JHR 52:81-141 (2016) gee, JOURNAL OF Seer! pescae doi: 10.3897/jhr.52. 10034 RESEARCH ARTICLE (ME Hymenoptera http://jhr.pensoft.net The inerational Society of Hymenoptersts. RESEARCH A preliminary survey of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE Sarah Kathleen Gess', Peter Alexander Roosenschoon? | Albany Museum and Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139 South Africa 2 Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Corresponding author: Sarah Kathleen Gess (s.gess@ru.ac.za) Academic editor: Jack Neff | Received 5 August 2016 | Accepted 19 September 2016 | Published 28 October 2016 Attp://zoobank. org/3ED2FC16-CCFC-465F-9AFB-BDB03141FE1D Citation: Gess SK, Roosenschoon PA (2016) A preliminary survey of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141. doi: 10.3897/jhr.52.10034 Abstract The present contribution is a first brief attempt to give an overview of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve (DDCR), and as far as has been established the first of its kind for the United Arab Emirates. Seventeen sites within the reserve were well sampled and, in order to see the reserve in relation to its position in the peninsula, two one day transects were undertaken, one of brief sampling at six sites east from the reserve to the coast at Khor Kalba and the other of brief sampling at five sites west from the reserve to the coast in the marine reserve of the Emirates Marine Environmental Group (EMEC). Flower visitors were observed and sampled on 21 species of plants within the DDCR and on two additional species east of the DDCR and two west of the DDCR. Fifty-one species of aculeate wasps and 27 species of bees were recorded. Of the wasps, 34 species were from the DDCR and the ad- ditional 15 from transects east and west of the Reserve. Of the bees, 23 species were from the DDCR and the additional two from transects east and west of the Reserve. Flower sampling yielded flower visiting records for 39 species of aculeate wasps and 23 species of bees. Although this preliminary survey of flower visiting by wasps and bees in the DDCR was conducted over a limited period of time, during a dry spring, following seven dry years, it has provided sufficient data to draw some general conclusions: most of the plants attract visits from a complex of both wasps and bees; the flowers of some plants attract a wide range of wasps and bees but there were no flowers that were attractive to all available wasps and bees at any one site; very few species of the wasps and bees encountered were specialists; and the plants on which these specialist wasps and bees were dependent were not themselves dependent on these species for pollination. Keywords Aculeate wasps, pollen wasps, bees, distributions, flower visiting, potential pollinators Copyright Sarah K. Gess, Peter A. Roosenschoon. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 82 S.K. Gess & PA. Roosenschoon / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141 (2016) Introduction The present contribution is a first brief attempt to give an overview of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, and, as far as has been established, the first of its kind for the United Arab Emirates. In 2015 a preliminary survey of the aculeate wasps and bees of the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve was undertaken by Sarah Gess assisted by Peter Roosenschoon, Conservation Officer. The focus was on flower visitation. The survey took place be- tween 18 April 2015 and 4 May 2015 towards the end of spring. The Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve (DDCR) lies approximately midway be- tween the west and east coasts of the United Arab Emirates with sand plains to the west and the Hajar Mountains to the east (Figure 1). Seventeen sites within the DDCR were well sampled and, in order to see the Reserve in relation to its position in the peninsula, two one day transects were un- dertaken, one of brief sampling at six sites east from the Reserve to the coast at Khor Kalba and the other of brief sampling at five sites west from the Reserve to the coast in the marine reserve of the Emirates Marine Environmental Group (EMEC). (see map Figure 1 and Table 1) History of the DDCR (extracted from www.ddcr.org) In 1999 the Al Maha Resort and Spa was established with an area of 27 square kilome- tres as a conservation reserve for the protection of the desert fauna and flora. Seventy Arabian oryx were introduced and indigenous trees and shrubs were planted. In 2002 the resort managers began an environmental audit of the surrounding areas. Researchers were tasked with exploring the then current and potential threats to endangered species and disappearing desert habitats. The Al Maha management then submitted proposals to the government for the formation of a formal national park. The proposal was accepted and the Dubai Desert Conservation Board was estab- lished. In 2003 the DDCR with an area of 225 square kilometres was proclaimed. ‘The Reserve constitutes 4.7% of Dubai’s total land area. The first wildlife releases into the newly created reserve took place in 2004. The Al Maha Resort lies within the boundaries of the Reserve but is being man- aged independently. The DDCR is a member of [UCN and UNEP. The vision for it is “to create a permanently protected area which ensures the future of the region’s desert habitats and bio-diversity managed according to sound scientific ecological principles, aimed at protecting natural resources (water being the most obvious one, but extending to many others as well), and maintaining original desert landscapes.” The area enclosed to form the DDCR is principally made up of low to medium sized sand dunes interspersed with sand flats and gravel plains. At the extreme north of the reserve there is a rocky outcrop, Quarn Nazwa. ‘The altitude of the Reserve ranges A preliminary survey of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees... 83 Aol io Wp ss dg in | @awi , DUBAI DESERT CONSERVATION RESERVE | "_ ARuwayan y AX iN 1 ®Y ) X OEwi — % - atgham puesein @ Collection Points . q == Drip Irrigation | |__| DDCR Boundary UAE Boundary Jebel Ali Marine ; Reserve Vz 100 Kilometers Figure |. Map of the UAE with inset enlargement of the DDCR, giving the positions of the collection sites. from 260m above sea level in the south to 180m in the north (Khafga 2009). Before enclosure the entire area had been heavily grazed by camels and domestic livestock. In 2004 the number of camels counted in the DDCR was 1,209, that is 5.37 camels per 84 S.K. Gess & PA. Roosenschoon / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141 (2016) Table 1. Study sites. Site no. | Latitude | Longitude Area Name of site Nature of site 1 25.1678 55.7696 | east of DDCR sandy roadside 2 25.1066 56.0441 | east of DDCR Shawka area fringing dam 3 25.1024 56.0534 | east of DDCR Wadi 4 25.0065 56.1066 | east of DDCR Wadi 5 24.9563 56.1512 | east of DDCR Munay outskirts of village 6 O15 2 56.3608 | east of DDCR | Ramsa, Khor Kalba sandy bank of lagoon wi 25.25.2967 | 56.078 | east of DDCR Wadi 8 24.9808 55.6628 DDCR Quarn Nazwa rocky outcrop 9 24.9521 55.6746 DDCR sand dunes 10 24.8968 55.6635 DDCR Tawi Ruwayyan drip irrigation area 11 24.8834 | 55.6113 DDCR Date Farm palm grove 12 24.8943 55.6147 DDCR Margham Gate sand dunes 13 24.8763 55.5735 DDCR Margham Road sandy roadside 14 24.8210 55.6153 DDCR Dune enclosure sand dunes 15 24.8192 | 55.7174 DDCR gravel plain 16 24.8048 55.6253 DDCR Al Maha Gate Sand 7 24.8037 55.6841 DDCR irrigated trees in wire cages 18 24.8030 | 55.6503 DDCR Camel Farm palm grove i 24.7935 55.6802 DDCR Tawi Manana drip irrigation area 20 24.7935 55.6802 DDCR Tawi Manana small lake 21 24.7912 55.6718 DDCR sand dunes 22 24.7879 55.6358 DDCR sand dunes 23 24.7764 55.6358 DDCR sand dunes 24 24.7757 55.6427 DDCR Lucerne Farm sand dunes 25 24.7467 55.6275 DDCR sand dunes 26 24.7412 | 55.6657 DDCR Faqah watering point De 24.9696 | 55.4118 | west of DDCR sandy roadside 28 24.9684 | 55.0355 | west of DDCR Ghantoot sandy plain 29 24.9110 55.9513 | west of DDCR EMEC coastal sand inland from beach 30 24.9532 55.9512 | west of DDCR EMEC coastal sand inland from beach square kilometre (Alqamy 2004). By 2007 the number of camels had been reduced to around 600 and by December 2008 all domestic livestock had been removed (Khafga 2009). Arabian oryx, mountain gazelle and sand gazelle had been introduced. At Tawi Manana a small lake, stocking fish, was completed in 2011. Three areas, two of sand dunes and the third a gravel plain, have been fenced off to exclude grazing and browsing by oryx and gazelle. One fenced dune area surrounds a lucerne farm established in September 2012 to give supplementary feed for the oryx. The other, solely an enclosed dune area, was fenced in December 2012. Date palm, Phoenix dactilifera L. (Arecaceae) had been cultivated and these remain as palm groves at two main sites, the Camel Farm at which the camels are confined within cages, and the Date Farm, and as the outer boundary of Tawi Manana irrigation plot. A preliminary survey of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees... 85 Trees, protected by wire cages and irrigated, were planted in selected areas. Most, but not all, are indigenous to the area. In 2012, 9,830 trees were planted mainly around the lake and generators as well as close to Tawi Manana. Then in 2013, 15,700 trees were planted at the solar irrigation sites. In order to encourage the regrowth of plants two drip irrigation plots, Tawi Ru- wayyan in the north and Tawi Manana in the south, were established in 2013. These plots over which drip irrigation pipes have been laid are supplied with water pumped up from subterranean reservoirs. The pumps are run off power generated by solar panels. Feeding points for the oryx had been used since they were introduced into the Al Maha Resort’s reserve in 1999 and are also used in the DDCR. In order to minimize the impact of these gathering points they are moved every 4-6 weeks. Watering points for the large mammals were created within the Al Maha reserve in 1999 and at various points within the DDCR in 2001. Climate The climate of this area is of a bi-seasonal Mediterranean type, characterized by low rainfall and high summer temperatures. Most precipitation is expected in the winter and spring between December and April. Mist and fog can occur throughout the year but they are more likely in the winter months and at the end of summer. Very little was known about weather conditions in the UAE until the 1950s when oil prospecting began and it was not until the opening of the UAE international airports in the 1970s that full 24-hour weather records became available (Perry 2008). Rain is always localized, sporadic and shows considerable variation from year to year. The average annual rainfall for Sarjah airport for the 12 years 1992-2004 was 50mm (Alqamy 2004). Winter, December to March, is the most unsettled season when active weather systems can bring rain and strong winds. Weather systems in the region are associated with the Sub-Tropical Jet Stream, which lies over the Middle East at this time of the year. The frequency of these westerly disturbances is governed by the weather pattern prevailing over Europe and the Mediterranean. They account for most of the annual rainfall, but both the amount and frequency of rain varies greatly from year to year. Towards spring, April to May, the frequency of westerly disturbances decreases as the Sub-Tropical Jet Stream weakens and begins to move northwards. Rain and thunderstorms can still occur but are more likely over the northern Gulf. Maximum temperatures increase rapidly. Summer, June to September, is characterized by hot and dusty conditions, resulting from intense solar heating establishing an area of low pressure over India and Pakistan gradually extending west into Iran and over the Gulf. During these months there may be some rain over the mountains and surrounding plains. Decreasing minimum tempera- tures towards the end of summer lead to an increase in the incidence of early morning fog. Autumn, October to November, is characterized by the most settled weather conditions. 86 S.K. Gess & PA. Roosenschoon / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141 (2016) Vegetation Until recently the vegetation of the UAE was poorly known. The work of A.R Western (Western 1989) served as a major stimulus for floristic research in the UAE (Perry 2008). The Comprehensive Guide to the Wildflowers of the United Arab Emirates (Jong- bloed 2003) incorporates the work of several active and enthusiastic botanists, includ- ing that of Benno Boer. Two vegetation surveys have been conducted in the Al Maha reserve and the DDCR since the proclamation of the DDCR (Husam El Algamy 2004 and Tamer Khafga 2009). The total number of species recorded from the gravel plains within the DDCR in 2004 was 15 compared with 27 in 2009. Of the additional species 11 were perennial species and four were annual. This was considered to represent positive reha- bilitation of the gravel plains during the five years between the two surveys. Similarly the total number of species recorded for the sand dunes in 2004 was 16 compared with 34 in 2009. What should also be taken into account is that the second survey was undertaken in 2008 a year of unusually good rains. Due to the generally low rainfall, when good rains do occur they have, as in all hot arid areas, a more pronounced influence on biological activity than in more temperate regions of the world (Perry 2008). Rain is most effective for the vegetation when it occurs during the cooler part of the year due to the fact that less water is lost to evapo- ration and it is at this season that plant growth takes place. Methods As flower visitors were being targeted most of the sampling was undertaken using hand nets. At all sites plants in flower were sampled for flower visitors. In addition wasps and bees perching on plants, resting on the ground, cruising, nesting and visiting water were collected. One malaise trap was set up at Tawi Ruwayyan. Bundles of six trap nests with two of the trap nests each of one of three diameter borings (Krombein design) were positioned in trees at Tawi Ruwayyan and on palm trunks at the Camel Farm, where naturally occurring borings were observed. Plant and insect names listed with the author’s name in the appendices are given without the author’s name in the text and tables. Plant names not listed in the appen- dices are given with the author’s name where they occur in the text. Study sites within the DDCR Site 8. Quarn Nazwa, southwestern foot (Figures 2 and 3) A preliminary survey of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees... 87 Figures 2-7. Study sites in DDCR: 2 Site 8 — Quarn Nazwa, watering point 3 Site 8 — Quarn Nazwa, southeast slope 4 Site 10 — Tawi Ruwayyan 5 Site 14 — Dune grazing and browsing exclusion plot 6 Site 15 — Gravel plain without irrigation 7 Site 17. Irrigated planted trees in netting cages. Quarn Nazwa is a rocky outcrop at the extreme north of the reserve. At its southwest foot is a level area within which is a watering point, a low vertical bank below an access road, and bordering the road to the south sand dunes. Around the watering point and the bases of the dunes facing it were plants in flower, principally Aerva javanica (Ama- ranthaceae), Centaurea pseudosinaica (Asteraceae), Arnebia hispida (Boraginaceae), Dipterygium glaucum (Capparaceae), and Limeum arabicum (Molluginaceae). On the other aspects of the outcrop most flowering plants were almost completely dried out. Site 9. Sand dunes, A single Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) tree. 88 S.K. Gess & PA. Roosenschoon / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141 (2016) Site 10. Tawi Ruwayyan (Figure 4) The area sampled was the drip irrigation area together with the surrounding non- irrigated area. The drip area is mainly level with a strong growth of low shrubby peren- nials, principally Heliotropium kotschyi (Boraginaceae), Dipterygium glaucum, Fagonia indica and Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. (Cyperaceae) growing along the irrigation lines. The area attracts grazing and browsing by oryx and gazelle and so there is little evidence of the more palatable plants, particularly annuals. Within the irrigated area are small groups of fenced planted trees. Beyond the ir- rigated area the perennial plants are more widely dispersed and less succulent. On the surrounding dunes are scattered larger shrubs, Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) and Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae), and the small tree Calotropis procera. Also present beyond the irrigation plot is a clump of ghaf trees, Prosopis ciner- aria (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) and tamarix, 7amarix nilotica (Tamaricaceae). Site 11. Date Farm A shady grove of date palms with outside the grove an area of irrigated planted trees in cages. Within the cages are growing palatable plants beyond the reach of browsers. Of interest was the presence in one of these cages of flowering Sesuvium verrucosum (Aizoaceae), not listed for the DDCR in Khafga (2009). Site 12. Margham Gate An area of low dunes with shrubs and hollows between dunes with almost entirely browsed off Tribulus (Zygophyllaceae) Site 13. Roadside of Margham Road, just outside the DDCR Well grown flowering Tribulus spp. were present along the sandy roadside. Site 14. Dune grazing and browsing exclusion plot (Figure 5) An area of dunes protected from grazing and browsing by oryx and gazelle. Noticeably better vegetated than the surrounding area. Of particular note was the presence of nu- merous well-grown plants of Crotalaria aegyptiaca (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) in flower. Site 15. Gravel plain without irrigation (Figure 6) This gravel plain site adjoined one of the planted tree sites. Scattered across the gravel plain the dominant plant was a small shrubby perennial, Rhanterium epapposum (Aster- aceae) with at intervals Acacia tortilis (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). The planted trees are young ghaf trees, Prosopis cineraria. Within the cages around the trees, encouraged by the irrigation and protected from grazing, are plants of Arnebia hispidissima (Boraginaceae). A preliminary survey of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees... 89 Site 16. Al Maha Gate A non-irrigated sandy area with the dominant plant being Heliotropium kotschyi (Bor- aginaceae). Site 17. Low sand dunes (Figure 7) Irrigated planted trees in netting cages with Launaea procumbens (Asteraceae) growing within the cages. Site 18. Camel Farm A small grove of date palms watered by irrigation furrows. The camels are all restrained in cages. The banks of the furrows, cavities in palm tree stumps and insect borings in palm leaf bases offer nesting sites for wasps and bees. Also present outside the Ddate Palm grove are Gghaf trees. Site 19/20 Tawi Manana lake (Figure 8) and drip irrigation area (Figure 9) The area sampled for flower visitors was the main level drip irrigation area, which is surrounded on all four sides by a border of palm trees, the outer, less moist, sloping sandy drip area and the surrounding non-irrigated area. The drip area is mainly level with a strong growth of low shrubby perennials, principally Dipterygium glaucum with to a lesser degree than at Tawi Ruwayyan Heliotropium kotschyi and Fagonia indica, growing along the irrigation lines. The area attracts grazing and browsing by oryx and gazelle and so there is little evidence of the more palatable plants, particularly annu- als. On the lower slopes of the dunes above the main drip area were a large number of flowering, well-grown, scattered plants of palatable Limeum arabicum (Molluginaceae). Also present are a Calotropis procera tree and a clump of ghaf trees, Prosopis cineraria. Site 21. Sand dunes, Calotropis procera tree Site 22. Sand dunes, Calotropis procera tree Site 23. Sand dunes, Calotropis procera tree Site 24. Lucerne Farm grazing and browsing exclusion area (Figures 10 and 11) Between the fenced fields of lucerne, which are irrigated, and the perimeter fence is a large area of non-irrigated dunes protected from grazing and browsing by oryx and gazelle. In this area were a few scattered, well grown, flowering Calotropis procera, Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Acacia tortilis (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae), and numerous scattered flowering Heliotropium kotschyi, Tribulus macropterus with less abundantly flowering Moltkiopsis ciliata (Boraginaceae) and a few scattered flowering 90 S.K. Gess & PA. Roosenschoon / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141 (2016) 10 om ath 11 fz 12 13 os Figures 8-13. Study sites in DDCR: 8 Site 19/20 Tawi Manana Lake 9 Site 19/20 Tawi Manana drip irrigation area 10 Site 24 Lucerne Farm II Site 24 Lucerne Farm grazing and browsing exclusion area 12 Site 25 Sand dunes with isolated Calotropis procera trees 13 Site 26 Faqah watering point with planted Prosopis cineraria. Polycarpaea repens (Caryophyllaceae) and Neurada procumbens (Neuradaceae). Only one plant each of Indigofera intricata, Crotalaria aegyptiaca and Citrullus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae) were noted. Site 25. Sand dunes with scattered Calotropis procera trees (Figure 12) Site 26. Faqah watering point (Figure 13) A preliminary survey of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees... 91 oe ” = a, = ie Figures | 4-16. Study sites to the west of DDCR: 14 Crossing from the DDCR to the coast the dunes level out and the dominant plants are scattered plants of Zygophyllum species (Zygophyllaceae), not found within the DDCR I5 Site 28. Ghantoot. In addition to Zygophyllum qatarense (Zygophyllaceae), well grown plants of Heliotropium kotschyi (Boraginaceae) were abundant and in flower 16 Site 30. EMEC, coastal sand inland from beach. Faqah is in the extreme south of the Reserve, the last area from which camels and do- mestic stock were removed. ‘The area surrounding the watering point was very dry with no plants in flower. The planted Prosopis cineraria, which were in flower, were therefore the only plants sampled for flower visitors. Sites to the west of DDCR to the coast Crossing from the DDCR to the coast the dunes level out and the dominant plants are scattered plants of Zygophyllum species (Zygophyllaceae), not found within the DDCR (Figure 14), until the coast is neared where the plants become more diverse. Site 27. Roadside, sandy depression The plants in the depression were more diverse than in the surrounding area. In ad- dition to flowering Zygophyllum simplex and Zygophyllum gqatarense, some plants of a species of Asteraceae were present. Site 28. Ghantoot, sandy plain (Figure 15) In addition to Zygophyllum gatarense, well grown plants of Heliotropium kotschyi were abundant and in flower. 92 S.K. Gess & PA. Roosenschoon / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141 (2016) Site 29. EMEC, coastal sand inland from beach The dominant plant in flower was Zygophyllum qatarense. Site 30. EMEC, coastal sand inland from beach (Figure 16) The dominant plant in flower in the dry sandy area was Zygophyllum qatarense with its root parasite Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wright (Orobanchaceae). Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) C. Koch (Chenopodiaceae) was also present in the more sa- line areas associated with channels. In this area of the coast there are in addition salt pans, where Z. gatarense is absent and the dominant plant is Salsola imbricata Forssk (Chenopodiaceae), and mud flats dominated by mangroves, Avicennia marina (For- ssk.) Vierh. (Acanthaceae). Study sites east of the DDCR to the coast Most of the sites chosen east of the DDCR in the Hajar Mountains were localities from which Anticharis arabica Endl. (Scrophulariaceae: Aptosimae) has been recorded (coordinates of localities supplied by Tamer Khafaga). The reason for this choice be- ing that in southern Africa all Aptosimae are visited by and pollinated by Masarinae (Gess and Gess 2014) and it was hoped that an equivalent association would be found. However, due to the dryness no plants of A. arabica were found. The sites in the Hajar Mountains, mostly wadis, ranged in elevation from 284 m to 355 m. Site 1. Sandy roadside Scattered plants of Tribulus spp., Heliotropium kotschyi, Dipterygium glaucum and a species of Convolvulaceae were in flower. Site 2. Shawka Rumex dentatus (Polygonaceae) was in flower, fringing the area from which the water had retreated. (Figure 17) Site 3. Wadi Very dry, little in flower other than Acacia tortilis. (Figure 18) Site 4. Wadi Very dry, almost all plants in fruit. A preliminary survey of flower visiting by aculeate wasps and bees... 93 Figures 17-19. Study sites to east of DDCR: 17 Site 2. Shawka dam Rumex dentatus (Polygonaceae) fringing the area from which water had retreated 18 Site 3. Wadi in Hajar Mountains 19 Site 6. Khor Kalba, Ramsa outside Mangrove and Alhafeya Protected Area. Site 5. Munay, outskirts of village Most plants were dried up. Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae), in flower near a leaking tap, was sampled for flower visitors. Site 6. Khor Kalba, Ramsa outside Mangrove and Alhafeya Protected Area Heliotropium kotschyi and Zygophyllum qatarense were in flower along the sandy bank of lagoon. Avicennia marina was in flower at water's edge. (Figure 19) All other plants dried out. Results Flowering plants recorded Forty-six plant species were recorded by Tamer Khafaga from the dunes and gravel plains of the DDCR in his 2008/2009 study of the vegetation after rain (Khafaga 2009). These include 41 species of dicots and only five species of monocots. Of the 94 S.K. Gess & PA. Roosenschoon / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141 (2016) dicots 33 were noted in the present survey (Table 2). The smaller number of species of plants noted can to a large degree be attributed to the sampling period in 2015 having followed seven dry years, resulting in a paucity of annual plants. Launaea procumbens (Asteraceae), widespread in the northern emirates, and an exotic weed, Sesuvium ver- rucosum (Aizoaceae) were found growing inside the cages surrounding planted trees. The monocots are not included in Table 2 or in Appendix 1. They are the common and widespread palatable sedge, Cyperus conglomeratus (Cyperaceae), and four grass species (Poaceae). Grasses were noted in the present survey but were not identified. They were uncommon and outside the enclosures had been heavily grazed. Flower visitors were observed and sampled on 21 species of plants within the DDCR and on two additional species east of the Reserve and two west of the Reserve (Table 3 and Appendix 1, giving global distributions). Of these 25 species, four species are known only from the Arabian Peninsula. ‘The distributions of the other 19 variously include: the Mediterranean fringe; the Middle East; Asia; North Africa and Asia; North Africa; the Middle East and Asia; Africa from north to south; Africa from north to south together with the Middle East and Asia; and Europetogether with the Mediterranean and Asia. Aculeate wasps and bees recorded In the present first survey 53 species of aculeate wasps and 26 species of bees were recorded (Appendix 2, giving global distributions). Known distributions suggest that of these species, 11% are known only from the Arabian Peninsula, 65% include North Africa, 27% include in addition to North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, 9% further include Europe, 6% further include Africa from north to south and west to east, 8% in addition to Arabia have distributions only extending east into Asia, 8% have circum- Mediterranean distributions, 3% distributions from Arabia to southern Africa and 2% distributions from Arabia north into the Middle East as well as south through Africa. Some understanding of the biogeography of bees in Sahara and Arabian deserts has resulted from the analysis by Patiny and Michez (2007), however, the taxa used in their study (19 species in seven sub-families) are not ones encountered in the present survey, making their conclusions of doubtful merit in the present context. Of the wasps, 40 species were from the DDCR and the additional 11 from our tran- sect to the east of and two from our transect to the west of the DDCR. Of the bees, 21 species were from the DDCR and an additional two from our transect to the east of the Reserve. Flower sampling yielded flower visiting records for 39 species of aculeate wasps and 23 species of bees. The results of flower sampling are presented in Tables 3 and 4. 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Roosenschoon / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 81-141 (2016) 104 HT OS | WNIIQUID UNIT HT OS WY] “Wh 29 J] WnI1guev WnautT VT OS J UMgosqoy unidosgoyazy AVAOVNIONTIOWN AVAOVNIDNTIOW AVAOVNIDVYO"d stsuavsuop SNADIOT SNIDUBISIQ SNADID jumped :seurworqes) -{VGQINOUIVAO € OG WY 51779404 vIIvIp Jeoplosounyy -AVAOVGVA SNID]JOWUV] snyaghxE rurTogaxO ‘oveurmomqery “|YCINOUIVUO QT MUS FJ] Vevsauss stdosorg SO PlOSOUY tH Vd OV aA suvsiut xaydshy Ivy QZ aS wy mav04d stdougoqv’y) O¢€ Aug WY asuacvvh wnphydosz CI ous J] wnsoddvda wniuauvgy ¢ ONS WY winss1u unuL{OS CUS T SNIVIUIP XIUNT QT AUS FI Vevsauss s1dososy aeopropeldapsy snqpurqIadOls1U XKUOLAT PURE | RUTUOIGed) AVOINOUEV YO sveurpydoumy -qVCIOAHds seurydipaog -qVCIOMdHdS seupeyds -qyCIOAHdSs SAWYOAIOAHdS *‘VACGIOdV LZ US J] Mav04d sidouqopv) HT US FI GI] wlasoed stdouoyvy aeoplopeldapsy *AWAOVNAQOdV aeoplopeldapsy *AWAOVNAOOdV DUIIVAY VIJALLAULOAILJAT VIIIVLOYI VII atsaULosquly’) seulowosdurey -AVCITIODS OZ/G6L 2S Fz vear0ed sidomgovy aeoplopeldapsy -AVWAOVNAQOdV sdananyf vyj09¢ 6 ONS | Mensou WnUYOS SOUS LA PR OL ag “WT ugosoy wntdomoyary LZ aus J masoad stdougoqv’y saidods pure snus Jug AVAOVNVIOS SESPIOSOUN AL AV OV eV AVAOVNIDVYO"d aeopropeldapsy