ote JHR 52: 143-1 5 I (201 6) JOURNAL OF A peer-reviewed open-access Journal Pecan eaee (>) Hymenoptera http://jhr.pensoft.net The inserational Society of Hymenoptersts. RESEARCH Discovery of Trichopria keralensis (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae) in South Korea and Japan, a review of the keralensis species group of Trichopria and the nomenclature and synonymy of Alareka Chang-Jun Kim!', David G. Notton?’, Jong-Wook Lee? | Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-Province, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Life Sciences, Insects Division, Darwin Centre — room 315, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom 3 Department of Life Sciences, Yeangnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-Province, Republic of Korea Corresponding author: Jong-Wook Lee (jwlee1@ynu.ac.kr) Academic editor: /. Yoder | Received 18 March 2016 | Accepted 4 October 2016 | Published 28 October 2016 http://zoobank.org/947F34B 1 -6639-4CB2-8AEA-712C386 1A9B5 Citation: Kim C-J, Notton DG, Lee J-W (2016) Discovery of Trichopria keralensis (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae) in South Korea and Japan, a review of the keralensis species group of Trichopria and the nomenclature and synonymy of Alareka. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 143-151. doi: 10.3897/jhr.52.8546 Abstract Trichopria keralensis is recorded for the first time from South Korea and Japan and a detailed redescription and photographs of this species are given. The genus Alareka is a junior synonym of Trichopria syn. n. Alareka keralensis is transferred to Trichopria keralensis comb. n. T. keralensis and closely related species are referred to the keralensis species group of Trichopria. The keralensis species group is recorded here for the first time from the East Palaearctic, West Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Australian (Oceanian) regions. The multiple original spellings of Alareka, Alarika, Alareka keralensis and Alareka keralaensis are resolved. Keywords Diapriinae, Diapriini, multiple original spellings, new combination, new distribution records, synonymy Copyright Chang-Jun Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 144 Chang-Jun Kim et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 143-151 (2016) Introduction Alareka, a monotypic genus of subfamily Diapriinae, was established Rajmohana and Narendran (2000) for a single Oriental species, A. keralensis, described on the basis of one male specimen collected in Kerala, India. Rajmohana and Narendran (2000) distinguished Alareka from other Diapriinae genera using a range of characters, most notably including: nasiform head; rim of frontal shelf serrated and with small median prominence; and opisthognathous mouthparts. The female of A. keralensis (as A. keral- aensis) was recently described by Liu and Xu (2011) from Southern China. Specimens agreeing with A. keralensis were discovered during the present study and the known range is extended from India, China to Japan (Oriental) and South Korea (East Palae- arctic) and a detailed redescription and photographs of this species are given. Detailed examination of the new material showed that the genus Alareka is a jun- ior synonym of Trichopria syn. n. and consequently Alareka keralensis is transferred to Trichopria keralensis comb. n. The synonymy is discussed in the light of the repeat- ed and rapid evolution of a linked character suite of head characters: elongate head, opisthognathous mouthparts and projections of the frons and antennal shelf, which has arisen frequently and repeatedly in Diapriidae and other microhymenoptera; also the existence of species of Trichopria evidently closely related to T: keralensis but with some head characters intermediate between Alareka and other Trichopria. There are a number of species which are closely related to T° keralensis which share the extreme nasiform condition of the head and so T. keralensis and these closely relat- ed species are referred to the keralensis species group of Trichopria. This species group is defined here. The keralensis species group is recorded here for the first time from the East Palaearctic, West Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Australian (Oceanic) regions. Unfortunately Rajmohana and Narendran (2000) gave multiple original spellings of Alareka, Alarika, Alareka keralensis and Alareka keralaensis which are resolved below in the interests of nomenclatural consistency and stability. Materials and methods The terminology used in the present study follows that of Nixon (1980) and Masner and Garcia (2002). The images were captured with an Axiocam HRc camera through a Discovery V20 stereomicroscopy (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and were produced with AxioVision40AC software (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Final plates were prepared in Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, United States of America). The following abbreviations are used throughout the text: POL, distance between the inner edges of the two lateral ocelli; OOL, distance from the outer edge of a lateral ocellus to the compound eye; MT, Malaise trap. Discovery of Trichopria keralensis (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae)... 145 Taxonomy Order Hymenoptera Family Diapriidae Haliday, 1833 Trichopria Ashmead, 1893 Phaenopria Ashmead, 1893 Planopria Kieffer, 1906 Xyalopria Kiefker, 1907 Orthopria Kieffer, 1911 Ashmeadopria Kieffer, 1912 Rhopalopria Kieffer, 1912 Abothropria Kieffer, 1913 Scapopria Kieffer, 1913 Neodiapria Kieffer, 1916 Alareka Rajmohana & Narendran, 2000 syn. n.; Rajmohana and Narendran 1999; 178, 180, nomen nudum; Rajmohana and Narendran 2000a: 193, nomen nudum; Ra- jmohana and Narendran 2000b: multiple original spellings Alareka pp. 21, 22, 23, fig, 22 and Alarika, p. 27, of which Alareka is the correct original spelling (ICZN 1999, Art. 32.5.1); Rajmohana 2006: iv, 8, 23, 26; Liu, Chen and Xu 2011: 181; Nielsen and Buffington 2011: 613; Rajmohana and Bijoy 2012: 4 unpublished work; Rajmohana, Poorani, Shweta and Malathi 2013 unpublished work. Remarks. Before continuing further with a review of the morphology and classifica- tion of this taxon it is first necessary to clarify the confused nomenclatural history and spelling of the name Alareka: firstly it was published as a nomen nudum twice by Rajmohana and Narendran (1999, 2000a); it was first made available by Rajmohana and Narendran (2000b) but with the multiple original spellings Alareka and Alarika - the stated etymology was that it is an anagram of Kerala, and it was given feminine gender, so it can be assumed that this includes the feminine gender ending —a, i.e. the intended spelling was Alareka and that Alarika was a lapsus calami. Alareka Rajmohana & Narendran, 2000 is therefore available and A/arika is an incorrect original spelling (ICZN 1999, Art. 32.5.1) must be corrected, and is not available. New material of this genus was discovered the collections of Yeungnam University and The Natural History Museum, London showing that Alareka keralensis was more widespread than previous known and prompting a review of the status of the genus. A detailed redescription was made for Alareka (see Trichopria species group keralensis — Description) below, which showed that some significant features had previously been missed or misinterpreted. A number of significant characters place this genus within Trichopria, specifically close to, if not within the group of species with males having whorled hairs on the antenna. These characters are: whorled hairs on the male antenna; male a3 and a4 normally articulated; slender fore-tibial spine present; mesoscutal hairs 146 Chang-Jun Kim et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 143-151 (2016) arranged in (1-)3 pairs. Alareka is highly derived in many ways but its derived features are extreme developments of characters already noted for Trichopria, such as: foamy structures made of large hyaline scales, which are found in e.g. T: drosophilae (Perkins, 1910); strongly compressed antennal scape found in e.g. 7: vulgaris (Kieffer, 1912) and T: drosophilae; strongly laterally compressed flagellum in both sexes found in e.g. T. drosophilae. The most significant difference from T7richopria is the nasiform head and opisthog- nathous mouthparts; however there are several undescribed species of Trichopria from s. e. Asia which have subtriangular heads intermediate between Alareka and the normal subround head found in most 7richopria. Such differences in the degree of develop- ment of a nasiform head, and especially opisthognathous mouthparts, are not unusual in diapriids, even within the same genus. There is a linked character suite of head characters: elongate head, opisthognathous mouthparts and projections of the frons and antennal shelf which has arisen rapidly and repeatedly in Diapriidae and other mi- crohymenoptera (Nielsen and Buffington 2011). There are a number of diapriid gen- era including both opisthognathous and hypognathous species for example: Synacra Forster, 1856, Basalys Westwood, 1833, Aneuropria Kieffer, 1905 all of which include both opisthognathous and hypognathous species, and Vadana Rajmohana & Nar- endren, 2000 (hypognathous) is just a Calogalesus Kieffer, 1912 (opisthognathous). While it may be easy to recognize small groups of derived opisthognathous species, and both practical and useful to key them separately for the purposes of identifica- tion, it does not serve the purposes of classification to split these off as separate genera if it leaves larger genera paraphyletic as appears to be the case of Alareka and closely related Trichopria. In any case, other more senior generic names are already available for the group of T7richopria having males with whorled hairs, should the genus be di- vided in future. We conclude therefore that Alareka is just a small derived subgroup of Trichopria probably close to or from within the group of species having males with whorled hairs on the antenna as exemplified by 7! verticillata (Latreille, 1805). Hence the genus Alareka is considered here to be a junior synonym of Trichopria syn. n. As a consequence of the new generic synonymy Alareka keralensis is transferred to Trichopria keralensis comb. n. Other generic synonymy given above is based on John- son (1992) and Notton (2004, 2014). There are a number of undescribed species which are closely related to T. keralensis and so T. keralensis and these closely related species are referred to here as the keralensis species group of Trichopria. This species group is defined here: Trichopria species group keralensis Description. Head nasiform; antennal shelf strongly prominent, its anterior margin with a small median prominence, and with small subtriangular lateral projections; face with strong medial carina in upper third; clypeus narrow but prominent, con- vex; tentorial pits deep and close together; malar sulcus absent; compound eyes with Discovery of Trichopria keralensis (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae)... 147 long, sparse hairs. Mouthparts strongly opisthognathous, mandibles elongate, together beak-like, with tips serrated. Female antenna 12-segmented; scape strongly flattened in basal 3/5; basal flagellar segments strongly laterally compressed, particularly the base of the segments; clava gradually incrassate apically, and distinctly to weakly later- ally compressed; multiporous hair sensilla present on a7-12; al2 about as long as, or very slightly longer than the subapical. Male antenna 14-segmented; scape strongly flattened in basal 3/5; flagellar segments clavate, strongly laterally compressed, with a whorl of long hairs on each node, near the apex of the flagellum the nodes become subapical to medial; fourth segment usually not or weakly modified, occasionally with apical expansion and lateral emargination; a8, or a8 and a9, each with a comb of short fine hairs. Mesoscutum smooth, weakly concave laterally; notauli and humeral sulci absent; propodeum with a strong medial keel, which is raised anteriorly; dorsal propo- deal areas with serried, adpressed hairs; metapleuron with small glabrous patch anteri- orly. Wings well developed; subcostal, marginal and stigmal veins present, tubular, the stigmal vein very short, pointed; wing lamina densely hairy, with a small bare patch just apical of the marginal vein. Femora strongly laterally compressed basally; slender spine present at apex of fore tibia. Petiole slightly swollen medially; large tergite basally unnotched; apex of gaster slightly upturned; tip of ovipositor exserted at rest. Body colour variously blackish-brown, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, largely smooth and shiny. Large hyaline scales (with the appearance of foam) present on anterior prono- tum, propleuron, axillae, a small patch medioventrally in front of the mid coxae, and ventrally between the mid and hind coxae, and dorsal petiole; postgenal hair cushion dense, but without large transparent scales; mesoscutum of female with usually with 3 pairs of hairs, a lateral pair (next to tegula) an anterior pair and a medial pair, the male usually with only the laterals. Body length 1.80—2.84 mm. Remarks. The eralensis species group is distinguished from other Trichopria by the extreme nasiform, opisthognathous form of the head and mouthparts. Distribution. The keralensis species group is recorded here for the first time from the East Palaearctic (South Korea, Japan), West Palaearctic (Saudi Arabia, Yemen), Afrotropic (Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Zimbabwe) and Australian — Oceanian regions (Solomon Islands). Specimens from South Korea and Japan are identified as Trichopria keralensis and a detailed redescription is provided below. Trichopria keralensis (Rajmohana & Narendran, 2000), comb. n. Figs 1-8 Alareka keralensis : Rajmohana & Narendran, 1999; 178, nomen nudum Alareka keralensis Rajmohana & Narendran, 2000b: multiple original spellings keralen- sis pp. 21, 23, figs 1-6 and keralaensis, p. 21, of which keralensis is the correct original spelling following first reviser action by Rajmohana, 2006 Alareka keralaensis : Rajmohana and Narendran 2000b: 21, incorrect original spelling Alareka keralensis : Rajmohana 2006: iv, 8, 25, 26 148 Chang-Jun Kim et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 143-151 (2016) Alareka keralaensis: Liu, Chen and Xu 2011: 181, 182, 183, incorrect subsequent spelling Alareka keralensis: Rajmohana and Bijoy 2012: 4, unpublished work Alareka keralensis: Rajmohana, Poorani, Shweta and Malathi 2013, unpublished work Material examined (49 963.3). SOUTH KOREA: 14, Chungcheongnam-do, Se- osan-si, Daegok-ri, Hanseo Univ., 18 Jul.-14 Aug. 2006 (MT), J.W. Lee; 164, Gang- won-do, Hongcheon-gun, Bukbang-myeon, Nature Environment Research Park, 35°45'15.6"N, 127°51'1.7"E, 21 Jun.—4 Jul. 2011 (MT), J.O. Lim; 16, ditto, 16-31 Jul. 2012 (MT), J.O. Lim; 19, ditto, 1-8 Aug. 2011 (MT), J.O. Lim; 19, ditto, 5-18 Aug. 2011 (MT), J.O. Lim; 14, Gangwon-do, Wonju-si, Heungeop-myeon, Maeji-ri 234, Yonsei University, 28 Aug.-27 Sep. 2013 (MT), H.Y. Han; 12, Gyeongsangbuk- do, Cheongdo-gun, Gakbuk-myeon, Mt. Biseulsan, 15-19 Aug. 2015 (MT), J.W. Lee; 244, Jeju-do, Ara 1-dong, 33°27'14"N, 126°33'56.4"E, 1-15 Jun. 2009 (MT), J.W. Lee. JAPAN: 19, Okinawa, Yona, Rhykyu Univ. Res. Station., May 1999, B.J. Sinclair. (all specimens housed in the collection of the Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University). Redescription. Female. Head. Head smooth with long sparse hairs, in dorsal view longer than wide (19: 15), in lateral view slightly longer than high (19: 18); distinctly nasiform, antennal shelf sharply projecting, anteriorly with small medial projection, and lateral subtriangular projections; upper third of face with a median longitudinal carina, POL:OOL=3:7; eye moderately small, with sparse long hairs, distinctly shorter than postgena (3: 5); eye height much shorter than malar space (15: 22); postgenal cushion well developed; mandibles elongate, beak-like projecting, with serrated tips; antenna much shorter than body length (3: 5), gradually expanded 6-segmented clava; antennal segments al-12 respectively in following proportions (length: width): 34: 5; 9: 4; 9: 3; 8: 3; 10: 3; 10: 4; 9: 4; 9: 5; 9: 5; 8: 6; 7: 6; 10: 5. Mesosoma. Mesosoma in dorsal view equal to width of head and much shorter than long (7: 3); cervix long and smooth; pronotum and propleura with dense cushions; mesoscutum smooth, notauli, parapsidal impressions and humeral sulci completely absent; anterior scutellar pit small and deep with longitudinal carinae at bottom, much smaller than remaining scutellar disc (6: 11); scutellar disc rectangular, without lateral and posterior pits; dorsellum with 3 keels, and the median keel distinctly raised; meso- soma in lateral view clearly longer than high (10: 7); lateral part of pronotum smooth; mesopleuron smooth, with sparse hairs, without sternaulus; metapleuron with long dense hairs; median propodeal keel moderately raised, not sharply pointed, not exceed- ing level of mesoscutum; nucha clearly visible in dorsal view. Wing. Fore wing with subcostal, marginal and stigmal veins tubular, stigmal vein very short, pointed. Metasoma. Petiole covered with dense hairs, in dorsal view elongate (10: 20); sec- ond tergite (T2) without hairs and median basal notch. Colour. Body dark brown to blackish brown; antenna yellowish brown with A8— A12 dark brown; legs yellowish brown; tegulae yellowish brown, hyaline; wings hya- line with brown hairs, veins yellowish brown. Discovery of Trichopria keralensis (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae)... 149 Figures |-8. Trichopria keralensis (Rajmohana & Narendran, 2000). | Female habitus, lateral 2 Female head and mesosoma, lateral 3 Female fore wing, dorsal 4 Female head, dorsal 5 Female mesosoma, dorsal 6 Male habitus, lateral 7 Male head and face, frontal 8 Male antenna (A7—A9), lateral. Measurements. Head length 0.43 mm, width 0.34 mm; mesosoma length 0.79 mm, width 0.34 mm; metasoma length 1.15 mm; fore wing length 2.63 mm; total body length 2.10—2.37 mm. 150 Chang-Jun Kim et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 143-151 (2016) Male. Body length 1.80-—2.84 mm. Differs from female as follows: Antenna 14-segmented, about 1.6 times the length of the body; flagellum elongate-knotted, with long hairs arranged in a whorl on each node, A8 with a comb of short fine hairs; antennal segments al-12 respectively in following proportions (length: width): 34: 7; 8: 5; 18: 5; 26: 5; 29: 5; 28: 5; 26: 5; 29: 6; 29: 4; 26: 4; 25: 4; 24: 4; 23: 4; 30: 3; anterior scutellar pit usually almost smooth, some males have the anterior scutellar pit almost smooth to weak or strong longitudinal carinae at bottom. Variations. The female of the type specimen has the antenna brown with the api- cal four segments blackish brown, but South Korean and Japanese female specimens have antenna brown with apical five segments dark brown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. South Korea (new record), Japan (new record), China (Guangdong, Hainan, Yunan), India (Kerala). Nomenclature. Just as for the genus Al/areka name above the nomenclatural history of the specific epithet eralensis is confused: firstly it was published as a nomen nudum by Rajmohana and Narendran (1999); it was first made available by Rajmohana and Narendran (2000b) but with the multiple original spellings keralensis and keralaensis - the stated etymology is that it was based on the collection locality Kerala, but this does not help as both spellings can be derived from this place name, keralaensis however ap- pears to be an error since it is used only once. This unsatisfactory situation is resolved as follows; as one of the original authors, Rajmohana (2006) may be considered first reviser (ICZN 1999, Art. 24.2.4) since she used the spelling keralensis, this becomes the correct original spelling, and keralaensis becomes incorrect and unavailable (ICZN 1999, Art. 24.2.3). Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr. Lubomir Masner (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ot- tawa, Canada) for kindly reading and providing comments on the manuscripts. ‘This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR201601203 and NIBR201601207). References Haliday AH (1833) An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain which correspond with the /chneumones minuti of Linnaeus. Entomological Magazine 1(3): 259-276. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoo- logical Nomenclature, 4" edition, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London, 306 pp. Discovery of Trichopria keralensis (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae)... 153 Johnson NF (1992) Catalog of World species of Proctotrupoidea, exclusive of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera). 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