes combined with a bifurcation (Ancorabolus) (cf. Fiers 1988; Con- roy-Dalton and Huys 2000; George 2001; Conroy-Dal- ton 2004; Gomez and Conroy-Dalton 2002; George and Tiltack 2009; Schulz and George 2010), a ventral bend- ing and tapering (Ancorabolina (part.), Calypsophon- todes macropodia and Laophontodes gracilipes (cf. Lang 1936; Gheerardyn and George 2010; Gheerardyn and Lee 2012) or an upward-bending (e.g. Schizacron, Triathrix) (cf. Gee and Huys 1996; Gee and Burgess 1997). In the Ceratonotus-group, however, a remarkable diminution of the rostrum is observable. In Pseudechinopsyllus sinde- markae and Polyascophorus monoceratus, it is narrowed, whilst in the remaining Polyascophorus species, as well as in Dorsiceratus, Echinopsyllus, Touphapleura and Arthuricornua, it gradually reduces in length, until it is completely absorbed into the cphth in Ceratonotus and Dendropsyllus (cf. George 1998b; 2006b, c; Conroy-Dal- ton 2001, 2003a, b; Wandeness et al. 2009; George et al. 2013). That rostral diminution is here considered autapo- morphic for the Ceratonotus-group. Conroy-Dalton’s (2001) character (4) is listed in Table 1 as: Character 144, Al first segment elongate: as discussed in Chapter III/B, the Cletodoidea developed a character- istic (female) Al (Table 1, characters 23—26), with sub- sequent additional deviations within the clade (Table 1, characters 58 and 98). However, in the Cletodidae e, the A] is generally compact and robust, as shown in Fig. 4A. Nonetheless, the hypothetical ancestor of the Ceratono- tus-group is presumed to have an Al with enlarged seg- ments (Table 1, character 98), particularly the first seg- ment (cf. George 1998b, 2006b, c; Conroy-Dalton 2001, 2003a, b; Wandeness et al. 2009; George et al. 2013), re- sulting in an elongate and slender shape. This is regarded as an autapomorphy of the Ceratonotus-group compared with the remaining Cletodidae @ and Cletodes. A similar- ly-shaped Al is seen in Ancorabolina and the Ancorabo- linae e and is considered convergent. Conroy-Dalton’s (2001) remaining three characters (5—7) are not considered here. Characters (5) and (7) combine several different characters that have been at Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 least partly considered in earlier discussion above. Char- acter (6), as described by Conroy-Dalton (2001), is found in almost all representatives of the L—C-clade (cf. II/A) and even in other Podogennonta and, therefore, is inter- preted here as a plesiomorphic state. Two more apomorphies can be assigned to the Cer- atonotus-group: character 59 (Table 1), transverse elon- gation of the Pl basis and character 100 (Table 1), loss of the A2 exopod. Both characters have been discussed above (cf. III/E and III/R, respectively) and it has been stated that they evolved as convergence in Ancorabolina, the Ancorabolinaee and the Ceratonotus-group. This is justified by the unambiguous monophyletic status of all three taxa by their respective autapomorphies. Howevy- er, if compared with the supposed sister-group Cletodes, characters 59 and 100 are interpreted here as autapomor- phies of the Ceratonotus-group, because they are missing in Cletodes and all the remaining Cletodidae e. Four additional derived characters can be defined for the Ceratonotus-group: Character 145, P1 enp-2 element 3 lost: the inner apical seta on the Pl enp-2 (Fig. 3E, element 3-en) is lost in all members of the Ceratonotus-group. That seta is retained in the groundpattern of the remaining Cletodidae (cf. Gee 1994; Gee and Huys 1996; Gee and Burgess 1997) in- cluding Cletodes (cf. George and Miller 2013) and, thus, regarded as autapomorphy of the Ceratonotus-group. Characters 146-148, remarkable elongation of P2—P4 bases: as discussed in detail for the A—P-clade (cf. III/P), its congeners are characterised by a transverse elonga- tion of the P2—P4 bases, accompanied by a simultaneous shortening of the respective coxae (Table 1, characters 63 and 64). It is assumed that such elongation, which is also observed in the Ancorabolinae e and at least already indicated in the Cletodidae e, developed independent- ly several times (cf. III/F). Within the latter taxon, the Ceratonotus-group 1s characterised by strongly-elongat- ed P2—P4 bases that may equal the length of the whole exopod. Compared with the remaining Cletodidae e and Cletodes, that elongation is interpreted as an autapomor- phy for the Ceratonotus-group. Elongation to a similar extent is present in Probosciphontodes only (cf. Fiers 1988; Conroy-Dalton 2004) and must be seen as conver- gent evolution. BB. Cletodes Composition: According to Walter and Boxshall (2019), the taxon Cletodes encloses 34 species (type species: C. limicola Brady, 1872) plus one species (C. exiguus Sars, 1927) considered as nomen nudum. The characterisation of a monophylum Cletodes (Fig. 2, branch Z) causes similar problems as described above for Laophontodes (cf. III/O). The most recent phyloge- netic discussion of the genus, provided by Gee (2001: 493 41), concluded that Cletodes “...as presently constituted, is ill-defined...”. Gee (2001) named two derived char- acters potentially justifying a monophyletic status of the genus: (a) the small, 1-segmented A2 exopod bearing one seta and (b) P3 and P4 exp-3 being elongate and carrying two outer spines and two apical setae. A reduced, at most knob-like, 1-segmented A2 exopod (Table 1, character 39) carrying only one seta (Table 1, character 40) has been hypothesised as autapomorphy for Ancorabolidae e (cf. III/C) and, as a convergent develop- ment, also for the groundpattern of Cletodinae subfam. nov. (cf. III/Y). Thus, Gee’s (2001) character (a) cannot be maintained as autapomorphy of Cletodes. Similarly character (b), which is—including the P2—listed as charac- ter 62 in Table 1, has been discussed in detail in Chapter IH/E as an autapomorphy of the Ancorabolinae e. More- over, it evolved as convergence in the Cletodinae subfam. nov. (cf. IH/Y) and, therefore, cannot be autapomorphic for Cletodes. Nonetheless, Cletodes may be characterised by 2 auta- pomorphies referring to the shape of the apical elements of Pl exp-3: Characters 149, 150, loss of geniculation of setae VI and VHI on P1 exp-3: in the groundpattern of the remain- ing Cletodidae @ (cf. Echinocletodes voightae George & Muller, 2013) (George and Muller 2013), as well as in the Ceratonotus-group, the geniculate setae VI and VII on the third exopodal segment of P1 are retained. As shown in Chapter II, the development of geniculation of these elements has been hypothesised as apomorphies in the podogennontan P1 groundpattern by Willen (2000) and Seifried (2003). In contrast, all Cletodes species present these setae without geniculation. As it would be quite im- plausible to assume that only Cletodes, as a derived mem- ber of Podogennonta, retained the pre-podogennontan state, questioning Willen’s (2000) and Seifried’s (2003) hypothesis of the podogennontan P1 groundpattern, it is most likely that, in Cletodes, both setae VI and VII sub- sequently lost this geniculation. Consequently, characters 149 and 150 are seen as an autapomorphy of a monophy- lum Cletodes. CC. The status of Patagoniaella Pallares, 1968 Composition: monotypic, Patagoniaella vervoorti Pal- lares, 1968 (type species) When Pallares (1968) described Patagoniaella vervoorti, she assigned that species to the “Laophonto- dinae’”’, based on the absence of a transversely-elongated P1 basis and the presence of three outer spines on P2— P4 exp-3. However, Pallares’ (1968) description of P. vervoorti 1s of rather poor quality and partly contradicto- ry, both in the text and in the illustrations. For instance, in the generic diagnosis, Pallares (1968: 462) described the female Al as 4-segmented (“A1 de la hembra lleva cuat- ro artejos’”), but in the species description (both text and illustration), the female Al is described as 5-segmented zse.pensoft.net 494 (Pallares 1968: 465, Lamina I.1). Unfortunately neither the type material nor any other material of that species is available and re-examination could not be done. Con- sequently, the discussion here must be based on Pallares’ (1968) paper. A comparison of P. vervoorti with the Laophontoidea, Ancorabolidae @ and Cletodidae @, based on Table 1 char- acters, does suggest its affiliation to the L—C-clade (cf. IH/A), owing to the number of shared characters (Table 1, characters 12-19). Only character 18 is not exhibited by P. vervoorti. However, this reflects the species descrip- tion—it cannot be discerned if a slender seta accompanies the two spines at the distal edge of the A2 (Pallares 1968: 465, Lamina 1.4)-rather than a definite character state. The allocation of P. vervoorti to the Cletodoidea (cf. IH/B) also seems unproblematic, as P. vervoorti shares the derived states of characters 20-38 (cf. Table 1). Be- yond this taxonomic level, however, the assignment of P. vervoorti to any of the sub-ordinated clades is uncertain. Its placement in the Ancorabolidae e@ (cf. HI/C), which includes the “Laophontodinae”, 1s problematic, because the shape of the P1 (Pallares 1968: 465, Lamina 1.10) is most similar to that of the Cletodidae e: it is not prehen- sile and the enp-2 is elongated, reaching almost the length of enp-1 (cf. Table 1, characters 137, 138). Lee and Huys (2019: 362) assumed an affinity of Patagoniaella with the “Cletodidae” because of morphological similarities, such as the short, 5-segmented female Al, the moderate transverse P1—P4 basis elongation and the segmentation/ shape of the P1—P4 endopods and the shape of the P5. Additionally, the authors supposed that the setae of the Pl as drawn by Pallares (1968) may end in brush-like tips, which are present in some “cletodid” genera, being of circumstantial evidence for a relationship between Pa- tagoniaella and the “Cletodidae”. Therefore, the authors provisionally assigned Patagoniaella to the “Cletodi- dae”. I do not agree with these conclusions. Firstly, in her written description, Pallares (1968: 466) described the setal tips of the Pl as ending in hooklets (“presentando todas terminacion en ganchillo”), but not as brush-like. Moreover, P. vervoorti also differs from the Cletodidae e with the Pl basis not transversely, but longitudinally elongated, which, instead, corresponds to a deviation hy- pothesised here as autapomorphic for the laophontodin e C—P-clade (cf. III/H; Table 1, character 70). Such hetero- geneity can be observed throughout the characters listed in Table 1; P. vervoorti presents a mixture of characters that may be attributed to the Ancorabolidae e (or to par- ticular sub-ordinated clades within) or to the Cletodidae e. This is furthermore complicated by the quality of the illustrations provided by Pallares (1968), which impede any detailed comparison of character states and the writ- ten description, which 1s sometimes vague and imprecise. Thus, despite superficial appearances, the allocation of P. vervoorti to the Cletodoidea is complex. Nonetheless, two features described for P. vervoorti necessitate its exclusion from both Cletodoidea and the L-C-clade: zse.pensoft.net George, K.H.: Restructuring the Ancorabolidae A. Mx! with two setae on the coxal epipodite: Pallares (1968: 464) explicitly described the coxal epipodite armed with two setae (“epipodito representado por 2 Sd’). However, in the groundpattern of the Podogen- nonta, the coxa is characterised by the presence of only one single epipodal seta (Willen 2000; Seifried 2003), whilst two setae are found in the Aegisthidae (Seifried 2003). Thus, the presence of two epipodal setae on the mxl coxa in Patagoniaella should imme- diately exclude that taxon from the Podogennonta. B. The body shape: The habitus of Patagoniaella ver- voorti is cyclopiform, with a broad prosoma and a significantly narrower urosoma (Pallares 1968: 464). This does not correspond with the L—C-clade, which is characterised by a slender, more or less fusiform or cylindrical habitus with an inconspic- uous or even the absence of a demarcation between pro- and urosoma (cf. Boxshall and Halsey 2004). The body shape of P. vervoorti is found in oth- er Podogennonta, but it is the only “ancorabolid” species showing a cyclopiform body shape. Thus, this body shape may be an apomorphy of the spe- cies, particularly considering Seifried’s (2003) hy- pothesis that, in the groundpattern of Harpacticoida (“Oligoarthra”), no difference between pro- and urosoma is expressed. However, the combination of characters (A) and (B) further suggests that P. vervoorti should be excluded from the L—C-clade. Consequently, Patagoniaella vervoorti is herewith ex- cluded from the Laophontoidea—Cletodoidea-clade and placed in Harpacticoida as species inquirenda until spec- imens of that species can be studied to provide a detailed re-description and to perform a subsequent phylogenetic evaluation. Conclusions The exhaustive phylogenetic analysis presented here showed that the previously-recognised “Ancorabolidae” constitutes a polyphylum. Comparison of the Laophon- toidea, the “Ancorabolidae” and the “Cletodidae”’ re- vealed that, in their current composition, both “ancor- abolid” subfamilies, i.e. the “Ancorabolinae” and the “Laophontodinae”, are artificial constructs. Using the podogennontan P1 development as a starting point, with all further characters being sub-ordinated, it must be con- cluded that both “Ancorabolidae” and “Cletodidae” have to be restructured. As a result: 1. The Ancorabolus-lineage is given full subfamiliar as Ancorabolinae @ and united with Laophontodi- nae @ to Ancorabolidae e; 2. Adopting the inclusion of Ancorabolina, suggested by Lee and Huys (2019) and excluding Patagoni- aella, the monophyletic status of the Laophontodi- nae @ is confirmed; Zoosyst. Evol. 96 (2) 2020, 455-498 3. The Ceratonotus-group is included into the “Cle- todidae” constituting the Cletodidae e: 4. Within the Cletodidae @, the Ceratonotus-group is the sister-group of Cletodes, both taxa are united as Cletodinae subfam. nov.; 5. The Ancorabolidae @ and Cletodidae e are hypoth- esised as sister-groups forming the suprafamilial monophylum Cletodoidea; 6. The Cletodoidea is the sister-group of the Laop- hontoidea; 7. A monophyletic Laophontoidea—Cletodoidea-clade forms part of a podogennontan branch named as “taxon IT’ in Willen (2000). 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