Apeer-reviewed open-access journa 1] BioRisk 4(2): 1023-1028 (2010) doi: 10.3897/biorisk.471 BiORIs www.pensoftonline.net/biorisk Abbreviations and glossary of technical terms used in the book Alain Roques', David Lees? | Znstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 0633, Station de Zoologie Forestiére, 2163 Av. Pomme de Pin, 45075 Orléans, France 2 INRA UR633 Zoologie Forestiére, 2163 Av. Pomme de pin, 45075 Orléans, France Corresponding author: Alain Roques (alain.roques@orleans.inra.fr) Received 30 May 2010 | Accepted 7 June 2010 | Published 6 July 2010 Citation: Roques A (2010) Abbreviations and glossary of technical terms used in the book. In: Roques A et al. (Eds) Alien terrestrial arthropods of Europe. BioRisk 4(2): 1023-1028. doi: 10.3897/biorisk.4.7 1 Appendix | Country codes abbreviations used in the book according to the International Organi- zation for Standardization list ISO 3166. http://www.iso.org/iso/english_country_ names_and_code_elements. Abbreviation Country/ Island Abbreviation Country/ Island AD Andorra FI-ALN Finland - Aland AL Albania FO Faroe islands AT Autriche FR France BA Bosnia and Herzegovina FR-COR France - Corsica island BE Belgium GB United Kingdom BG Bulgaria GI Gibraltar BY Belarus GL Greenland CH Switzerland GR Greece CY Cyprus GR-CRE Greece - Crete CZ Czech Republic GR-ION Greece - Ionian islands DE Germany GR-NEG Greece - North Aegean DK Denmark islands EE Estonia GR-SEG Greece - South Aegean ES Spain islands ES-BAL Spain - Baleares islands HR Croatia ES-CAN Spain - Canary islands HU Hungary FI Finland IE Ireland Copyright A. Roques, D. Lees This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 1024 Abbreviation Country/ Island IL Israel IS Iceland IT Italy IT-SAR Italy - Sardinia island IT-SIC Italy - Sicily island LI Liechtenstein LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg LV Latvia MD Moldova ME Montenegro MK Macedonia MT Malta NL Netherlands Appendix Il Alain Roques/ BioRisk 4(2): 1023-1028 (2010) Abbreviation Country/ Island NO Norway NO-SVL Norway - Svalbard PL Poland PT Portugal PT-AZO Portugal - Azores islands PT-MAD Portugal - Madeira island RO Romania RS Serbia RU Russia (European Part) SE Sweden SI Slovenia SK Slovakia UA Ukraine YU Former Yugoslavia Habitat abbreviations used in the book according to the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) database. http://eunis.eea.europa.eu Code Habitat A Marine habitats B Coastal habitats Bl Coastal dune and sand habitats B2 Coastal shingle habitats B3 Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral C Inland surface water habitats GI Surface standing waters C2 Surface running waters G3 Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies D Mire, bog and fen habitats D1 Raised and blanket bogs D2 Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires D3 Aapa, palsa and polygon mires D4 Base-rich fens es: Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water D6 Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds E Grassland and tall forb habitats El Dry grasslands E2 Mesic grasslands ES Seasonally wet and wet grasslands E4 Alpine and subalpine grasslands E5 Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb habitats Code EG E7 Taxonomy, time and geographic patterns. Chapter 2 Habitat Inland saline grass and herb-dominated habitats Sparsely wooded grasslands Heathland, scrub and tundra habitats Tundra Arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub habitats Temperate and mediterraneo-montane scrub habitats Temperate shrub heathland Maguis, matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes Garrigue 1025 Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation) Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic habitats Riverine and fen scrubs Hedgerows Shrub plantations Woodland and forest habitats and other wooded land Broadleaved deciduous woodland Broadleaved evergreen woodland Coniferous woodland Mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies Screes Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops Snow or ice-dominated habitats Miscellaneous inland habitats with very sparse or no vegetation Recent volcanic features Regularly or recently cultivated agricultural, horticultural and domestic habitats Arable land and market gardens Cultivated areas of gardens and parks Constructed, industrial and other artificial habitats Buildings of cities, towns and villages Low density buildings Extractive industrial sites Transport networks and other constructed hard-surfaced areas Highly artificial man-made waters and associated structures Waste deposits Greenhouses Complex habitats Crops shaded by trees Intensively-farmed crops interspersed with strips of spontaneous vegetation 1026 Alain Roques/ BioRisk 4(2): 1023-1028 (2010) Code Habitat X10 ~~ Mixed landscapes with a woodland element (bocages) X11 Large parks X13. Land sparsely wooded with broadleaved deciduous trees X14 Land sparsely wooded with broadleaved evergreen trees X15 Land sparsely wooded with coniferous trees X16 Land sparsely wooded with mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees X20 Treeline ecotones X22 Small city centre non-domestic gardens X23 ~~ Large non-domestic gardens X24 Domestic gardens of city and town centres KOS Domestic gardens of villages and urban peripheries Glossary of the technical terms used in the book (marked by *) Alatae: winged forms in aphids, adelgids, and other hemipterans. Ampelophagous: related to the grapevine. Anholocyclic: in cyclically parthenogenetic organisms, life cycles that do not include a sexual generation (e.g., in adelgids). Archegonia: female multicellular egg-producing organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms. Archeozooan: an alien animal introduced to Europe since the beginning of the Neolithic agri- culture but before the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 (Daisie 2009). Arrhenotoky: a common form of sex-determination in Hymenoptera and some other inver- tebrates, in which progeny are produced by mated or unmated females, but fertilized eggs produce diploid female offspring, whereas unfertilized eggs produce haploid male offspring by parthenogenesis (only the females are biparental). Carina (sg.), Carinae (pl.): a ridgelike structure (e.g. antennal longitudinal ridge). Cercus (sg.), Cerci (pl.): paired sensory structures at the posterior end of some arthropods. Clava: apically differentiated region (sometimes club-like) of the antennal flagellum. Dealate: having lost its wings; used for ants and other insects that shed their wings after the mating flight. Declivity: posterior portion of the elytra that descends to its apex. Domestic: living in human habitats. Endofurca: the internal skeleton of the meso-and metathorax, that provides important muscle insertion points. In some thrips, the metasternal endofurca provides the insertion for pow- erful muscles that are associated with a remarkable jumping ability of adults. Endophytic (adj): living inside a plant. Endopterygote: insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis, with the larval and adult stages differing considerably in their structure and behaviour. Epigyne: the external female sex organ in arachnids. Exarate: for a pupa, having the appendages free and not attached to the body (as opposed to Obtect). Taxonomy, time and geographic patterns. Chapter 2 1027 Exopterygote: insect that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. The young (called nymphs) resemble the adults but lack wings; these develop gradually and externally in a series of stages or instars until the final moult produces the adult insect. There is no pupal stage. Flagellum: the part of the antenna beyond the pedicel, which is differentiated into three re- gions, the anellus, funicle and clava. Frass: waste material produced by feeding insects, including excrement and partially chewed vegetation. Funicle: region of the antennal flagellum between the anellus and clava. Gallicolae: leaf gall making forms; e.g., in phylloxerans. Gnathosoma: anterior body region in mites. Halobiont: an organism that lives in a salty environment. Hemimetabolous: the type of insect development in which there is incomplete or partial meta- morphosis, typically with successive immature stages increasingly resembling the adult; see Exopterygote. Holocyclic: in cyclically parthenogenetic organisms, life cycles that include a sexual generation (e.g., in adelgids). Holoptic: as in flies, with compound eyes meeting along the dorsal midline of the head. Hyperparasitoid: a parasitoid living on or in another parasitoid. Idiobiont parasitoid: a parasitoid which prevents further development of the host after initial parasitization. Idiosoma: abdomen of mites and ticks. Kleptoparasitoid: a parasitoid which preferentially attacks a host that is already parasitized by another species. Koinobiont parasitoid: a parasitoid which allows the host to continue its development and often does not kill or consume the host until the host is about to either pupate or become an adult. Ligula: the apical lobe of the labium. Megagametophyte: female haploid, gamete-producing tissue in conifers. Mesothorax: the second, and usually the largest, of the three primary subdivisions of the thorax in insects. Mesonotum: the dorsal part of the mesothorax. Metathorax: the third of the three primary subdivisions of the thorax in insects. Metanotum: the dorsal part of the metathorax. Moniliform: bead-like (as in antennae). Mycangium (sg.), mycangia (pl.): usually complex structures on the insect body that are adapted for the transport of symbiotic fungi, usually spores. Neozooan: an alien animal introduced to Europe after the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 (Daisie 2009) . Notaulix (sg.), Notaulices (pl.): one of a pair of grooves on the mesoscutum, from the front margin to one side of the midline and extending backward; divides the mesoscutum into three parts. Obtect: for a pupa, having the legs and other appendages fused to the body. Oniscomorph: the state as in ‘pill’ millipedes of being able to roll up in a ball. Opisthosoma: posterior part of the body in spiders and mites. 1028 Alain Roques/ BioRisk 4(2): 1023-1028 (2010) Paranota: lateral wings. Parthenogenesis, parthenogenetic (adj.): the production of offspring from unfertilized eggs. Special cases of this state are arrhenotoky, pseudo-arrhenotoky, and thelytoky. Phytoplasma: prokaryotes that are characterized by the lack of a cell wall, associated with plant diseases. Phytotelmatum (sg.), Phytotelmata (pl.): a small, water-filled cavity in a tree or any similar environment. Podosoma: anterior section of idiosoma in ticks; serving as connecting area for the four pairs of legs. Porrect: extended, especially forward; e.g., porrect mandibles. Proctiger: the reduced terminal segment of the abdomen which contains the anus. Prognathous: with the head more or less in the same horizontal plane as the body, and the mouthparts directed anteriorly. Pronotum: the dorsal part of the prothorax. Propodeum: the first abdominal segment. Prosoma: anterior part of the body in spiders and mites; also called cephalothorax. Prothorax: ‘The first of the three primary subdivisions of the thorax in insects. Pseudo-arrhenotoky: A form of sex-determination (especially in some scale insects and mites) in which males and females arise from fertilized eggs and are diploid. However, males be- come haploid by inactivation of the paternal genomic complement. Puparium (sg.), puparia (pl.): the enclosing case of a pupa. Reticulate: net-like, anastomosing. Rostrum: beak-shaped projection on the head; e.g., in weevils. Scutellum: the middle region of the mesonotum or metanotum, behind the scutum. Scutum: the anterior part of the mesonotum or metanotum. Secondary pest: a pest that attacks only weakened plants. Sensorium: sensory structure present on antenna. Siphunculi, siphuncular (adj.): pair of protruding horn-shaped dorsal tubes in aphids which secrete a waxy fluid. Spatula sternalis: median cuticular sclerite, often bilobed, on the ventral side of the protho- racic segment of the last instars of some midge larvae; plays a role in larval locomotion. Stigma: conspicuous, usually melanised area at the apex of a vein of the forewing, generally at the leading wing edge. Sulcate: having narrow, deep furrows or grooves. Synanthropic: ecologically associated with humans. Tegula: Small, typically oval sclerite that covers the region of the mesothorax where the forew- ing and thorax articulate. Thelitoky: A form of sex-determination (especially in Hymenoptera: Symphyta and Cynipi- dae) in which only diploid female progeny are produced by parthenogenesis. Termen: distalmost edge of wing. Transhumance: in the case of hives, moving to new environments, according to the change in season. Xylophagous (adj.): feeding on wood.