BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) Apeer-rev ‘iewed open-access journa 1] 

Ha tnaee et tars BioRis 

www.pensoftonline.net/biorisk 

Hymenoptera 
Chapter 12 

Jean-Yves Rasplus', Claire Villemant’, Maria Rosa Paiva’, 

Gérard Delvare', Alain Roques* 

| UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, CBGP (INRA/IRD/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro), 
Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur Lez, France 2 UMR Origine, Struc- 
ture et Evolution de la Biodiversité, OSEB, (MNHN/CNRS) CP50, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 45 
rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France 3 DCEA, Faculdade de Ciéncias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 
2829-516 Campus de Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal 4 INRA UR633, Zoologie Forestiére. Centre de recherche 
d Orléans, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France 

Corresponding author: Jean-Yves Rasplus (rasplus@supagro.inra.fr), Claire Villemant (villeman@mnhn. 
fr), Maria Rosa Paiva (mrp@fct.unl.pt), Gérard Delvare (delvare@supagro.inra.fr), Alain Roques (alain. 
roques@orleans.inra.fr) 

Academic editor: David Roy | Received 31 March 2010 | Accepted 26 May 2010 | Published 6 July 2010 

Citation: Rasplus J-Y et al. (2010) Hymenoptera. Chapter 12. In: Roques A et al. (Eds) Arthropod invasions in Europe. 
BioRisk 4(2): 669-776. doi: 10.3897/biorisk.4.55 

Abstract 

We present the first review of Hymenoptera alien to Europe. Our study revealed that nearly 300 species of 
Hymenoptera belonging to 30 families have been introduced to Europe. In terms of alien species diversity 
within invertebrate orders, this result ranks Hymenoptera third following Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Two 
third of alien Hymenoptera are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids that were mostly introduced for biological 
control purposes. Only 35 phytophagous species, 47 predator species and 3 species of pollinators have 
been introduced. Six families of wasps (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Braconidae, Torymidae, 
Pteromalidae) represent together with ants (Formicidae) about 80% of the alien Hymenoptera introduced 
to Europe. The three most diverse families are Aphelinidae (60 species representing 32% of the Aphelinid 
European fauna), Encyrtidae (55) and Formicidae (42) while the Chalcidoidea together represents 2/3 
of the total Hymenoptera species introduced to Europe. The first two families are associated with mealy- 
bugs, a group that also included numerous aliens to Europe. In addition, they are numerous cases of Hy- 
menoptera introduced from one part of Europe to another, especially from continental Europe to British 
Islands. ‘These introductions mostly concerned phytophagous or gall-maker species (76 %), less frequently 
parasitoids. The number of new records of alien Hymenoptera per year has shown an exponential increase 
during the last 200 years. The number of alien species introduced by year reached a maximum of 5 species 

per year between 1975 and 2000. North America provided the greatest part of the hymenopteran species 

Copyright J-Y. Rasplus et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which ermits 
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 


670 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

alien to Europe (96 species, 35.3%), followed by Asia (84 species, 30.9%) and Africa (49 species, 18%). 
Three Mediterranean countries (only continental parts) hosted the largest number of alien Hymenoptera: 
Italy (144 spp.), France (111 spp.) and Spain (90 spp.) but no correlation was found with the area of 
countries. Intentional introduction, mostly for biological control, has been the main pathway of introduc- 
tion for Hymenoptera. Consequently, the most invaded habitats are agricultural and horticultural as well 
as greenhouses. To the contrary, Hymenoptera alien in Europe are mostly associated with woodland and 
forest habitats. Ecological and economic impacts of alien Hymenoptera have been poorly studied. Ants 
have probably displaced native species and this is also true for introduced parasitoids that are suspected to 
displace native parasitoids by competition, but reliable examples are still scarce. The cost of these impacts 

has never been estimated. 

Keywords 

Hymenoptera, alien, Europe, biological invasions 

12.1. Introduction 

Hymenoptera is one of the four large insect orders exceeding 100 000 species in the 
world, the other major orders being Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera (Gauld 
and Bolton 1988, Goulet and Huber 1993). The Hymenoptera order contains about 
115 000 described species and authors estimated that there are between 300,000 and 
3,000,000 species of Hymenoptera (Gaston 1991), possibly around 1,000,000 (Shar- 
key 2007). These estimates mean that only 1/10 has been described so far and 9/10 
awaits description. However, the number of Hymenoptera species is difficult to esti- 
mate with accuracy, as most of the mega diverse regions of the world have not been 
extensively studied and inventoried regarding this group (LaSalle and Gauld 1993). 
In Europe, about 15,000 species have been reported belonging to 73 families, but 
undoubtedly thousands of species remains to be discovered and described. From our 
recent review of the literature, the alien species of Hymenoptera comprise 286 species 
belonging to 30 families. The order ranks third just following the Coleoptera and the 
Hemiptera in terms of alien species diversity (Roques et al. 2008). Additionally, 71 
European species have been translocated from one part of Europe to another (add- 
ing 5 more families) and 11 species are considered cryptogenetic. All together within 
Europe, at least 368 Hymenoptera species have been introduced in different parts of 
the continent. 

Hymenoptera have been traditionally subdivided into three assemblages (the para- 
phyletic sub-order Symphyta and the monophyletic Aculeata and Parasitica belong- 
ing to the sub-order Apocrita). Each group exhibits different biology. “Symphyta’ are 
mostly phytophagous and are the most primitive members of the order. Parasitica are 
mainly parasitic species but some of them have returned secondarily to phytophagy, 
while Aculeata encompass a larger spectrum (predators, pollinators, parasitoids); all 
eusocial hymenoptera belong to this last group. 

Members of the Hymenoptera are familiar to a general audience and common 
names exist for a large variety of groups: “wasps’, “bees”, “ants”, “bumblebees”, “saw- 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 671 

flies”, “parasitic wasps”. Hymenoptera adult sizes range from the very small Mymaridae 
(0.5 mm) to the large aculeate wasps (up to 5 cm long in Europe). ‘This group of man- 
dibulate insects is well defined by the combination of several characters: they have two 
pairs of functional wings (with the exception of apterous species) bearing fewer veins 
than most other insect groups and rarely more than seven cross veins. The abdominal 
tergum | is fused to the metanotum and in most Hymenoptera the metasoma (appar- 
ent gaster) is joined to the mesosoma (apparent thorax) by a petiole. 

Hymenoptera have two main larval types. ‘Symphyta’ have larvae that are cat- 
erpillar-like, but true caterpillars (Lepidoptera) have at most four pairs of prolegs 
(abdominal segments 3-6) while sawflies larvae have at least five pairs of prolegs (ab- 
dominal segments 2-6). Furthermore the prolegs of Symphyta do not bear crochets, 
whereas those of Lepidoptera larvae do. ‘Apocrita’ have legless grub-like larvae that 
are nearly featureless unless they have a differentiated head (Goulet and Huber 1993). 
All Hymenoptera have haplodiploid sex determination (haploid males and diploid 
females). Arrhenotoky is the most common mode of reproduction in Hymenoptera 
(Heimpel and de Boer 2008). The males develop parthenogenetically from unferti- 
lised eggs while the females develop from fertilised eggs. Females can control fertilisa- 
tion by releasing sperm to an egg upon oviposition, and can thus adjust the sex-ratio 
of their progeny. 

Ecologically and economically few groups of insects are as important to mankind as 
the Hymenoptera. Bees provide the vital ecosystem service of pollination in both natural 
and managed systems (Gallai et al. 2009) while parasitic Hymenoptera control popula- 
tions of phytophagous insects (Ischarntke et al. 2007) and can be effective agents for 
control of pest insects (Bale et al. 2008, Brodeur and Boivin 2004, Jonsson et al. 2008). 
Some of the phytophagous hymenoptera have an intimate association with their host- 
plants (Nyman et al. 2006) and can also be considered as major pests to forests (e.g. 
Diprionidae) (De Somviele et al. 2004, Lyytikainen-Saarenmaa and Tomppo 2002). 
Ant invasions cause huge economic and ecological costs (Holway 2002, Lach and Tho- 
mas2008) and Hymenoptera stings, specifically those of wasps, hornets and bees cause 
serious allergic reactions and anaphylaxis (Flabbee et al. 2008, Klotz et al. 2009). 

12.2. Taxonomy of alien species 

The 286 species of Hymenoptera alien zo Europe belong to 30 different families (Table 
12.1), which also have native representatives. Among these alien species, 35 species are 
phytophagous, 1 detritivorous, 3 pollinators, 47 predators whilst 200 are parasitoids 
or hyperparasitoids. These results show that only 13.3% of the alien wasp and bee spe- 
cies are phytophagous (including pollinators), the great majority of which (86.4 %) 
are predators and parasitoids (respectively 16.4% and 70.0%). Most parasitoids were 
intentionally introduced to control pests. Interestingly, among the 71 Hymenoptera 
that have been introduced from one part of Europe to another (aliens i7 Europe - Table 
12.2), an opposite proportion is observed. Fifty-four species (76.0 %) are phytopha- 


672 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

gous and only 17 (23.9%) are parasitic or predatory. These species have mostly fol- 
lowed their host plants throughout Europe. 

Consequently, most alien Hymenoptera in Europe belong to the sub-order Para- 
sitica (228 spp. and 20 families, 79.4% of the species), while Aculeata (51 spp. and 
7 families, 17.8%) and Symphyta (8 spp. and 3 families, 2.8%) are less represented. 
Six families of wasps (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Braconidae, Torymidae, 
Pteromalidae) represent together with ants (Formicidae) about 80% of the alien Hy- 
menoptera in Europe. Each of these families has more than 10 introduced species in 
Europe. The three most diverse families in terms of alien species are Aphelinidae (60 
species), Encyrtidae (55) and Formicidae (42). By far the richest superfamily is the 
Chalcidoidea that includes 198 alien species (69.2% of the total alien Hymenoptera). 
Below we give a short synopsis for all Hymenoptera families containing introduced 
species to Europe (including cryptogenic and translocated species). 

Suborder Symphyta 

Argidae. The second largest family of ‘Symphyta with about 1000 species described, 
but only 60 in Europe. Alien species to Europe have not yet been found. One species 
only, Arge berberidis, is considered as introduced from one part of Europe to another,. 
Females deposit eggs in leafs of various angiosperms and the larvae are phytophagous, 
feeding mostly on woody plants (Salicaceae, Rosaceae, Betulaceae). 

Blasticotomidae. This is a very small family represented by one species only, Blas- 
ticotoma filiceti, in northern and central Europe. Larvae are stem borers, developing 
within the rachis of ferns (e.g., Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth) (Schedl 1974). B. 
filiceti has been infrequently introduced into Great Britain from continental Europe, 
mostly with horticultural plants. 

Diprionidae. A small family of “Symphyta that mostly occurs in northern Europe. 
It comprises about 100 species in the northern hemisphere, of which 20 occur in Eu- 
rope. The larvae attack softwood trees (e.g. conifers) and are considered as major pests 
in forestry. Diprioninae develop on Pinaceae and Monocteninae on Cupressaceae, but 
only the first subfamily contains invaders. Alien species have not yet been recorded. 
However, five species are considered as alien in Europe. Neodiprion sertifer and Gilpinia 
hercyniae cause severe damage to pine and spruce plantations. Females of some spe- 
cies produce pheromones that attract males. The larvae consume needles, sometimes 
eregariously, and when mature drop to the ground, pupate and overwinter within a 
cocoon (rarely upon trees). Diapause can last for more than one winter (Pschorn Wal- 
cher 1991), the wasps emerging and dispersing in the early spring. 

Pamphiliidae. A small holarctic family containing about 60 species in Europe (van 
Achterberg and van Aartsen 1986, Viitasaari 2002). Only Cephalcia alashanica is an al- 
ien species introduced from temperate Asia. Six other species are alien in Europe, most 
of them having been introduced from the Alps to northern countries with their host 
trees. Some species attack conifers and are considered as forest pests. Females lay eggs 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 673 

in a slit cut in a needle, the normally gregarious larvae either spin silk webs in which 
they develop (Cephalciinae) or roll the host plant leaves (Pamphiliinae). They over- 
winter as pupae within pupal chambers in the soil and adults emerge in early spring. 

Siricidae. A small Holarctic family (16 European species) of large and conspicuous 
wasps (woodwasps). Nine species are considered as alien in Europe, with only 5 alien 
species introduced from North America with imported timbers. The family is subdi- 
vided into two subfamilies, the Siricinae attacking conifers and the Tremecinae that 
attack angiosperm trees. The females, which do not feed, oviposit in recently fallen or 
dying trees and introduce spores of symbiotic fungus along with the eggs. ‘The larvae 
develop in 2 or 4 years as woodborers and pupate in the bark. 

Tenthredinidae. This cosmopolitan family is the most diverse group of ‘Symphyta’ 
including 1050 species in Europe of which only two are alien zo Europe , Nematus 
(Pteronidea) tibialis (a pest of black locust) and Pachynematus (Larinematus) itoi (a larch 
pest) and 23 alien im Europe. Some native European species are also considered serious 
pests in North America where they have been introduced. All species are phytopha- 
gous and the larvae are mostly external feeders on diverse species of angiosperms and 
conifers. The females embed their eggs in the tissue of the plant, using their ovipositor 
as a saw. The larvae feed singly on leaves, or are stem borers, gall makers or leaf miners. 
Tenthredinidae mostly overwinter as prepupae in the ground, sometimes as mature 
larvae or eggs, the adults emerge relatively early in the spring. 

Suborder Apocrita Parasitica 

Chalcidoidea 

Agaonidae. A small-sized family with only 6 species of wasps reported in Europe, 
four of which are introduced from tropical Asia, along with two ornamental trees 
Ficus microcarpa L.f. and EF religiosa L. Agaonidae are the pollinators of fig trees and 
are mutualistically associated with their host plant. Several groups of non-pollinating 
fig wasps are associated with figs, either as gall-makers, inquilines or parasitoids. ‘Their 
taxonomic position has been discussed and they are here grouped within Agaonidae for 
convenience (Boucek 1988, Rasplus et al. 1998). 

Aphelinidae. ‘This is a moderately sized family of wasps represented in Europe by 
less than 200 species of which sixty are aliens. Aphelinidae species have been intro- 
duced from diverse geographic areas as biological control agents. Along with encyrtid, 
the Aphelinidae is the most important family for biological control. Species are pri- 
marily endoparasitoids or ectoparasitoids, sometimes hyperparasitoids, of sternorrhyn- 
chous Hemiptera (mostly Aphidoidea, Coccoidea or Aleyrodoidea). Some species may 
have complicated ontogeny (Hunter and Woolley 2001) and males and females may 
attack different hosts either as parasitoids or hyperparasitoids. 

Chalcididae. A small family of chalcid wasps comprising about 80 species in Eu- 
rope, including one alien species, introduced from North Africa to control fruit flies. 


674 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

The hosts of these obligate parasitoids or hyperparasitoids are mostly Lepidoptera and 
Diptera, less frequently Coleoptera, Neuroptera or Hymenoptera (Delvare 1995, Del- 
vare 2006). The females lay eggs within the host larva and the pupation take place in 
the host pupa. 

Encyrtidae. A \arge family of wasps represented by more than 700 species in Eu- 
rope (Trjapitzin 1989), of which 55 are considered to be alien, introduced from differ- 
ent parts of the world for biological control of economically important pests (Noyes 
and Hayat 1994). Most of the Encyrtidae are endoparasitoids of scale insects. Some 
species also develop as endoparasitoids of other insect orders, mostly Lepidoptera, Co- 
leoptera and Hymenoptera). The egg is laid inside the host and the larva develop as a 
parasitoid sometimes as an hyperparasitoid, and pupates within the host. 

Eulophidae. A \arge family of wasps that contains 1100 species in Europe (Gauld 
and Bolton 1988), including 29 alien species. Most alien species have been introduced 
for biological control but a few (3) are gall makers that develop at the expense of plant 
tissue of Eucalyptus (Branco et al. 2009). Eulophid are primarily solitary parasitoids of 
eggs, pupae or larvae of various endophagous insects (Diptera, Coleoptera, Thysanop- 
tera, Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera). Some species attack economically important leaf 
miners or gall makers (e.g. Agromyzidae, Cecidomyiidae). 

Eupelmidae. A small family represented by about 100 native (Gibson 1995) and 
5 alien species in Europe (Eupelmus and Anastatus spp.). Eupelmidae are primarily 
ectoparasitoids (idiobionts) of egg or larval stages of various insects and spiders (Askew 
et al. 2000). Some species within this family are generalist parasitoids. 

Eurytomidae. A medium-sized family with about 300 species in Europe (Zerova 
1978), of which seven are alien. Interestingly, these alien species are not parasitoids but 
phytophagous and pests of crops or horticultural plants whilst most eurytomids are 
primarily ectoparasitoids or hyperparasitoids of extremely diverse groups of endopha- 
gous insects (Lotfalizadeh et al. 2007). Phytophagous species are either stem-borers or 
seed-feeders or gall-makers on different host-plant groups (e.g. Graminaceae, Legumi- 
nosae). Some species are both entomophagous then phytophagous during their larval 
development. 

Mymaridae. A medium-sized family including about 450 species in Europe, of 
which only two are alien, Anaphes nitens and Polynema striaticorne. All mymarids are 
internal, solitary (rarely gregarious) parasitoids of the eggs of various insects (Huber 
1986). The most common hosts are eggs of Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha (Cicallidae, 
Cixiidae) but mymarids also parasitize eggs of other insects (Coleoptera, Hemiptera). 
Female oviposit within concealed eggs, and there are 2 to 4 larval stages. 

Perilampidae. A small family of chalcid wasps that includes 40 European spe- 
cies. The only alien species in this family (Steffanolampus) originates from North 
America and is a parasitoid of wood-boring Coleoptera. Most perilampids are hy- 
perparasitoids of Lepidoptera through Tachinidae (Diptera) or Ichneumonoidea 
(Steffan 1952). Females deposit their eggs away from the host, however the young 
larvae (planidium) are mobile, and may either attach themselves to the primary 
host, at any stage of larval development, or enter the host to attach to its endopara- 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 675 

sitoids. In some species, an adult host carries the larva to a suitable location where 
host larvae occur (Darling 1999). 

Pteromalidae. A \arge, paraphyletic family including more than 1100 species in 
Europe (Graham 1969). Only ten are considered alien species, most of which were un- 
intentionally introduced with their hosts, some (3) for biological control purposes. The 
diversity of the group is reflected by the diversity of the biology exhibited. Pteromalids 
are mostly ectoparasitoid idiobionts, but some species are koinobionts. Miscogasterinae 
are larvo-pupal endoparasitoids of dipteran leaf miners. Eunotinae (e.g. Moranila) are 
predators on Coccoidea eggs within the female body (Boucek and Rasplus 1991). 

Signiphoridae. A small family of tiny chalcids (0.5—2 mm) comprising only 8 Eu- 
ropean species, one of which is an introduced hyperparasitoid (Chartocerus) (Woolley 
1988). Signiphoridae are known as parasitoids (sometimes hyperparasitoids) of cyclor- 
rhaphous dipterans, scale-insects (Coccoidea) or white-flies (Aleyrodidae). 

Torymidae. A medium-sized family that includes about 350 European species 
(Grissell 1995, Grissell 1999), of which 13 are considered as alien to Europe. Most of 
the alien species (12) belong to the genus Megastigmus and are considered pest of coni- 
fer seeds (Roques and Skrzypczynska 2003). Most torymines are idiobiont ectoparasi- 
toids of gall-makers (Cynipidae and Cecidomyiidae) and other endophytic insects but 
most Megastigminae are specialist phytophages. Megastigmus females lay their eggs in 
the ovules of conifers before fertilization has taken place (Roques and Skrzypczynska 
2003) (Figure 12.9). Megastigmus biological habits have been shown to be particularly 
prone to invasion. Since most of their development takes place within seed, their pres- 
ence is usually overlooked in traded seed lots, the infested seeds showing up only when 
X-rayed (Figure 12.10). In addition, insect are able to become dormant during the 
larval stage, for up to 5 years (prolonged diapause) following the annual size variations 
of the seed crop, thus broadening the chances that adult emergence will occur under 
favourable circumstances near a suitable new host. Moreover, some species such as the 
Douglas-fir seed chalcid, M. spermotrophus, appear capable of preventing the abortion 
of unfertilized seeds. The invasive insect larva may thus achieve its development in un- 
pollinated, unfertilized seeds by altering the physiology of the ovule so that it allocates 
de novo resources to the larva (von Aderkas et al. 2005). 

Trichogrammatidae. A moderately-sized family containing about 150 European 
species. The nine alien species belong mostly to three genera: Trichogramma, Oligosota, 
Uscana and have been introduced to Europe for the control of agricultural pests (Lepi- 
doptera and Coleoptera) (Pintureau 2008). Trichogrammatids are primarily solitary or 
gregarious endoparasitoids of insect eggs (mostly Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera) 
and can sometimes develop as hyperparasitoids. 

Ichneumonoidea 

Ichneumonidae. This is the first megadiverse Apocrita family in Europe with about 
5500 species, six of them are considered as alien to Europe. ‘These species have been in- 


676 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

tentionally introduced for biological control. ‘The family is divided into more than 30 
subfamilies. Consequently, the biology of ichneumonids is extremely diverse. Ichneu- 
monids mostly parasitize the immature stages of the Holometabola, and are frequently 
associated with Lepidoptera and sawflies (Hymenoptera). Ectoparasitism is considered 
the primitive condition and endoparasitism has evolved several times independently 
within the family. 

Braconidae. Braconids represent the second megadiverse family with nearly 3500 
European species, 16 of which are considered as alien. Altogether, Ichneumonoidea 
may account for nearly 10000 species in Europe. Like ichneumonids, braconids ex- 
hibit a large range of biological characteristics. They are mostly parasitoids of other 
insects. Some of the braconid groups are larvo-nymphal koinobiont parasitoids; others 
are idiobiont ectoparasitoids. Introduced species are mostly koinobiont endoparasitoids 
and are associated with aphids (Aphidiinae), moths (Miscogasterinae), and fruit flies 
(Opiinae). 

Ceraphronoidea 

Ceraphronidae. A small family represented by 100 European species, only one of 
which is considered as alien, Aphanogmus bicolor. Their biology is poorly known but 
some species are endoparasitoids of nematocerous dipterans whilst others attack Thy- 
sanoptera or Neuroptera. Some species are considered as antagonists of biological 
control agents since they are parasitoids of predaceous midges or hymenopteran pri- 
mary parasitoids. 

Cynipoidea 

Cynipidae. A medium-sized family confined to the Holarctic and containing 350 Eu- 
ropean species. Only the chesnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, is alien to Europe 
(Figure 10.8). Six more species, mostly from the genus Andricus, are considered as 
aliens in Europe. Most Cynipinae are gall inducers on Quercus, Rosa and some Com- 
positae but others (Synergini) are inquilines. 

Figitidae. This medium-sized family contains ca. 400 species in Europe, the fam- 
ily as presently understood includes the previous Eucoilidae, Charipidae and Anach- 
aritidae (Ronquist 1995). Only one species (Aganaspis daci) is considered as alien and 
has been introduced to Europe for the control of fruitflies. Figitid larvae develop as 
internal parasitoids of other endophytic insect larvae. The hosts are mostly dipteran 
larvae but Charipinae Alloxystini are hyperparasitoids of aphids through Braconidae 
Aphidiinae and Aphelinidae. The egg is deposited inside a young host larva, which 
continues to develop normally (koinobionts), the parasitoid larvae emerges before the 
host death and can achieve its development as an ectoparasitoid. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 677 

Platygastroidea 

Platygastridae. A medium-sized family with about 500 species in Europe but only 
two (Amitus spp.) are considered as alien, having been introduced into Europe for the 
control of whiteflies. Many Platygastridae are endoparasitoids of gall-making dipterans 
whilst others attack immature hemipterans or ant larvae. The biology of most species re- 
mains largely unknown. Some species are thelytokous and very few polyembryonnic. The 
larvae have an uncommon appearance and superficially resemble cyclopoid copepods. 

Scelionidae. A medium-sized family that includes about 600 species in Europe, 
three of them considered as alien. Scelionids are primarily endoparasitoids in a wide 
variety of insect eggs (few on other arthropods), more rarely hyperparasitoids. Intro- 
duced species attack Hemiptera or Lepidoptera eggs and have been used for pest con- 
trol. The family has been synonymized with Platygastridae but we still keep it apart for 
consistency (Murphy et al. 2007). 

Suborder Apocrita Aculeata 

Chrysidoidea 

Bethylidae. A medium-sized family represented by about 230 species in Europe. Four 
species are considered alien. Cephalonomia waterstoni, Holepyris syluanidis and Plastan- 
oxus laevis are cosmopolitan. They were introduced into Europe with stored products. 
Laelius utilis is a parasitoid of Anthrenus. Bethylidae mainly attack larvae of Lepidop- 
tera and Coleoptera. The female stings and paralyses the host, and then lays several eggs 
on its skin. Larvae develop as ectoparasitoids. For a few species, females tend the eggs 
and developing larvae. Pupation occurs next to the host remains. 

Chrysididae. A medium- sized family that comprises 420 European species. Cu- 
koo- wasps are parasitoids or kleptoparasitoids of Aculeate wasps. The nests of the host 
are sought out by the female chrysid that oviposits into the host cells. A true parasitoid 
larva develops as an ectoparasitoid on the host larva whilst a kleptoparasite larva kills 
the egg or the young larva of the host before consuming the stored food. One East Eu- 
ropean species introduced in western parts of Europe, Chrysis marginata, is considered 
as alien iz Europe (Pagliano et al. 2000). 

Dryinidae. A medium-sized family that comprises about 100 species in Europe. All 
dryinids are parasitoids of immature and adult Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha. The larva 
is rather endoparasitoid than ectoparasitoid during the last instars, forming a bag (thyl- 
acium) constituted by the exuviae of the parasitoid and bulging from the host abdomen. 
Only one species alien to Europe, Neodryinus typhlocybae, was introduced in northern 
Italy and subsequently in France for biological control of the Nearctic planthopper Met- 
calfa pruinosa (Hemiptera, Flatidae) (Malausa et al. 2003, Malausa et al. 2008). 


678 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 
Apoidea 

Apoidea represents a superfamily including more than 2000 species in Europe. De- 
pending on the classification used, the group comprises seven families (ancient sub- 
families of the single family Apidae) to eleven families if sphecid wasps, the sister group 
of bees, are included (Sharkey 2007). Here we followed the more recent classification 
system and adopted a subdivision into several families. Bees are flower visitors and efh- 
cient pollinators of angiosperms. Their larvae are phytophagous and develop on a mix- 
ture of pollen and nectars. Bees are now recognized as an important group of ecosystem 
engineers that modulate resources availability (i.e. plants) to other organisms (Jones et 
al. 1994). Two families of bees contain alien species in Europe. Sphecid wasps comprise 
4 families of wasps that feed their progeny with a wide range of preys (mainly insects or 
spiders), depending on genera. All alien species belong to the family Sphecidae. 

Apidae. This small family of eusocial bees includes social species, with colonies 
attaining large sizes. It comprises less than 70 species in Europe, all except one (Apis 
meliffera) belonging to the genus Bombus. Some of these pollinator species have been 
introduced from some parts of Europe into other European regions for crop pollina- 
tion purposes and honey production. 

Megachilidae. This family comprises about 480 species in Europe, two are consid- 
ered as alien. The alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata, is a west European species 
that has been used commercially for pollination of alfalfa, and introduced in Russia. 
Osmia cornifrons is an alien species that has been introduced from Japan into Denmark 
for pollination of fruit trees. Megachilidae nest in burrows in soil or in pithy stems. A 
few species build stony mud nests. Cells of Megachilidae are made of foreign materials 
(leaf pieces for Megachile species) brought into the nest. 

Sphecidae. This family in its narrow sense comprises about 70 species, four of which are 
alien species accidentally introduced into Western Europe from North America (Sceliphron 
caementarium and Isodontia mexicana) or from Asia (S. curvatum and S. deforme). Adults 
of most species (e.g., /sodontia) prey on orthopteroids but some of them, such as Sceliphron 
spp., catch Araneae. While S. deforme has possibly not established in the Balkans, both other 
species became established and threaten autochtonous species of Sceliphron (Cetkovic et al. 
2004). While sodontia puts its preys in pre-existing cavities, Sceliphron are mud-daubers that 
often built their nests in or around buildings (Bitsch and Barbier 2006, Bitsch et al. 1997). 

Vespoidea 

Formicidae. This family includes about 650 species in Europe, 42 of which are alien 
to Europe, one is cryptogenetic and seven are European species introduced into other 
areas of Europe. Ants exhibit a remarkable range of life histories. They have colonized 
most habitats and form colonies of variable sizes in the soil, plant debris, trees and 
infrastructures of human origin. The nest contains one to several reproductive females 
as well as workers and broods. Males are produced seasonally. Mating usually takes 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 679 

place outside the nest but may occur inside the nest. In Europe, the argentine ant Line- 
pithema humile (Mayr) is extremely abundant throughout the Mediterranean basin, 
causing economic damage by fostering some hemipteran pests and upsetting the action 
of natural enemies; However, it may occasionally act as a beneficial natural enemy in 
forest ecosystems (Way et al. 1997). 

Vespidae. This medium-sized family comprises 300 species in Europe classified into 
four subfamilies: Masarinae, Eumeninae, Polistinae and Vespinae (22 species). Vespinae 
are social wasps that built aerial or subterranean nests made of carton and composed 
of several combs protected by an envelope. Recently, a hornet species alien to Europe, 
Vespa velutina nigrithorax, was accidentally introduced from Asia into southern France 
(Haxaire et al. 2006, Villemant et al. 2006) (Figure 10.11). The European yellowjack- 
ets, Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) and V. vulgaris (Linné, 1758) were introduced 
to Iceland from continental Europe, the last into Feroe Islands (Olafsson 1979). 

For nine families the number of alien species exceeds 5% of the species known 
in Europe (Figure 12.1). Four of these families are small (Agaonidae, Signiphoridae, 
Siricidae and Sphecidae) and consequently the number of alien species is marginal. 
However Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Trichogrammatidae and Formicidae are medium- 
sized families comprising between 150 and 700 species and consequently the number 
of alien taxa is relatively important. Interestingly, the number of alien Aphelinids in- 
troduced into Europe for biological control represents about one third of the specific 
diversity of the family in Europe. Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae and Trichogrammatidae, 
three families largely used for biological control, rank among the top five in terms of 
proportion of alien species in the European fauna. Aphelinidae and Encyrtidae are 
mostly biological control agents of the three mealybug families that include most of 
the pest species alien to Europe (Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae and Coccidae; see Chap- 
ter 9.3). Finally, Formicidae also include a large proportion of alien species to Europe 
and represent a major group of alien species to Europe. 

12.3. Temporal trends 

First records in Europe are known for 262 of the 286 hymenopteran species alien to 
Europe (92%). Dates given here are relatively imprecise, as most species may have been 
introduced two to five years before they were reported. Furthermore, we did not try 
to check all literature and collections in order to report the dates of first interception 
within Europe. 

The number of new records per time period shows an exponential increase in the 
number of alien Hymenoptera to Europe during the last 200 years (Figure 12.2). The 
mean number of new records of alien hymenoptera varies from less than one species per 
year during the period (1800-1924) to about 5 species per year between 1975 and 2000. 
Interestingly, we observed a decrease in the number of Hymenoptera reported during the 
last 10 years. This overall increase in the number of introduced species also corresponded 
to an increase in the number of hymenopteran families newly found in Europe. 


680 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

% species 

% species 
10 20 30 

80 60 40 20 0 0 

Aphelinidae 
Encyrtidae 
Formicidae 
Eulophidae 
Braconidae 
Torymidae 
Pteromalidae 
Alien vs. native species Trichogrammatidae I 
Eurytomidae 
Ichneumonidae 
Eupelmidae 
Siricidae 
Agaonidae 
Bethylidae 
Sphecidae 
Scelionidae 
Mymaridae 
Platygastridae 
Tenthredinidae 
Ceraphronidae 
Chalcididae 
Cynipidae 
Dryinidae 
Figitidae 
Megachilidae 
Pamphiliidae 
Perilampidae 
Signiphoridae 
Vespidae 

Alien species 

WEP is. a ak eit 
~~ 

Figure 12.1. Taxonomic overview of the alien Hymenoptera. Right- Relative importance of the hy- 
menopteran families in the alien entomofauna. Families are presented in a decreasing order based on 
the number of alien species. Species alien to Europe include cryptogenic species. The number over each 
bar indicates the number of alien species observed per family. Left- Percentage of aliens vs. total species 
in each Hymenoptera family in Europe. The number over each bar indicates the total number of species 

observed per family in Europe. 

From 1800 to 1924 (125 years) only 35 species, representing 8 families, of alien 
hymenoptera were reported in Europe. Most of them are biological control agents or 
ants. Only one species of chalcid wasp (furthermore a hyperparasitoid) is reported from 
that period while Chalcidoidea is the most diverse group of alien Hymenoptera. How- 
ever, during that period of time the European fauna was still poorly known and little 
studied (which is still the case for the majority of families) and the number of alien spe- 
cies is likely to have been underestimated. Nevertheless, over 1/3 of the alien ant species 
presently known in Europe were introduced between 1847 and 1929. 

About 79% of the alien Hymenoptera were introduced in Europe in the last 60 
years. During that period of time, 61.5% of the phytophagous alien and only 38.3% of 
the predator alien were introduced into Europe. Among the three most diverse families 
of alien Hymenoptera (namely Formicidae, Aphelinidae and Encyrtidae), Formicidae 
exhibited a relatively stable pattern, regarding the number of introductions per year 
over time, varying between 0.08 and 0.36, with a maximum of introductions during 
the periods 1925-1949 and 1975-1999 (Figure 12. 3). Aphelinids and encyrtids both 

show a relatively similar pattern, but somewhat different to the pattern exhibited by 
ants. [hese two families, largely used in biological control, showed a peak of introduc- 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 681 

Mean number of new alien species 
recorded per year during the period 

0 | vs 3 4 5 
1492-1799 
1800- 1849 
1850-1899 
1900-1924 
1925-1949 
1950-1974 
1975-1999 
2000-2006 

Time period 
Figure 12.2. Temporal trend in number of alien Hymenoptera to Europe per period of 25 years from 

1492 to 2006. Cryptogenic species excluded. The number above the bar indicates the number of species 

introduced. 

tions during the period 1950-1999 (between 0.52 and 1.32 species per year), which 
roughly corresponds to the ‘golden years’ of biological control. More specifically, our 
analysis showed that 77.5% of the total number of parasitoids alien to Europe were 
introduced between 1950 and 1999. In the last 10 years, the rate of introduction 
drops to less than 0.1 species per year. This trend is probably due to both the decreas- 
ing interest in research on biological control and to the growing concern over possible 
nontarget effects of biological control. 

12.4. Biogeographic patterns 

Origin of alien species 

We could ascertain a region of origin for 272 (95.1%) alien wasp species intro- 
duced to Europe. Overall there are no major difficulties in identifying the areas of 
origin of these wasps. The distribution of the genera of the hosts or the plant-hosts 
and also the origin of the taxonomists describing these species provide evidence of 
likely origins. However, for subsequent spread within Europe it is difficult, without 
genetic analyses, to separate spreading from adjacent countries from independent 
colonization events. 


682 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Mean number of new alien species 
recorded per year during the period 

0 0.4 0.8 LZ 
1850-1899 WO Aphelinidae 
I Formicidae 
1900-1924 i Encyrtidae 

1925-1949 
1950-1974 
1975-1999 

2000-2006 

Time period 

Figure 12.3. Rates of introduction of the three most diverse families of invasive Hymenoptera during 

the two last centuries. 

North America provided the greatest part of alien Hymenoptera occurring in Eu- 
rope (96 species, 35.3%), followed by Asia (84, 30.9%) and Africa (49, 18%) (Fig- 
ure 12.4). This pattern is similar to the one found for Diptera (see Chapter 10) but dif- 
fers from that observed in most other insect groups. Whatever the main areas of origin, 
trends of introduction are similar over time, and there is no evidence of a change in the 
origin of alien species through time (Figure 12.5). The only difference seemed to be a 
decrease of the afro-tropical species in the last 30 years, whereas rates of introduction 
still increased for both North America and Asia. However it must be noted that origins 
of alien species can differ from one country to another and general trends are not sup- 
ported in all countries. Israel for example received more species from Asia and Africa 
than from North America (Roll et al. 2007). 

Interestingly, the composition of the introduced guilds originating from different 
continents differed taxonomically. The alien guilds introduced from North America 
contains several phytophagous species (Siricidae, Torymidae, Eurytomidae) and sev- 
eral species of Ichneumonoidea that are absent from oriental invader guilds. Overall, 
phytophagous aliens mostly originate from North America and temperate Asia. This is 
the case for xylophagous Siricidae, most Megastigmus seed-feeders (Torymidae), several 
Eurytomid species. Introduced plants (e.g. Ficus and Eucalyptus) came into Europe 
with species of their phytophagous guilds (Agaonid and Eulophidae gall-makers). Al- 
ien Formicidae originates from Africa (10 species), Asia (14) and South America (7) 
while only two were introduced from North America. South American ants mostly 
originated from areas with Mediterranean-like climate. Parasitoid wasps originated 
from all continents with no particular trends. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 683 

Cryptogenic 
C&S America 8.4% \ Africa 
74% | 16.5% 

' Asia 
North America 28.3% 

32.3% 

Australasia 
7.1% 

Figure 12.4. Origin of the 286 alien species of Hymenoptera established in Europe. 

Distribution of alien species in Europe 

Alien Hymenoptera species and families are not evenly distributed throughout Europe 
and large differences exist between countries (Figure 12.6, Table 12.3). However, results 
might have been influenced by large variations in the number of taxonomists involved, as 
well as by the intensity of the studies and of the samplings conducted in different regions. 
Little information is available for some countries of central and north-eastern Europe and 
consequently these areas appear to host comparatively few alien species of Hymenoptera. 

Continental Italy hosts the largest number of alien Hymenoptera (144 spp.), 
followed by continental France (111 spp.) and continental Spain (90 spp.). Bosnia, 
Andorra and Latvia are the countries from which the lowest number of invasive Hy- 
menoptera has been reported so far, with only one alien species. No correlation with 
the country surface area has been found but there is a latitudinal trend of decreasing 
number of alien species to Europe from southern to northern Europe 

As most of the alien hymenopterans are biological control agents, they were mostly 
introduced in one or few countries by national research projects that attempted to 
control target pest. Large-scale European projects for biological control are rare and 
consequently wasps have been introduced on a local scale. 

About 150 alien species (i-e., more than 50% of the total species) have been report- 
ed from only one or two countries. In contrast, 31 species are reported from at least 10 
countries, among them 13 of the 36 species were introduced before 1924. These aliens 
mostly belong to the three diverse families of alien Hymenoptera (namely Aphelinidae, 
Encyrtidae and Formicidae). Most of these widespread alien wasps were parasitoids 
introduced for biological control. For example, Aphelinus mali against the woolly apple 
aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann); Aphidius colemani and A. smithi as generalist 


684 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Mean number of new alien species 
recorded per year during the period 
0 04 08 1.2 1.6 2 

1850-1899 BE Africa 

PE Asia 
1900-1924 GEE North America 

1925-1949 
1950-1974 
1975-1999 

2000-2006 

Time period 

Figure 12.5. Evolution of the rate of alien Hymenoptera from different origin through time. 

parasitoids used against several species of pest aphids, i.e., Acyrthosiphon pisum (Har- 
ris), Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae (Sulzer); Cales noacki against the aleyrodid 
Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), a pest on Citrus; Encarsia formosa mostly as a bio- 
logical control agent of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood); 
Leptomastix dactylopii Howard against Planococcus citri (Risso); Aphytis mytilaspidis as 
a parasitoid of the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), and some other diaspidid 
scales; Eretmocerus eremicus as a parasitoid of the Bemisia complex (Hemiptera, Aleyro- 
didae) in the native range; and, Mesopolobus spermotrophus against the seed chalcid pest 
Megastigmus spermotrophus. 

Only three of the widespread alien Hymenoptera are phytophagous and were 
introduced during the 19th century (Megastigmus spermotrophus, Nematus tibialis, 
Sirex cyaneus). Seven species of Formicidae appear widely distributed in Europe: Hy- 
poponera punctatissima (31 countries), Lasius neglectus (10), L. turcicus (15), Linepithe- 
ma humile (17), Monomorium pharaonis (23), Paratrechina longicornis (13), Pheidole 
megacephala (14) 

12.5. Main pathways to Europe 

Intentional introductions represent a large proportion of the introduced species in 
Europe (180 of 286, 63%) and this is mostly due to the high number of introduced 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 685 

Number of alien species 

no data  6-30( | so-so NY 101-145 
ss. s  s - <0 51-100 

Figure 12.6. Colonization of continental European countries and main European islands by hymenop- 
teran species alien to Europe. Archipelagos: | Azores 2 Madeira 3 Canary Islands. 

biological control agents. Among the 106 species clearly accidentally introduced in 
Europe, 32 (30.1%) are phytophagous species, only 24 (22.6%) parasitoids or hyper- 
parasitoids that were sometimes unintentionally introduced with their parasitic hosts 
although the real status of some of these parasitoids is difficult to ascertain, while the 
majority (47 species; i.e., 44.3%), are social Hymenoptera and Sphecidae. 

Several species are cryptogenic and represent ancient introductions in Europe, 
mostly with stored products. Identifying the origin of accidental introductions is not 
easy but clearly introductions of plants for planting (e.g. cultivated conifers, orna- 
mental trees) and plant seeds appeared to be the main pathways of introduction for 
phytophagous Hymenoptera. Thus, the lack of regulatory measures for seed imports in 
Europe probably resulted in the repeated establishment of alien species of Megastigmus 
seed chalcids since the beginning of the 20th century. Aliens presently represent 43% 
of the total fauna of tree seed chalcids in Europe (Roques and Skrzypcezynska 2003). 
The development of trade in plant material through the Internet is likely to increase 


686 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

this process because there is less control, especially for tree seeds which can be moved 
quite freely all over the world. 

12.6. Most invaded ecosystems and habitats 

Most of the habitats colonized by Hymenoptera alien to Europe correspond to habi- 
tats strongly modified by humans (Figure 12.7). About half of the species occur in 
agricultural and horticultural habitats and this proportion reaches 2/3 of the species if 
greenhouses are considered. Only 20% of the aliens to Europe occur in woodland and 
forest habitats. However, the proportion is reversed if we consider Hymenoptera alien 
in Europe; in this case, half of the translocated species are phytophagous pests of trees. 

12.7. Ecological and economic impact 

The ecological impacts of alien invertebrate species have been recently reviewed by 
Kenis et al. (2009) and Hymenoptera represent well all impact categories described in 
this review. Biological control programmes against pests, using introduced parasitoids, 
were initiated in Europe about 100 years ago. These programs using relatively host- 
specific parasitoids are long supposed to decrease the risk to nontarget species, however 
there is increasing concern about the ecological costs of biological control (Louda et al. 
2003, Simberloff and Stiling 1996). All introduced natural enemies present a certain 

Percentage of alien hymenopterans 
living in the habitat 
0 10 20 30 40 50 

B - Coastal habitats 

C - Inland surface water habitats 

D - Mire, bog and fen habitats 

E - Grassland and tall forb habitats 

F - Heathland, scrub and tundra habitats 
G - Woodlands and forests 48 

H - Inland without vegetation - 

| - Agricultural and horticultural lands 
] - Buildings, houses 

J100 - Greenhouses 

X - Large parks and domestic gardens 

II) Alien to Europe 

Alien in Europe 

193 

Habitats 

Figure 12.7. Main European habitats colonized by the species of Hymenoptera alien zo Europe and ali- 
en in Europe. The number over each bar indicates the absolute number of alien hymenopterans recorded 

per habitat. Note that a species may have colonized several habitats. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 687 

degree of risk to non-target species and there is clear evidence of non-target effects 
(Lynch and Thomas 2000). Indeed, some butterfly populations have suffered a range 
reduction likely due to parasitism from an introduced wasp (Benson et al. 2003a, Ben- 
son et al. 2003b). Recently, Babendreier et al. (2003) found in laboratory experiments 
that Trichogramma brassicae (a parasitoid largely used against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiib- 
ner) on maize) parasitizes eggs of 22 out of 23 lepidopteran species tested, including 
several which are listed on the Swiss red list of endangered species. Because researchers 
have not looked systematically for non-target effects, they are probably underestimated 
in Europe. Biological control is potentially a valuable control strategy against invasions 
of alien insect pest species in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Nevertheless, post- 
release monitoring of biological control agents on target and nontarget species has yet 
to be developed. This is an ethical responsibility of scientists (Delfosse 2005) and it 
could help to resolve uncertainties in the impact of releases. 

One of the most pernicious effects of introduced ants is the elimination or dis- 
placement of native ants and potential cascading effects on other trophic levels. In- 
deed, invasive ant species have huge colonies that exploit local resources and therefore 
represent a considerable threat to native ants. This ecological advantage of invasive ant 
species is partly attributed to their unicoloniality that promotes high worker densities 
and to the presence of several queens that accelerate colony growth and propagation 

Figure 12.8. Chestnut gall induced by the chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Credit: Milka 
Glavendeki¢). 


688 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Figure 12.9. Female of cedar seed chalcid, Megastigmus schimitscheki, ovipositing on a cedar cone. (Cre- 
dit: Gaélle Rouault). 

(Giraud et al. 2002), sometimes coupled with diet plasticity allowing them to exploit 
human residues. 

Introduced alien parasitoids have also been suspected to displace native parasitoids 
by competition; however, reliable examples are still rare. One reported case in Europe 
is the probable displacement of Encarsia margaritiventris (Mercet), a parasitoid of the 
whiteflies Aleurotuba jelineki (Frauenfeld) following the introduction of Cales noacki 
(Viggiani 1994b). 

There is still debate about the extent to which an introduced bee could alter native 
pollinator communities. Some studies clearly show that introduction of non-native 
bees may have strong impacts on local communities of bees (Goulson 2003), but their 
effects have been poorly documented in Europe. However, it is important to keep in 
mind that generalist polylectic bees (i.e. Apis, Bombus) may compete with native flower 
visitors (bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, beetles and flies) (Ings et al. 2006), as well 
as competing for nest sites. There is also evidence that introduced bees could bear 
pathogenic, commensal and mutualistic organisms, that could be co-introduced and 
transmitted to native Apidae (Goka et al. 2001). Exotic bees could also disrupt native 
pollinator services and could be the only pollinators of weeds, improving their seed 
set and spread. 

Genetic impacts of Hymenoptera are clearly underestimated and there is strong 
risk that introduced species may hybridize with localy adapted populations. ‘This case 
has been reported for Bombus and Apis, and there is a strong risk that commercial 
and native subspecies will hybridize with alien ones (Goulson 2003, Ings et al. 2005, 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 689 

Figure 12.10. X-ray picture of Douglas fir seeds showing seeds infested by larvae and pupae of the 
Douglas-fir seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus (Credit: Jean-Paul Raimbault). 

Figure 12.11. Nest of Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina nigrothorax (Credit: Claire Villemant) 


690 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Kanbe et al. 2008). Introduction of Mediterranean subspecies of Apis mellifera, A. m. 
carnica and A.m. ligustica, in northern Europe has led to extended gene flow and in- 
trogression between these subspecies and the native black honeybee, A. m. mellifera in 
different parts of Europe (De La Rua et al. 2002, Jensen et al. 2005). 

Introduced phytophagous Hymenoptera may also have strong economic and eco- 
logical impact. During mass-outbreaks they defoliate trees, reduce their growth and 
lead, sometimes, to their death. This is the case for diprionid outbreaks (De Somviele 
et al. 2004, Lyytikainen-Saarenmaa and Tomppo 2002) as well as for xylophagous 
siricids that threaten pine plantations (Yemshanov et al. 2009). 

Economic impacts of alien Hymenoptera have received little attention In Europe 
and consequently are clearly underestimated. However introduced alien ant species 
account for over $120 billion of annual costs in the United States alone (Gutrich et 
al. 2007, Pimentel et al. 2000, Pimentel et al. 2005, Vis and Lenteren 2008). Intro- 
duced siricids in the United States are considered as an economically serious threat 
with a total projected loss of more than $ 0.76 billion over 30 years (Yemshanov et 
al. 2009). The recent introduction in France of Vespa velutina would also have a sig- 
nificant impact on beekeeping because this hornet mainly preys on honeybees (see 
factsheet 14.62). Additionally displacement of native bees may also lead to important 
economic costs that are nevertheless difficult to estimate (Allsopp et al. 2008, Gallai et 
al. 2009, Veddeler et al. 2008). 

12.9. References 

Abd-Rabou S (1999) Biological control of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) 
(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), in Egypt. Shashpa 6: 53-57. 

Achterberg van C, Aartsen van B (1986) The European Pamphiliidae (Hymenoptera: Sym- 
phyta), with special reference to the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 234: 
1-98. 

Albert R, Schneller H (1994) Evetmocerus californicus - ein weiterer Gegenspieler der Weissen 
Fliege. TASPO Gartenbau Magazin 3: 44-45. 

Alexandrakis N, Neuenschwander P (1979) Influence of road dust on Aspidiotus nerii Bouché 
(Hom. Diaspdididae) and its main parasite, Aphytis chilensis How. (Hym., Aphelinidae), 
observed on olive. Annales de Zoologie - Ecologie Animale 11: 171-184. 

Alexandrakis V, Benassy C (1981) Experiment in biological control on olive in Crete using 
Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hym. Aphelinidae), parasite of Aspidiotus nerii Bouche (Hom. 
Diaspididae). Acta Occologica, Oecologia Applicata 2: 13-25. 

Allsopp MH, de Lange WJ, Veldtman R (2008) Valuing insect pollination services with cost of 
replacement. Plos One 3. 

Anagnou-Veroniki M, Papaioannou-Souliotis P, Karanastasi E, Giannopolitis CN (2008) New 
records of plant pests and weeds in Greece, 1990-2007. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 
1: 55-78. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 691 

Annecke DP, Mynhardt MJ (1979) On Metaphycus stanleyi Compere and two new species of 
Metaphycus Mercet from Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 42: 
143-150. 

Annecke DP, Mynhardt MJ (1979) On the type-species and three new species of Prococcopha- 
gus Silvestri from South Africa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of the Entomological 
Society of Southern Africa 42: 289-297. 

Annila E (1970) Host trees and emergence of Megastigmus specularis Walley (Hym., Torymi- 
dae). Annales Entomologici Fennici 36: 186-190. 

Anonymous (2005) Dryocosmus kuriphilus. Bulletin OEPP 35: 422-424. 

Applebaum SW, Rosen D (1964) Ecological studies on olive scale, Parlatoria oleae in Israel. 
Journal of Economic Entomology 57: 847-850. 

Argov Y, Réssler Y (1988) Introduction of beneficial insects into Israel for the control of insect 
pests. Phytoparasitica 16: 303-315. 

Argov Y, Réssler Y (1996) Introduction, release and recovery of several exotic natural enemies 
for biological control of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, in Israel. Phytoparasitica 
24: 33-38. 

Argov Y, Zchori-Fein E, Rosen D (1995) Biosystematic studies in the Aphytis lingnanensis com- 
plex. Jsrael Journal of Entomology 29: 315-320. 

Argyriou LC (1974) O.LL.B. “Coccoids of citrus’ study group meeting in Morocco (26-31 
October, 1970). Al Awamia 37: 57-65. 

Argyriou LC, Katsoyannos P (1976) Establishment and dispersion of Metaphycus helvolus Com- 
pere in Kerkyra (Corfu) on Saissettia oleae (Olivier). Annales de l'Institut Phytopathologique 
Benaki 11: 200-208. 

Argyriou LC, Kourmadas AL (1979) Notes on the biology and natural enemies of the olive tree 
scale Parlatoria oleae Colvée on olive trees in central Greece. Mededelingen van de Faculteit 
Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 44: 39-48. 

Argyriou LC, Kourmadas AL (1980) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock an important pest of 
citrus trees in the Aegean islands. Fruits, Paris 35: 705-708. 

Argyriou LC, Michelakis S (1975) Metaphycus lounsburyi Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 
parasite nouveau de Saissetia oleae Berne. en Créte, Gréce. Fruits, Paris 30: 251-254. 

Arzone A, Vidano C (1978) Introduzione in Italia di Patasson nitens, parassita di un nuovo 
nemico dell’Eucalipto. /nformatore Agrario 34: 2741-2744. 

Askew RR, Nieves Aldrey JL (2000) The genus Eupelmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera, Chal- 
cidoidea, Eupelmidae) in peninsular Spain and the Canary islands, with taxonomic notes 
and descriptions of new species. Graellsia 56: 49-61. 

Avidov Z, Rosen D, Gerson U (1963) A comparative study on the effects of aerial versus 
ground spraying of poisoned baits against the Mediterranean fruit fly on the natural en- 
emies of scale insects in Citrus groves. Entomophaga 8: 205-212. 

Babendreier D, Kuske S, Bigler F (2003) Non-target host acceptance and parasitism by Tricho- 
gramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the laboratory. Biologi- 
cal Control 26: 128-138. 

Babi A, Pintureau B, Voegelé J (1984) Etude de Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Tri- 
chogrammatidae): description d’une nouvelle sous-espéce. Entomophaga 29: 369-380. 


692 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Baez M, Askew RR (1999) New records of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from the Canary 
Islands. Boletin de la Asociacién Espanola de Entomologta 23: 65-82. 

Bak J (1999) Injuries to seeds and cones of silver fir Abies alba Mill. from pests in selected stands 
of the Swietokrzyski National Park. Syhwan 143: 83-89. 

Bale JS, van Lenteren JC, Bigler F (2008) Biological control and sustainable food production. 
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 363: 761-776. 

Bar-Zakay I, Peleg BA, Chen C (1987) Spherical mealybug infesting citrus in Israel. Alon 
Hanotea 41: 855-860. 

Baraja MJ, Gonzalez S, Montalban C (1996) Manejo integrado en cultivo de melon entutorado 
bajo invernadero. Revista de Hortalizas, Flores y Plantas Ornamentales 113: 29-32. 

Barbagallo S, Longo S, Siscaro G, Reina P, Zappala L (2000) Status of biological control of 
the citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) in Italy. Abstracts, XXI International Congress of 
Entomology, Brazil, August 20-26, 2000 1: 375. 

Barbagallo S, Patti I, Cavalloro R (1983) Citrus aphids and their entomophages in Italy. Aphid 
antagonists. Proceedings of a meeting of the EC Experts Group, Portici, Italy, 23-24, November 
19682 --AVG=119: 

Battaglia D (1988) A note on the male of Comperiella lemniscata Compere and Annecke (Hy- 
menoptera, Encyrtidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 
45: 77-80. 

Battaglia D, Leo Ad, Malinconico P, Rotundo G (1994) Osservazioni sulla cocciniglia bianca 
del pesco e del gelso in Basilicata. Informatore Agrario 50: 77-80. 

Battisti A, Sun JH (1996) A survey of the spruce web-spinning sawflies of the genus Cephalcia 
Panzer in north-eastern China, with a guide to the identification of prepupae (Hym, Pam- 
philiidae). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 120: 275-280. 

Beardsley JW, Rasplus JY (2001) A new species of Josephiella (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) form- 
ing leaf galls on Ficus microcarpa L. (Moraceae). Journal of Natural History 35: 33-40. 
Bednarek A, Goszczynski W (2002) ‘The costs of biological pest control in protected tomato 
crops. Bulletin OILB. Section Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de 

Lutte Biologique 25: 5-8. 

Ben-Dov Y (1978) Taxonomy of the nigra scale Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Homoptera: Coc- 
coidea: Coccidae), with observations on mass rearing and parasites of an Israeli strain. 
Phytoparasitica 6: 115-127. 

Bénassy C, Bianchi H (1974) Observations sur Aonidiella aurantii Mask. et son parasite in- 
digéne Comperiella bifasciata How. (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae). Bulletin. Section Regionale 
Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 3: 39-50. 

Benassy C, Bianchi H, Franco E (1974) Note sur l’introduction en France d’Aphytis lepidosaphes 
(Comp.) (Hymenopt. Aphelinidae), parasite de Lepidosaphes beckii Newm. (Homopt., Di- 
aspidinae). Compte Rendu de l’Académie d ‘Agriculture de France 60: 191-196. 

Bénassy C, Bianchi H, Milaire H (1965) Research on the utilisation of Prospaltella perniciosi 
Tow. in France. Annales de l'Tnstitute National de la Recherche Agronomique (C - Annales des 
Epiphyties) 15: 457-472. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 693 

Benassy C, Brun P (1989) Encarsia elongata Dozier (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae), a new ento- 
mophagous species introduced in France among the citrus scale insects. Mededelingen van 
de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 54: 861-865. 

Bénassy C, Mathys G, Neuffer G, Milaire H, Bianchi H et al. (1968) Lutilisation practique de 
Prospaltella perniciosi Tow. parasite du pou de San José Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst. 
Entomophaga Mémoires Hors-Série 4: 28pp. 

Benassy C, Pinet C (1987) Sur Pintroduction en France d’Aphytis yanonensis De Bach & Rosen 
(Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasite de la Cochenille japonaise des Citrus: Unaspis yanonensis 
Kuw. (Hom.: Diaspididae). Compte Rendu de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France 73: 33-38. 

Bennett FD (2005) Occurrence of the eucalyptus psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) 
(Hom.: Psylloidea) and its parasitoid Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hym.: Encyrtidae) in the 
Isle of Man. Entomologists Record and Journal of Variation 117: 159-163. 

Benson J, Pasquale A, Van Driesche R, Elkinton J (2003) Assessment of risk posed by intro- 
duced braconid wasps to Pieris virginiensis, a native woodland butterfly in New England. 
Biological Control 26: 83-93. 

Benson J, Van Driesche RG, Pasquale A, Elkinton J (2003) Introduced braconid parasitoids 
and range reduction of a native butterfly in New England. Biological Control 28: 197-213. 

Beratlief C (1967) An important parasite of cereal weevils Anisopteromalus calandrae How. 
Analele Institutului de Cercetari pentru Protectia Plantelor 4: 253-254. 

Bernard F (1968) Les Fourmis (Hymenoptera Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentri- 
onale. Paris: Masson et Cie. 411 pp. 

Berndt O, Meyhofer R, Richter E (2007) Whitefly on cut gerbera: Biological control by para- 
sitoids or predatory mites? Gesunde Pflanzen 59: 171-178. 

Biermann GM (1973) Untersuchungen zur Einburgerung der nordamerikanischen Pim- 
pline Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) als Parasit von Rhya- 
cionia buoliana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera:Olethreutidae) in Nordwestdeutschland.: 
viiit 133[+131] pp. 

Billany DJ, Brown RM (1980) The web spinning larch sawfly Cephalcia lariciphila - a new pest 
of Larix in England and Wales. UK. Forestry (Oxford) 53: 71-80. 

Bitsch J, Barbier Y (2006) Répartition de l’espéce invasive Sceliphron curvatum (F.Smith) en Eu- 
rope et plus particuliérement en France (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Bulletin de la Société 
entomologique de France 111: 227-237. 

Bitsch J, Barbier Y, Gayubo FE, Schmidt K, Ohl M (1997) Hyménopteéres Sphecidae d'Europe 
occidentale. Volume 2. Faune de France 82. Paris. 429 pp. 

Bjegovic PS (1962) A new method of rearing the egg-parasite of the gypsy moth, Ovencyrtus 
kuwanae How Arhiv za Poljoprivredne Nauke, Beograd 15(48): 105-113. 

Blacker NC (2007) Ants (Hym., Formicidae) in East Anglia - Additional records from 2005. 
Entomologists Monthly Magazine 143: 69-89. 

Blumberg D (1977) Encapsulation of parasitoid eggs in soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). 
Ecological Entomology 2: 185-192. 

Blumberg D, Wysoki M, Hadar D (1993) Further studies on the encapsulation of eggs of Meta- 
phycus spp. (Hym.: Encyrtidae) by the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Hom.: 
Coccidae). Entomophaga 38: 7-13. 


694 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Blumberg D, Ben-Dov Y, Gross S, Drishpoun Y, Mendel Z (1999) Outbreaks and biological 
control of the citriculus mealybug Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel in Israel in the past and 
present - revaluation and current situation. Alon Hanotea 53: 155-160. 

Blumberg D, Ben-Dov Y, Mendel Z (1999) The citriculus mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus 
Hempel, and its natural enemies in Israel: History and present situation. Entomologica 33: 
233-242. 

Boer P, Dekoninck W, van Loon AJ, Vankerkhoven F (2003) List of ants (Hymenoptera: For- 
micidae) of Belgium and The Netherlands, their status and Dutch vernacular names. Ento- 
mologische Berichten 63: 54-58. 

Boer P, van Nunen F, Blommaart J, Vorst O, Huijbregts H (2006) The ant Hypoponera puncta- 
tissima outdoors in the Netherlands. Entomologische Berichten 66: 56-57. 

Boer P, Vierbergen B (2008) Exotic ants in The Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). En- 
tomologische Berichten 68: 121-129. 

Bogusch P, Liska P, Lukas J, Dudich A (2005) Spreading and summary of the knowledge of 
the invasive sphecid wasp Sceliphron curvatum (SMITH 1870) in the Czech Republic and 
Slovakia (Hymenoptera: Apocrita, Sphecidae). Linger Biologische Beitrége 37: 215-221. 

Boomsma JJ, Brouwer AH, Van Loon AJ (1990) A new polygynous Lasius species (Hy- 
menoptera, Formicidae).II. Allozymatic confirmation of specific status. [nsectes Sociaux 
37: 363-375. 

Boriani M (1991) Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), parasitoid of Hyphantria 
cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera Arctiidae), new for Europe. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e 
Bachicoltura, Milano 23: 193-196. 

Botoc M (1971) Some Trichogrammatidae (Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae) new for Roma- 
nia’s fauna. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Cluj (Ser. Biol.) 16: 89-90. 

Boucek Z (1965) Studies of European Eulophidae, IV: Pediobius and two allied genera (Hy- 
menoptera). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 36: 5—90. 

Boucek Z (1968) Contributions to the Czechoslovak fauna of Chalcidoidea (Hym.). Acta Fau- 
nistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 12: 231-260. 

Boucek Z (1976) African Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera); new taxa synonymies and combina- 
tions. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 39(1): 9-31. 

Boucek Z (1977) Descriptions of Tachinobia gen.n. and three new species of Tetrastichinae 
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a tentative key to genera. Bulletin of Entomological Re- 
search 67(1): 17-30. 

Boucek Z (1977) A faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera). 
Acta Entomologica Jugoslavica 13 (Supplement): 1-145. 

Boucek Z (1991) Four new genera of European Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera), with some taxo- 
nomic changes. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano 22: 195-206. 

Boucek Z (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) : a biosystematic revision of gen- 
era of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB 
International. 1-832 pp. 

Boucek Z, Graham MWRdV (1978) British check-list of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): taxo- 
nomic notes and additions. Entomologists Gazette 29: 225-235. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 695 

Boucek Z, Rasplus JY (1991) Illustrated key to West-Palearctic Genera of Pteromalidae (Hy- 
menoptera - Chalcidoidea). In: Paris: INRA Editions, série Techniques et Pratiques, 1-140. 

Branco M, Boavida C, Durand N, Franco JC, Mendel Z (2009) Presence of the Eucalyptus 
gall wasp Ophelimus maskelli and its parasitoid Closterocerus chamaeleon in Portugal: First 
record, geographic distribution and host preference. Phytoparasitica 37: 51-54. 

Breisch H, Streito JC (2004) Oriental chestnut gall wasp: a new plague for Europe. /nfos-Crift: 
34-37. 

Brodeur J, Boivin G (2004) Functional ecology of immature parasitoids. Annual Review of 
Entomology 49: 27-49. 

Bue Pl, Colazza S (2005) Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) a dangerous pest of cactus. Informatore 
Fitopatologico 55: 34-37. 

Buijs MJ, Pirovano I, Lenteren JCv (1981) Encarsia pergandiella, a possible biological control 
agent for the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. A study on intra- and inter- 
specific host selection. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniver- 
siteit Gent 46: 465-475. 

Burks BD (1958) A new Bruchophagus from liliaceous plant with a host plant list for the genus 
(Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 59: 
273-277. 

Burnett T (1962) An effect of parasite attack on host mortality, as exemplified by Encarsia for- 
mosa and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Canadian Entomologist 94: 673-679. 

Cadahia D (1986) Importance des insectes ravageurs de l’eucalyptus en région méditerranéenne. 
Bulletin OEPP 16: 265-283. 

Canard M, Laudeho Y (1977) Studies on a second winter generation of Saissetia oleae in Attica 
(Greece) and its reduction by Metaphycus lounsburyi and Scutellista cyanea. Fruits, Paris 32: 
554-561. 

Carniel A, Governatori G (1994) Notes on ants of Meduna River Park (Pordenone plain, 
North-eastern Italy). Atti XVII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia: 481-482. 
Carrero JM (1979) Toxicity in the field to Cales noacki How., a parasite of the citrus whitefly 
Aleurothrixus floccosus Mask., of several insecticides (in Spanish). Anales del Instituto Na- 

cional de Investigaciones Agrarias (Serie Proteccién Vegetal) 1979: 75-91. 

Carrero JM (1980) Current status of biological control of citrus scale-insects in Valencia 
(Spain). Fruits, Paris 35: 625-631. 

Castro L (2007) New data on the spread of Sceliphron curvatum (Smith 1870) in the Iberian 
Peninsula (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae). Boletin de la Asociacién Espanola de Entomologia: 
537-538. 

Cetkovic A, Radovic I, Dorovic L (2004) Further evidence of the Asian mud-daubing wasps in 
Europe (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae). Entomological Science 7: 225-229. 

Chauzat MP, Purvis G, Dunne F (2002) Release and establishment of a biological control 
agent, Psyllaephagus pilosus for eucalyptus psyllid (Ctenarytaina eucalypti) in Ireland. Annals 
of Applied Biology 141: 293-304. 

Chumak PY (2003) The parasite of Eretmocerus in greenhouses of the Ukraine. Zashchita i 
Karantin Rastenii 2003: 31. 


696 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

CIBC (1976) Report of work carried out during 1975. Commonwealth Institute of Biological 
Control, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, U.K: 10. 

Clausen CP (1978) Introduced parasites & predators of Arthropod pests and weeds: A world 
review. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Hand- 
book No. 480 pp. 

Collingwood CA (1958) A survey of Irish Formicidae. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 
59(B): 213-219. 

Collingwood CA (1993) A comparative study of the ant fauna of five Greek islands. Biologia 
Gallo-Hellenica 20: 191-197. 

Collingwood CA, Hughes J (1987) Ant species in Yorkshire (England, UK). Naturalist 112: 
95-101. 

Collingwood CA, Tigar BJ, Agosti D (1997) Introduced ants in the United Arab Emirates. 
Journal of Arid Environments 37: 505-512. 

Compton SG (1989) The fig wasp Odontofroggatia galili (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the 
Greek isles. Entomologists Gazette 40: 183-184. 

Conti E, Bin F (2000) Parasitoids of concealed noctuid eggs and their potential in biological 
control of Gramineae stemborers (1). Redia: 87-104. 

Costa A, Stary P (1988) Lysiphlebus testaceipes, and introduced aphid parasitoid in Portugal 
(Hym., Aphidiidae). Entomophaga 33: 403-412. 

Costanzi M, Frassetti F Malausa JC (2003) Biological control of the psyllid Ctenarytaina 
eucalypti Maskell in eucalyptus plantations of Ligurian Riviera. Informatore Fitopatologico 
53: 52-56. 

Costanzi M, Malausa JC, Cocquempot C (2003) A new psyllid on the eucalyptus of the Ligu- 
rian and French Riviera: first observations of Ctenarytaina spatulata on southern Europe. 
Phytoma: 48-51. 

Csoka G, Wittmann F, Melika G (2009) The oriental sweet chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus 
kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951) in Hungary. Novenyvdelem 45: 359-360. 

Czechowska W, Czechowski W (1999) Lasius neglectus Van Loon, Boomsma & Andrasfalvy, 
1990 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), nowy dla Polski gatunek mrévki w Warszawie. Przeglad 
Zoologiceny 43: 189-191. 

Czechowski W, Czechowska W (1999) New data on the occurrence of ants of the subfamily 
Ponerinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Poland. Fragmenta Faunistica 42: 7-10. 

Czechowska W, Czechowski W (2003) Further record of Lasius neglectus Van Loon, Boomsma 
& Andrasfalvy (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Warsaw, with a key to the Polish species 
of the subgenus Lasius s.str. Fragmenta Faunistica 46: 195-202. 

Danon V (1989) Biological control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibner), by 
Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. Zastita Bilja 40: 131-141. 

Darling DC (1999) Life history and immature stages of Steffanolampus salicetum (Hymenoptera: 
Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 130: 3-14. 

De Haro A, Collingwood CA, Comin P (1986) Prospeccién mirmecoldgica por Ibiza y For- 
mentera (Baleares). Orsis 2: 115-120. 

de Jonge JT (1985) Remarkable insects in and around buildings in 1984. Entomologische Berich- 
ten (Amsterdam) 45: 166-168. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 697 

De La Rua P, Serrano J, Galian J (2002) Biodiversity of Apis mellifera populations from Tenerife 
(Canary Islands) and hybridisation with East European races. Biodiversity and Conservation 
11: 59-67. 

De Somviele B, Lyytikainen-Saarenmaa P, Niemela P (2004) Sawfly (Hym., Diprionidae) out- 
breaks on Scots pine: effect of stand structure, site quality and relative tree position on 
defoliation intensity. Forest Ecology and Management 194: 305-317. 

DeBach P (1960) The importance of taxonomy to biological control as illustrated by the cryptic 
history of Aphytis holoxanthus n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasite of Chrysom- 
phalus aonidum, and Aphytis coheni n. sp., a parasite of Aonidiella aurantii. Annals of the 
Entomological Society of America 53: 701-705. 

DeBach P, Rose M (1976) Biological control of woolly whitefly California Agriculture 30(5): 4-7. 

DeBach P, Rosen D (1976) Chapter 6. Armoured scale insects. In: Delucchi VL (Ed) Studies 
in Biological Control. International Biological Programme Synthesis Series (No. 9): Cam- 
bridge University Press, 139-178. 

Dekoninck W, De Baere C, Mertens J, Maelfait J-P (2002) On the arrival of the Asian invader 
ant Lasius neglectus in Belgium (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin et Annales de la Société 
Royal Entomologique de Belgique 138: 45. 

Del Bene G, Gargani E (1991) Notes on Aleurothrixus floccosus Mask. (Homoptera; Aleyro- 
didae) and its aphelinid parasitoid Cales noacki How. in Tuscany (in Italian). Redia 74: 
LAG: 

Del Guercio G (1925) Il pidocchio lanigera del melo ed il suo nemico endofago, Aphelinus 
mali Hald. var italica Del Guercio. (Continuazione, vedi num. prec.). Agricoltura Colo- 
niale 19: 121-128. 

Del Guercio G (1931) Il pidocchio nero ver noir o barban dell’olivo (Phloeothrips oleae Costa) 
ed i suoi rapporti con i punteruoli. Redia 19: 75-195. 

Delanoue P (1960) Essai d’élevage artificiel permanent d’Opius concolor Szepl. sur un héte in- 
termédiaire et lachers expérimentaux de ce parasite de Dacus oleae Gmel. dans les Alpes- 
Maritimes. Informations Ol¢icoles internationales 10: 15 p. 

Delfosse ES (2005) Risk and ethics in biological control. Biological Control 35: 319-329. 
Delvare G (1995) The family Chalcididae. In: Hanson PE, Gauld ID (Eds) The Hymenoptera 
of Costa Rica. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications & The Natural History Museum. 
Delvare G (2006) 11.5 Familia Chalcididae. In: Hanson PE, Gauld ID (Eds) Hymenoptera de la 

Regién Neotropical: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, vol. 77, 333-340. 

Dessart P (1994) New or unusual Hymenoptera Ceraphronidae. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des 
Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Entomologie 64: 49-103. 

Dessart P, Cammaerts R (1995) Recapture of Hypoponera punctatissima in Belgium (Hymenop- 
tera Formicidae Ponerinae). Bulletin and Annales de la Societe Royale Belge d’Entomologie 
131: 487-489. 

Domenichini G (1967) Contributo alla conoscenza biologica e tassinomica dei Tetrastichinae 
palearctici (Hymenoptera Eulophidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Mi- 
lano 2: 75-110. 

Domenichini G, Remaudiére G, Delucchi V (1964) Hym. Eulophidae. Palaearctic Tetrastichi- 
nae. Paris: Le Francois. 101 pp. 


698 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Drost YC, Elmula AK Posthuma-Doodeman CJAM, Van Lenteren JC (1996) Development 
of selection criteria for natural enemies in biological control: Parasitoids of Bemisia argen- 
tifolit. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands 
Entomological Society (N.E. V.): 165-170. 

Dzhanokmen KA (1984) A new genus of the family Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) from the 
Asian part of the USSR. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 64(1): 151-153. 

Ebmer AW (1995) Hymenopterological notes from Austria: part 2 (Insecta: Hymenoptera ac- 
uleata). Linzer Biologische Beitrige 27: 273-277. 

Edwards R (1997) Provisional atlas of the aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland. Part 1, 
p. 139. Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society., Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. 

Eliopoulos PA, Athanasiou CG, Buchelos CH (2002) Occurrence of hymenopterous para- 
sitoids of stored product pests in Greece. Bulletin. Section Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, 
Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 25: 127-139. 

Embleton AL (1902) On the economic importance of the parasites of Coccidae. Transactions of 
the Royal Entomological Society of London 35: 223. 

Erdés J (1953) Additamenta ad cognitionem faunae Chalcidoidarum in Hungaria et regioni- 
bus finitimis. V. 11. Thysanidae, 12. Aphelinidae, 17. Tetracampidae, 18. Elasmidae. Folia 
Entomologica Hungarica 6: 165-184. 

Erdés J (1954) Az Eridontomerus Crawf. nemzetség (Torymidae, Hymen.) fajai. Allattani Ko- 
zlemények 44: 149-160. 

Erdés J (1956) Additamenta ad cognitionem faunae Chalcidoidarum in Hungaria et regionibus 
finitimis VH. 20 Trichogrammatidae. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 9: 403-410. 

Ermolenko VM, Sem’yanov VP (1981) Development of the fauna of sawflies (Hymenoptera, 
Symphyta) of man-made coenoses of cultivated lands in the south of the European part 
of the USSR. Noveishie dostizheniya sel’skokhozyaistvennoi entomologii (po materialam USh 
sezda VEO, Vilnyus, 9-13 oktyabrya 1979 g.): 73-76. 

Espadaler X (1979) Citas nuevas o interesantes de hormigas para Espana. Boletin de la Asoci- 
acién Espanola de Entomologia 3: 95-101. 

Espadaler X (1999) Lasius neglectus Van Loon, Boomsma & Andrasfalvy, 1990 (Hymenoptera, 
Formicidae), a potential pest ant in Spain. Orsis 14: 43-46. 

Espadaler X, Bernal V (2003) Exotic ants in the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 
Vieraea 31: 1-7. 

Espadaler X, Colllingwood CA (2000) Transferred ants in the Iberian peninsula (Hymenop- 
tera, Formicidae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 17: 257-263. 

Espadaler X, Espejo F (2002) Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793), a new exotic ant in 
Spain (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Orsis 17: 101-104. 

Espadaler X, Lopez Soria L (1991) Rareness of certain Mediterranean ant species: fact or arti- 
fact? Insectes Sociaux 38: 365-377. 

Faber T, Sengonca C (1997) Laboratory studies on the longevity and the fecundity of Coccopha- 
gus scutellaris (Dalm.) (Hym., Aphelinidae) as a parasitoid of the horse chestnut scale insect 
Pulvinaria regalis Canard (Hom., Coccidae). Gesunde Pflanzen 49: 84-88. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 699 

Fabre JP, Rabasse JM (1987) Introduction dans le Sud-Est de la France d'un parasite: Pauesia 
cedrobii |Hym.: Aphidiidae] du puceron: Cedrobium laportei [Hom.: Lachnidae] du cédre 
de atlas: Cedrus atlantica. Entomophaga 32: 127-141. 

Fabritius K (1978) Laborzucht von Muscidifurax raptor Gir. & Sand. (Hym. Chalcidoidea) 
und sein Einsatz ftir die biologische Bekampfung synanthropen Fliegen. Mitteilungen der 
Deutschen Gesellschaft fiir Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 1: 231-233. 

Fabritius K (1981) Guided biological control of the synanthropic fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera- 
Muscidae) by means of the parasite Muscidifurax raptor Gir. & Sand. (Hymenoptera-Pter- 
omalidae) (in Romanian with English summary). Studii si Cercetari de Biologie 33: 89-92. 

Falco JV, Garzon-Luque E, Perez-Hinarejos M, Tarazona I, Malagon J et al. (2006) Two native 
pupal parasitoids of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae) found in Spain. Bulletin. Section 
Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 29: 71-74. 

Farrall MH, Paiva MR, Albino P (1992) Registo de uma nova especie do genero Avetianella 
(Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) parasitoide oofago da broaca do eucalipto Phoracantha semi- 
punctata. Actas do Congresso Iberica de Entomologia 5: 475-480. 

Ferriére C (1961) Notes sur les espéces paléarctiques du genre Prospaltella Ashmead (Hym. 
Aphelinidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 34: 253-269. 

Finlayson LH (1950) The biology of Cephalonomia waterstoni Gahan (Hym., Bethylidae) a 
parasite of Loaemophloeus (Col., Cucujidae) Bulletin of Entomological Research 41: 79-97. 

Finzi B (1936) Risultati scientifici della spedizione di S.A.S. il principe Alessandro della Torre 
e tasso nell’Egitto e penisola de Sinae. Bulletin de la Société Royale Entomologique d'Egypte 
20: 155-210. 

Fitton MG, de V. Graham MWR, Boucek ZRJ, Fergusson NDM, Huddleston T et al. (1978) 
Hymenoptera. In: Kloet GS, Hincks WD (Eds) A checklist of British insects. Handbooks 
for the identification of British insects, 2nd ed. London: Royal Entomological Society of 
London, 1-159. 

Flabbee J, Petit N, Jay N, Guenard L, Codreanu F et al. (2008) The economic costs of severe 
anaphylaxis in France: an inquiry carried out by the Allergy Vigilance Network. Allergy 63: 
360-365. 

Flanders SE (1969) An historical account of Casca smithi and its competitor Aphytis holoxan- 
thus, parasites of Florida red scale. [srael Journal of Entomology 4: 29-40. 

Forel A (1874) Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systématique. Notices anatomiques et physiologiques. 
Architecture. Distribution géographique. Nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. 
Neue Denkschrifien der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fiir die gesammten Naturwis- 
senschaften 26: 1-452. 

Forster B, Castellazzi T, Colombi L, Furst E, Marazzi C et al. (2009) First record of the chest- 
nut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Yasumatsu) (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in Southern 
Switzerland. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 82: 271-279. 

Freitag A, Dorn K, Cherix D (2000) First occurrence of the crazy ant Paratrechina longicornis 
(Latreille) (Hym. Formicidae: Formicinae) in Switzerland. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen 
Entomologischen Gesellschaft 73: 301-303. 

Frilli F (1965) Infested pasta. Investigations on the frequency of injurious insects and of their 

parasites. Molini Ital 7: 247-257. 


700 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Fry JM (1989) Natural enemy databank, 1987. A catalogue of natural enemies of arthropods 
derived from records in the CIBC Natural Enemy Databank. Wallingford, Oxford, UK 
CAB International. viii+185 pp. 

Galil J, Eisikowitch D (1968) On the pollination ecology of Ficus religiosa in Israel. Phytomor- 
phology 18: 356-363. 

Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J, Vaissiere BE (2009) Economic valuation of the vulnerability of 
world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics 68: 810-821. 

Gambaro PI (1965) Observations on the bionomics of Prospaltella perniciosi Tow. in the Po 
valley. Entomophaga 10: 373-376. 

Garonna AP (1994) On the occurrence in Italy of Aphytis acrenulatus Rosen & De-Bach (Hy- 
menoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on Rhizaspidiotus donacis Leonardi (Homoptera: Dias- 
pididae) Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 49: 53-59. 

Garonna AP, Viggiani G (1989) Notizie preliminari sulla Comperiella lemniscata Compere; An- 
necke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parassitoide di Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.) in 
Italia. Redia 72(2): 523-527. 

Garrido-Torres AM, Nieves-Aldrey JL (1990) Catalogo actualizado de los pteromalidos de la 
peninsula iberica e islas baleares (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae). Boletin de la Asoci- 
acién Espanola de Entomologia 14: 71-87. 

Gaston KJ (1991) The magnitude of global insect species richness. Conservation Biology 5: 
283-296. 

Gauld ID, Bolton B (1988) The Hymenoptera. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Geiter O, Homma S, Kinzelbach R (2002) Bestandsaufnahme und Bewertung von Neozoen 
in Deutschland. Untersuchung der Wirkung von Biologie und Genetik ausgewahlter Neo- 
zoen auf Okosysteme und Vergleich mit den potentiellen Effekten gentechnisch verindert- 
er Organismen. Berlin: Umweltbundesamt. 308 pp. 

Gerling D (1966) Biological studies on Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals 
of the Entomological Society of America 59: 142-143. 

Gerling D, Motro U, Horowitz R (1980) Dynamics of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homop- 
tera: Aleyrodidae) attacking cotton in the coastal plain of Israel. Bulletin of Entomological 
Research 70(2): 213-219. 

Gerling D, Alomar O, Arno J (2001) Biological control of Bemisia tabaci using predators and 
parasitoids. Crop Protection 20: 779-799. 

Gerson U (1967) The natural enemies of the chaff scale, Parlatoria pergandei Comstock, in 
Israel. Entomophaga 12: 97-109. 

Gerson U, Mescheloff E, Dubitzki E (1975) The introduction of Neodusmetia sangwani (Rao) 
(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) into Israel for the control of the Rhodesgrass scale, Antonina 
graminis (Maskell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Applied Ecology 12(3): 767— 
TI9: 

Ghesquiére J (1933) Sur Diaspis visci (Schr.) Low. et deux de ses parasites nouveaux pour la 
faune belge. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 73: 343-349. 

Gibson GAP (1995) Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of 
world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology Interna- 
tional 5: 70-100. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 701 

Gibson GAP (2000) Differentiation of the species of Urolepis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: 
Pteromalidae), potential biocontrol, agents of filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Canadian 
Entomologist 132: 391-410. 

Gibson GAP (2009) Revision of New World Spalangiinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). 
Zootaxa: 1-159. 

Gijswijt MJ (2003) Naamlijst van de Nederlandse bronswespen (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). 
Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 18: 47. 

Giorgini M (2001) Induction of males in thelytokous populations of Encarsia meritoria and 
Encarsia protransvena: a systematic tool. BioControl 46: 427-438. 

Giraud JE, Laboulbéne A (1878) Liste des éclosions d’insectes observées par le Dr. Joseph 
Etienne Giraud, membre honoraire. Recueillie et annotée par M. le Dr. Alexandre Laboul- 
béne. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5: 397-436. 

Giraud T, Pedersen JS, Keller L (2002) Evolution of supercolonies: The Argentine ants of 
southern Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of 
America 99: 6075-6079. 

Glas M, Hassan SA (1985) Mass production and utilization of Trichogramma. 5. Control of 
two Tortricids on cereal crops, Cnephasia longana (Haw) and Cnephasia pumicana (Z.) 
(Lep., Tortricidae). Zeitschrift fir Angewandte Entomologie 99: 393-399. 

Glavendekic M (2000) Parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Agriopis spp. (Lepidoptera: Ge- 
ometridae) in Serbia. Glasnik Sumarskog Fakulteta, Univerzitet u Beogradu: 59-72. 

Goka K, Okabe K, Yoneda M, Niwa S (2001) Bumblebee commercialization will cause world- 
wide migration of parasitic mites. Molecular Ecology 10: 2095-2099. 

Gokhman VY (1996) New and little known species of the tribe Phaeogenini (Hymenoptera, 
Ichneumonidae) from the southern part of European Russia and adjacent territories. Ento- 
mological Review 75: 81-88. 

Gomez K, Espadaler X (2006) Exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Balearic Islands. 
Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8: 225-233. 

Gonseth Y, Imbeck P, Tussac M (2001) Sceliphron curvatum (Smith, 1870), une espéce nouvelle 
de la faune Suisse et de la faune de France (Hymenoptera Sphecidae). Mitteilungen der 
Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 74: 99-103. 

Gonzalez A, Martin R, Reyes MA, Jimenez I, Suarez V, et al. (2008) Pest situation and biologi- 
cal control of Bemisia tabaci in canary islands. Journal of Insect Science 8: 22-22. 

Gonzalez Zamora JE, Moreno Vazquez R, Rodriguez Rodriguez MD, Rodriguez Rodriguez 
MP, Mirasol Carmona E et al. (1996) Development of parasitism of Bemisia tabaci (Gen.) 
and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouses in Alm- 
eria. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas 22: 373-389. 

Gordh G, Moczar L (1990) A catalog of the World Bethylidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Mem- 
oirs of the American Entomological Institute 46: 1-364. 

Gossner M, Liston A, Spaeth J (2007) Sawflies in the crowns of native and exotic trees, sampled 
with flight-interception traps in southern Germany (Hymenoptera : Symphyta). Entomo- 
logia Generalis 30: 273-282. 


702 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Goudey-Perriére F, Perriére C, Brousee-Gaury P (1988) Découverte de Comperia merceti (Com- 
pere) en région Parisienne (Hym. Chalcidoidea Encyrtidae). Bulletin de la Société ento- 
mologique de France 92: 160. 

Goudey-Perriére F, Perriére C, Brousee-Gaury P (1991) Comperia merceti (Hymenoptera, Chal- 
cidoidea, Encyrtidae) parasite des oothéques de la blatte des cuisines Supella longipalpa 
(Dictyoptera, Blattellidae). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 116: 353-359. 

Goulet H, Huber JT (1993) Hymenoptera of the World: An identification guide to families. 
Ottawa: Agriculture Canada pp. 

Goulson D (2003) Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology 
and Systematics 34: 1-26. 

Graham MWRdV (1969) The Pteromalidae of north-western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chal- 
cidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) Supplement 16: 
908pp, 686 figs. 

Graham MWRdvV (1987) A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eu- 
lophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 
(Entomology) 55(1): 1-392. 

Graham MWRdvV (1991) A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eu- 
lophidae): revision of the remaining genera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 
49: 322 pp. 

Graziosi I, Santi F (2008) Chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus): spreading in Italy and 
new records in Bologna province. Bulletin of Insectology 61: 343-348. 

Greathead DJ (1976) Mediterranean fruit fly, olive fruit fly. In: Greathead PJ (Ed) A review of 
biological control in western and southern Europe: Commonwealth Institute of Biological 
Control, Technical Communication, 37—43. 

Grissell EE (1995) Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition, ge- 
neric classification and annotated world catalogue of species. Memoirs on Entomology, In- 
ternational 2: i-iii + 1-470. 

Grissell EE (1999) An annotated catalog of World Megastigminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoi- 
dea: Torymidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 31: 1-92. 

Grissell EE, Prinsloo GL (2001) Seed-feeding species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Torymi- 
dae) associated with Anacardiaceae. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 10: 271-279. 

Grubik P (1992) New pest for Czechoslovakia of the seeds of Japanese sophora. Byulleten’ Glav- 
nogo Botanicheskogo Sada 165: 62-64. 

Guerrieri E (1995) Influence of temperature on development and adult longevity of Copido- 
soma koehleri Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitoid of Phthorimaea operculella 
(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silves- 
tri 50: 261-270. 

Guerrieri E, Noyes J (2005) Revision of the European species of Copidosoma Ratzeburg (Hy- 
menoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of caterpillars (Lepidoptera). Systematic Entomology 
30: 97-174. 

Guerrieri E, Noyes JS (2000) Revision of european species of genus Metaphycus Mercet (Hy- 
menoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoi- 

dea). Systematic Entomology 25: 147-222. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 703 

Guerrieri E, Pellizzari G (2009) Parasitoids of Pseudococcus comstocki in Italy. Clausenia pur- 
purea and Chrysoplatycerus splendens: first records from Europe. Bulletin of Insectology 62: 
179-182. 

Gullu M, Simsek N (1995) Studies on egg parasitoids of corn stalk borer (Sesamia nonagrioides 
Lef.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) (Lep.:Pyralidae) 
in east Mediterranean region of Turkey. Zirai Mucadele Arastrma Yilg: 7-8. 

Gutrich JJ, VanGelder E, Loope LL (2007) Potential economic impact of introduction and 
spread of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in Hawaii. Environmental Science & 
Policy 10: 685-696. 

Haeselbarth E (2008) On the Braconid genus Perilitus Nees 1818. 3rd Contribution: The spe- 
cies with the first segment of the cuditus estinguished (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Linzer 
Biologische Beitrage 40: 1013-1152. 

Hagvar ER, Hofsvang T, Trandem N (1994) The leafminer Chromatomyia fuscula (Diptera: 
Agromyzidae) and its parasitoid complex in Norwegian barley fields. Norwegian Journal of 
Agricultural Sciences, Supplement 16: 369-378. 

Hansson C (1985) Taxonomy and biology of the Palaearctic species of Chrysocharis Forster, 
1856 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica Scandinavica (supplement) 26: 1-130. 
Haxaire J, Bouquet JP, Tamisier JP (2006) Vespa velutina Lepeletier, 1836, une redoutable nou- 
veauté pour la Faune de France (Hym., Vespidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de 

France 111: 194. 

Hayes AJ (1982) Sirex cyaneus new record in South Scotland UK with notes on the scottish 
Siricidae (Hymenoptera). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 118: 195-198. 

Hedgvist K-J (2003) Katalog 6ver svenska Chalcidoidea. Entomologisk Tidskrift 124: 101. 

Hedstrom L (1987) Swedish insect records, Report 3. Entomologisk Tidskrift 108: 149-158. 

Heimpel GE, de Boer JG (2008) Sex determination in the Hymenoptera. Annual Review of 
Entomology 53: 209-230. 

Heinze J (1986) A New find of Paratrechina longicornis Latreille 1802 on the Azores Portugal 
(Hymenoptera Formicidae). Bocagiana 101: 1-3. 

Heinze J, Trenkle S (1997) Male polymorphism and gynandromorphs in the ant Cardiocondyla 
emeryi. Naturwissenschafien 84: 129-131. 

Hellrigl K (1984) The blue wood wasp Sirex cyaneus E (Hym., Siricidae) and the dark Spruce 
beetle Serropalpus barbatus Schall (Col. Serropalpidae) as technical pests in Silver firs in 
South Tyrol. Anzeiger fiir Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 57: 33-35. 

Hernandez-Suarez E, Carnero A, Aguiar A, Prinsloo G, LaSalle J, et al. (2003) Parasitoids of 
whiteflies (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Eulophidae, Platygastridae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodi- 
dae) from the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores. 
Systematics and Biodiversity 1: 55-108. 

Herting B (1971) Arachnida to Heteroptera. A catalogue of parasites and predators of terres- 
trial arthropods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy. 1: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, 
Slough, England v+129 pp. 

Herting B (1972) Homoptera. A catalogue of parasites and predators of terrestrial arthro- 
pods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy. 2: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, 
England pp. 


704 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Herting B (1975) Lepidoptera, Part 1 (Microlepidoptera). A catalogue of parasites and preda- 
tors of terrestrial arthropods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy. 6: Commonwealth Agricul- 
tural Bureaux, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control pp. 

Herting B (1977) Hymenoptera. A catalogue of parasites and predators of terrestrial arthro- 
pods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy. 4: pp. 

Herting B (1978) Neuroptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera. A catalogue of parasites and predators 
of terrestrial arthropods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy: Commonwealth Agricultural 
Bureaux, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control 156 pp. 

Hoffer A (1970) First contribution to the knowlege of the Yugoslavian Encyrtidae (Hym., 
Chalcidoidea). Studia Entomologica Forestalia 1(10): 151-170. 

Hoffer A (1982) Encyrtidae des Nationalparkes Mljet 3. Beitrag zur kenntnis der Arten der 
Familie Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) Jugoslawiens. Acta Entomologica Jugo- 
slavica 18: 35-63. 

Hoédgmo (2003) Algunas especies de hormigas nuevas o interesantes para Gran Canaria, islas 
Canarias (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Vieraea 31: 197-200. 

Hogmo O (2003) Some new or interesting ants species from Gran Canaria, Canary Islands 
(Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Vieraea 31: 197-200. 

Holusa J, Liska J, Modlinger R, Vele A (2007) On the occurrence of web-spinning sawflies of 
the genus Cephalcia (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) in the Czech Republic. Journal of Forest 
Science 53: 57-62. 

Holway DA, Lach L, Suarez AV, Tsutsui ND, Case TJ (2002) The causes and consequences of 
ant invasions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 181-233. 

Howard LO (1895) Revision of the Aphelininae of North America a subfamily of hymenopter- 
ous parasites of the family Chalcididae. Technical Series, Bureau of Entomology, United States 
Department of Agriculture 1: 1-44. 

Howard LO (1896) The grass and grain joint-worm flies and their allies: a consideration of 
some north American phytophagic Eurytominae. Bulletin. United States Department of Ag- 
riculture. Division of Entomology (Technical Series) 2: 1-24. 

Howard LO (1912) The activity of Prospaltella berlesei Howard against Diaspis pentagona Targ. 
in Italy. Journal of Economic Entomology 5: 325-328. 

Huber JT (1986) Systematics, biology, and hosts of the Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae 
(Insecta: Hymenoptera): 1758-1984. Entomography 4: 185-243. 

Hunter MS, Woolley JB (2001) Evolution and behavioral ecology of heteronomous aphelinid 
parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 46: 251-290. 

Ikeda E (1996) Revision of the Japanese species of Chrysocharis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), 
I. Japanese Journal of Entomology 64: 551-569. 

Ings TC, Raine NE, Chittka L (2005) Mating preference in the commercially imported bum- 
blebee species Bombus terrestris in Britain (Hymenoptera : Apidae). Entomologia Generalis 
28: 233-238. 

Ings TC, Ward NL, Chittka L (2006) Can commercially imported bumble bees out-compete 
their native conspecifics? Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 940-948. 

Inserra S (1971) The acclimatization, spread and biology of Aphytis melinus in eastern Sicily (in 
Italian). Tecnica Agricola 23: 937-941. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 705 

Jachym M (2007) Web-spinning sawflies of the genus Cephalcia Panzer (Hymenoptera, Pam- 
philiidae) in the Picea abies forests of the Beskidy Mountains (Poland). Journal of Forest 
Science 53: 63-68. 

Janssen M (1961) Pigment modification und neuer Fundort von Aphelinus semiflavus How. 
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Beitrige zur Entomologie 11: 671-678. 

Japoshvili GO, Noyes JS (2006) New data on the European fauna of encyrtid wasps (Hy- 
menoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 85: 224. 

Jensen AB, Palmer KA, Boomsma JJ, Pedersen BV (2005) Varying degrees of Apis mellifera 
ligustica introgression in protected populations of the black honeybee, Apis mellifera mel- 
lifera, in northwest Europe. Molecular Ecology 14: 93-106. 

Jensen TS, Ochsner P (1999) Indigenous and introduced seed chalcids in Denmark — with 
a revised key to the Danish species (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Entomologiske Meddelelser 
67: 47-56. 

Jones CG, Lawton JH, Shachak M (1994) Organisms as ecological engineers. Oikos 69: 373-386. 

Jones RA (1997) Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South-East 
London. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 10: 256. 

Jonsson M, Wratten SD, Landis DA, Gurr GM (2008) Recent advances in conservation bio- 
logical control of arthropods by arthropods. Biological Control 45: 172-175. 

Jucker C, Rigato F, Regalin R (2008) Exotic ant records from Italy (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 
Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano 40: 99-107. 

Jussila R (1989) Ichneumonological Hymenoptera reports from Finnland V. Notulae Entomo- 
logicae 69: 75-80. 

Kalina V (1989) Checklist of Czechoslovak Insects III (Hymenoptera). Chalcidoidea. Acta Fau- 
nistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 19: 97-127. 

Kanbe Y, Okada I, Yoneda M, Goka K, Tsuchida K (2008) Interspecific mating of the intro- 
duced bumblebee Bombus terrestris and the native Japanese bumblebee Bombus hypocrita 
sapporoensis results in inviable hybrids. Naturwissenschaften 95: 1003-1008. 

Kavallieratos N, Lykouressis D (1999) Parasitoids (Hymenoptera Braconidae) emerged from 
aphids (Homoptera Aphidoidea) on citrus and their frequency in Greece. Bollettino del 
Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri: 93-104. 

Kenis M, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Roques A, Timms L, Pere C, et al. (2009) Ecological effects of 
invasive alien insects. Biological Invasions 11: 21-45. 

Keremidchiev M, Ganchev G, Stefan M (1980) Biology and ecology of the egg parasite Oven- 
cyrtus Ruwanae. Gorskostopanska Nauka (Forest Science) 17(4): 57-65. 

Kfir R, Rosen D (1980) Parasites of soft scales (Homoptera, Coccidae) in Israel - An annotated 
list. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 43: 113-128. 

Kim IK, Mendel Z, Protasov A, Blumberg D, La Salle J (2008) Taxonomy, biology, and efficacy 
of two Australian parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle 
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae). Zootaxa: 1-20. 

Kirk AA (1974) The distribution and ecology of woodwasps (Hym., Siricidae) and their para- 
sitoid, Rhyssa persuasoria (L.) (Hym., Ichneumonidae), in Ireland. Entomologist’s Monthly 
Magazine 110: 215-221. 


706 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Kirk AA, Lacey LA, Roditakis N, Brown JK (1993) The status of Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: Aleyro- 
didae), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) and their natural enemies in Crete. 
Entomophaga 38: 405-410. 

Klotz JH, Klotz SA, Pinnas JL (2009) Animal bites and stings with anaphylactic potential. 
Journal of Emergency Medicine 36: 148-156. 

Kluger J (1983) The males of Cardiocondyla Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the de- 
scriptio of the winged male of Cardiocondyla wroughtoni (Forel). Israel Journal of Entomol- 
ogy 17: 1-21. 

Kluger J (1988) The zoogeography of Israel. 9. The zoogeography of social insects of Israel and 
Sinai. Monographiae Biologicae 62: 251-275. 

Konig E, Bogenschutz H (1971) Zur Bekampfung des Kiefernknospentriebwicklers im ober- 
rheinischen Tiefland mit und ohne DDT. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 142: 179-184. 

Koponen M, Askew RR (2002) Chalcids from Madeira, Canary Islands and Azores (Hymenop- 
tera, Chalcidoidea). Vieraea 30: 117. 

Koscielska MK (1963) Investigation upon trophamnion Ageniaspis fuscicollis Dalm. (Chalci- 
doidea, Hymenoptera) (in Polish with English summary). Studia Societatis Scientiarum 
Torunensis, Torun-Polonia (E) 6(7): 1-9. 

Kowalska T (1969) The introduction of Encarsia formosa, the whitefly parasite in glasshouses in 
Poland. Biuletyn Instytutu Ochrony Roslin 44: 341-352. 

Kozarazhevskaya E, Mihajlovic L (1983) Biological data of mulberry scale (Pseudaulacaspis pen- 
tagona \arg.-Tozz.) and its parasites (Chalcidoidea) in Belgrade. Zastita Bilja 34: 59-75. 

Krambias A, Kotzionis A (1980) Establishment of Leptomastix dactylopii (How.) in Cyprus. 
Fruits, Paris 35: 783-785. 

Kristjansson K, Rasmussen K (1990) Pollination of the sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) with 
the solitary bee Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowki). Acta Horticulturae 288: 173-179. 

Kuhlmann U (1994) Spatial use by Ageniaspis fuscicollis of patchily distributed apple ermine 
moths Yponomeuta malinellus. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Supplement 
16: 337-345. 

Labeyrie V (1957) Remarque sur la mise au point d’un élevage semi-industriel de Macrocentrus 
ancylivorus Roh. Entomophaga 2: 271-281. 

Lach L, Thomas ML (2008) Invasive ants in Australia: documented and potential ecological 
consequences. Australian Journal of Entomology 47: 275-288. 

Lacordaire Al, Dussart C (2008) IBP in tomatoes: Verticillium lecanii in early application 
against whitefly. PHM Revue Horticole: 26-31. 

LaSalle J, Gauld ID (1993) Hymenoptera: their diversity, and their impact on the diversity of 
other organisms. In: LaSalle J, Gauld ID (Eds) Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. Wallington, 
UK: CAB International, 1—26. 

Laudonia S, Viggiani G (1986) Natural enemies of the Citrophilus mealybug Pseudococcus cal- 
ceolariae Mask. in Campania, Italy. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo 
Silvestri 43: 167-172. 

Laudonia S, Viggiani G (1986) Observations on the developmental stages of Edovum puttleri 
Grissell (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an egg-parasitoid of colorado potato beetle. Bollettino 
del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 43: 97-103. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 707 

Laudonia S, Viggiani G, Rotundo G (1991) Morphobiological data on Telenomus busseolae 
Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), oophagous parasitoid of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefe- 
vre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) introduced in Italy. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia 
Agraria Filippo Silvestri 48: 125-136. 

Lenteren JCv, Nell HW, Sevenster vdL, Woets J (1976) The parasite-host relationship between 
Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homop- 
tera: Aleyrodidae): I. Host finding by the parasite. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 
20: 123-130. 

Leston AD (1988) Noteworthy Symphyta from afforested areas in Northern Ireland. /rish Nat- 
uralists Journal 22: 445-447. 

Liao DX, Li XL, X-F PB, Chen TL (1987) Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea (1): Economic Insect 
Fauna of China, 34 pp. 

Limonta L, Colombo M (2003) Record of Pheidole megacephala (F.), Pheidole nodus Smith 
and Tetramorium bicarinatum Nylander (Hymenoptera Formicidae), tropical species, in 
nursery imported plants. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano 35: 287-289. 

Linden van der A (1986) Addition of the exotic leaf miner parasites Chrysocharis parksi and 
Opius dimidiatus to the native Dutch parasite complex on tomato. Mededelingen van de 
Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 51: 1009-1016. 

Lindqvist E (1974) Taxonomic observations on several sawflies, Part 2. Notulae Entomologicae 
54: 17-22. 

Liotta G (1974) Essais Vélevage d’ Aphytis chilensis How. (Hym. Aphelinidae). Bulletin. Section 
Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 3: 83-88. 
Liotta G, Agro A, Pinto MI (2003) Biological control in citrus groves in the last 50 years: three 
successful cases in western Sicily. Bulletin. Section Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisa- 

tion Internationale de Lutte Biologique 26: 171-173. 

Liotta G, Salvia F (1991) Notizie bio-etologiche su Comperiella bifasciata How. (Hymenoptera: 
Encyrtidae) introdolta in Italia per il controllo di Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) (Homoptera: 
Diaspididae). Atti Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia 16: 375-383. 

Lo Verde G (2002) Ritrovamento in Italia di Josephiella microcarpae Beardsley & Rasplus (Hy- 
menoptera Agaonidae) galligeno fogliare di Ficus microcarpa L. (Moraceae). Naturalista 
Sicilia 26: 199-203. 

Lo Verde G, Porcelli FE, Sinacori A (1991) Presenza di Parapristina verticillata (Waterst.) e Odon- 
tofroggatia galili Wiebes (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea Agaonidae) in Sicilia. Atti Congresso 
Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia 16: 139-143. 

Longino JT, Cox DJ (2009) Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 
Zootaxa 1985: 34-42. 

Longo S, Benfatto D (1982) Utilizzazione di Leptomastix dactylopii How. per la lotta bio- 
logica al cotonello degli agrumi in Sicilia orientale. Informatore Agrario 38: 19671-19672, 
19675-19676. 

Longo S, Palmeri V, Sommariva D (1993) Sull’attivita di Avetianella longoi ooparasitoide di 
Phoracantha semipunctata nel Italia Meridionale. Redia 76(1): 223-239. 

Loomans AJM, Tolsma J, Heest JPNFv, Fransen JJ (1995) Releases of parasitoids (Ceranisus 

spp.) as biological control agents of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) in ex- 


708 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

perimental greenhouses. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische 
Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 60: 869-877. 

Lotfalizadeh H, Delvare G, Rasplus JY (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae based on 
morphological characters (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean 
Society 151: 441-510. 

Louda SM, Pemberton RW, Johnson MT, Follett PA (2003) Nontarget effects - The Achilles’ 
Heel of biological control? Retrospective analyses to reduce risk associated with biocontrol 
introductions. Annual Review of Entomology 48: 365-396. 

Luppino P (1979) Lotta biologica per la difesa degli agrumeti: si controlla il Planococcus citri 
utilizzado il Leptomastix dactylopii. Informatore Agrario 35: 4183-4186. 

Lynch LD, Thomas MB (2000) Nontarget effects in the biocontrol of insects with insects, nema- 
todes and microbial agents: the evidence Biocontrol News and Information 21: 117N-130N. 

Lyytikainen-Saarenmaa P, Tomppo E (2002) Impact of sawfly defoliation on growth of Scots 
pine Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) and associated economic losses. Bulletin of Entomological 
Research 92: 137-140. 

Magis N (1988) Mise a jour du catalogue des Pamphilidae observés en Belgique et dans les pays 
limitrophes : Hyménopteéres, Symphytes. Notes fauniques de Gembloux 16: 1-48. 

Mailleux AC, Roques A, Molenberg JM, Gregoire JC (2008) A North American invasive seed 
pest, Megastigmus spermotrophus (Wachtl) (Hymenoptera : Torymidae): Its populations and 
parasitoids in a European introduction zone. Biological Control 44: 137-141. 

Maini S, Bellini R (1991) Biological control of filth flies in poultry houses by Spalangia cam- 
eroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Bollettino dell Istituto di Entomologia “Guido 
Grandi” della Universita degli Studi di Bologna 45: 61-72. 

Malausa JC (1999) Un espoir face aux pullulations de Metcalfa pruinosa. Introduction en 
France de Neodryinus typhlocybae, parasite larvaire de cette ‘cicadelle’. Phytoma 512: 37-40. 

Malausa JC, Girardet N (1997) Biological control of the blue gum psyllid. Acclimatization on 
the Cote d’Azur of a promising beneficial, Psyllaephagus pilosus. Phytoma 50: 49-51. 

Malausa JC, Giuge L, Fauvergue X (2003) Acclimatation et dispersion en France de WN. typhlo- 
cybae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) introduit pour lutter contre Metcalfa pruinosa 
(Say) (Hemiptera, Flatidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 108: 97-102. 

Malausa JC, Rabasse JM, Kreiter P (2008) Les insectes entomophages d’intérét agricole acclimatés 
en France métropolitaine depuis le début du 20éme siécle. Bulletin OEPP 38: 136-146. 

Malenotti E (1917) Prospaltella fasciata Malen. n. sp. Redia 12: 195. 

Maniglia G, Agro A, Peri E (1995) Parasite activity of Encarsia herndoni (Girault) (Hym. Aphe- 
linidae) on Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) (Hom. Diaspididae). Bulletin. Section Regionale 
Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 18: 131-135. 

Manzano MR, van Lenteren JC, Cardona C (2002) Searching and oviposition behaviour of 
Amitus fuscipennis, a parasitoid of the greenhouse whitefly. Zeitschrift fiir Angewandte En- 
tomologie 126: 528-533. 

Marko B (1988) Six new ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for the Romanian myrmeco- 
fauna. Entomologica Romanica 3: 119-123. 

Marko B, Sipos B, Csész S, Kiss K, Boros I, et al. (2006) A comprehensive list of the ants of 
Romania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 9: 65-76. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 709 

Markovic C, Stojanovic A (2008) Finding of locust sawfly Nematus tibialis (Newman) (Hy- 
menoptera, Tenthredinidae) in Serbia. Biljni Lekar 36: 131-135. 

Mary L (2005) Integrated biological control on roses under glass: overview of 5 years experi- 
mentation in Brittany. PHM Revue Horticole: 31-34. 

Mathys G, Guignard E (1962) Un allié important dans le contréle du pou de San José: 
Prospaltella perniciosi. Agricoltura, Roma 1: 59-61. 

Mazzone P, Viggiani G (1983) Present status of the parasitoids of Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) in Italy, 
with preliminary biological notes on Prococcophagus varius Silv. and P. saissetiae Ann. and 
Myn. (Aphelinidae) recently introduced. Atti XIII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomo- 
logia: 191-196. 

Mei M (1995) Hymenoptera Formicidae (con diagnosis di due nuove specie). Naturalista Si- 
cilia 19: 753-772. 

Mendel Z, Podoler H, Rosen D (1984) Population dynamics of the mediterranean black scale, 
Saissetia oleae (Olivier), on citrus in Israel. 4. The natural enemies. Journal of the Entomo- 
logical Society of Southern Africa 47: 3-9. 

Mendel Z, Protasov A, Fisher N, La Salle J (2004) Taxonomy and biology of Leptocybe invasa 
gen. & sp n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an invasive gall inducer on Eucalyptus. Austral- 
ian Journal of Entomology 43: 101-113. 

Menteelos I (1967) Eretmocerus corni Hald. (Hym. Aphelinidae) parassita del Siphoninus phil- 
lyreae Halid. (Hom. Aleyrodidae). Entomophaga 12: 351-353. 

Mercet RG (1911) Las plagas del naranjo en Valencia. Asociacion espanola para el progreso de las 
ciencias 4: 1-17. 

Michelakis SE (1997) ‘The citrus leafminer status in Greece. Bulletin. Section Regionale Ouest 
Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 20: 81-82. 

Michelakis SE, Vacante V (1997) The citrus leafminer status in Greece. Bulletin. Section Region- 
ale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 20: 81-82. 

Midtgaard F (1986) Urocerus augur Klug, 1803 and Sirex cyaneus Fabricius, 1781 (Hymenop- 
tera Siricidae) new to the Danish fauna. Entomologiske Meddelelser 53: 127-129. 

Mifsud D (1997) Biological control in the Maltese Islands - past initiatives and future pro- 
grammes. Bulletin de l’Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des 
Plantes 27: 77-84. 

Mihajlovic L (1983) Bruchophagus sophorae Crosby & Crosby (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae), 
nova ursta za faunu Jugoslavije. Zastita Bilja 34: 419-426. 

Mihalache G, Ciornei C, Tomescu R (1995) The role of parasitoid and predatory insects in 
limiting the outbreak of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in the oak stands of Romania. 
Biological and integrated forest protection: 157-170. 

Milanovic S, Krnjajic S, Mihajlovic L (1998) A contribution to the study of gypsy moth egg 
parasitoids (Lymantria dispar L.) in Yugoslavia. Acta Entomologica Serbica 3: 127-137. 
Mineo G (1981) Studies on the Scelionidae (Hym. Proctotrupoidea) XII. A revision of the 

Palearctic species of Gryon Haliday: the muscaeformis group. Redia 64: 117-147. 

Mineo G, Viggiani G (1976) Sull’acclimatazione in Italia di Leptomastix dactylopii How. par- 

assita del cotonella degli agrumi. /nformatore Fitopatologico 26(5): 13-15. 


710 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Mitroiu MD (2001) Revision of the Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) collections 
of the Belgian Royal Institute of Natural Sciences and the discovery of 31 new species for 
Belgium. Bulletin de la Société Royale Belge d’Entomologie 137: 91-97. 

Monaco R (1976) Nota su Metaphycus lounsburyi (How.) (Hym.-Encyrtidae) parassita di Sais- 
setia oleae (Oliv.). Entomologica 12: 143-151. 

Monaco R, D’Abbicco M (1987) Osservazioni biologiche sulla Saissetia coffeae Walk. (Rhyn- 
chota - Hom. - Coccidae) su fico (Ficus carica L.). Entomologica 22: 75-85. 

Monastero S (1962) The coccids of Citrus in Sicily (Lepidosaphes beckii, Parlatoria ziziphus, Coc- 
cus hesperidum, Pseudococcus adonidum, Saissetia oleae, Ceroplastes rusci (3rd note) Bollettino 
dell Istituto di Entomologia Agraria e dell’ Osservatorio di Fitopatologia di Palermo 28: 1-87. 

Montiel A, Santaella S (1995) Evolucion de la poblacion de Saissetia oleae Oliv en condiciones natu- 
rales. Periodos susceptibles de control biologico. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas 21: 445-455. 

Moscaliuc L (2009) Notes on the distribution of the genus Plagiolepis Mayr, 1861 (Hymenop- 
tera: Formicidae) in Dobrogea, and the first record of Plagiolepis obscuriscapa Santschi, 1923 
in Romania. Travaux du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa 52: 297-301. 

Murphy NP, Carey D, Castro LR, Dowton M, Austin AD (2007) Phylogeny of the platyg- 
astroid wasps (Hymenoptera) based on sequences from the 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and 
cytochrome oxidase I genes: implications for the evolution of the ovipositor system and 
host relationships. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91: 653-669. 

Nénon JP (1978) Synécologie d’Ageniaspis fuscicollis Thoms. (Hyménopteére Chalcidien poly- 
embryonnaire) parasitoide des Hyponomeutes (Lépidoptéres). Annales de Zoologie - Ecolo- 
gie Animale 10: 525-544. 

Neuffer G (1962) Zur Zucht und Verbreitung von Prospaltella perniciosi Tower (Hymenoptera, 
Aphelinidae) und anderen Parasiten der San-Jose-Schildlaus (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus 
Comstock: Homoptera, Diaspidinae) in Baden-Wtrttemberg. Nachrichtenblatt des Deut- 
schen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 14: 97-101. 

Neuffer G (1968) The effectiveness of the aphelinid, Prospaltella perniciosi Tower in the part of 
southwestern Germany infested by the San José scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (in Ger- 
man with English summary). Anzeiger fiir Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 
41(7): 97-101. 

Neumeyer R (2008) Erganzungen zur Artenliste der frei lebenden Ameisen (Hymenoptera: 
Formicidae) in der Schweiz. Entomo Helvetica 1: 43-48. 

Nijhof BW, Oudman L, Torres R, Garrido C (2000) The introduction of Encarsia guadeloupae 
(Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) for control of Aleurodicus dispersus and Lecanoideus floccis- 
simus (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) in Tenerife. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and 
Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society 11: 41-47. 

Noguera V, Verdu MJ, Gomez Cadenas A, Jacas JA (2003) Life cycle, dynamics and natural 
enemies of Saissetia oleae Olivier (Homoptera: Coccidae) in olive orchards in Alto Palancia 
(Castellon-Spain). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas 29: 495-504. 

Nowicki S (1940) Description of new genera and species of the family Trichogrammatidae 
(Hym. Chalcidoidea) from the Palaearctic region, with notes. Supplement. Zeitschrift fiir 
Angewandte Entomologie 26: 624-663. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 FAl 

Noyes JS (1988) Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) and C. floridanum (Ashmead) (Hymenop- 
tera, Encyrtidae), two frequently misidentified polyembryonic parasitoids of caterpillars 
(Lepidoptera). Systematic Entomology 13: 197-204. 

Noyes JS, Hayat M (1994) Oriental mealybug parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: 
Encyrtidae). Oxon, UK CAB International. 554 pp. 

Nunez-Bueno L (1982) Trybliographa daci Weld (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidae): Biology and aspects 
of the relationship with its host Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). 

Nyman T, Farrell BD, Zinovjev AG, Vikberg V (2006) Larval habits, host-plant associations, and 
speciation in nematine sawflies (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae). Evolution 60: 1622-1637. 

Ochsner P (1998) Seed chalcids (Megastigmus spp.) associated with firs (Abies spp.). PhD thesis, 
University of Aarhus, Denmark. 

Ofek G, Huberman G, Yzhar Y, Wysoki M, Kuzlitzky W, et al. (1997) The control of the 
oriental red scale, Aonidiella orientalis Newstead and the California red scale, A. aurantii 
(Maskell). Alon Hanotea 51: 212-218. 

OILB (1971) Liste didentification des entomophages. O/LB, Genéve 8: 28. 

Olafsson E (1979) A review of the species of the family Vespidae (Hymenoptera) recorded in 
Iceland. Natturufraedingurinn 49: 27-40. 

Oncuer C (1974) The Coccus species (Homoptera: Coccidae) damaging Citrus groves in the 
Aegean region; studies on their morphological characters, distribution and natural ene- 
mies. Bitki Koruma Bulteni: 59 pp. 

Onillon JC (1969) A propos de la présence en France d’une nouvelle espéce d’aleurode nuisible 
aux citrus, Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell (Homoptera; Aleurodidae). Comptes Rendus des 
Séances de l'Académie d’Agriculture de France 55: 937-940. 

Onillon JC (1973) Possibilités de régulation des populations d’Aleurothrixus floccosus Mask. 
(Homopt. Aleurodidae) sur agrumes par Cales noacki How. (Hymenopt. Aphelinidae). 
Bulletin de Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes 3: 
17-26. 

Orphanides GM (1988) Current status of biological control of the black scale, Saissetia oleae 
(Olivier), in Cyprus. Technical Bulletin - Agricultural Research Institute, Cyprus: 8 pp. 

Orphanides GM (1996) Establishment of Comperiella bifasciata (Hym.: Encyrtidae) on Aoni- 
diella aurantii (Hom.: Diaspididae) in Cyprus. Entomophaga 41(1): 53-57. 

Ortu S, Prota R (1983) Results from integrated control trials of citrus pests in Sardinia. 10th 
International Congress of Plant Protection 1983. Volume 3. Proceedings of a conference held 
at Brighton, England, 20-25 November, 1983. Plant protection for human welfare.: 1022. 

Pagliano G, Scaramozzino P, Strumia F (2000) Introduction and spread of four aculeate Hy- 
menoptera in Italy, Sardinia and Corsica. In Austin AD, Dowton M (eds). Hymenoptera. 
Evolution, biodiversity and biological control. Collinwood, Australia: CSIRO Publish- 
ing, 290-295. 

Panis A (1977) Variabilité infraspécifique chez Metaphycus lounsburyi Howard (Hymenoptera, 
Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae). Annales de Zoologie - Ecologie Animale 9: 577. 

Panis A (1981) Note sur quelques insectes auxiliaires régulateurs des populations de Pseudococ- 
cidae et de Coccidae (Homoptera, Coccoidea) des agrumes en Provence orientale. Fruits, 

Paris 36: 49-52. 


FA2 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Panis A (1983) Biological control of the black scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) in the context of 
integrated control in French olive cultivation. Symbioses 15: 63-74. 

Panis A, Carrero JM, Limon F (1977) Biological note on the entomofauna of citrus trees 
in Spain. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (Serie Proteccién Vegetal): 
139-143. 

Panis A, Marro JP (1978) Variation du comportement chez Metaphycus lounsburyi (Hym.: En- 
cyrtidae) (in French). Entomophaga 23: 9-18. 

Panis A, Pinet C (1999) A discussion of some ecological factors affecting Coccidencyrtus mal- 
loi Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasitoid of diaspidid scales under glass in 
France. Entomologica 33: 419-422. 

Panis A, Pinet C (1999) A study of two Plagiomerus species (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) para- 
sitising diaspidid scales (Coccoidea) in glasshouses in France. Entomologica 33: 423-427. 

Papadopoulos NT, Katsoyannos BI (2003) Field parasitism of Ceratitis capitata larvae by Aga- 
naspis daci in Chios, Greece. BioControl 48: 191-195. 

Pappas S, Viggiani G (1979) Introdotta a Corft la Prospaltella lahorensis How, (Hym. Aphelini- 
dae), parassita del Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.) (Hom. Aleyrodidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio 
di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 36: 38-41. 

Paraskakis M, Neuenschwander P, Michelakis S (1980) Saissetia oleae (Oliv) (Hom. Coccidae) 
and its parasites on olive trees in Crete, Greece. Zeitschrift ftir Angewandte Entomologie 90: 
450-464. 

Peck O (1963) A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Canadian 
Entomologist (Supplement) 30: 1-1092. 

Pedata PA, Viggiani G (1993) Note su Encarsia transvena Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Apheli- 
nidae) parasitoide di aleirodidi nuovo per l'Italia (in Italian with English summary). Bollet- 
tino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 48: 241-244. 

Pedersen BV (1996) On the phylogenetic position of the Danish strain of the black honeybee 
(the Laeso bee), Apis mellifera mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) inferred from mitochon- 
drial DNA sequences. Entomologica Scandinavica 27: 241-250. 

Pennacchio F (1989) The Italian species of the genus Aphidius Nees Hymenoptera Braconidae 
Aphidiinae. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 46: 75-106. 

Pesenko YA, Astafurova YV (2003) Annotated Bibliography of Russian and Soviet publica- 
tions on the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea; excluding Apis mellifera): 1771-2002. Denisia: 
3-616. 

Pettersen H (1976) Parasites (Hym., Chalcidoidea) associated with bark beetles in Norway. 
Norwegian Journal of Entomology 23: 75-77. 

Phillips DS (1997) Delomerista novita (Cresson) and D. pfankuchi (Brauns) (Hym., Ichneumo- 
nidae) new to Scotland. Entomologist’ Monthly Magazine 133: 8. 

Piekarczyk J, Wright A (1988) Recent additions to the Sawly fauna of Warwickshire, England 
UK. Entomologists Monthly Magazine 124: 200. 

Pimentel D, Lach L, Zuniga R, Morrison D (2000) Environmental and economic costs of 
nonindigenous species in the United States. Bioscience 50: 53-65. 

Pimentel D, Zuniga R, Morrison D (2005) Update on the environmental and economic costs as- 

sociated with alien- invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics 52: 273-288. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 vale: 

Pina T, Martinez B, Verdu MJ (2001) Presence in the Iberian Peninsula of Comperiella lemnis- 
cata (Hym.: Encyrtidae) on the red citrus scale Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Hemiptera: 
Diaspididae). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 27: 29-34. 

Pintureau B (2008) Les espéces européennes de Trichogrammes: ILV Edition pp. 

Pintureau B, Fabre JP, Oliveira ML (1991) Study of two forms of Megastigmus suspectus Borries 
(Hym. Torymidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 95: 277-289. 

Podoler H, Mazor M (1981) Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri (Hym.: Chalcididae) as a parasite of the 
mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedmann) (Dip.: Tephritidae). 2. Analysis of 
parasite responses. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata 2: 299-309. 

Polaszek A, Abd-Rabou S, Huang J (1999) The Egyptian species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: 
Aphelinidae): a preliminary review. Zoologische Mededelingen 73: 106. 

Popescu IE (2004) Eurytomid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eurytomidae) new for Ro- 
manian fauna (II). Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii “ALI. Cuza” Iasi, s. (Biologie Animalia) 
50: 97-102. 

Popescu IE, Fusu L (2003) Eurytomid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eurytomidae) 
new for Romanian fauna. Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii “ALI. Cuza” lagi, s. (Biologie 
Animala) 49. 

Popovici O (2005) New Scelionidae species (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea, Scelionidae) for 
Romanian fauna. Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii ‘Al. Cuza” Iasi, s. (Biologie Animala) 
51: 15-17. 

Porchinsky IA (1881) Vnov otkrytye vrednye nasekomye v rossii i otchet po obsledovaniyu 
solomy iz raznikh mestnostey khersonskoy gub., postradavshikh ot neurozhaya. pp.24 St 
Petersburg. 

Priore R, Viggiani G (1965) La Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera Cecidomyiidae) ed i suoi 
parassiti in Italia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 23: 1-36. 

Protasov A, Blumberg D, Brand D, La Salle J, Mendel Z (2007) Biological control of the eu- 
calyptus gall wasp Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead): Taxonomy and biology of the parasitoid 
species Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault), with information on its establishment in Israel. 
Biological Control 42: 196-206. 

Protasov A, La Salle J, Blumberg D, Brand D, Saphir N, et al. (2007) Biology, revised taxonomy 
and impact on host plants of Ophelimus maskelli, an invasive gall inducer on Eucalyptus 
spp. in the Mediterranean area. Phytoparasitica 35: 50-76. 

Protasov A, Doganlar M, La Salle J, Mendel Z (2008) Occurrence of Two Local Megastigmus 
Species Parasitic on the Eucalyptus Gall Wasp Leptocybe invasa in Israel and Turkey. Phy- 
toparasitica 36: 449-459. 

Prys-Jones O, Olafsson E, Kristjansson K (1981) The Icelandic bumble bee fauna (Bombus 
Latr., Apidae) and its distributional ecology. Journal of Apiculture Research 20: 189-197. 

Pschorn Walcher H (1991) Development and diapause of different European provenances of 
the pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) (Hym., Diprionidae) under identical outdoor 
conditions. Journal of Applied Entomology 112: 382-388. 

Pschorn-Walcher H, Zinnert KD (1971) On the larval taxonomy, distribution and ecology of 
the European sawflies. Zeitschrift fiir Angewandte Entomologie 68: 345-366. 

Quilis Pérez M (1931) Especies nuevas de Aphidiidae espafioles. Fos 17: 25-84. 


714 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Radchenko A, Czechowski W, Czechowska W (1998) The genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hy- 
menoptera, Formicidae) in Poland: A survey of species and a key for their identification. 
Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 48: 107-118. 

Radchenko A, Czechowski W, Czechowska W (1999) Tetramorium insolens (F. Sm.) and Te- 
tramorium caldarium (Rog.) (and not T) guineense (E.) and T. simillimum (F. Sm.)) (Hy- 
menoptera, Formicidae) in Poland. Przeglgd Zoologiczny 43: 105-106. 

Rahola P (2005) Observations sur la biologie de Sceliphron curvatum (Smith, 1870) dans le 
Gard (sud de la France) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) Bulletin de la Société entomologique de 
France 110: 390. 

Raspi A (1988) Nota preliminare sugli entomofagi di Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) e di Lichtensia vi- 
burni Sign. presenti negli-oliveti della toscana litoranea e della Liguria occidentale. Frustula 
Entomologica 11: 119-128. 

Rasplus JY (1992) Inventaire des Chalcidiens de la réserve de Scandola (Hyménopteres para- 
sites) - Premiere partie. Travaux Scientifiques du Parc Régional et Reserves Naturelles de Corse 
36: 97-108. 

Rasplus JY, Kerdelhué C, Le Clainche I, Mondor G (1998) Molecular phylogeny of fig waps 
(Hymenoptera). Agaonidae are not monophyletic. Compte Rendu de l’Académie des Sciences 
de Paris 321: 517-527. 

Rasplus JY, Carcreff E, Cornuet JM, Roques A, Austin AD, et al. (2000) Genetic structure of 
the cypress seed chalcid Megastigmus wachtli (Torymidae) within its Mediterranean distri- 
bution. Hymenoptera. Evolution, biodiversity and biological control: 114-130. 

Reichart G (1964) Comprehensive study on the pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) and its control. 
Kisérlettigyi Kozlemények 57: 149-168. 

Remaudiére G, Stary P (1993) Arrivée spontanée en région parisienne de !hyménoptére Aphi- 
diide Pauesia cedrobii, parasite du puceron du cédre Cedrobium laportei Revue Francaise 
dEntomologie (Nouvelle Série) 15: 157-158. 

Reyes J, Espadaler X (2005) Tres nuevas especies foraneas de Hormigas para la Peninsula Ibérica 
(Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boletin Sociedad Entomolégica Aragonesa 36: 263-265. 

Reyes Lopez JL, Lugqque Garcia G (2003) Nuevas citas de Monomorium andrei SAUNDERS, 
1890 (Hymenoptera: For-micidae) para la Peninsula Ibérica y Baleares. Boletin de la Asoci- 
acién Espanola de Entomologia 27: 221-222. 

Reyes-Lopez J, Ordonez-Urbano C, Carpintero-Ortega S (2008) Updated relation of alien 
species of Andalusia (southern Spain). Boletin Sociedad Entomolégica Aragonesa 32: 81-94. 

Rivera AC, Carbone SS, Andres JA (1999) Life cycle and biological control of the eucalyptus 
snout beetle (Coleoptera, (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) by Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera, 
Mymaridae) in north-west Spain. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 1: 103-109 

Rivnay T, Gerling D (1987) Aphelinidae parasitoids (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea) of whiteflies 
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Israel, with descriptions of three new species. Entomophaga 
32: 463-475. 

Rizzo MC, Lo Verde G, Rizzo R, Buccellato V, Caleca V (2006) Sicily for biological control of 
Ophelimus maskelli Ashmead (Hymenoptera Eulophidae) invasive gall inducer on eucalypt 
trees. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano 38: 237-248. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 FA5 

Roll U, Dayan T, Simberloff D (2007) Non-indigenous insect species in Israel and adjacent 
areas. Biological Invasions 9: 629-643. 

Ronquist F (1995) Phylogeny and early evolution of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). System- 
atic Entomology 20: 309-335. 

Roques A, Rabitsch W, Rasplus J-Y, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Nentwig W, et al. (2008) Alien ter- 
restrial invertebrates of Europe. In DAISIE (ed.). Handbook of alien species in Europe: 
Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology, Springer-Verlag, 63-80. 

Roques A, Skrzypczynska M (2003) Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 
1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: tax- 
onomy, host specificity and distribution. Journal of Natural History 37: 127-238. 

Rose M, Rosen D (1992) Evetmocerus debachi n.sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an effec- 
tive parasite of Parabemisia myricae (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 
XXV-XXVI: 199-207. 

Rose M, Zolnerowich G (1997) Eretmocerus Haldeman (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in 
the United States, with descriptions of new species attacking Bemisia (tabaci complex) 
(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 99: 1-27. 

Rosen D (1962) An annotated list of hymenopterous parasites of citrus soft scale in Israel. 
Entomophaga 7: 349-357. 

Rosen D (1965) The hymenopterous parasites of citrus armored scale in Israel (Hym. Chalci- 
doidea). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 58: 388-398. 

Rosen D (1974) Current status of integrated control of Citrus pests in Israel. Bulletin OEPP 4: 
363-368. 

Rosen D, Alon A (1983) Taxonomic and biological studies of Diversinervus cervantesi (Girault) 
(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) a primary parasite of soft scale insects. Contributions of the 
American Entomological Institute 20: 336-362. 

Rosen D, DeBach P (1979) Species of Aphytis of the World (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). 801 pp. 

Roversi PF, Tiberi R, Covassi M (1991) Ovencyrtus kuwanae (Howard): presenza e numero di 
generazioni nell’Italia centrale (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Atti Congresso Nazionale Ital- 
iano di Entomologia 16: 429-435. 

Ruschka F (1912) Uber erzogene chalcididen aus der Sammlung der K.K. Landwirt-schaftlich- 
bakteriologischen und Pflanzenschutzstation in Wien. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Bota- 
nischen Gesellschaft in Wien 62: 238-246. 

Ruschka F (1921) Chalcididenstudien I. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft 
in Wien 70: 234-315. 

Russo A, Siscaro G (1994) Diaspis echinocacti pest of prickly pear in Sicily. Informatore Agrario 
50: 73-76. 

Russo A, Siscaro G, Verdone A (2000) On the presence of Anastatus tenuipes (Hymenoptera, 
Eupelmidae) in Italy. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano 32: 239-243. 

Rutz DA, Axtell RC (1979) Sustained releases of Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteroma- 
lidae) for house fly (Musca domestica) control in two types of caged-layer poultry houses. 
Environmental Entomology 8: 1105-1110. 

Salgueiro J (2003) Catalogo dos Formicideos de Portugal continental e ilhas. Boletin Sociedad 
Entomolégica Aragonesa 31: 145-171. 


716 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Sasso R, Laudonia S, Viggiani G (2008) Preliminary data on the biological control of Ophe- 
limus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Campania after the introduction 
of its antagonist Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomolo- 
gia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 62: 51-55. 

Scaramozzino PL, Pagliano G (1987) Note sulla presenza in Italia di ‘Isodontia mexicana’ (Saus- 
sure, 1867) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Rivista Piemontese di Storia Naturale 8: 155-159. 

Schedl W (1974) Erster nachweis der Farnblattwespe Blasticotoma filiceti Klug, 1834, in Oster- 
reich (Hymenoptera: Blasticotomidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer 
Entomologen 25: 114-117. 

Scheffer SJ, Grissell EE (2003) Tracing the geographical origin of Megastigmus transvaalensis 
(Hymenoptera: Torymidae): an African wasp feeding on a South American plant in North 
America. Molecular Ecology 12: 415-421. 

Schembri S, Collingwood CA (1995) The myrmecofauna of the Maltese islands. Remarks and 
additions. Bollettin della Societa Entomologica Italiana 127: 153-158. 

Scheurer S, Liebig G (1998) Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabr. (Formicidae, Dolichoderinae) in 
buildings - Observations on its biology and control. Anzeiger ftir Schadlingskunde Pflanzen- 
schutz Umweltschutz 71: 145-148. 

Schnee H, Voigt D, Kaufer B (2006) Biological control of the blue gum psyllid Ctenarytaina 
eucalypti (Maskell) (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) by the encyrtid Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hy- 
menoptera, Encyrtidae) a success not only in California and Western Europe but also in 
Saxony. Gesunde Pflanzen 58: 99-106. 

Schultz R, Busch T (2009) The northernmost record of the invasive garden ant, Lasius neglectus 
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 12: 183-186. 

Schwarz M (1994) Distribution of Siricidae (woodwasps), Aulacidae, Evaniidae and Masaridae 
(Hymenoptera) in the county of Salzburg (Austria), with a preliminary bibliography of the 
hymenopterous fauna of Salzburg. Linzer Biologische Beitrige 26: 861-871. 

Scopes NEA (1969) The economics of mass rearing Encarsia formosa, a parasite of the whitefly 
Trialeurodes vaporariorum, for use in commercial horticulture. Plant Pathology 18: 130-132. 

Sefrova H, Lagtivka Z (2005) Catalogue of alien animal species in the Czech Republic. Acta 
Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53: 151-170. 

Seifert B (1982) Hypoponera punctatissima (Hymenoptera Formicidae) and interresting ant spe- 
cies of human settlements. Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte 26: 173-175. 

Seifert B (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus La- 
sius s.stt. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums 
Gorlitz 66: 1-67. 

Seifert B (1996) Ameisen: Beobachten. Bestimmen. : Naturbuch-Verlag. Augsburg. 352 pp. 

Seifert B (2000) Rapid range expansion in Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)- an 
Asian invader swamps Europe. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 47: 173-179. 

Seifert B (2003) The ant genus Cardiocondyla (Insecta: Hymeoptera: Formicidae) - a taxonomic 
revision of the C. elegans, C. bulgarica, C. batesii, C. nuda, C. shuckardi, C. stambuloffi, 
C. wroughtonii, C. emeryi, and C. minutior species groups. Annalen des Naturhistorischen 

Museums in Wien 104: 203-338. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 717 

Sellenschlo U (1991) The ant Monomorium floricola (Jerdon 1851) (Hym Myrmicidae) import- 
ed to Germany for the Ist time. Anzeiger fiir Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 
64: 111-115. 

Serini GB (1990) Parasitoid of Parectopa robiniella Clemens and Phyllonorycter robiniellus (Cle- 
mens) (Lepidoptera Gracillariidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano 
22: 139-149. 

Sharkey M (2007) Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera. Zootaxa 1668: 521-548. 

Shinohara A, Zombori L (2003) Records of pamphiliid sawflies (Hymenoptera) from the 
Ukrainian Carpathians, Poland and western Russia. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 64: 
223-226. 

Silvestri F (1908) Appunti sulla Prospaltella berlesei How. e specialmente sui primi stati del suo 
sviluppo. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria, della R. Scuola Superiore 
d’Agricoltura 3: 22-28. 

Simberloff D, Stiling P (1996) Risks of species introduced for biological control. Biological 
Conservation 78: 185-192. 

Simoes AMA, Cecilio A, Ilharco FA, Aguiar ME, Franco JC (2006) New records of hymenop- 
teran parasitoid species from citrus orchards in Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal). Bulletin. 
Section Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 29: 
189-193. 

Simutnik SA, Pavlicek T, Nevo E (2005) The first record of Anagyrus subflaviceps (Hymenop- 
tera, Encyrtidae) from Israel. Vestnik Zoologii, Kiev 39: 67-69, 104. 

Sinacori A, Mineo G, Mineo N (1999) Observations on the phenology of postembryonal stage 
of Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché) (Thysanoptera) and its natural antagonists. Phy- 
tophaga 9 (supplemento): 53-63. 

Siscaro G (1992) Avetianella longoi sp.n. (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) egg parasitoid of Phoracan- 
tha semipunctata F. (Coleoptera Cerambycidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicol- 
tura, Milano 24: 205-212. 

Siscaro G, Barbagallo S, Longo S, Patti I (1997) First results on the biological and integrated 
control of citrus leafminer in Italy. Informatore Fitopatologico 47: 19-28. 

Siscaro G, Longo S, Maugeri V, Reina P, Zappala L (1999) Establishment in Sicily of Ageniaspis 
citricola. Informatore Agrario 55: 85-86. 

Siscaro G, Mazzeo G (1997) Rearing of Ageniaspis citricola for the biological control of Phyl- 
locnistis citrella. Informatore Agrario 53: 61-64. 

Skovgard H, Jespersen JB (1999) Activity and relative abundance of hymenopterous parasitoids 
that attack puparia of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) on 
confined pig and cattle farms in Denmark. Bulletin of Entomological Research 89: 263-269. 

Skrzypczynska M (1989) Review of insects found in cones of Abies alba Mill in Poland. Pro- 
ceedings of the 3rd Cone and Seed Insects Working Party Conference, held in Victoria, British 
Columbia, Canada, on 26—30 June 1988. 42-49. 

Skrzypezynska M, Mazurkiewicz I (2002) Insects damaging cones and seeds of European fir 
Abies alba Mill. in the selected seed stands in the Krakow Forest Region (southern Poland). 
Acta Agraria et Silvestria. Series Silvestris 40: 67-86. 


718 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Smits van Burgst CAL (1915) A minute Hymenopteron (Aspidiotiphagus schoeversi n.sp.). Tijd- 
schrift voor Entomologie 58: 292. 

Sorvari J (2002) Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), an 
imported ant species new to Finland, with observations and a taxonomic note. Entomolo- 
gists Gazette 53: 269-270. 

Speight MCD (1979) Anoplonyx destructor, Hemerobius pini and Pamphilius hortorum, insects 
new for Ireland. [rish Naturalists Journal 19: 302-303. 

Spicciarelli R, Tranfaglia A, Battaglia D, Torraco R (1996) Biological control of Aleurothrixus 
floccosus with Cales noacki. Informatore Agrario 52: 67-70. 

Stansly PA, Calvo J, Urbaneja A (2005) Release rates for control of Bemisia tabaci (Homop- 
tera : Aleyrodidae) biotype “Q” with Evetmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) in 
greenhouse tomato and pepper. Biological Control 35: 124-133. 

Stary P (1975) Aphidius colemanii Viereck - its taxonomy, distribution and host range (Hy- 
menoptera, Aphidiidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 72: 156-163. 

Stary P, Michelena JM, Melia A (1985) Lysiphlebus testaceipes an exotic parasite of aphids and a 
biological control agent in Spain (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae). Graellsia 41: 131-136. 
Stary P, Remaudiere G (1973) Some aphid parasites Hym., Aphidiidae from Spain. Ento- 

mophaga 18: 287-290. 

Stary P, Remaudiére G, Leclant F (1977) New additions of French Aphidiids (Hym) and their 
hosts. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 13: 165-184. 

Stathas GJ, Kontodimas DC (2001) Ecological data of the scale Targionia vitis on grapes in 
southern Greece. Annales de "Institut Phytopathologique Benaki 19: 134-139. 

Stavraki HG (1976) Results obtained from released of the oophagous parasites Trichogramma spp. 
against Prays oleae Bern. (Lep. Hyponomeutidae) over a four year period in Greece. Med- 
edelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 42: 1361-1371. 

Steenis MJv (1992) Suitability of Aphis gossypii Glov., Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thom.), and 
Myzus persicae Sulz. (Hom.: Aphididae) as host for several aphid parasitoid species (Hym.: 
Braconidae). Bulletin. Section Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de 
Lutte Biologique 16: 157-160. 

Steffan JR (1952) Les espéces frangaises du genre Perilampus Latr. (Hym. Perilampidae). Bul- 
letin de la Société entomologique de France 57: 68-74. 

Stenseth C (1976) Use of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera) for the control 
of the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) (Homoptera: Aleurodidae) 
on tomatoes in greenhouses. Forskning og Forsok i Landbruket 27: 495-509. 

Stojanova AM (1997) Species of family Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) known to 
the fauna of Bulgaria till 1996. Ploudivski Universitet “Paisij Khilendarski” Nauchni Trudove 
Biologiya Animalia 33: 23. 

Stojanova AM (2004) Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the eastern Rhodopes 
(Bulgaria). In Beron P, Popov A (eds). Biodiversity of eastern Rhodopes (Bulgaria and 
Greece). Biodiversity of Bulgaria. 2. Pensoft Series Faunistica 41. Sophia, Bulgaria: Pensoft 
and National Museum of Natural History, 490. 

Stratopoulou ET, Kapatos ET (1984) Preliminary results for the evaluation of the action of 
Saissetia oleae parasites in Corfu. Entomologia Hellenica 2: 3-9. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 vale) 

Stratopoulou ET, Kapatos ET, Viggiani G (1981) Preliminary observations on the distribution 
and the action of Moranila californica (How.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Corfu, a 
possible case of competitive displacement. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 
Filippo Silvestri 38: 139-142. 

Suarez AV, Holway DA, Case TJ (2001) Predicting patterns of spread in biological invasions 
dominated by jump dispersal: insights from Argentine ants. Proceedings of the National 
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 1095-1100. 

Tadic MD (1964) Natural enemies of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Dr.) in North 
America. Entomophaga 8: 245-252. 

Tena-Barreda A, Garcia-Mari F (2006) Natural enemies of the black scale Saissetia oleae 
(Homoptera: Coccidae) in Valencia (Spain). Bulletin. Section Regionale Ouest Palaearctique, 
Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique 29: 47-54. 

Thompson WR (1953) A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2. 
Host parasite catalogue. Part 2. Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Agaonidae to Braconidae). 
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control. 

Thompson WR (1955) A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2. 
Host parasite catalogue, Part 3. Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Calliceratid to Evaniid): Com- 
monwealth Agricultural Bureaux, The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ot- 
tawa, Ontario, Canada. 

Thompson WR (1958) A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2. 
Host parasite catalogue, Part 5.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Commonwealth 
Institute of Biological Control, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 

Tinaut A, Ano JL (2000) Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802) nueva cita para la Peninsula 
Ibérica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletin Sociedad Entomolégica Aragonesa 24: 253-254. 

Tingle CCD, Copland MJW (1988) Predicting development of mealybug parasitoids Anagyrus 
pseudococci, Leptomastix dactylopii, and Leptomastidea abnormis under glasshouse condi- 
tions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 46(1): 19-28. 

Tormos J, Beitia F Bockmann EA, Asis JD (2009) The preimaginal stages and development 
of Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Ceratitis capitata (Wiede- 
mann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Micron 40: 646-658. 

Tremblay E, Barbagallo S, Biase LMd, Monaco R, Ortu S (1978) On the presence in Italy 
of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cr.), a natural enemy of aphids injurious to citrus (Hymenop- 
tera Ichneumonoidea, Homoptera Aphidoidea). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia 
Agraria Filippo Silvestri 35: 169-179. 

Trjapitzin VA (1978) Hymenoptera II. Chalcidoidea 6. Eupelmidae: Opred Nasek. Evrop. 
Chasti SSSR. 232 pp. 

Trjapitzin VA (1989) Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Fam. Encyrtidae of Palaearctics: Opredel- 
iteli po Faune SSSR, 158 pp. 

Tscharntke T, Bommarco R, Clough Y, Crist TO, Kleijn D, et al. (2007) Conservation biologi- 
cal control and enemy diversity on a landscape scale. Biological Control 43: 294-309. 

Turchetto M, Villemant-Ait Lemkaden C, Vanin S (2003) Two fly parasitoids collected during 

an entomo-forensic investigation: the widespread Nasonia vitripennis (Hymnoptera Ptero- 


720 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

malidae) and the newly recorded Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae). 
Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 135: 109-115. 

Tussac H, Blasco-Zumeta J (1999) Especies de Chrysididae y Bethylidae (Hymenoptera: Chry- 
sidoidea) colectadas en un sabinar de Juniperus thurifera |. en los Monegros (Zaragoza, Es- 
pafia), con otras citas de interés para el mediterraneo occidental. Lucas Mallada 11: 197-211. 

Urbaneja A, Llacer E, Tomas O, Garrido A, Jacas JA (2000) Indigenous natural enemies as- 
sociated with Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae) in eastern Spain. Biological 
Control 18: 199-207. 

van Achterberg C (1993) Revision of the subfamily Macrocentrinae Foerster (Hymenoptera: 
Braconidae) from the Palaearctic region. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 286: 1-110. 

van der Vecht J (1984) Die orientalische Mauerwespe Sceliphron curvatum (Smith) in der 
Steiermark, Osterreich (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Extomofauna 5: 213-219. 

Van Loon AJ, Boomsma JJ, Andrasfalvy A (1990) A new polygynous Lasius species (Hymenop- 
tera, Formicidae) from Central Europe. I. Description and general biology. Insectes Sociaux 
37: 348-362. 

Vaz A, Valente C, Serrao M (2000) Biological control of Gonipterus scutellatus (Coleoptera: 
Curculionidae) in Portugal. Abstracts, XXT International Congress of Entomology, Brazil, Au- 
gust 20-26, 2000 1: 42. 

Veddeler D, Olschewski R, Tscharntke T, Klein AM (2008) The contribution of non-managed 
social bees to coffee production: new economic insights based on farm-scale yield data. 
Agroforestry Systems 73: 109-114. 

Velimirovic V (1994) Natural enemies on Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Kuwana in coastal part of 
Montenegro. Zastita Bilja 45: 139-150. 

Vercher R, Garcia Mari EK Costa Comelles J, Marzal C, Granda C (2000) Importation and es- 
tablishment of parasitoids of the citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracil- 
lariidae). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas 26: 577-591. 

Vidal S (1996) Redescription and first record from Europe of the North American species 
Chaenotetrastichus semiflavus Girault, 1917 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae). 
Entomofauna 17: 149-152. 

Vidal S (2001) Entomofauna Germanica. Band 4. Verzeichnis der Hautfliigler Deutschalnds. 
Chalcidoidea. Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte Beiheft 7: 60. 

Vidano C (1968) Riuscita acclimatazione in Italia di un parassita oofago della cicalina-bufolo 
Americana. Studi del gruppo di lavoro del C.N.R. per la lotta integrale contro i nemici 
animali delle piante: XXI. Giornale di Agricoltura, Jesi 78: 1-6. 

Vidano C, Marletto F (1972) Prospettive di liotta biologica contro il minatore di foglie di Ro- 
binia, Parectopa robiniella. Annali della Facolta di Scienze Agrarie della Universita degli Studi 
di Torino 7: 417-424. 

Viggiani G (1975) La lotta biologica di tipo convenzionale. Atti X Congresso Nazional Italiano 
di Entomologia: 178-179. 

Viggiani G (1975) Reintroduction de Leptomastix dactylopii How. pour la lutte biologique 
contre Planococcus citri Risso. Fruits, Paris 30: 259-260. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 721 

Viggiani G (1978) Metaphycus helvolus (Compere), a parasite of Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) and 
other injurious scale insects, acclimatised in Italy. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia 
Agraria Filippo Silvestri 35: 25-29. 

Viggiani G (1980) Coccophagus matsuyamensis Ishihara (Hym. Aphelinidae), new parasite of 
Coccophagus hesperidum L. (Hom. Coccidae) in Italy. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomo- 
logia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 37: 45-59. 

Viggiani G (1981) New records on releases and recoveries of Encarsia lahorensis (How.). Fruits, 
Paris 36(3): 186-187. 

Viggiani G (1987) La specie italiane del genre Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). 
Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 44: 121-179. 

Viggiani G (1994) The Aphytis fauna of the West Palaearctic region, with notes on their role in 
biological control. In: Rosen D (Ed) Advances in the Study of Aphytis. Andover, Hamp- 
shire: Intercept Ltd., 335-347. 

Viggiani G (1994) Recent cases of interspecific competition between parasitoids of the family 
Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Sup- 
plement 16: 353-359. 

Viggiani G (1997) Discovery of the male of Amitus fuscipennis MacGown and Nebeker (Hym. 
Platygasteridae), a parasitoid of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hom. Aleyrodi- 
dae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri No. 52: 97-99. 

Viggiani G (1998) Redescription of Coccophagus gossypariae Gahan (Hymenoptera, Aphelini- 
dae), with notes on the preimaginal stages. Phytophaga 8: 39-47. 

Viggiani G (1999) Variations and biological traits of Coccophagus gossypariae Gahan (Hymenop- 
tera : Aphelinidae). Biological Control 16: 43-46. 

Viggiani G, Battaglia D (1983) Osservazioni preliminari sull Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault), 
nuovo parassita di Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) in Italia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di 
Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 40: 109-114. 

Viggiani G, Bernardo U (1996) Lotta biologica al tripide delle serre (Heliothrips haemorrhoida- 
lis). Informatore Agrario 52: 73-75. 

Viggiani G, Garonna AP (1993) Le specie italiane del complesso Archenomus Howard, Arch- 
enomiscus Nikolskaja, Hispaniella Mercet e Pteroptrix Westwood, con nuove combinazioni 
generiche (in Italian) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomolo- 
gia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 48: 57-88. 

Viggiani G, Gerling D (1994) Chapter 9. Host-range increase of indigenous and introduced 
parasitoids. In: Narang SK, Bartlett AC, Faust RM (Ed) Application of Genetics to Arthro- 
pods of Biological Control Significance, 150. 

Viggiani G, Gerling D (1994) Chapter 9. Host-range increase of indigenous and introduced 
parasitoids. In: Narang SK, Bartlett AC, Faust RM (Eds) Application of Genetics to Ar- 
thropods of Biological Control Significance. Boca Raton (USA): CRC Press, 147-157. 

Viggiani G, Guerrieri E (1988) Le specie italiane del genere Metaphycus Mercet (Hymenoptera: 
Encyrtidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 45: 113-140. 

Viggiani G, Iannaconne F (1972) Osservazioni sulla biologia e sui parassiti dei diaspini Chry- 
somphalus dictyospermi (Morg.) e Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.) svolte in Campania nel tri- 
enno. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 30: 104-116. 


Cpa Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Viggiani G, Laudonia S (1989) La specie italiane di Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: 
Trichogrammatidae), con un commento sullo stato della tassonomia del genere). Bollettino 
del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 46: 107-124. 

Viggiani G, Mazzone P (1977) Introdotta in Italia la Prospaltella lahorensis How. per il controllo 
biologico di Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.). Informatore Fitopatologico 27(10): 5-7. 

Viggiani G, Mazzone P (1977) Notizie preliminari sulla introduzione in Italia di Metaphycus 
aff. stanleyi Comp. e Diversinerus elegans Silv. (Hym. Encyrtidae), parassiti di Saissetia oleae 
(Oliv.). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 34: 217-222. 

Viggiani G, Mazzone P (1978) Morfologia, biologia e utilizzazione di Prospaltella lahorensis 
How. (Hym. Aphelinidae), parassita esotico introdotto in Italia per la lotta biologica al 
Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 
35: 99-161. 

Viggiani G, Mazzone P (1979) Contributi alla conoscenza morfo-biologica delle specie del 
complesso Encarsia Foerster - Prospaltella Ashmead (Hym. Aphelinidae). 1. Un commento 
sull’attuale stato, con proposte sinonimiche e descrizione di Encarsia silvestrii n.sp., parasita 
di Bemisia citricola Gom.Men. (Hom. Aleyrodidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomolo- 
gia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 36: 42-50. 

Viggiani G, Nieves Aldrey JL (1993) Prima segnalazione di Goetheana shakespearei Girault (Hy- 
menoptera Eulophidae), parassitoide esotico di Thysanoptera, per Europa. Bollettino di 
Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, Milano 25: 105-108. 

Viggiani G, Romagnoli R (1995) European elm scale. Informatore Agrario 51: 82-84. 

Viitasaari M (2002) The Northern European taxa of Pamphilidae (Hymenoptera). In: Viitasaari 
M (Ed) Sawfly (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palae- 
arctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Helsinki: Tremex Press Ltd., 235-358. 

Viitasaari M, Midtgaard F (1989) A Contribution to the taxonomy of horntails with notes 
on the genus Sivex Linnaeus (Hymenoptera, Siricidae). Annales Entomologici Fennici 55: 
103-110. 

Villemant C, Haxaire J, Streito JC (2006) Premier bilan de invasion de Vespa velutina Lep- 
eletier en France (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 
111: 535-538. 

Vipin S, Santoni A, Pinniger DB (1999) Infestations of insect and rodent pests in multi-occu- 
pancy dwellings in a London borough - a study to investigate factors affecting control. Pro- 
ceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests. Czech University of Agriculture, 
Prague, Czech Republic, 19-22 July 1999.: 507-514. 

Vis RMJd, Lenteren JCv (2008) Amitus fuscipennis, an alternative to the biological control of 
Trialeurodes vaporariorum by Encarsia formosa? Bulletin of Insectology 61: 313-325. 

Vitousek P, D’Antonioi CM, Loope LL, Rejmankek M, Westbrooks R (1997) Introduced spe- 
cies: a significant component of human caused global change. New Zealand Journal of 
Ecology 21: 1-16. 

Voegelé J, Pizzol J, Babi A (1988) The overwintering of some Trichogramma species. Colloques 
de ['INRA 43: 275-282. 


Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 723 

von Aderkas P, Rouault G, Wagner R, Rohr R, Roques A (2005) Seed parasitism redirects ovule 
development in Douglas fir. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological 
Sciences 272: 1491-1496. 

Walker F (1871) Notes on Chalcidiae. Part 1, Eurytomidae. E.W. Janson, London: 1-18. 

Walton VM, Pringle KK (2002) Evaluating effectiveness of mass release of the vine mealybug 
(Planococcus ficus) parasitoid Coccidoxenoides peregrinus in western Cape Province vine- 
yards, South Africa. Proceedings of the Ist International Symposium on Biological Control of 
Arthropods, Honolulu, Hawaii 14-18 January 2002. 

Way MJ, Cammell ME, Paiva MR, Colligwood CA (1997) Distribution and dynamics of the 
argentine ant Linepithema (Irydomirmex) humile (Mayr) in relation to vegetation, soil con- 
ditions, topography and native competitor ants in Portugal. /nsectes Sociaux 44: 415-433. 

Wetterer JK (2009) Worldwide spread of the destroyer ant, Monomorium destructor (Hymenop- 
tera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 12: 97-108. 

Wetterer JK (2009) Worldwide spread of the ghost ant, 7apinoma melanocephalum (Hymenop- 
tera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 12: 23-33. 

Wetterer JK, Espadaler X, Wetterer AL, Aguin-Pombo D, Franquinho-Aguiar AM (2006) 
Long-term impact of exotic ants on the native ants of Madeira. Ecological Entomology 
31: 358-368. 

Wetterer JK, Espadaler X, Wetterer AL, Aguin-Pombo D, Franquinho-Aguiar AM (2007) Ants 
(Hymenoptera : Formicidae) of the Madeiran archipelago. Sociobiology 49: 265-297. 
Wetterer JK, Espadaler X, Wetterer AL, Cabral SGM (2004) Native and exotic ants of the 

Azores (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 44: 1-20. 

Wetzel C, Dickler E (1994) Side effects of sulphur and a natural pyrethroid on Trichogramma 
dendrolimi Matsumura (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) in apple orchards. Bulletin. Section Re- 
gionale Ouest Palaearctique, Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique. 17: 123-131. 

Wiebes JT (1980) The genus Odontofrogeatia Ishii (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae 
Epichrysomallinae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 56: 1-6. 

Wild AL (2004) Taxonomy and distribution of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Hy- 
menoptera : Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 1204-1215. 

Wild AL (2007) Taxonomic revision of the ant genus Linepithema (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 
University of California Publications in Entomology 126: 1-151. 

Wild AL (2009) Evolution of the Neotropical ant genus Linepithema. Systematic Entomology 
34: 49-62. 

Winter TG (1988) Tremex columba L. (Hym., Siricidae) imported into Britain in elm logs. 
Entomologists Monthly Magazine 124: 36. 

Wisniowski B (1987) Mesopolobus pinus (Hussey, 1960 (Hym., Pteromalidae) a new parasite 
of Megastigmus suspectus Borries, 1895 (Hym., Torymidae) in Fir-seeds. Anzeiger fiir Scha- 
dlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 60: 67-68. 

Witmond L (2001) An addition and correction to the list of Urocerus species occurring in The 
Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). Entomologische Berichten 61: 30-32. 

Woets J, Linden Avd (1985) First experiments on Chrysocharis parksi (Hym. Eulophidae) as a 

parasite for leafminer control (Liriomyza spp., Diptera: Agromyzidae) in European green- 


724 Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

house tomatoes. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit 
Gent 50: 763-768. 

Wood BJ (1962) Natural enemies in the control of citrus pests in Cyprus. Part 2. The insectary 
built at Fassouri, and a preliminary report on newly imported natural enemies. Country- 
man 1962: 16—22. 

Woolley JB (1988) Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalci- 
doidea). Systematic Entomology 13: 465-501. 

Wysoki M, Rene S, Eliahu M, Blumberg D (2000) Influence of spinosad on some hymenopter- 
ous natural enemies of avocado, citrus and other orchard pests. Abstracts, XXT International 
Congress of Entomology, Brazil, August 20-26, 2000 1: 357-363. 

Yarrow IH (1967) On the Formicidae of the Azores. Report No. 51 from the Lund University 
Expedition in 1957 to the Azores and Madeira. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal 
2s 24-32. 

Yasnosh VA (1978) Hymenoptera II. Chalcidoidea 15. Aphelinidae. Opredeliteli po faune 
S.S.S.R. 1494, 

Yefremova ZA (2002) Catalogue of the Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Russia. 
Linger Biologische Beitrige 34: 563-618. 

Yemshanov D, Koch FH, McKenney DW, Downing MC, Sapio F (2009) Mapping invasive 
species risks with stochastic models: A cross-border United States-Canada application for 
Sirex noctilio Fabricius. Risk Analysis 29: 868-884. 

Zerova MD (1970) A new species of the genus Bruchophagus Ashm. (Hymenoptera, Eurytomi- 
dae) from the south part of the USSR. Vestnik Zoologii, Kiev 1970: 77-79. 

Zerova MD (1978) Hymenoptera I. Chalcidoidea 8. Eurytomidae Opred. Nasek. Evrop. 
Chasti SSSR pp. 

Zinna G (1960) Esperimenti di lotta biologica contro. II. Cotonello degli agrumi (Pseudococcus 
citri (Risso)) del isola di Procida mediante l’impiego di du parassiti esotica, Pauridia pereg- 
rina Timb. e Leptomastix dactylopii How. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 
Filippo Silvestri 18: 257-284 

Zinna G (1961) Specializzazione entomoparassiti negli Aphelinidae: studio morfologico, eto- 
logico e fisiologico del Coccophagus bivittatus Compere, nuovo parassita del Coccus hesperi- 
dum L. per Italia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 19: 
302-358. 


725 

(F861) [ex 

PPUaNT ‘(€861) BA0TfeyIpy 
pure vAeysasyzesezoy 
‘(ZZ61) 8un Pp 

‘(H661) ‘Te 29 elpseneg 

(0861) S°qeTAY 

‘(1661) ‘Je 39 apa, 

OT (6861) vordw0D 
(Z00Z) ®P19°A OT “(1002) 
snjdsey pur Aajspreag 
(1661) 

EPA V COCL) 
Moysy pur usuodoy 

(8261) 
ysouseX ‘(€96]) Ped 
N 
~ 
S (4661) ‘Te 22 YO “(ZL61) 
S Sunsop < sunie 
< NIOH “(7L6]) SUnIOH 
S 
s (8961) 
> YOUMOWs!y PUL [ITED 
= 
ae 

SIDUIIIFIY 

(ousered) vuosyuad 
sidspavjnvpnasy 

‘sess yorod ary) 

(Jo y10q promsesed 
pue proiserediodA}Y) 
s330 uvioidopiday pue 
sqoasut ayeos prpidserq, 
(prousered 

pue proiseredsod Aq) 
sqoasut ayeos prpidserq, 

SNIL] 
SOAR] 
SNIbT UO JIYU [Ter) 

SNIL] 

SNIL] 

IsOP] 

NA ‘SU CLI “TI Ua 

Sue La Sa 

OIS(LI 
LI DAS AD 

OIS:LI “LI “NVO-Sa 

OIS:LI “LI “NVO-Sa 

verge 

S311JUNOD popeAauy 

Ud ‘7Z61 

WA “ESol 

AT CZ6 

NVO 
“Sa “2661 

NVO 
“Sd ‘1661 

TI ‘8961 

adoinyq ul 
prosay ISIL] 

royepoid 
prisered 

ioyepaid 
prisered 

royepaid 
porisered 

snoseyd 

-o1kyd 

snoseyd 
-o1kyd 
snoseyd 
-o1kyd 

snoseyd 
-o1kyd 

snjejsg 

O16] Aynesy 

snsoisadssad snsaqy 

(FORT ‘peowysy) 
avquvIo1syd SNAIIQY 

(VIGI “preMmop) 
sipidspuolga snsqy 
seprurjeydy 

O86I “S9qPIA 

YYVo VIVId0L{0JU0PC) 
1007 

‘snjdsey 29 Adspreog 
avdavrodgiue pyaig dasof 

LZG6[ ‘UOIsIaIeEN, 
vIn yIIysad DUYSIAINT 

(Sg Ary) 
sdasuvapunb vdvasavyg 

oepluorsy 
stad 
Se EME 

OL0Z/€0/T0 2epdn asey *({] xipuodde aes) SIN 02 Jafar suonerasiqqe yeurqep] *(] xIpuodde aas) 99T€E OST 
0} Jojor suOTIeTADIgge sapoo ArUNO’) ‘satdads dtuasoId AID :7->y ‘adoring of uarpy sy :sMIeIg ‘sorsTIaIOVIeYD pur isi] ‘odomng of uate saioads vesiodousurAPY *|°7] PIGUL 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

726 

(€S61) Uosduroyy, (6/61) 

yoregaq pure ussoy 
“(ZZ61) 8UBOH “(4961) Td “IN ‘LI “Tl YD vonoury | — Jorepard (1881 ‘PreMoH) 
uasoy pure umneqojddy | siasut ayes prprdserq ss mua (a ep mid Dh! 41 ‘ZS6T YON | pnisered| vy sipidsvip sukgdy 
(Z961) POOM 
“(6Z61) yorugaq pure} snazzy uo rusadsolgorp ioyepaid 09G6I “yoeged 
uasoy ‘(0961) Yeqed sappy dusoshag) TI UD ‘AD TI 6561 puisered| yy ruagos sukydy 
(Ph 661) TURISSIA, 
‘(€¢6]) Uosdwoyy], 
“(TI6T) 91 W “(FZ61) 
e110TT ‘(Z7Z6[) SUID (‘919 VISaLagIMapy 
‘(6Z61) JopueMyosuanaNy ‘snqorpidsp) S\2SuI JIS-LI WD POLOWY ioyepaid OOG6I ‘PIeEMOH 
pure sryerpuexo[y ayeos pipidserq ‘Sa “Ad ‘AD SH ‘OIG6I yinos prisered Vv SISUIIIYI sulgdy 
(( sza2vuop 
snjorpidspziggy pure 9/61 
uaqisurz vyaipidsy/) royepaid ‘ussoy 29 yoegoq 
(F661) PUUOIeX | siDasuT aTeOs prprdseIq LI ‘F661 voujy| jonisered| vy snypjnuaiw sukgdy 
(€C61) uosduoyy, 
‘(100Z) sewIpoiuo0y | (579909 ‘sagdvsopidaT) 
pur seyieis ‘(€96T) $JOISUT aTeOS SPI9905 OH POMOWy royepaid (1881 “premopy) 
Ped “(ZL61) SUNIEH pur sprpidserq UD UOOUd SA] Ua “ES6T YON | pisered) oy stuasougn sukgdy 
(‘919 
(€C6[) uosdwoyy “([961) | ‘wangdisossvpy wunsid vououry |  sJorepaid 806I ‘prremopy] 
uassuef (7/61) Suniox | wogdzsouoy) sprydy LI‘ ‘Sd “Ad| Sa “€ser yYON | pyisered| oy snavyfnuas snuyagdy 
‘VN “XS “IS 
(prousered ‘Nd ‘OU ‘Ld “IN 
snoseydoucyy) ‘QW ‘LI “TI ‘NH 
UINAIBIUD] DULOSOLAT Wi Md “Ad ‘ZD POIIOWyy royepoid (1S8I ‘UeWopyep}{) 
(SZ6T) OFJanyy [od ‘pryde ajdde Ayfoony, “HD ‘Dd {LV “TV ES keel YON | /pntsered V ypu snuyagdy 
adoinyq ut satgads 
SIDUIIIFIY so] yyQgey | saisyjUNOd popeauy | prosody ISIN] swIsoy =| sme sorprwme,y 


727 

(9661) ‘Te 2° Hpererords 
“(€Z61) FOTO “(166T) 

Ld ‘LW ‘OIS:LI 

TueSIer) pure susg SNAIL) UO NYVS-LI {LI “I “WD vOIIOWyy royepoid LOGI 
PC ‘(6L61) o791e_ | suso2904f suxruqsosnaqy “Ud ‘NVO-Sa ‘SA LI ‘0261 SRO] pprserd) y (REEBOH eee 129) 
sngao joyepaid Z86I “Uasoyprg yoegqaq 
(Z861) Ul pue Asseuag uoprousesed ayeo¢$ WD VW WA ‘9861 puisered) vy sisuauount sukqdy 
‘vn 
MS ‘IS “AS “Su “OU 
“Td “IN “AW ‘LI 
DI ak dod 2) 
x (8F661) TUeIssIA “(6/61) Ud ‘Sa “AC “ZO vopouTy | — royepard (0281 ‘uoreg 27) 
ss yoegoqd pur uasoy | syasur ayes prprdserq THD “D9 Aq WA ‘ZEST YON | pnisered| vy sipidsyjughiuu sukgdy 
= (8/661) TeIsst, (6261) hegre 
& yorgaq pure vasoy ‘OIS:LI “TE UD 
3 ‘(TZ61) PHesuy “(1861) PRED) Ud ‘Sa Ad “Ad DIS 1oyepaid 6S61 “rgd 
8 Asseuag pure sryeipuexayy | Uo 27UuMnD vijaipluoy ‘ZO XO “AG “TV -LI ‘9961 porusered V SnNUIJIUL sukgdy 
S (Ph66T) URISSIA 
S “(6Z61) Yorugqaq pue} swag uO sayeds JoyI0 TART ioyepaid GC6I ‘ooduro7y 
nia uasoy ‘(SG66T) ‘Te 19 Aosry | pur wyUumny vyatpIuoy "aS: SORA. TY: LI ‘9961 pusered| vy sisuaupusuy sukqdy 
(Z96T) POOM 
‘(TZ61) FUUOSeUUR] pue 
queissia “(6Z61) yorgoqd 
pur uasoy “(S96T) Al Goa Base Bie 
uasoy “(FZ6T) ‘Je 29 SNA) AD UD UOD ioyepaid GC6I ‘ooduro7y 
Asseuag “(pZ61) nowAsry | wo yyI0q saqgdusopidaT MA Ud ‘SAAD) AD ‘1961 prysered | oy saqdosopiday sukydy 
YIIGANIN’) 
“DSN ‘“SNILY “SNAIL 
(Z961) | “(mau snvqgduostaq?) IN “Tl ‘Ud ‘SA royepaid 0961 rged 
Poon, “(096T) Yoergaq | siosut ayeos prprdserq, a Ae ee Tl*6S61 prisered) vy snqqupxopoy sukgdy 
odoin ut satgads 
S2IUIIIFIY SOF] WIQGe_] | sowyUNOS poepeauy | psrossy IsIT] swIsoy =| sme sorprue.y 


(S661) Pousemoy 

pur Turis3siA ‘(6661) (2epId90901779) wououy |  sJoipaid L761 “ueYery 
TURISSTA ‘(866[) TURISSIA, viands viavdissoxy TI ‘0661 YON | pnisered| y | avtvddssod sndvqdoss0,) 
T881 “peouysy 
JIS| ewowoury|  sorpoid unparnasoanyf 
(Z9G[) CJD seUO/] IVIIO SNIIO') -LI ‘7961 YON | /pnisered V sn3pqdo2I0) 
oa (prouserediaddy 
= SOUITIDUIOS) 
NX ‘spI9909 Joyo joyepoid LZIGL Aynesy 
N (8/61) Aoq-ueg pur avajo puassivs Cis Gea eee TL SE96T voujy| jonisered| vy zuadmog snsvqq0I907) 
fn SNAq1) UO 
NS (9Z61) DEID | ~— Sesuaptasopf sagsyjdosayy joyepaid (C681 ‘premopy) 
S) ‘(8861) J2[ssoy pure aos1y pure avajo viassips TI Wa WA ‘S61 puisered| vy | avpswdosas snévqdors0,) 
ss (€961) Pd IS rorepaid IEG ‘axedur0> 
BS ‘(8861) J2[ssoy pure aos1y IVIJO VI4ASSIVS IS-LI “Tl -LI ‘7961 prisered) vy sisuadva snévqq0I207) 
BS (L961) royepaid LE6I ‘oroduros 
~ euuITZ ‘(Z/6[) SUID unpisadsay snII0') LI ‘0961 prisered) vy snypygiarg sndvqdos20/) 
s (6261) 9971 SAITO wououry |  sJorepaid 996[ nog 
g sepeulnoy pue norAsry UO 99]0 VILOIVILYT YD ‘S61 YON | pnisered| vy syugn sapiosvydos20°) 
2 (F681 
oe puosyjuad vououry |  sJoiepaid ‘pIEMOP) avypjafqAnul 
S (€961) 4d sidspavjnvpnasy TI ‘Z961 YON | pnisered| vy sapiosvg 09907) 
s SnAdt") (1961 
= pur siuryd jeruswour0 vououry |  Joiepaid ‘gpoouuy 29 a10dur07)) 
(4861) 10Ulg pue Asseusg uo sayeos prpidseiq’| otf ‘ZI WA ‘9861 YON | pnisered| vy snaqnf sn1goI207) 
(prouserediad Ay) 
(€C61) uosduoyy, spidnnoio3d 
“(€96T) Pd “(8Z6T) Pee PIE. wn vonoury | — Jorepard (TT6T BnetD) 
SunJoH ‘(€C6T) Sopry ‘snosaidip jo sedng ‘AY ‘NH “AC ‘LV OH ‘Evol YON | /pnisered V DULISSISOLIAdS DLOPOAJUI’) 
adoimyq ut satgad§ 
S S2IUIIIFIY IsOP] WIQGe]] | sowyUNOD popeauy | psrossy IsID] swIsoy =| sme sorprue.y 


729 

NA ‘TS ‘NU 
“AW ‘OIS:LI “UVS 
SC MEO eal | 
(8061) Hase4qis “(Z161) vuosvquad UD Ud ‘Sd “Ad royepaid (9061 ‘PreMoH) 
premoy ‘(196T) e9tIIINF sidspavjnvpnasy “HD ‘Dd {LV “IV LI ‘9061 porisered V 1ISHLIG VISADIUT 
(€66T) ‘Te 9 YY ‘(966T) syueyd pareanjno royepaid 9861 
‘Te 19 PIOWPTZ ZITeZUOL) | SNOTIeA UO seprposAoyy ‘LI ‘NVO-Sd ‘SA LI ‘1007 orisered V VeAep] 2U1ZV VisvIUT 
(snoSeyddjod) Teel vououry |  sJorepaid (F681 ‘premop) 
(S68) premop] | syoasut ayes prprdserq ‘AH ‘UW “Ad ‘HD LI ‘I¥6I YON | /pnisered V ZIJUDAND VISADIUT 
(€002) NVO rorepaad OL61 ‘wekEY 
‘Je 19 ZaIeNG-zdpueUIIPY seprporéopy NVO-Sa “CF ‘6661 eisy| jomisered| oy | swposdajypnvov visavoug 
= (€86T) joyepaid (SIGL ‘saaqis) 
8 TURISSIA PU DUOZZRI\ IVAO DIJASSIDS Ll “Tl LI ‘€861 vouyy| jonisered| vy snisva snévqq0sI07) 
S (6261) SNAIL ayesoduay |  s0repaid LEG ‘osoduro7 
0 QUOZZE] pur TURISSTA, UO SpId909 snore, WA ‘ZZ61 -eisy| omisered| wy maqsaagis snBvq 409907) 
N 
S (0861) 
S ‘Je 19 sryeysesreg “(//61) Je 
S yo sTuey “(FZ6T) Jonsu~E 
= ‘(S66L) B]Jovques pure (snoseyddjod) 
PHUCY] ‘(Z661) euOsUEg sroyio pur smjndog AS ‘Ld “IN “Tl Ud suas | — roaepaad (S7SI ‘uewyed) 
pur Joqey ‘(Q8G6T) OlaqeZD | ‘UTA ‘82472 UO saTeos ‘oq “Ad “Ad “IV AS ‘97ST -o1dAr7 prisered cy SIA [J IINIS sn3pqdoII0) 
(€S6T) TURIsSIA (6261 3preyudyy 
pure suozzeyy ‘(q6/61) royepaid 2g syoouuy) 
ipreyudyy pur sydouuy | $7177 UO apajo vYassIVS TI ‘8Z61 woujy| jonisered| y avigasstps sndpqdoII0') 
LLGOL “ereyrys] 
joyepoid sIsuauvdnsqvul 
(0861) TuRIssr, unpisadsay 8390) TIT'G6L6I puisered) vy sn3pqdoI90) 
royepoid 676 ‘eduro7 
(®G/6[) TueIsstA, syISvLf snaz0I0pNasT Ll ‘S261 puisered) vy tausns sndvqdorI0) 
odoin ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFIY SOP] WIQGeH] | sowyUNOD popeauy | psrosoy IsID] swIsoy «| sme sorprue,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

qsurese ‘7.147 UO ayeroduray,|  sorepaid (O€6I ‘1aSAAqIS) 
(L861) TueIsst, |  zzuaaops saqvdsopidaT ral LI 1r ‘Sa SGC -visy| jonisered| vy ppuasinbul visivoug 
Pia eououy |  sJoiepaid 8h6| ‘sues 
(0007) ‘Te 9 FoyIN Haag, ‘ NVO-S “TVa-Sa LI ‘C661 ynog} ppisered| vy 9d upidsiy wisivoug 
(L861) TURISSIA, 
“(G661) Te 39 elsrueY| 
‘(€COOT) ‘Te 39 PNOTT sniuy uo JIS-LI ‘LI ioyepaid (SE6T Anes) 
‘(6861) Unig pue Asseuag | o[eos ‘zzaa079 stdsvjnsuy SOO Md “Sa “TY WA ‘Z861 eisy| jonisered| vy 1UOPULay VISAVIUT 
SNUITSSINDOG 
snoproursa] pure NVD| wonoury}| so1epaid L961 ‘TueIssrA, 
{/8S# 0007 SOUfIN | — susuadsyp snamposnayy -S7 ‘0007 S220| pnisered) y avdnojapuns vissvIuq 
MS “AS ‘SU 
‘Ou ‘Ld “Td ‘ON 
INA TSE 
(L861) urIS3IA ‘(9/61) OSS “AVS E ISI 
ypresuars “(6961) sedoog “TI “Al ‘NH ‘AD “UWA 
‘(9Z61) ‘Te 39 UoraIUaT ‘Td ‘NVO-SA “Aa 
(6961) PASTEMON (9961) 3G “Ad "ZOD voroury | — ro1epaad (FZ6T “UeYeD) 
SUT]IOD ‘(79G6[) NeUINgG SOTPOUY A, Og Aq ‘IvV‘IV| Ng ‘F961 SD] pnisered| wy DSOULLOL DISADIUT 
(€C61) uosduroyy, 
‘(Z961) J2BMPN “(ZI6T) SHIDIN ‘sndavIOL) 
mousey ‘(ZZ61) ‘snndog ‘snsq1’) Lea otuas | —sroxepard (ZIGL ‘Housyeypy) 
SuTIOPy ‘(Z9G61) Wostary ‘SndnVT UO SaTeo¢ WA ‘SH “Ad ‘HO ESAS -o1dAr7y porisered y vypisspf VISADIUT 
puospquad royepaid (G06 ‘1aseaqis) 
(€961) P2d ssdsvavjnvpnasy LI ‘7961 pusered| vy wposiprdsvip wisivoUug 
(SIG) 1sding urea (snoseyddjod) a9 joyepaid (1681 
SUS “(EEGT) aAQINbsaysy | ‘1.197 ‘Palo uO speog IN ‘Ud ‘SH “AC “Ad IN ‘SIG6I juisered | OQ) | ‘mer)) yup visavoug 
odoin ut satgads 
SOIUIIIFOY SOF] yeuqey, | selsuNos pepeauy | proosy ISIE] suiday =| smeISg sorprure,y 

730 


ee a 

(®h66[) SUTpIOr) pue 
juRIssIA “(€G6[) URIssIA 
pur eiepag ‘(€007Z) [e329 (SIGI‘pp°d 
Z9TENG-ZIpurUIOx] ‘(966 1) royepaid 29 WNeINID) 
‘ye Jo PIOWRT ZayeZuOL) | SolpoiryM pure vistuag ‘LI “TI ‘(NVO-S4 ‘Sa LI ‘Z661 vIsSy jortsered V vig dos DISADIUT 
(6661) ‘Je 2? SqOOSUT vououry |  sJorepaid CQ6] ‘TuRIsst A 
YOZSeTOg “([ QZ) TUISIOI | aTeos pue seprposdopy He miscl Sa ‘8661 YON | pnisered| y puaasuvdjord DISADIUT 
(qr661) S839 JOOSUT SNOTIVA vououry |  sJoiepaid (8ZG6I {190F2]\1) 
SuTpiory pure rurisst ue aeprpoisa ‘ ino onsered 14aq40d VISAVIU 
Bree aN P PIPaaly. JET LI “€661 FS halt V A 
(8961) 
A THMEN “(Z9GT) PHMPN NX AS 
ss (7961) preusinsy pue ‘Su ‘OU ‘OIS-L1 
< ste ‘(S96 1) orequiery ‘LI ‘TD ‘UD Ud 
S (8961) ‘Te 19 Asseugg ‘NA MC “Ad ‘*ZO royeposd (E161 TeMoy) 
~ (S961) ‘Te 39 Asseugg apeos asof ues Hero ay Ly: LI ‘9F61 pusered| Vy ssorniudad VISMDIU 
s (L861) PURISSIA, 
& ‘(Z86[) Sulsery pure royepaid LOGT ‘premopy] 
8 Avuary “(1 861) ‘Te 19 sling vIstMag OIS<LI “LI “TI “Wd LI ‘8Z61 puisered| oy myjaypuvdiad vIssvIUT 
aah wnidtssox) vououry |  sJoiepaid L761 “ueYery) 
(Z86[) TuRIssr, UO 19vqN) VISIMAg SSS Ll LI ‘0661 YON | pnisered| vy DIAOILAIU VISADIUT 
Ld “IN ‘LI 
“TL UD Ud “WOO 
Bice ie aN Ud Us “Tva-sa royeposd (OTGT “Ord 29 P82]19q) 
(L861) TuRIssIA | a[eos 22190078 stdsvjnsuy Care He TI Z61 prisered) vy UMANGsUuno] VISAVIUT 
(S261) SuOZzEY 
pur ruers3r, “(//61) 
QUOZZE] pur TuRISSTA, (prousesed o1roods) 
“(1861) Tueissi, (6261) RiLfo Sa POM PECE ‘Me “OIS-LI “UVS royepoid (TIG6T ‘Ppreasop) 
Tueiss1A pure seddeg ‘Apo SND) -LI ‘LI “TI “YD “Wa LI “EZ61 prisered) vy SISUALOYY] VISADIUT 
odoin ut satgads 
SOUIIIFOY SOF] yeuqey, | selunos pepeauy | proosy ISIE] suiday «| sme sorprure,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

732 

(®C/61) ULnpIuov joyepaid (€S6[ ooduro7)) 

TULISSIA ‘(6961) SHOPULTA snpvydusoshag) TI ‘8961 puisered| yy sgqtuus xtsgdosagy 

(£661) tusadsolqo1p joyepaid (6061 ‘1ase4qIs) 

PUUOIeL) pur TURISST A snypgduoshag’) LI ‘6061 prisered) vy sypyuats6o XtA{dOsagy 

(®&¢/61) SNAIL) joyepaid (ZOGI “PpreMop) 

TURISSIA ‘(/86]) ‘JeI2 OVI] | wo z2y7aq sns2000; Ny LI ‘F261 visy| jonisered| wy stsuau1gs xtqdosangy 

joyepoid (OLGI ‘premopy) 

(Z961) Udssoy prouseredsodApy Sd ‘Z861 visy| jonisered| wy ISIUADI DIJIIAD IN 

(q9Z61) 2s0y pure yoegoq SOAOIB S1.441) UT vououry |  sJorepaid FOG ‘edwey 

‘(XQ/61) soy pur yegoq | susoss0pf snxiaqjosnayy Sq ‘OZ6I YON | ppniserd| y snasynud snsav0ulqaLy 

* ‘WnUuvIOS 

(6961) | $7492 UO (SsaposnaVIAT WOO ioyepaid SO0G6I ‘premopy] 

uOoTTUD “(€OOZ) YuyYyD | “Wssrwag7) sprpossary VN YOOU) = ~ad ‘8961 purisered| yo | zupmapjvy snsavougassy 
(SOOZ) ‘Te 29 AysuraS 
‘(Z661) YoIMoraujo7Z pue 

soy “(S00Z) ATE ‘(8002) MS ‘Ld 
iessnq] pure sJTepsoor’y] “Td ‘ON “IN ‘LW 

“(800Z) ‘Te 39 zoyezu0F) ET ‘LI ‘NH “UD L661 

‘(100Z) ‘Je 29 SUT]IOZ) “Ad “YA ‘TA ‘SA vOIIOWYy royepoid ‘YDIMOIIUTOZ 29 ISOY 

‘(Z00Z) Jew Ipuslog | sapounaypisy “Vistmag Sd ZH “Ag Z) ‘F661 YON | pnisered| vy SNIIULAAA SNAIIOULIIAT 

sngao eououry |  sJorepaid Z66[ “UIsOY 29 20 

(Z66L) UdsOY pure as0y | UO apILUMU vISLUAguAD USIETL LE old LI ‘1661 YON | pnisered| vy 1GIVGIP SNAPIOULJOAT 

(aeprposAzyy) POWOWy ioyepoid OSS ‘UeWOpleL] 

(L961) sopaiusypy | avaudyyzqd snuruogdis T1961 YON | pnisered| vy IULOI SNAIIOULIIAT 
(Z661) PUSH ‘(Z007) 
TysuAzozsor) pur yoreupog 
‘(9661) ‘Je 19 elereg 
‘(8861) J2[ssoy pur aosry 

“(H661) Ja]JoUYIS pue ae vououry |  sJoiepaid C681 ‘preMmMop] 

MWoqlV ‘(6661) Neqey-pqy pIsIMag TALS Saad TI ‘Z861 YON | pnisered| y | snowsofyvs snsavougary 

adoinq ut satgad§ 

S2IUIIIFOY IsOP] WIIQGeE] | sowyUNOD popeauy | prosoy 3sITT swIsoy =| sme sorprue,y 


ToS 

Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 

([) sasnoyusors POLOWy yoyepaid (S98 | ‘UOssaID)) 
(8Z61) uesne[D -(N) spueyssex3 IN ‘Ud ‘Sd “AC “AG Ud “E661 YON | ppisered) vy SUAJUIMIULBADUL 115940) 
vououry|  sJorepaid (Z881 ‘A2qrez) 
(000Z) 2Fyepucaryy vauns piquvy dey AA NA ‘ES6I YON | pnisered| vy apiaqupydy 159407) 
Vn AS ‘Ne “GVW 
“Ld ‘Ld “Td “IN 
‘AW ‘IT ‘OIS-LI 
a Ge OCG a Bae 
UD ‘Td “NVO-SA 6S6I 
wnsid "y pue ‘Sa MG “Ad ‘ZO ayeroduray joyepoid ‘ory eqqns 29 PUTeYs 
(6861) Orppovuuag | — sopuoy uogdisogsuhoy I AD Hos ode 1 Td “0961 -eIsy] onisered| vy rgqnius snypigdy 
IS “AS “GVW 
<Ld ‘Ld “Td “ON 
“IN LAAT SEL 
}(LZ6T) “Te 3° “aI ‘NH “UD “dD 
Areas “(€/61) ayorpneuray WOO “Ud “Td 
pur Areig “(¢/61) OOIf) ‘Sd ‘Nd “Ad ‘ZO syeroduray,| — ro1epard CIOL “POITA 
Areas ‘(8/6]) Uesne[D | sosnoyusass ur sprydy | ‘Z] ‘TT “A “HOD “Ad ‘LV “TV Z) ‘S96I -eIsy| — /omtsered V tupuajoo snipigdy 
sepruosvig 
(6661) (gepinonD) vonoury | — oyepard (C681 ‘Prewysy) 
eIDUINT-OosE|g pue dessny,| — say190q UTeIS snoTIeA LI “Tl ‘Wa ‘Sa umouyuy) YON | pnisered| vy SUAAV] SAXOUVISY] 
qsS|  ewomoury|  soiepaid OZG6L ‘T]eI2390D, 
(0661) eZ0/y pue Yps0+y snuaLgqup qs| ‘umouxyug YON | pnisered| vy SYUIN SNYVT 
( prousesed [eare’T q5) o1uas| = sroxepard (C16I ‘seuierg) 
(SZ61) Je32 uoNLy | ) wnsnfuos wntyog14y ‘umoUyuU/) -oidAry} ponisered| = sypirupads staddaopy 
I¢col 
(sagsagord’) ) q5) royepaid URYeL) 1U0Js1aJvM 
(OS61) uoskeypury sapieoq uTeIr) ‘UMOUAUL) prisered)| viuouojvyg da’) 
sepryAyieg 
odoin ut satgads 
S2IUIIIFIY IsOP] WIQGe]] | sowyUNOD poepeauy | psrosoy 3sID] swIsoy «| sme sorprue,y 


(£661) 

(SZ61) ‘ye 39 Aejquiary, 
‘(Z66I1) StUI=Ig “(C86T) Te 
19 Areag “(E96 I) BOIg pur 

NO ‘(6661) sissanoyxA] 

Areag pur s1g1pneway ioyepoid LL6T EPP 2 

‘(Z861) assequy pure siqe.j| swupay uO WnIpospay S961 eoupy |  /onisered AVES UGodpad VISANYE 
(prouseredopua 

Areuyos) 2270f249 IN| wouewy) sorepaid 688T ‘peswysy 

(9861) Uepury Jop ueA DZULOLATT ‘uMoUyul) yVoN | /onisered snyvipiuip snidQ 

TCG “YOoqasonypy 

q5| vououwy|  soiwpord avy duasoquvd 

(8/61) ‘Je 29 uoNTy SYIOUW! PIOLNIOT, ‘UMOUUL) YON | /onisered AISUBOLILJAT 

(€Z61 

vououry |  Jolepaid ‘JAMYOY) snsoan(ouv 

(ZS61) asAaqe’y vuvsdusos sioupy NVS-LI UOO-Wd YON | /onisered SNAJUIIOLIV INT 

Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

734 

pure soresaryearyy ded ISSUER LD 
(8861) Aie1g pur e1Ss07) WOO Ws “SA oruas joyepoid (O88 ‘UOssaID) 
“(€Q6L) ‘Je 29 Ojfeseqieg sprydy Se Zo ae Le | ZO SIGI -o1ddry | omtsered sadiaavysag sngay disk] 
(ZZ81 
volloury | Jolepaid uOossaIy) myvoyap 
(€661) Sioqiayoy ueA vysajouL VIP’) LI ‘Wa WA ‘Eel YON | /onisered VIUODYIOUIUA ET 
q5| vowowy) sorepoid CTE JOMYOY 
(8Z6T) uasney snaushd sngdayy q5| ‘umouyuy YON | /onisered 1gdao srytdsosagazy 
(1161 
seprisyday, joyepoid ‘uoloue)) 2u0h4 
(8Z6T) uasneyy Sunsoyuy-angy Tl ‘NVO-Sa ‘Sa SA ‘TE61 | eisejensny | /onisered VY qLOULIUSBYIVICT 
(C161 
seprsyday, Tl ioyepoid TNSdATIS) wuoavynf 
(8Z6T) uasneyD Sunsoyuy-angy ‘UMOUAUL) vougy | onisered VY dLOULIUISBYIVIC 
adomy ut satgads 
SOIMIIIFOY IsOP] S9IIJUNOD popeau] | pros2y ISIL] sore] 


722 

NVWD| ewuoury|  so1epaid LOGL “YOUIZ 
(6661) MOYSV pue zoeg | wwog1upue snrI0IvUAYT I NVO-Sa -Sq ‘6661 ynog} = ppniseied| vy issapunyl snispuayy 
Wn. ‘Ts ‘A ‘LI “OH (FI6L 
WH ‘9D “WA ‘Sa POIIOW yy royepaid ‘soyi21q) stpidspavjnv 
(6861) Ulzardelsy, seprpidseiq] snore, BD ‘ED AG oy Hoy ag WA ‘O61 yinosg porisered V sngakougapy 
sepnsAougq 
(€00Z) ‘Te 2 POLOWy yoyepoid (C681 ‘peowysy) 
esneyeyy (6661) esnepeyy vsouinad Bfvnayyy I IS ‘LI ‘Wd ‘HD LI ‘F661 YON | pnisered| vy avqtoojgdia snuihspoayy 
seprurdiq 
(8007) Hues pur Isorzersy 
N ‘(G00Z) ‘Je 39 JoIsIOy 
& ‘(GO0Z) ‘Te 39 BYOS-T 
& ‘(FO0TZ) CNENG pur YyosIoIg ayerjoduray, snoseyd IGGL ‘Nsqewnseyx 
S ‘(CQOZ) snowAuouy DIUVISY’) IS- LI NH Ma HD LI GO0t -PISY -o1kyd V sngig diana snusor0haq 
S sepidyuky 
&. (€S61) wosduioyy 
$ ‘(T86[) Jozeyy pue ioyepaid ETG6I Tasaaqis 
S Jajopog ‘(9Z61) peayzeeryy snd le Vee) Nel Glo voujy| jonisered| vy upsvffis snuig1q 
x oepIproyeyD 
SY WH SYD ‘TH eOIIoWyy ioyepaid C681 ‘peoumysy 
(F661) Wessaq seprAWopioa) I SIC ‘HD “Ad ‘LV uMouUxu) YON prisered V 40]0I1Q snusouvgdy 
sepruorydesa’y 
(0961) sepnydoy, royepaid (O161 ‘H281d9z5) 
snouryaq ‘(8/6[) uasne[D sunsoyuy-ans LI ‘ID WW RL SVAGE voujy| jonisered| vy LojomUuos BYVIAS 
(sanpe) qq POLOUy joyepoid (9€6I Poqesonypy) 
(8007) WrFeqjesaeH | sapieaq Fea] wyauzoyhggy ‘UMOUXUL) YON | pnisered| vy IVIVIFIA SNIUIAAT 
auld SNUGIVJOZIYIS royepaid (ZZ6I ‘ueyesy) 
(TEG6T) 249d SIMO ‘pryde ourd Aor) Sa ‘O€61 jomisered| yy UYIOILUN DISaNY 
adoinyq ut satgad§ 
sadUaIIFIY sop] yeyiqey] | salijyunoo papeauy | prooay Iss swIsay «| sme sarprure,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

736 

(FZ61) uasoy ‘(600Z) sngdias snaz090pnasy joyepaid €76 | TWYS] 
IeZZ Jog pue Worsons) | 3nqdyeour snynory I EIA Tl ‘PZ61 visy| jonisered| wy vaindind piuasnyy’) 
6£61 
royepaid ‘sraduro7y szusooasnf 
(0861) Yasoy pur IBY ePII907) SNOHeA, OT MS ZO TI ‘ZZ6I wonyy | jonisered| oy auluydo1grog 

(2661) (snoseydoe) 
OFPISIS ‘(€66]) ‘Te I vipjoundiuas joyepaid Z66I ‘OTeISIS 
osu0T ‘(766[) ‘Je 9 [fede] DUIUVIVLOY J ID T TAs ealsen Ld ‘0661 | eiseyensny| joniseied| y 105u0] Dyauvyaay 
joyepaid LZI6I 
(0861) ‘Je 39 SuTpIe+) stumps sidspuo1y’) SH ‘PS61 | eisefensny| jonisered| vy ‘ppod wj1g snwuaqgiupy 
royepaid 876 L HST 
(ZL6T) Siaquinyg | — szsuaprsopf sagsyjdosayy TWMSGkol visy| jonisered| wy suspdosay snqanUpy 
(Z861) evopouTy | = oyepord GIGT ‘PxePOquaLT, 
TaHOH ‘(0Z61) 2YOH | $7.172 uo syasut ayes ME“ Z/61 YON | pnisered| vy SnIVINUUD snjazlUyy 
royepaid (SI6I Anesy) 
(SOQOZ) ‘Je 39 Yruanuasg splooos0pnasy ae Sa Ld ‘P661 | eiseyensny| jonisered| vy sdananyqns snadspuy 
sngdiao snaz0z0pnasq royepaid 876 I THUS] 
(46661) ‘Je 2° Sioquinyg ‘onqAyeour smiq2z7) ail Tl ‘9661 visy| jonisered| vy Iwpymps snalospuyy 
(E861) SNAIL ‘224JOO ‘seaA7y IN ‘LI “AC “Wa joyepaid (SIGI Bynes) 
eljseneg pur TUeIssi A uo sprooos0pnasd ‘on SIC “Ad “aq LI ‘€861L | eiseyensny| jonisered) wy staquaatosn snd ovupy 
ioyepaid C/6 [ ‘yemseses 
(£861) ‘Te 39 Aeyez-sleg suptdia snaz09avd1 NJ Tl ‘Z861 prisered| vy SISUIDIBD SNAN SVU 
“sngqo ioyepaid (6€6 | ‘osoduro7)) 
(8861) J2]ssoy pur aosry UO 9VIJ0 VIZASSIVS TI ‘Z861 vouyy| jonisered| y apigasstps snqadouaojpy 

(0002) ‘Te 3° 
elaueqiy) ‘(Z661) O2zzejy 
pure oreosis ‘(Z66]) ‘Je 12 spreyoio sniqzy) Ta 

OFEISTS “(/6G61) SPYPJOYSIPL | Ul “wy7a929 sustusophg ‘JIS-LI {LI “Tl WD JIS royepaid C861 ‘eABYSAOUTASOT 
‘(9661) PISSOy pur Aocsry TOUTES] SUT ‘NVO°-SH ‘Sa “UA “LI ‘9961 pusered| Vy mootgia sidspiuaay 
odoin ut satgad§ 
SIIUIIIFOY SOP] WIQGe}] | sowyUNOS popeauy | psrosey IsIDT swIsoy =| sme sorprue.y 


oO vououry |  sJoiepaid (L881 ‘premoZy) 
” (F661) WAP} pur sadon SO|OS WNIUDIIT CST “a LI ‘1061 YON | pnisered| vy snasnf snakoug 
(qZZ61) QuOzzeyy (snoseyddjod) 

pur rurissiA ‘(€g6[) stueg | snmp ‘aro uo ava7o royepaid CIGL ‘Masaaqis 
‘(O8G1) Ussoy pur IY DUISSIVG “MTEIS YIETQ LI “Tl YD “WA ‘Sa ETRSZGa POLY orisered V supsaa SNAAIUISAIQIGT 
royepoid (CE6[ BNE) 
(€861) UOTY pur uasoyy SIOISUT JTBIS IOS ail TI *Z261 visy| sonisered| wy | ssaguvasa snasautsuaniq 
(S00Z) SoAON pur POLOuy ioyepoid OFGI ‘preyourlg 
HadIIonN+) “(CG6[) Wolyonsy yyjayn21ado DIUIAOIG [ LI UD AD “TV LI ‘¥66I SRD prisered V 149] 90H vuLosop1do’) 

MS “AS 

‘Su SN “Ld “IN ‘LI 

‘NH “AYONUD “AD 
~ (8861) soXon “(S002) (wodrquiadjog) “ad “dd ‘NVO-Sa voyoury| — Jorepaid (0061 ‘Peawysy) 
8 sadoN pure lolion+ syiou pIn1soNy ‘Sq “Ad “ZO ‘Dd qd) ‘O76I YON porisered V unuvps.oy vuosopido’) 
ES (1002) ‘Te 3 1961 
V PUT ‘(686[) TUvIssIA pure tusadsolqa1p royepaid ‘gpoouuy 2g oiadur07) 
§ euUOIeD “(886 T) BIseIeg sappy ducoshag’) LI‘ ‘SA] = LI ‘6861 puisered| yo | vepasruwuas mppatsaduoy 

S (9661) wn ‘nd 

S soprueydig ‘(1661) ynayuorssed “IN ‘CW ‘OISsLI 
aah PIAyeS pur e1I0TT “(F/6[) | 2Q SNIND Uo vuiy19 “py ‘LI “TI ‘NH “WD “WA royepoid 90GI ‘PreMmoT] 
Tyoueig pur Asseugg | 29 74umnv vyatpiuoy Sa-ZO AOA LI ‘0661 pousered | Vy vanzasvfig vpjatsaduso’) 

(1661) Te 
19 9191119 qg-A2PNOr) ‘(886T) vououry |  sJorepaid (SE6I ‘oraduto7) 
"Te 19 argieg-Aapnory payedisuo) ryadns Ud 8861 qnog} prysered)  y mania visaduso’) 
(0961) PUUIZ 

“(PC L61) tueISBIA “(8Z61) CI6L 
urzuideliy ‘(766 [) wAeEY 14419 Ef joyepaid qynesrsy sagnuzusad 
pue sa4on ‘(6861) At] pue sno SNIIOIOUY) | LI gD AD LI ‘9S6I porisered V SHP1OUIXOP1II0") 
vououry |  sJorepaid HOG ‘preyoueyg 
(&666[) J0UIg pure surg tyvanpsiog sidsviqT a W661 ynog} = pniseied| vy LOJIVUL SNgAMIUIVIIIO’T) 
odoin ut satgad§ 
SdIUIIIFOY SOP] yeurqey, | solsjuNod popeauy | psooay ISIN] swIsoy =| sme sare] 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

738 

(V6G61) SAOITUTTOA, 
‘(QO0Z) Heyy-elosery pue 
epeteg ede “(@8G1) 

soprurydig ‘(£00Z) TVa-sa ‘AU 
Je 19 vIaNBON ‘(Z86])| (prousesed snoress13 ‘Ld ‘AVW-Ld “AW vououry |  sJoipaid (L881 ‘premop) 
OPSIGTY Gepur GleuOyy) SAetuard) so]eos- 470s i} Sa"*ZDAD“IV| Ma ‘STOl YON | ppisered) vy shang, snag dvray 
unpub 
uni] suassagnd 
uospuapvonaT vavdosna 
vay() ‘snanauoay 
syouoaT “dds snssaadn’y 0007 
(0007) ‘QeaoeloIsy Iapuvaso Ld “Td royepaid ‘soXoN 29 Loran 
sadoN pure lolion+ UN1dd\[ UO SPI9907) CM CL Ie Mee Sa AD C/61 POLY prisered V 1dYIIUUD snag dvay 
wmnipueso} 
wmnpcq ‘suaasagnd 
uospuapvomnay 
‘eaedoina vaC) 
‘sninauoa] S1JOU0IT 
‘dds snssaudny 
‘aeooRIJasy “Japurayo royepoid ZG6[‘o1adwW07) 
(6861) Urzardelsy, WMNILON UO spIs907) ZI atl TI ‘8861 eisy| jonisered| y | suodfuysnduv snokgdvayy 
(S261) NA “AS ‘Ld “Td “ON 
TUeISSIA “(9/6 [) TURISSIA “IN ‘OIS:LI “UVS 
pure oaulyy ‘(6261) (snoseyddjod) “LI ‘LI “Tl “al “XD 
ourddn] ‘(7g6[) ouesjusg | squeyd isoy Aue uo ‘any “Gq WA ‘Ta 
pure osu07T ‘(0861) (24429 SNIJ0IOUY] [ ) ‘Sa “MG “Ad ‘ZO joyepaid C88 ‘premoyy 
STUOIZIOY| PUL svIquIETy] snqATeoy| KO Ad ‘VASLV] = LI ‘6S61 orgy] ppisered| oy | udoplaovp xusvwuordaT 
sno} ‘sna. uo IN “Tl “AD UA royeposd (ZO6T “wor |qury) 
(ZOGT) UoOIjqury (‘dds V1JASSIVG) SPIDD0TZ) ‘Od “MG “AG “Ad qd ‘L061 POLY orisered V xuyafut snqahouq 
adoimy ut satvad§ 
S2IUIIIFIY IsOP] WIQGe_] | sowyUNOS pepeauy | psrosoy IsIT] swIsoy =| sme sore] 


ey 

Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 

(0002) royepaid (F761 ‘a10du07D) 
sokon pur Loony) SN441) UO JePId907) I aq A ‘6361 visy| jonisered| wy sypquatso snaydvayyy 
(OTOL ‘xepequit |) 
(0007) SU ‘LI POLOWy royepaid stuuadyngvul 
sadoN pure lolion+ S111A UO IVPI9907) WD Ws ‘Sa “Ad LI ‘8861 yon jorisered V snag dvay 
(8861) Helens 
pur ruris3stA ‘(Q00Z) vououry |  sJoiepaid (QIGI ‘xeoquity) 
sokon pur Lorssons) sayeos WNIT ZI WN ‘LI ‘SA LI ‘6861 YON | pnisered| vy snjoagny snhgdviayy 
(9007) HEW-e1res 
pur epolieg-euay ‘(8/6T) 
ole] pur sturg ‘(//6T) 
stueg “(861) seprueydig 
‘(Z861) 9991QqV., 
pur ooevoyy (961) 
ooeuoypy ‘(Z/61) OYapney snIq9 ‘QATTO 
pue preued “(¢/61) | uo snoseyddjod ‘avajo Td “IN ‘OIS+LI ‘LI royeposd (S681 ‘preaop]) 
STYPPYSIP pue norssry DIZISSIVG “3TEIS YIeTT OOLl Zi) TIE MA Sa ICES LI ‘€Z61 POLY prisered V MAngsunoy snag doay 
(0007) 
sokoN pur Loony) MVS ioyepoid 0F6 [‘eseduto7) 
‘(8861) J2[ssoy pur aos1y DIPISSIDG ‘ITEIS YOR|Y TI “IV9-Sa ‘Sa -LI ‘Z861 prisered) vy snastaur snagdrayy 
(8261) PUeISSIA “(F86I) 
soredey pue noynodorens 
‘(ZL61) ‘Te 99 stueg “(€86T) 
stueg ‘(C66[) Pyfaeques 
pur panuoyy “(€86T) as “IN ‘LI 
jueIssiA pur suozzep| “TL UD UOOAU 
“(O86T) O10I78- *(9Z6T) sasnoyusai3 Sioa SIC “Aad joyepaid (9761 ‘oradut07) 
souurdos]ey pue norssry Ul AJUO "SJOISUT JTBIS KD ‘HO “Ad ‘LV LI ‘8Z61 POLY jorisered V snjoajay snag dnay 
(000Z) | Opeooar uo szusofrsdd royepoid POG] ‘oyouuy 
sodON pur Lolisan+) DIADULYNG OJ OL] Sa ‘€661 voujy| jonisered| vy snqpve8 snagdvay 
adoinyq ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFIY SOP] WIQGeE] | sowyUNOS popeauy | psrosoy IsIT] swIsoy «| sme sorprue,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

740 

STG6I 

(snoSeydAjod) royepaid TISOATIS sapyagand 
(6861) Ulzardelay, S1OOSUT dTeOS TT “ZL61 prisered) vy SNANIUO]IG ION 
(F661) CFeOSIg pure ossny 
‘(46661) 9Ulg pure surg pyunde¢ CVW-Ld “OISs JIS POIIOWYy joyepaid OIGI ‘propmesy 
“(CQOZ) B2Ze[OD pure ong uo sepriprdseiq -LI ‘Wd ‘NVO-SA -LI ‘F661 YON | pnisered| vy stprdserp snsowo1se|g 
(1661) 
"TR 39 IsIOAOY “(866T) TE NA ‘WN. 
39 MAOURTI “(S66T) ‘TE MS ‘AY ‘OU ‘Ld 
39 SYPRTPYIY ‘(0861) “Td ‘GW ‘UVS-LI 
Je 19 AdTYSpTUIdIDy WA ‘Sa “Ad “ZO ayeroduey |  sorepaid (OLGI ‘Ppremopy) 
“(Z961) o1A08alg AvdSIp DIAIUBUAT HD ‘D4 ‘Va ‘SIV Tel “ZEGI visy| jonisered| wy avUuvMnY SnIAIUIOC) 
SLUIULDAD DULUOIUPT joyepaid (Z66 [Ory eqqns) 
(CZ6I) ‘Je 9 WOsIary ‘gTeOs ssvISsapoyYy Tl ‘F261 puisered) vy 1UDMBUDS DIIaUSNPOA\T 
sniuy uo royepaid C76 WHYS] 
(8861) J2ssoy pur aosry | — susuaptsopf sagspjdosay Til TI ‘Z861 puisered) vy snsotzads SMAaosILAy 
joyepaid (6S8 1 ‘Ayspnyosiopy) 
(900Z) ‘Je 39 ssowS §nII0’) OZV-Ld ‘Dd Dq ‘6861 prisered) vy 1MdUIIIU ShAIJOLILJAT 
SNAIL) WO ioyepaid 976 | ‘oodur07) 
(8861) J2Issoy pur aosry | — susuaptsopf sassepdosay TT L861 prisered) vy uasnpya SMLdJOAILIAT 
(qZZ61) 
DUOZZR] pur TuRISsTA, 6261 
“(1861) sued “(86Z61) UNUIOS ‘22Hf07) IN (LI “TI “AMO royepard apreyudyy 29 apouuy 
ypreyuAy pue syxpouuy | ‘87491. ‘sNI1,J UO SaTeos “YTD UD WAS Sa LI ‘9Z61 POLY porisered V 114{SALNS snag dnay 
(6861) uizardelay, (4661) 
yedeH] pur sodony ‘(000Z) 
sodoN pur Lolsan+) 
“(€661) ‘Je 9 S1oquinyg ia ait | royepoid OFG[ ‘creduro7 
‘(8861) J2[ssoy pur aos1y sayeos WNIy QTD ‘Sa ‘NVO-Sa T1096! woujy| jonisered| vy uauyss snag dvayy 
adoimyq ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFOY SOP] WIIQGeE] | sowyUNOD popeauy | psrosoy IsID] swIsoy | sme sorprue.y 


741 

Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 

wououry |  sJorepaid O0GI ‘peewysy 
(F661) wAeHY pure sakon | 24/90981L09 sna2090pNasT OI ‘SHI YON | pnisered| vy 1uopjays snpdoysvz 
vououry |  sJorepaid (8881 ‘peourysy) 
(6861) Ulzardelsy, oepliqouy Sq ‘£961 YON | pnisered| y | suwusv snuosogdoauty 
IVIADJOINVI (6€61 
SNIIOIOMNIST vououy |  sJorepaid ‘siaduro7y) vursdasad 
(6861) urzide (sy, ‘onqAyeour sndqqs Ld ‘LI “Tl “Wa ‘Sa Ld ‘¥66I SRD orisered V DIPIOWIIUDAIIT. 
IVIAVJ OINVI (SIGI 
(®9861) SnIIOIOPNIS I royepoid ‘VNeIID)) s7U.s0910aLg 
TuvIssIA pur eruopney ‘OnqAyeour snsy9 Ll Wa LI ‘Z861 | eiseyensny| jonisered) wy VOPIOULIUIVAIA 
(€007) ‘Te 
onsyoin “(ZOOT) MSV YOGI 
pure usuodoy ‘(990Z) sosnoy Anjnod CVW-Ld GVW joyepaid ‘peoulysy snIpUupjvaz 
sadoN pue Tpraysode/ UI VILISAULOP DISNIT ‘OZV-Ld ‘LI Na -Ld ‘TOOT | Piseperusny jorisered V sndpydavulgov 
IeIIVOY vououy |  sJorepaid (ZO6L ‘peowysy) 
(6861) Urzadelsy, UO $1D9SUT ayeos Sd ‘8261 YON | pnisered| vy snypanjrod31u sndogy 
(9002) Te 
19 VDUYIS ‘(Z66]) JopresTy 
pur esneyeyy “(qe007) Te 
Jo IZueIsO’) “(PCQOT) ‘Te 
19 1ZUISOD ‘(ZQOZ) “Je 29 snadiqvang uo idle “Ad YOO joyepaid 896] ‘soson 
yezneyD “(G00Z) HeuUsg | wdAqvana vugvylivuary ‘ED UOOUI Ut} “As ‘9007 | eisepensny| nisered| vy snsopid sndvy davydsy 
SNAWD joyepaid (786 [‘Oo]sult gq) 
(Z861) ‘Je 19 Aeyez-reg | wo szpruza snoz02avd1\q TI Tl ‘9861 voujy| jonisered| vy UNIDUBIS DULOLIAYNAST 
SNAIL) ayejoduay |  s0repaid OFG | ‘ueyer) 
(®6661) ‘Je 29 Sioquinyg uO spls.090pnasg Tl ‘R661 -eisy| onisered| wy snuyvu snotqydvpnasy 
(ZOOZ) FIJsuLg pue uoryerny (unuvjos Jeordonqns royepoid (S681 “premop) 
‘(F661) wACH pure sokony] — ‘s2724,) splos000pnasg TI ‘P96L| ‘qecrdoiy,| onisered) vy snayadup snag dvpnasy 
adoimyq ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFIY SOF] WIQGeE] | sow yUNOS pepeauy | psrosoy IsIT] swIsoy =| sme sorprue.y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

742 

(S861) Uepury POLOWy ioyepaid S8g ‘prouysy 
pure si20\\ “(686 1) 417 DZMKULOLALT I IN Wai IN ‘F861 YON | pnisered| vy SUPIUIISO SIABYIOSMLY) 
(9661) sayoyoriie POWOWy ioyepoid TIGI ‘plopmesy 
epoy] ‘(C86[) UOssue}] uo pzduophg I LI ‘Na LI ‘F861 YON | pnisered| vy 1a1JSUID SILVYIOSNAY’) 
ioyepaid 6861 
(1661) Tue0g vauns piquvy dey TI ‘0661 prisered) vy ‘Suey vauns vioinog’) 
(L161 
wououry |  sJorepaid Qmneirsy) snavpfiumas 
(9661) [ePIA sepridurog AC ‘S661 YON | pnisered| vy SNYILISDAJJOUIVY’) 
vououry |  sJorepaid (LIGI ‘propaesa) 
(CC61) uosduwoyy, sdisy], aD ‘S6l YON | pnisered| vy WJASSNA SHSIUDLIY) 
vououry |  sJorepaid (ZIGI Anesty) 
(S661) ‘Je 39 sueuIOOT sdizyy, IN ‘F661 YON | pnisered| vy SISUIIIAIULD SNSIUDLI’) 
vigwovopnasd vIuIgoy joyepaid (CI6L Qynesy) 
(0661) Tura UO depIyeypoessy LI ‘6861 | eiseyensny | jomisered| wy | seuuaduymiosvfiag snqousy 
(LZ61) royepaid (SIGL ‘asaaqis) 
ATIO ‘(€96T) ‘Je 39 AOpIAy 90910 VAIIOMIUOY Tl ‘Z961 voujy| jonisered| vy SNIADIIS snqaz0qsoLd yy 
(L161 
aea0eo] NVD| ewououry| so1epaid QyNeIIT)) SNUsOIOAIIUL 
(Z861) Weyer uo deprtAWOpIoa7) -Sq ‘ZZ61 YON | /pnisered V snqasoqsoad yy 
eououy |  sJorepaid LOGI “PIOJFMEIS) 
(CQG6T) TuRISSIA pue aiolg | j021q810s MIULAIUO’) LI ‘F961 YON | pnisered| vy spisojdip sngasoqsoud yy 
(4961) 
‘ye 39 TurysyustUOC] “(€96T) 
‘Te 19 AOPIAY “(O86T) s9aJ1 WNIF UO ioyepaid (OIG Bynes) 
sepeulInoy pure norAsry | (soise{dosac) sep19907) LI‘ YD Ws Tl ‘2961 woujy| jonisered| y ays dosaa snqazoqsosdy 
(&C/6T) joyepaid (OIGI ‘Haseaqis) vozpuz 
TURISSIA “([66]) WeyeIn | vadausvupy ‘sary unsy LI ‘aD LI ‘PZ6L | eisepensny| jonisered) wy VINUOANIUOIDAIIY 
seprydopny 
adoimyq ut satvad§ 
S2TUIIIFIY SOP] WIIQGeE] | sowyUNOS popeauy | psrosoy IsID] swIsoy =| sme sorpruey 


743 

(8007) ‘Te 19 Aosviorg 
‘(POOZ) ‘Te 2? PPUrW 

‘(8007) ‘Te 19 WEY “(800Z) snadqvony Ld ‘LI “1 snoseyd FOOT PIESPT 
‘Je 19 TyTuOIA, -nouseuy UO JOWIO§-]]es ID! ‘WOOD?! ‘Wa ‘Sa Ld ‘€007 | Biseyensny -ovyd| oy | soysny vsvauz agho0jdaT 
(IZ61) spurs oud vououy |  sJorepaid 9161 Bynes 
zinypsuasog pur STUOy vuvyong viuo1svlyy Ad ‘0Z61 YON | pnisered| vy snug, sndossley 
(€661) AIPTV joyepaid OZ6I ‘Bynes 
SOASIN' pu TURISSIA sdisyy, SA ‘7661 | eisepensny| jonisered| vy lasvadsayvys DUVAYIIOL) 
SNAWD vououry |  sJorepaid LOGI ‘ITeSeT 
(000Z) ‘Je 39 JOyDIIDA | WO My7a4g19 systUIOTMG Sa ‘6661 S22D| nisered| wy vysnvf vikuosdoavry 
royepaid (FIG ‘TsoaqIS) 
N (SG61) uosduoyy, 909] 0 VAIIOMIOY LI ‘vS6l voujy| jonisered| vy aVJOSVADI SNLIPNT 
8 soem snonpioep vououry |  sJorepaid (8681 ‘peowysy) 
Ss (F961) CW >!PeL UT WIOMGoM TTeF OA ‘7961 YON | pnisered| vy IVIAD PII SNIAAGYIOIT 
~ (002) 
S PAOWDIFIX ‘(GOQG6T) POWOWy royepaid I8G6I [Jessy 
a TuvISssIA pur eruopnr’y | ap199q o1eI0d opesOjOT LI ‘S861 SD] pnisered| wy quaqgand unaopy 
8 (6861) Pues POWOuWy royepoid (FOG ‘peawysy) 
= “(P661) ‘Jer seasepy| prousesed JourwyeaT Z) ‘8861 YON | pnisered| vy 1u1daq sngd31qq 
8881 
(ZZ61) vIULgoy vououry |  sJorepaid ‘prouysy s7uuadyaut19 
onary pue ouepr, | uo yyarusgos vdopoasng Bi mabey YON | pnisered| vy SNLI9049450]') 
(0002) 
‘ye 19 TOYSIIA “(Z661) 
aIUBILA PUL SHLPOYSIPL (096[ ‘ueuedereyy) 
‘(000Z) ‘Je 29 OTfesequeg SpIeYIO SM.L41) Lae te OS joyepoid sapiogs1us0yhgd 
(9661) ISSN pure aosry | Ur yyadz19 stastusoypAG ‘LIT UD “Tvd-Sa} TE ‘S661 puisered | y Sng TASOLI) 
d(O00Z) ‘Je 29 JayIIA, SpseyoIo sniq1y) Ld ‘GVW royepoid TCG | UeYe) 
(9661) J9ISsOY PUR Aosry | Ul Mjala19 stastUsoy]CYc] “Ld TSH ‘AO| = TI “¥66T prysered | oy sanuaduy snppdsoudg) 
adoimyq ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFOY SOP] WIQGe_] | sowyUNOD popeauy | psrosoy IsID] swIsoy «| sme sorprue.y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

744 

joyepaid vIGI 
(®C/6[) tueIssiA, 909] 0 VAIIOMIIOY Il Ll ‘PZ61 vouyy| jonisered| wy | ‘Insaaqig wafy snuyadnq 
SC6I 
(aepmieyg) ioyepaid ‘UTeIAIg 29 JeAljog 
(000Z) ‘Te 29 Ossmy vdjvdisuo, pyjadns nhl TLIe666l prisered) vy sadinua sniyispuy 
syouwl ioyepoid FOG] ‘peowysy 
(LZ61) BYYosmY | —- IsoIOF pure vaguvudT PS ‘As zo] AN OZ6T prisered) vy sntuodvl snyvjspuy 
seprmjedny 
(0007) SIZYIO PUP S777) 
Te 19 Bos’ “(9661) UUNUANGIA ‘Sh4at’) TN ONSET LIT royepaid (ZT61 pest) 
opreusog pur tuers3t, | uo sd ssnoyusorr) Wd NG “Ad “ad| LI “S661 eisy| jonisered| vy avavl snigodugy, 
(FOsT “Peouuysy) 
vououy|  sJorepaid avduvro1sy9 
(Z961) Turyporuswo0q vraidopida] LI ‘9961 YON | pnisered| vy VUNULOGITISVAIIT, 
(6661) 
"ye Io OTeSTS ‘(/661) 
aIUBILA PUL SHLPOYSIPL Tey 
(0007) ‘Te 32 oyfesequeg SOE) ISR EL ETE) rorpaid (ST6L “ynEID) 
(9661) J2[ssoy pure aosry | uo yyaug19 susstus0y hg SPE CH TI ‘S66L | eisejensny| onisered) wy vypjoiad Layavjatulay 
(2661) SME TATE, Id YVS-LI ‘LI stoned ZZOL MEN) 
snjdsey ‘(®Z/61) Yoonog uo JOUIIOJ-]]es “Tl YOO US ‘SA TI ‘S9G6T | Plseperisny -o1kyd V DAOU YIJaPOYILSBLPUNC) 
LUUDULAIULULIZ POLOWy ioyepaid (P88 ATR) 
(S9G6T) Yeonog piassoyp dD ‘Ad ‘ZO}| ZO “bye ION} ppysered| y aviausonhgd snigorpa 
(8002) ‘Te 39 
Osses ‘(Q0QQ0Z) ‘Je 19 OZZNY (1) susddqvonq 19y10 
‘(qZ00Z) ‘Te 39 AoseIOIg “(N) Sasuajnpyvulvs 
‘(BZ00Z) ‘Je 19 AoseIOIg snadiqvangq uo Tek hE AT ID snoseyd (0061 peowysy) 
(6002) ‘Te 19 ooursg TOWIO}-[[eS YOOUI USA} LT 0007 | eisefensmny| = -orkyd] sy mjoysvun snuyaqdg 
odoin ut satgads 
S2IUIIIFOY SOF] WIQGe]] | sowyUNOS poprauy | psrosoy IsID] swIsoy «| sme sorprue.y 


745 

Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 

(€QOZ) souuedosiey 

pure sojnodopedeg ioyepoid (1S6I 
‘(Z861) Ouang-zounNy 909] 0 VAIIOMIOY DAN UD Wa WA ‘OZ61 voujy| jonisered| vy PPA) Lup sidsvuvsy 
aepnisny 
(761 
snoseyd ‘soog 29 sdijryq) 
(8/61) PAOIOZ avaovog pur ivayM UMOUyUL) -oikyd) vy Uazans VsaULVAJaT, 
(1281) 
Taye, “(T88T) Lysuryos0g Wn ‘nu vOLIOWYy snoseyd (6P81 FOqTPA) 
(F007) nosadog aeaovog pur eoyM ‘OU ‘LI “TI ‘NH ‘SA LI ‘OZ81 Yon -oiyd) oy IVAIPVUL VSIUDAJAT. 
(1002) 

IePIA ‘(F007) PAouvfoisg (F681 ‘peowysy) 
“(€00Z) astAbpaH ‘(8/6 1) vOLIOWwy snoseyd ULNIVINIVULOGID 
weyelt pue yoonog deI0vO pur Jeo AS ‘dD “Ad ‘Dd q ‘Z/61 yon -o1kyd V DSIUUDAIIT. 
eOLIOWy snoseyd (9681 ‘premop) 
(9681) Premopyy sui, ‘dsem ade) IV LV ‘9881 YON -oiyd) oy 14009 DULOJVIAPOAT 
d(€961) Spryos0 vOLIOWy snoseyd (6981 ‘poomisa ) 
pag “(€0OT) rmslty Joyo pure wha) IN Ud Na WA ‘7961 YON -ouyd) vy UNAVAPIYILO DULONANT 
snoseyd (8S6I ‘sying) 
(8S61) Sang a01y POLY -oikyd) vy avaulopy vuLoghung 
6761 
LLYIGGIL8E ‘“(€861) NA ‘WA AS ‘AY sneeeuG “Aqsox> 2g Aqsor) 
staopfeqtW “(Z661) FIGMID spoos mogdog ‘Su ‘OU ‘NH “Dd OU ‘0961 -oiyd) vy avsoydos snsvgydoganag 
seprmovdingy 
Jolepaid CIGI ynemy 
(8861) Yo2no0g aeaovOg UO dSprur Sq ‘Z861 | eiseyensny| jonisered| vy sndios1suo] snuyadny 

(8/61) IeIDCOT 

urziidel1y, ‘(G96 1) TueIs3t A, UO a8pruUT JOyI0 pure 
pur Jol ‘(6861) (aeprrAwopioe’)) royepoid (CIGT Bynes) 
eurlyeyy ‘(GZ/61) Yeonog ospru umnyssos NA ‘WA SNS ‘LI LI ‘p96L | eisepensny| onisered) wy sisuaypisny snuyadnq 
odoin ut satgads 
S2IUIIIFIY SOP] WIIQGeE] | sowyUNOS pepeauy | psrossy 3sID] swIsoy «| sme sore] 


(L007) Te 
19 JNIININ\ “(T8G1) MeFlas 
‘(Z661) seuof ‘(S66T) 

SJTOBUTUUe) PUe LIeSSoC] 

‘(46661) PISMoysez+) 

NA “WN “AS 

“AS ‘Ne “Su ‘OU 
‘AVWiLd “OZV-Ld 
‘Ld ‘ON “IN ‘LW 
‘NT ‘LI ‘SI “AI “NH 

pure eyxsMoyseZ+ ‘(F661) eIIIpe|Y Ul suopses WD ‘AD WOD 
TIOJLUIDAOL) PUP [STUIeD) ‘ssurppniq poqeoy “UA WA SNVO-Sa (6S8I 
mA “(900Z) ‘Je 39 120g “(€QOZ) | 42410 JO sasnoyUsaIs CaM Ga 25 Jeordonqns | s01epaid ‘Josoy) vuassyviound 
~ "Te 39 190g “(Z00Z) IPI ur ‘oyprydodonuy ‘HO‘Da ‘Ad TV] Ld ‘Zp8t) ‘feordory,] = pnisered) oy vaauododt] 
aq SSUIP]INg ‘UOTIeIN39A vououry |  sJorepaid (C681 ‘Je40) 
N (ZOOZ) “Te 39 JONAry ou Jo asieds AC ‘ZS61 SRD] pnisered| y | vupuvvdss viauodod(y 
A OL8I 
= (S007) POLOWy royepaid Arey, vsourdsiaag 
) eyANage] Pur PAOIIS sasnoyudsaly Ae Seal S22D| pnisered| wy AISVBOIVULIL') 
us (0681 
BS seore poqinisip royepoid JaIO,J) 2u07g3no1m 
BS (€861) Je8nPy | ‘sieqey snouvaTpaostpy TIL“ZR61 prisered) vy VIA PUOIOLPLY’) 
- soyoreq 
8 ‘seare poqinisip royepaid (676 F2}224A\) 
: (€OOT) WOFlIs | ‘sye1gey snouvayfaost py TI ‘NVO-SA AT “OS61 voupjy| jonisered| wy | so1anasgo wdpuosorpiy’y 
& CVW-Ld SIS 0681 
nS (Z00Z) ‘Te 39 Foray ssurpying ST UVS-LE La NVO royeposd ‘PPIO] vatupyanvu 
S ‘(S661) PW “(9€6T) I2UIy ‘sasnoy ‘suaprer) ‘NVO-SH ‘SA ‘AD | = --SA ‘T86T vonyy | jomisered| oy DIM PuoroIpLvy 
5 (Z00Z) ‘Je 39 JoIDNI\, 
oy ‘(300Z) ‘Te 19 zadoT-sakay 
“(€861) 23NPy ‘(Z66T) sous pre ‘suopie3 ioyepaid IS8I JeI04 
opus, pue szulopY pur sous jeneN CVW-Ld ‘NVO-Sa Ld ‘F681 vouyy| jonisered| vy Usaua DIM PUOIOIPAV’) 
vououry |  sJorepaid PEI ‘e10q 
(PZ8T) [e104 sasnoyusas£y VN ‘Wd “Ad ‘HD HO ‘FZ81 SRD porisered V 1hddY XIANG IDLE 
IepIOWIIO.] 
adoimyq ut satgad§ 
J S2IUIIIFIY SOP] WIQGeE] | sowyUNOD popeauy | prossy 3sID] swIsoy =| sme sorprwey 


~ (L9G) MOTTE 
St ¢ 4 
~ (26007) J9799124N\ “(S00Z) 
BYANISET PUL PAOIJIS 
‘(€00Z) OFENSTES “(800Z) Tvd royepard (1ST ‘woprsf) 
uasIoqior ‘A pur J90g JUSUWIUOIIAUD UeGI‘) Id “Id “TV9-SA -SH ‘7681 jortsered V LOJINAISAP ULNILOULOUOLY 
(€OOT) PlIes) ioyepoid 0681 ‘siapunes 
anbbn] pur zado7q sakay JUSWIUOITAUS UPI“) TV9-Sa ‘Sa Sa ‘PZ6I prisered) vy lalpuVy WNLLOWOUOYy 
vououry |  sJorepaid P68] ‘Aloury 
(Z00Z) PILX\ | | sesnoyusoss ‘suoprery IV} Iv ‘Ss6r SRO] Ppysered| oy | sepsuoonay vuagardoury 
CVW-Ld 
‘OZViLd ‘Ld “Td 
DISSE VS LIS 
\ (6007) PAX ‘(7007) ‘aD UOO°Us ‘WA 
a PEAY ‘(1007) ‘ye 1a zareng | sioopino pur sloopul ‘NVO-Sa ‘Sa “Ad POLOuUy royepaid (S98I ‘JOAPY{) 
s “(ZOOT) “Te 39 pness STeuqey SNOLMEA ‘ZO ‘HO “Dd “Ad Id ‘Z¥8I ee jorisered Vv a[tUNY puagitdaury 
iS) 
S OW “Td ‘LI ‘NH 
S UD Ud ‘NVO-sa 
“od “A “MG “Ad orerjodurdy, royepaid IZ6I ‘TyooueS 
S (9661) 249919S SUSpIer) ‘ZO “Dd “AD “IV OH ‘0261 “PIS jonisered V SNITIAN SNISD'T 
% 
< (0661) 
os ‘Je 19 WOOT UeA “(000Z) 
WFIIS “(Z7661) MoFfles 
(6007) yosng pure ziynyos 
‘(8007) 204auNaN “(8861) 
OTE (6661) J9epedsy 
‘(ZOOT) ‘ye 19 souTUOyaq 
‘(€O0T7) DySMoyooz_) 
pure eysmoysez7) 
‘(@6661) PYSMoypez_ Ld “Td 0661 ‘Aayeyseipuy 
pur eysmoysez7) suapses pur syred AH TD Wa ‘Sa ayeroduray, royepoid 29 PUISWIOOg ‘U0OT 
‘(O66L) ‘Te 10 PlUsSUTOOg ‘satoads snouAsdjog “Ad “ZO ‘Dg “Ad OH ‘€Z61 -PISy porisered V ueA snggajoau SNISUT 
adoiny ut satgad§ 
SIDUIIIFIY ysOoP] yeuqey SdIIJUNOSD papeauy | pIooay SIL] swIsoy «| sme sorry 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

748 

Vn “as “Nu 

(L861) sosnoyusos3 “IN-YD “dD “Md rorepoid (9¥81 JopurlAN) 
soysny pure poomsuryjo7) ‘seare pojons3suo’) AC Fe Id ‘1881 prisered| VINPUALA DULY IAAIVAD 
(0007) OUY pur ineuL Ty, 
(9861) 22419 “(0007) CVW-Ld ‘OZV 
‘Je 19 SeidJ ‘ (€QOTZ) poom uaiioI ‘sliqop “TLL Ira) 
Jeusog pure soyepedsq ‘sam ‘sarqravo yueyd WA ‘TA SNVO-Sa dVW ioyepoid (ZOST ‘][foe7T) 
‘(Z661) ‘Je 39 poomsuryjo7 ‘sSuIpying ‘sasnopy ‘oa IC “ZOD -Sq ‘ZEST prisered| wy | stusor13U0] purgoalqvLDg 
(8861) 798nTy “(€00Z) (FOGI 
Jeusog pur soyepedsq7 suopses ‘ssurpying CVW-Ld “aa CvVW royepaid TARY) 77/2014SAadavl 
‘(€661) poomsuryjop poqon.sUuOS MO'T ND ‘NVO-SH ‘SH -SH ‘6861 POLY prisered V DULGIIAIVAD 
(000Z) Poomsury]]o7 Jeoidosy,| — roxepard (PZ81 ‘yarus) 
pur sojepedsy ssurpying oa “ad ACT EEG -eisy| onisered| wy sadiavyf, DULGIOLIVAYT 
q5 | yecrdonqns| sorepaid (988T ‘J2104) 
(8/61) ‘Je 22 uoNLy | sordon ‘uepodouso7 ‘umouyuy)| ‘qeoidosy,|  jonisered| oy | voruogsnog vurgoauqpsyg 
IW Joyepaid €681 ‘POT 
SPOIL PI1S3IOJ IW| ‘umouyug,| umouyua,| onisered) wy MULNADp vA PUoMGyIUT 
LW “OIS-LI 
UWVSsEI Lado royepoid (Q¢Z] ‘snoeuury) 
(€007) osonsyes answer | OOT{ ‘OF WA “TVd-SH ‘SH! «=6TMA SI881 jeordon porisered V SIUOULOIDS UNILOWOUOLT 
Su ‘Ld ‘AVW-Ld 
‘ON “IN “AW ‘IT 
‘OIS<LI “UVS+LI “LI 
bisa od cad “TE ‘NH “dD “YOO 
Uy suapres “sroopur Wd Ud ‘NVO-SA 
(€QOT) ONANsyes | Apureur Oydodonue| 7] ‘¢z7K Maa SIG “AGL joyepaid (8SZI ‘snoevuurT) 
‘(9007) ‘Te 39 OR sinpoid paroig| ‘OOIL If} “ZO‘HO‘DA‘IV| Sa ‘Zost} = eridon) =pnisered| wy | sruonuvgd wnpsomouopy 
Jeoidosy,| — roxepard (IS8T ‘uopsef) 
(1661) OTyosuaTas sasnoyudsaly AC “7861 -eisy| onisered| wy DIOILOY WNILOWLOUOLY 
adoimyq ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFOY SOF] WIIQGe_] | sowyUNOD popeauy | prosoy IsID] swIsay =| sme sore] 


749 

joyepaid 0681 ‘Arourg 
sasnoyusas£) umouyus) voujy| jonisered| vy 149804 SKUISIULNAIS 
(S661) poomsuljos ioyepoid O88] ‘UoIsWIe) 
pue rquisyos sasnoyusasry LW ‘9661 eisy| jonisered| vy 1s1maq SAUASIUULNAIS 
(1661) 
eIIOG zado’T pur sajepedsy CVW ioyepaid (6981 ‘Azouryq) 
(661) J27epedsy sudpser) -Ld ‘6861 vouyy| jonisered| y | wlafruviquam vomuvdy 
vououry |  sJorepaid €Z6I ‘TyOsIuES 
(600Z) Oniessopy umouyus) uMmouyuy) S22D| pnisered| wy vdvIstanIsgo s1dajomev] 
Jecidonqns |  so1epaid HOST ‘P1074 
N (ZOOZ) ‘Te 39 JOINED sasnoyuses£) Ad ‘TS6L| ‘qeordory,| onisered) vy yns1xa 5149] 01BV] 
8 ayeioduray, | rorepard (F681 ‘Arawy) 
= (ZO0Z) ‘Te 39 FouEy sasnoyusairy aI Ud “Ad ‘HO AI ‘S161 -eIsy] jonisered| vy ypnonyy s1dap01B0] 
~ OIS-L UW 
8 (9002) ‘DUS UD “AUD 
Sy ropepedsy pure zourory UD UD ‘NVO Tvd royepaid C681 ‘40d 
8 ‘(9861) ‘Te 39 OFeH A SBOTE POQTAtelCT. “Sd “TVE-Sd “SA “SH “E681 wousy | ppysered| oy vurpfisauar aopiag 
aah (€002) Joyepoid (6/81 
OqurojO>) pure eIUOWTT AlosINN Tal LI ‘€00Z visy| jonisered| vy ‘yWIS) ypou yop1ag 
NA ‘OU 
‘AVWiLd ‘OZV-Ld 
‘Ld “AW “LI “aa 
(€00Z) OquIojoD pue UD UD “AD “Wd av sowepard (€6LI ‘snprqey) 
PIUOUTT ‘(QOG[) PreusIog ueqin ‘sudpser) *‘NVO-S4 ‘SH “Ad -Ld ‘Z¥81 POLY orisered V yyvy davaaul OpIay 
([)esnoyusess ‘(N) Jeordonqns joyepaid (C6LT ‘snioliqe.q) 
vare popoom Ayasreds WMA ‘E8st| ‘qeordosy,| jonisered| vy stsuaauIns 2op1ag 
qy vououry |  Jorepaid OZ81 
(6002) x0D pur oursu0T Ssnorusor Wd Nd ‘Ad HO} Ad ‘ZS61 SRO] pPpisered) yw | ew sy9myiq soprege 
adoimyq ut satvad§ 
SOIUIIIFOY SOF] yeuqey, | selsuNos papeauy | proosy IsIL] swIsoy =| sme sorprue,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

750 

dD ‘AVW-Ld (S81 

(9007) ‘Te 29 ‘OZV-Ld “Td “TI Jeordoniqns royepaid ‘YIWIS) wens 

JoIoI\\ ‘(89G]) Preusog sasnoyusas£y ‘ay UA “Ad “Ad uMmouxu) ‘jestdosy, orsered V UNIAOULDAIAT. 

(S661) Poomsur[oD OZ81 

pure tiqurayos ‘(CQ0Z) royepaid TARY, Wénsoulsnuyy 

sajepedsyq pur saday S$ sasnoyudsaly LW “II uMouyuy) visy| jonisered| wy ULNIAOWDAIA 
(6661) ‘Je 19 OYUSYopey 

‘(8661) ‘Te 19 OYUoYOpeY eysefenspy|  sorwpard (L981 “ysrtus) 

‘(¢861) e8U0f[ ap sasnoyusasr) Td “IN ‘WA ‘lv}  usmouyuaq ‘eisy| omisered| wy SUAJOSUL UNILOWLDAIAT 

(YOO) “Te 9 ForNAY (9P81 ‘opurjAN) 

“(SQOZ) J2Tepedsyq pue ds Jeordosy,| — roxepard UNIVUIAVILG 

sadryqJ ‘(W€00T) OUISOP] SOTIOSIN NT ‘OZV-Ld ‘LI “Ad LI “€007 PIS prisered V UNIAOULDAIAT 

e981 

pur[poom Sq|  wvwowoury|  sorepoid Tasoy sasourds13uoj 

poxru pur xeO ‘umoUyu/) YON | pnisered| vy xpLoqgjoumay 

(6S81 

(S007) royepaid TONE) Suanbuoqap 

eyAnagey] Puv PAOYas |] — sasnoy ‘sasnoyuses+) ac *Z) IV AS ESCA visy| jonisered| wy XIULAMUMOUG IAT 

(8002) GVW] = [eordory, (LOST ‘tpTus) 

uasIoqior A pue 10g sasnoy ‘suaprery CVW-Ld “IN ‘LV -Ld ‘6861 -PISY | SNOJOATN Op V sadiqyv XAULAMULOUG IIT 
(46002) 494992. (6661) 
‘Te 19 uldiA ‘(Z00Z) 
IeAIOS “(866 1) BIqer] 
pure Jomayps ‘(8007) 
‘Te 19 Jayon{ “(q¢EQ0Z) 

owsoH ‘(Z00Z) ofedsq ATuo (€6LT ‘sMIoWIGe,) 

pure sojepedsyq ‘(gQ0Z) | ssoopur ‘orrydodonue nw ‘AD Jecrdonqns|  s0epaid unjvydasouvjaul 

uasIoqiol A pur 100g ‘sjonpoid pasos} QT { ‘If TAA ‘HO ‘SIV) FAG ‘P86r| qerdoip} pnisered| y puLourdvye 

P]OGUIAaT[OO CVW| wnoury|  so1epaid 9061 ‘Arowy 

(ZOOZ) “Je 32 Joey | Uo JoOepaid ‘suaprery -Ld ‘6861 YON | pnisered| vy ILAISAAIIS SMUABIUINAIS 

adoimyq ut satgad§ 

SdIUIIOFOY SOP] yeurqeyy | solsuNos popeauy | prosay IsInJ swIsoy «| sme sare] 


(€QOOT) Hoquio7 pur 

tC ereyourys *(/00Z) WAyoel 

‘(ZOOZ) ‘Je 39 esNTOR 
‘(Z00Z) ‘Je 39 Joussory ayeroduray, snoseyd (SC6T ‘fPysaoyessnsy) 
‘(96G61) UNS pur nsaeg DING €4) IN IN ‘9861 -PISV -oikyd) Vy vaiupysvyy v19vgday 
sepryprydureg 
vououy |  sJorepaid LIGI Bynemry 
(8961) OUPPIA VP GHG Tae) ZI alu LI ‘9961 YON | pysered| vy IULOILAAS DULdUM] Og 

(0002) Te 

19 ZEA ‘(666]1) ‘Je 19 BIDAR (prouseieg 339) 

“(O961) BIyeper ‘(8/61) |  susupjainas snaagdiuor royepaid (S761 Ayness) 
ourplA pure dUOZIY | 3]199q-3Inous snadiqvang (al Ld ‘LI ‘YW “Sa LI ‘ZZ61 | elseperisny porisered V suajiu sagdvuy 
“\ seprseurA] 
i. (066) Uassnumsey ayeroduray, snoseyd (Z88 1 ‘Pysmoyzsopey) 
& pue uossuefisiry | s9o71 1MIj Jo JoveuTT[Og YC ‘OZ6I -PISY -oiyd| vy SUOMIULOI DISC) 
S Sep HEE sayy] 
S qaq| vowoury|  sorepoid (G¢g]‘Aes) 
S (€Z61) UueWIOIg promioi ajddy ‘UuMOUUL) YON | pnisered| vy Lousinbuogs sus doqy 
= POWOWy ioyepaid (O9GI ‘SauUMOT ) 
S (Z861) Wonspsp sop190q snoseydojAy AS ‘NY “Td ‘LV uMmouxul) YON porisered V snypjnqvds saypig dy 
(2661) SdrYd ‘(6861) (stoy10 pue AM “Td ‘ON “IN vopoury | — Joyepard (OZ8I ‘wossar) 
epissn{ ‘(/86]) Wonspapy sepruoridiq) SOTEMES “q ‘TH “AC ‘LV uMouxul) YON prisered V DILAOU VISIAIULOJACT 
vououry |  Jorepaid FOI “UOssaIDZ 
SOTPJMES ON “Wa umouyur) YON | pnisered| vy SUVSAOP SNISIUAI) 
vououry |  sJorepaid FOI “UOSsaIZ 
VONST UO SITP{MLS ON Ws ‘Ty|  usouyuy YON | pnisered| vy snsongony snqdiay 
(G76 ‘ueuTYysn)) 
(aepres4q) oyerjoduray. royepaid SNIVAOJOIIULIYV 
(9661) wewyyor SI9IOG WI umouyur) -eisy| omisered| yw snsajajsaqny 
sepluouInsuUYp] 
adoinyq ut satgad§ 
SIDUIIIFIY sOoP] yyqey] | salyuNod popeauy | prooay Is] swIsoy =| sme sorry 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

752 

Speers AS “Td 0961 
IY-sejsnoq ur proyeyo “IN ‘NT ‘LI ‘AD eoloury |  Joiepaid ‘Aasnyy sngdosgoutsads 
(6961) Weyer pees snususvsay €r) WA ‘ZD “ag qd ‘ZS61 YON | pnisered| vy sngojodosayy 
(L861) 
PISMOTUST\ “(686T) 
eysudzoddzrys “(9/6]) | spees sarqy ur proyeyp eT LNT voloury | Joyepaid 0961 ‘Aassnyy 
uasionag (6661) Ad poos snususvsay €r) ‘aq Ws Na “ag qd ‘€S61 YON | pnisered| y snuid snqojodosayy 
sorepard (VIGI ‘HS824]IS) 
(@C/6[) tueIssiA, IVIO VLIIOM IDG I Ll TIT PL61 vouyy| jonisered| vy sngsapoun sngojodosayyy 
joyepaid VIGIL ‘Tasoayis 
(8S61[) uosduroyy, IVIO VLIIOM IDG i Li TLZC6I woujy| jonisered| vy 1opp via domyvEy 
(Z16T) ByYsNY 
‘(100Z) Mon (6861) 
eulfeyy “(€007) 1stabpay 
‘(0661) A°P[Y-SOASIN' pure 
SdIIOT -OPplIe) *(S96T) MS “AS ‘Su ‘NY 
ME “(8Z61) weyerd ‘OU ‘Ld ‘LI “TI “NH (1881 
pure yoonog ‘(q//6T) sapivaq WD ‘dD Wy Ad ora royepaid ‘PIPMO]]) IMpUuL]VI 
yeonog ‘(/96[) JoIpesiog sionpoid paroig { Fy EA Ae LV ‘LI6L -oiddiy] jonisered| = srpuosadosiuyy 
oeplyewosaig 
(€OOT) ‘Je 9 PHOTT Jeordomqns royepoid (PIGI ‘seyierg) 
‘(PQ/6) SOY pure yegoq | suso220pf snxtaqyounayy YIS-LI ‘LI “Wa ‘Sa MA‘IZ61| ‘qeordosy,] onisered| oy snaafiuids snyimy 
(8002) wer91uaT 861 
pure stA ‘(Z66[) TueIssr,, wunso1Aviodva voloury | sJorepaid TOYIGON 29 UMODDe/[ 
“(ZO0Z) ‘Je 19 OURZURYPY SAPOANAVIAT. LI ‘0861 YON | pnisered| vy stuuadiasnf snmp 
seprnsesAqe]g 
(S61 
(8Z81) POLIOWYy royepaid ‘UHIIS) Wns 
queqinoge’] pure pneiir (Qepliqouy) sung LV ‘9OZ81 YON | pnisered| y snduyouvf{ars 
oepidweypicg 
odoin ut satgads 
S2IUIIIFAY WIQGeE] | soisUNOD pepeauyT | prosoy IsID] swIsoy =| sme sorprue,y 


733 

(1661) Te 9 BUOpNeT 

‘(C661) YesuIg pue nyyNs (prousesed Il ioyepoid TZ6I “UeYer) 
‘(000Z) UIg pue nUOD 834) sIoI0q WIS []| ‘umouyuq voujy| jonisered| vy apjoassng snumouajay 
(prousesed vououy|  sJorpaid (S881 ‘premopy) 
(L861) Coulpy 33q) s14020UaI1S Lt MG umouyus) YON | pnisered| vy avs14oz0jday UokAL 
(prousesed royepaid (OZ6L ‘Pped) 
(S007) PrAcdog 33q]) SID) OH ‘6861 | eiseyensny| joniseied| vy stusozinua, YING 
depIUOT]I9¢ 
(666[) Uasiodsaf 
pure presaoys ‘(€00Z) POMOWy joyepaid (9681 ‘peowysy) 
astADpoH] “(0007Z) Uosqiy | — (Pend) sory asnoy as ‘Md ‘aa| ad ‘6861 yYON | prised); vy sadyina srdaqo4) 
ae (8¢61) uosduroyy, 
8 ‘(100Z) MoM “(Z00Z) sapisaq ojua3 joyepaid (PLE ‘poomisa\ ) 
Ss ‘Te 19 sopnodoryy sjonpoid paroisg ID “Ad “Ag ACT “ZS61 -oidAry} =onisered| = supsaa xpjoI0aq], 
~ (6002) 
§ ‘Te 39 sowyOT, (1661) 
Ss jug pur rurey “(600Z) paea aba as ‘Ou “AW ‘LI ‘Sa voroury | — ro1epaad OL61 SUPP 
8 UOSGIF) ‘(QQ0Z) ‘Je 319 COB) pure vIzZsaWOp vasny Sea ZO ke — SICE69G6T YON | pnisered| y ‘uosaulps visunvds 
a F681 
(F836) UauTyourYyZq vououry |  sJorepaid ‘peourysy sasojvydan 
‘(9Z61) Yoonog ‘Me LI “Ua Ud “9Z61 YON | ppisered) oy SIRO IOLA el: 
(6261) O61 
]]2xV pure zany ‘(186T) sayy ayqras OU ‘LI eououry |  sJoiepaid ‘slopues 29 NEI) 
snmigqey (8/61) snaiqey | pure vozgsaumop vosnyy ‘ca sar Mel °Z5 Faye eG YON | pnisered| y Lordva xpanfiprasnyy 
(1861) Te (snoseyddjod eh 
12 nojnodorens ‘(900Z) ‘Te ATYSIP) vaCQ ‘snsv.z ‘JIS-LI ‘LI “IE UD joyepoid (L881 ‘premopy) 
19 SIOWTS “(QRG6T) Idsey | ‘smus7277 ‘snasanC) ‘soTeIS Wd ‘NVO-Sa ‘Sa TI ‘E261 | eisepensny | jonisered| vy VIUAOLYVI VILUBLOY 
vououry |  sJorepaid 1661 Spoonog 
(1661) yeonog Saba Rees: TI ‘0861 SRO] pprserd) y vurdissop vsyouoyy 
odoin ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFOY SOF] wyqey | selsuNos pepeauy | proosy ISIE] suiday «| smeISg sorprure,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

754 

saspliq yyeousJapun 
pue soSvie3 se yons 
SUOTIEDOT posoIays 
UT JIN ore sisdu 

VN ‘Ld “‘GVW-Ld 
‘NT ‘LI ‘UH “WOO 

(000Z) ‘Je 39 OURIpseg pnw pure sIamoy A WA ‘NVO POLOWy royepaid (€ZL{ ‘Ammiq) 
‘(Z661) ‘Te 39 Yosug ye Jeqjoou sINPY} STK ‘ED -Sq “AGC “Ad ‘LV YA ‘SGT YON porisered V UNIADIUIULII uoLgdyaas 
(L861) ourspsed (SSE 
pure OUIZZOUIeIeSS (Aroveposd) WH WOO Md WA POLIOWYy joyepaid (Z98[ ‘oinssnes) 
‘(Q00Z) ‘Je 39 OURT[Seg | spuRysseIs UT sI9y9TIZ) CTC aT $0 AC “HD IV UW ‘0961 YON | pnisered| vy DUDIIXAUL DIJUOPOST 
seprseyds 
vOLIOWy snoseyd 698 ‘UOMON 
(8/61) ‘Je 19 UONT sIofTUOT) dD qD ‘vrol YON -oiyd) vy SNIWUAO{IJVI SNAIIOL/) 
vOLIOWUy snoseyd (I8ZT ‘sniorige.q) 
(100Z) puotaAAY SIOJTUOT) ad IN Sleds) qd ‘1661 yon -o1kyd Vv SLULOIIQIV SNAIIOLL) 
o10 ‘vyniag vOLIOWy snoseyd (€9Z] ‘snovuurT) 
(S861) JIUIAY | — daar ‘Snouan() ‘sndvz qT ‘ZS61 YON -oifyd) vy VQUINIOI XAUALT 
(6861) Preesiprpy pue 
LeRSENTA “(F661) ZPMYOS MS “AS “Ld 
(9861) PreeSIPIY “IN ‘NT ‘LI “TI “al 
(PLOT) FEM “(H861) (194 ‘NH “UD “aD “Ud onocra|s Rsuouedd IZ] ‘snpuqes 
IS4q1PH ‘(Z861) sokey | ATUreur) syunn sJozU07) Id “Ad ‘HD “aq WA ‘S88 YON -oiyd) vy snouedd snauvds xad1> 
(6861) vOLIOWYy snoseyd (Z98 | ‘“uossai7)) 
preesiprypy pur reeset, SIaJTUO7) qD ‘S661 YON -oiyd) vy SNIVIOALD XALIS 
IPI 
(spnssouy 
PIA prousesrediad 477) vououry |  Jorepaid (O06I ‘peawysy) 
(8861) £21700, SIOOSUT ITPIS Ld ‘Sa} 9 umouyug YON | pnisered| vy LAB1U SNLIIOIADY’) 
seplioydiusi¢g 
odoin ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFIY SOF] WIQGe_] | sowyUNOS popeauy | prosey IsID] swIsay | sme sorprwey 


75) 

6C6I 
(€00Z) vOLOWy snoseyd ToAUIPOP] snavporsru 
eysudzoddzrys pur sonboy vso | §=SA ‘TI ON Ws “Ad ‘Dg Aq ‘9961 YON -oikyd) oy SNIDANIV SNULBISYB IPT 
(S66T) [PSs “(PS6T) POLOWy royepaid (TSB ‘AaThy) szzusososs 
SOPIY ‘(89GT) Yoonog | seaovOJ UO wsauvAIaT I WN “MS ‘NH ‘ZOD OH ‘TIGI YON orisered V SNAIULOJUOPIAT 
sepruAsoy, 
CS6T ‘THRIN|O 
(L261) Mouurz ayerJoduray. snoseyd 1041 (SNIVULAUIAVT) 
pue Joypyep\-UTOYps J XILDT IV ‘1Z61 -PISY -oiyd) vy sngpuaukgrng 
VN “MS ‘OU “Td 
\ “IN ‘CW ‘LT ‘LI 
a (9007) ‘NH ‘UH UD “AD 
= ‘Te 39 OME] “(18G6T) dd ‘Td ‘Sa “Ad “ZO vououy|  snoseyd LES] “ULLMAN 57777914 
& Aoued WS pue oyus;owlsy DIULGOYM “HO ‘D4 “Ad ‘LV Aq ‘S781 YON -o1kyd V (VaPIUOLA]) SNIVULANT 
S deprlulparyywuey, 
8 Azoyepoid 
S ‘saspliq yeousopun 
S pue soSeie3 se yons 
aah SUOTIEIOT pataqays 
UT yINg are sisoU 
pnw pure sIamoy ayeroduray. ioyepaid (OG8T ‘Yyarus) 
(FOOT) ‘Te 19 DIAOYII7D ye Jejou sINpy AW Wi AW ‘8661 -eisy| onisered| wy auLsofap uoLgdyaIs 
(P86T) IIA, Asoyepaid 
Jop ura ‘(CQOZ) PJourYy ‘saspliq yeousopun 
‘(100Z) ‘Je 39 YJesuory pure soSvie3 se yons ‘WN ‘IS 
(S661) PUT “(FO07) “Te OnE Acpesearus: ‘SWOISLI “UVS 
19 NAOMI ‘(/00Z) osey UT aINq ore sjsou “ELT OH WH 
“(GQ0Z) ‘Je 39 Yosnsog pnui pure siamoy MOON’ WA “Ad ayerioduray, royepoid (OZ8T “yItUIS) 
‘(Q00Z) JoIqreg pure yos1g ye Je1D9U sINpy ‘TY HO “DE ‘LV LV ‘6Z61 -PISY porisered V UNIVAANI uoLgdyaas 
odoin ut satgad§ 
SIDUIIIFIY sop] yeyiqeyy | salzzUNO0d popeauy | prooay IsIL] swIsoy «| sme sorprue.y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

756 

(€QOT) eysudzodAzryS 

pue sonboy (6661) br VIV| wououry| — snoseyd ZEGI APTTEM 
JausydQ pure uasuof sgy| $b) ‘CD)| AS ‘AM Ud ‘Td “Nd! -NIA ‘0761 YON -oukyd) vy stapjnaads snULsigsvBayy 
ySol 
(€007) oyeroduray. snoseyd ‘AYZUAON 24/94 ISITUUIGIS 
eysudzoddzrys pur sonboy SNApI) WA ‘0661 -eIsy -oiyd) vy SNULBIISVBITAT 
(€QOT) eysudzodAzryS 
pure sonboy ‘(6661) TN ‘9D vououry|  snoseyd 676] TokouyOH 
JauUsyIC) pure uasua[ Saqy Wi Md “Ad “Ad qD ‘O61 yon -o1kyd V 1ULfVL SNULBIISYB II 
(€QOT) eysudzodAzryS 
pur sonboy ‘(6661) aS “IN “AI ‘dD UA vonouy|  snoseyd LG81 ‘Vy 
JousydQ pur uasuof saqy SIC “Ad °ZD “Ad qd ‘161 YON -oiyd) vy snuid snusisvsayy 
(ZOO) ZOIMORpINZY 
pue eysudzoddzrys ‘(€00Z) 
eysudzoddAzrys pur sonboy snoseyd LEG TokoupyoH] 
(1661) ‘Je 19 Neamt g Snspay LI ‘Wa ‘Sa WA ‘8S8I -oiyd) vy sturdvsuid snusdusvsayy 
O68T “peouysy 
(€00Z) eOLIOWy snoseyd SNIVBILAVAOATIU 
eysudzoddzrys pur sonboy vSOM WA ‘Z861 YON -oikyd) Vy SNULBIISUDITAT 
(€QOT) eysudzodAzryS 
pue sonboy ‘(6661) vOLOWwy snoseyd 6PGL SUOMI 
JaUSYIC) pue uasud{ saiqy q}D “IN ‘UW Na qd ‘ZS61 YON -oikyd) oy LLIIIIUL SNUBYSVBAYY 
VIV| wolowy snoseyd CL6I ‘Aqsory 
(0261) epfuuy sauqy VIV-NId | -NIAd ‘6961 YON -ovkyd | y | anduvsorse] snusdusvdayy 
(8661) 
TIUSYIO ‘(666 1) JOUSYIO VIV | ozesoduray, snoseyd E16 ‘Aqsory 
pur uasual “(Q/61) eruuy saqy ON ‘VIV-ld SG] -NId ‘6961 “PIS -ovkyd) oy 1S91MM0G SNUBUSDBAYY 
(€QOT) eysudzodAzryS 
pue sonboy ‘(6661) AY “Td ‘AD vououry| snoseyd IS8I FOIE 
JousyoC) pur uasuo{ SNQOAIS SNUIY VII Wa ‘Nd “ad ‘ZD Ad ‘¥S6I MON -oikyd) vy SNIPAY SNULSIISDOATAT 
odoin ut satgad§ 
S2IUIIIFOY SOP] WIQGe_] | sowyUNOD popeauy | prossy IsID] swIsay «| sme sorprue,y 


TOT 

vn ‘nu ‘Ou 
‘AW ‘AT ILI 976 eNuINseEPy 
(F661) PPPIC | YyJag4aov saposstsognd qT ‘AE wows “aa ioyepaid MuUyospuap 
224K ‘(P861) Te 29 IGeg ‘3:0 ‘eroidopida] ‘Dg ‘AG “AG ‘LV Dg ‘8/61 prisered| vy DULUDABOY ILA 

wIoMAUIe 
‘prpesdd azreur 

“WIJOMTJOG U0I109 royepaid IPGL ‘WYST 
(S86) UesseE] pur sey ‘syjour aseqqe’) AC ‘S861 puisered| vy SIUOJIGYI DULULVABOYIIAT 
OZ6I 
(prouseied joyepaid Tneyesey 29 elereseyy 
N (8861) ‘Je 29 g]ad20A, 93q) JoIO0q-wA91¢ WA ‘Z861 prisered) vy AVIVYIV VULULDLBOYIIAT 
8 (prousesed 3377) vououry |  sJorepaid (LIGI Gynesy) 
Ss (961) Soprq YOYM UT PIyapesig, OH! OAH ‘6r6I YON | pnisered| vy VOUINBUDS VIISOSYC) 
- (0F61) (prousered joyepoid (SIGL ‘tasaaqis) 
: PPIMON “(€007) 1stAbpay 337) stoddoyyeo] aS Ud] wa “6Eor wonyy | jonisered| y DIIUIISIP VIDS05Y0 
S (9661) PCOL “OEpOquL 
N opreusJog pur rueis31 A, Jeordosy,| — soxepasd auuadgisvuldud 
= ‘(6661) ‘Je 19 oOseUTS | (prousered 334) sdisyq, LISISaE1 LI ‘S661 -eisy| onisered| wy vuUlspLy dvsay 
sepneurwessoyoy, 
(€007) IlPss#D (9S61 
pure JaHeyos ‘(1 007) Id NVO snoseyd ‘Kassn}]) sasuawpasuv 
OO|SUII PUP [[ISSTIF) SNULGIC WA SNVO-Sa ‘SH -SY ‘T7961 POLY -o1kyd V SNULBIISUBITAT 

VN AS “as “Nu 

‘Su OU ‘Ld “Td 

‘ON “IN “AW ‘LI 
(€007) “al ‘NH “AD Ud ‘Td €681 
eysudzoddzrys pur sonboy ‘oq “aq ‘Nd Ad vououy| snoseyd pyoey, sngdospousads 
(8007) ‘Te 39 xnaTTe DONSIOPNAST ‘ZO ‘HO “AG SIV] =D “9681 YON -oudyd| vy SNULBIESD BAY 
adoimyq ut satvad§ 
SODUIIIFOY SOF] yeuqey, | selsuNos papeauy | prooay IsIE] suiday =| smeISg sorprure,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

758 

CO6I ‘uossAng 

(900Z) ‘ye 39 JURWATTIA, ayeroduay | 10yepaid np xmogy14s1u 
‘(QQ0Z) ‘Je 39 qTexep] pur[poop, 13) Wi WA “FOOT -eisy| omisered| wy purnjaa vdsa, 
aepidsa,, 
POMOWy Jolepaid TIGI ‘ynesty 
(F961) MeYIOY aeulyonig OH ‘£961 YON | pnisered| vy stuuadiunfiuas DUDIS( 
joyepaid (976 ‘UOIsIOIeA\ ) 
(LZ61) 2010g seuryonig OU’ ‘0261 woujy| jonisered| y 1uossugol vuvISLY 
(9261) o1uas| — soxepard 6L8T ‘apy wensorzasd 
TYPIALIS ‘(686[) UoOURC WIOMFed] UON07) WD ‘S61 -oidAry} onisered| = DULUDABOG ILA 
(snoseyddjod Ayysty) royepaid TIGI ‘Bynes 
(8861) ‘Je 29 a]ada0,, sisod uesaidopida] WA ‘F861 puisered) vy Isulesad DULULVABOYILAT 
(6861) 
eUOpNey] pur Tueissi A 
‘(8¢6[) uosduroyy, ‘(¢/6T) syioul LI WD ‘aD joyepaid LZ81 ‘A2[Ry wengnuru 
SuUTIOFT ‘(9Z61) DID | 3SoJOF pur Jorog ozrepy UW ‘Sa “Ad *ZO FS E561 prisered y DULUDABOY ILA 
odoin ut satgads 
S2IUIIIFOY SOP] WIUQGe}] | sowyUNOD pepeauy | prosey IsIT] swIsoy «| sme sorprwe.y 


752 

Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 

(YL6T) IP249S 

(SZ61) ‘Je 19 UO] 

(SZ61) ‘Je 19 UO] 

(1861) ‘Je 39 sauo[-skig 

(sJouTUT 

Jeary) suray wnwdgapy 

ssuns Aq 

ueuny UT sMeUop 
asned ‘somIruIny 
Poom ur siDasuT 

AY DIGAI, Si 

SJUP] C poveAnno 

ve Gieral 

SEY SCZ Vaile 

AD “SO6I 

OZV 
“Ld $007 

dD ‘0007 

snoseyd 

-odyd 

jorepoid 
orsered 

yesl 
Sn 1294 Yf po1OIISING 

dePIWOJOONsSeY 

GOST ‘SnTy 

SNIMSIULOP SNULLIPOLM IS 
seprAyieg 

cOst 
‘JURIYDS s7piagiag adly 
oepisiy 

(19ZI ‘shoeuurT) 

SnolJeA JO JOYUTTOg I CTh6G6I unAoIN] snquiog 

(L861) ‘Je 39 souof-sdrq syueyd poreanyno (19ZI ‘snoeuury) 
SNnOIIeA JO JOWUTTOg i PLACA UNALOJLOY SNQULOT 

syueyd poreanyno snoseyd QC/] ‘snoeuury 

SNOLIVA JO JOUTTTOg I 1D ‘Iv! TV ‘S00z -ouyd| | vLafijau vlafijau. sid 

syueyd poreanyno snoseyd (908 ‘ejourds) 

(9661) UesIapag | snorreA Jo JoyeUTT]Og I Ted ATCT || SIC Z86I -ouyd| | vIysnsy Dafa. sidy 

syueyd poreanyno snoseyd (6Z8] ‘uueWwyyO,) 

(9661) UesIapag | snorrea Jo JoyeUTT]Og I Ld Ma| Md ‘100Z -ouyd| 4 VIUADI DAAfyjaue sidy 

(9661) ‘Je 39 1s0IG 

sooUuoL IPY 

SAPOANAVIAT “VIstMag 
‘AyouryM Uo0N07) 

veNqeH 

Sd11JUNOD poprAauy 

umouxyuy) 

p02 
beat | 

UOISaI 
ueauedsoy 

IPN 

joyepoid 
orisered 

sWIIZay | sm9%1¢ 

oepidy 

TEGT OOD 
SNPUNUL SNLIIOULIALT 
seprurjeydy 

satgad§ 

sarprure.y 

‘O10Z/€0/10 epdn aseyT *({] xrpuodde sas) SIN A 0} JaqeI 
suOneAdiqae ieiqepy *(] xipuadde das) 991 € OS] 0} JOJoI suUOTIeTADIQGe sapos ATUNO’) ‘soMstIaIOvIeYO pur sr] ‘odosng wz uote soieds vsoidousurAP] *7%'Z J BIQUL 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

760 

(S8ZT ‘Aorgoos)) 

(8/61) ‘Je 39 UONLy Snug €r) q5 “qI| umouyuy dafiqaas Uotsdipoant 
dd (C181 

(861) ‘Je 39 UONT] Snug Cr) ‘umouyuL) | ‘Onps]) Suada piurdj1L) 
q) snoseyd (ZEgT ‘snsepy) 

(8Z61) ‘Je 39 UONT VIN] €5) ‘umouyuL) -ouyd| | aviulosay viurd]1£y 
dD snoseyd (9€81 

(8/61) ‘Je 9 VON snutg €4) ‘uMOoUyU/) q ‘Sniep{) syzuis uo1sdiq 
al [ae (8SZI 

(8/61) ‘Je 39 VON snut gy €) ‘uMOUxU/) q ‘snovuury) 2uzd uotdiq 
sepruoridiq 

ie (681 prey) 

(8Z61) ‘Je 19 UO snasane) 13) qD)| gD ‘£661 a moda xhuojagdy 
(€8ZT JAopsesing) 

(SZ61) ‘Je 39 UOT snsanc) ZI ql ‘g5| umouyuy q sxayvasnauanb snoupuy 
snoseyd e (OPT ‘Snsep) 

(8Z61) ‘Je 39 UONT sno4anc) ZI q5)| gD ‘SEZI -ouyd| 4 VIONUSY SNILpUy 
snoseyd bee! (CPR 

(8/61) ‘Je 9 UONT sn4anc) ‘) qp)| @D ‘SeZI adomy -ouyd| 4 SNIVp]) Lvj0y sn1spuyy 
q snoseyd 6S8 I ‘pnesisy 

(861) ‘Je 39 UONT sno4anc) TID q5 | ‘umouyuy) adomy -ouyd| 4 AVIADINSSOLS SNILAPUPY 
snoseyd (OZ8I ‘fepusryseTyos) 

(8Z61) ‘Je 19 UOT] snasane) 3) aT ey || ee) “CELT adomy -ouyd| | XIAIQNALOI SNILAPUPT 
sepidrudy 

ayesoduay | soxyepoid 6881 ‘Aresoopy 

(0007) ‘Te 19 OuRrseg sooq 94 LI ‘NH ‘YH ‘LV) NH ‘SI6I -eIsy | /o1isered a VIVUIDIDUL SISKAY) 
oeprpisdry) 

p02 satgad§ 

S2IUIIIFAY IsoP] | JegGey] SdTJJUNOD poprauy SIL] sUIIZay | sM9vI1S sare] 


a sIaps0q 
a \soJO,] ‘spuryssess TI Joyepaid (I8ZI 
(8S61) poomsurjos Arp ‘smoprayy |G ‘1A ‘UMOUAUL) jorisered ‘snioliqey) smapyf snisvT 
SJUSWIOUUOITAUS ‘TI joyepaid (OS8I 
(8S61) poomsurjos Auois ‘Arp ‘wey, | SH ‘TA ‘UMOUUL) orsered ‘JOISIDOJ) SNUITY SNISVT 
royepard (Z6ZT F91A]O) 
(S961) preusog SOOIT, ( uMouxuy) odomy |} /orisered STAD IJOINIS LAISUBOIVULAL’) 
uorIsal 
onsrise3 OZV| uvouriso| soipoid CGQT ake 
(FOOT) ‘Je 39 JaIONIA\, Je1uqey [enyey n -Ld ‘SO00Z -Ipeyy | /onisered syjtuas saqspoouapy dy 
IUpIOTWIO] 
= (OL61) | w2vavopnasd viuigoy joyepoid OZG6I ‘eAoINZ 
8 BAOIIT ‘(/66[) PAoUe{OIS UO JOpa24 p22¢9 (<3) WN ‘6961 orsered apluigos snsvydogonsg 
= seprmoyAingy 
= (IZ61) SunI9H “(F96T) 
S ‘Te 19 TUTYySTUSTIOG jorepoid (LE6T ‘ofmseny [eq) 
& ‘(TE6T) OPIN Pq sdiuyy, I AAI} LI‘Oe6r) = edo} jopsered raptiuad sngaasvdiedy 
8 seprydomny 
aa sdoio Ak as AY uoIsar 
(8861) Aueul pur $7147) ‘Ld “IN “AW ‘CW “TI uvoueriiol| sJoipord (SIGI Bynes) 
puejdoy pur ajsury uo splos000pnes] OOI{| WH WA ‘NVO-SH ‘ZO! Ld ‘P66 -Ipeyy | /onisered 1a90I0pnasd snaksvuyy 
vn MS 
“AS ‘AY “OU “AVW-Ld 
‘OZV-Ld “Td “VAS-ON 
‘ON “IN ‘CW ‘NT ‘AT 
(8261) “LT “al ‘SI ‘NH “9 ‘Td uoysaz 
uoUdN “(766[) UUeWYyNy sprinowouods pue ‘NVO-SH “ad “NG “Ad uvoueisol| sJoipoid (O76 ‘uRwyeC) 
“(€OGT) BYspaosoy | $72.92 UO avao shvLT [| 9% Hoke aa |) ASKGEZT -Ipeyy | /onisered syjosasnf sidspiuasy 
sepnsAouq 
p02 satgads 
S2IUIIIFIY IsoP] | WIUQey So1IJUNOD poprauy ISIE] sWIIZ2y | sM9%I1S sorprue,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

762 

(SSZI ‘snovuurT) 

(8/61) ‘Je 39 UOT SIOJIUOD) re snauaanl xad1s 
IEPIOLIIS 

uIeI (IV8I 

ul ‘sj1qdoq1G ‘STIADOM OZV jorepoid JOISIOJ) Snpuansuysip 

sionpoid paroig { OZV-Ld| -Ld ‘S00Z odomy | /orisered snsvq doy 

seplyewosay gy 

Wn “AS snoseyd (8681 ‘PuPeA\) 

(0861) Uorg pur AueTTig XMVT €D| “IN ‘1 ‘€D ‘NC aa} IN ‘T¥61 “ody PEG Sian UpsTOY ER) 
snoseyd (ZEgT ‘sn7epy) 

(8861) side VIN €r) IN “Ad! IN ‘9861 -o1dyd LagspdoAyqhaa pIywvyda’) 

snoseyd (S081 

(8861) Sisk VIIT E>) AT‘Ad| Aa ‘8s6r -oudyd ‘Snpy) vusdyy viqqogde 

(986[) uosiey snoseyd (8SZI ‘snovuury) 

UPA puP Slaqialysy ueA VIN] Cr) IN| IN ‘9861 -o1dyd suaiqv viqvgday 
snoseyd (LOSI ‘pnestsy) szzv7 

(8861) sIBeW XT ED IN “Ad ] “IN ‘9861 (reseonkay) yptoqsuvoy 

joyepoid BCL "Ty vy das0sgghsa 

(8ZG61) ‘Je 39 UONT SnuLg €r) uMmouyur) orisered ypoujUvy 
sepryrydureg 

(€00Z) 

PAOINJEISV pue OYUISIT 

(Z8Z1 ‘shprqey) 
VIVPUNIOA IIYIVBIY 

oeprrporsay] 

EFEFTE jo JOVeUTTTOT uMouxus) 

gle fe ie i 

sous CVW-Ld avW yoepard (LS8T ‘T9d0y) 

(FOOT) ‘Je 39 JoIaNaK | ple ‘ueqin ‘suaprey | Z] ‘T{“D | ‘OZV-Ld ‘GD ‘NVO-SA| -<Ld ‘ZP81 orisered UNIAVPIVI UNIAOULDAJT, 
UOTSII 

ON “Td uvourisol| sJoipoid (JOST ‘]ffo3eT) 

(ZOOZ) ‘Je 39 JoNay | svore wWIeM pur AIG DN!) ‘QH ‘aD Ad ‘Dd “aAg| UMouyuy -Ipsyy | /onisered VIVIIAVOI DAUD T 

SIOPIOg ISIIOF ql joyepoid (86Z1 ‘][fo3eT) 

(L661) sprempy | ‘sdumas pur syuniy Cy ql | ‘umouyuye orsered snsoursynf SNISVT 

p02 satgad§ 

SIDUITIIFAY ysOP] | JeIQey S31IJUNOD poprauy SIL sWIs2y | sm9vI1S sarpTwe,y 


763 

Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 

(ZEST “snzey) 

snoseyd SNIDIJAINIS (VULAUOY1) 

(S261) ‘Te 9 voy van ED AI ‘aD |) wsouyuy -ouyd| snqpunauhG IM] 

(S281 PEPPEZ) 

IN snoseyd sngoaflaquit (SnqvULauIAYT) 

(S261) ‘[e 39 Oty MPT] SD‘ED| ‘ATH ‘AD ‘NC “Ad]| AC ‘ST6I “OG! a adihtaiaie 

(E88 “WPePPeZ) 

gq) snoseyd snuvquou. (snypuauandz) 

(8261) ‘Je 9 UO PANE ce GD: | “Usouyuy) -ouyd| gq snqmulauhg IX 

snoseyd EQRI “Yoeppez avanuds 

(SZ61) ‘Je 39 UOT snaunay ‘vavards CI d)| dD ‘ysl -ouyd| gq (vaplUossy) snivUany 

snoseyd (OI8T ‘Snpy) 

(8Z61) ‘Te 19 UO saul | S®) “TI dD] dD ‘Seol -oukyd| staasq vduinso, op] 

(8/61) ‘ye 19 uO] sidvuiy ‘va1ssvag (ah q5| ‘umouyuq -ouyd| J ‘snovuury) aso. vIVYIY 
(661) 14s!9dg 

(8861) 1431, pue TS snoseyd TSG ‘uosuag 

yAzoreyatd (8861) ¥OIseT xu~T| 7I‘ED| “aI‘NH ‘dD “aa “IG -ouyd| gq dosanssop xiuojdouy 

(g08T ‘ejourds) 

q) snoseyd sadyyod (snihqduaqor{) 

(8261) ‘Te 19 VOM YjO1A ZI ad5| ‘umouyuy | edomg} -oifyd|  ¥ vidasmauy 

deprlurpery wey, 

snoseyd (Q¢Z| ‘snoeuurT) 

(8ZG61) ‘Je 39 UONT] SIaJTUO7) €r) qD)| gD ‘IS6I -odyd ie wnagaads StsdXy 

(8ZG61) ‘Je 39 UONT SIajIUO’) €r) q5 | ‘umouyuy) -ouyd| 4 ‘QUUTT) SUIS snaaz04.) 

(8261) ‘Je 9 UONTy XUV ‘SaIgy ‘Snutgy 9) q5| umouyuq -ouyd}| | ‘SNIDTIGe] 0777790U xad1S 

SODUIIIFOY JsOP] | Jeuqey SO1IJUNOD poprauy ISIE] auriday | sm9eI1¢ sorprure,y 


Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

764 

Wn “AS (ZEST “Sr7eH) 

ZI ‘CY “IN “AW “Al ‘NH snoseyd SINAD] (SNIVULAUOSII() ) 

(SZ61) ‘Te 39 UOT 407 |) “AA “ED ‘aD ‘Sd “Ad “NC “Ad|) MC “SIGI -ouyd| gq VL0g HAS De] 
(€S8T “Urequpst |) 

qi qD “AS “IN snoseyd Yapusam (snqpuauoavalT) 

(8Z61) ‘Te 19 UOT MkVT) “TIED ‘aD “Ad “MC ‘Ad “AG| NC “ST6I -ouyd| poy East 
(9€6I 

‘punyssioy) v924940qns 

snoseyd (sngvuauoavatT) 

(8Z61) ‘Te 39 VOUT Party. e2 dD] dD ‘orel -ouyd| pLog d4stl 
(Zest ‘SnzeH) 

q5 snoseyd i1uasaxDs (snJvuLauoavol]) 

(8Z61) ‘Te 39 UoIy Pa co aD) exscuyuy -ouyd| D404 HAS De] 
PCG ‘Uosuag 

snoseyd VINDIS (snJvuauoavEKT) 

(8261) ‘Te 32 vouny XT ED dD| aD ‘FSI oy | moy disstdc] 
(ZEST “sisePy) z2uosqotsa 

qi aS ‘ON “IN snoseyd (sngvuauoavenT) 

(8Z61) ‘Te 39 UOT MPT) “CL“€D | ‘AI “AI“@D ‘Sd “Ad “MC | =D “9061 -ouyd| VL04 HAS De] 
Ce (ZEST “siasep) wssacdiuoz 

q5 snoseyd (sngvuauoavstT) 

(8Z61) ‘Te 19 UOT asa eo dd) | “Uasouyury -ouyd| poy East 
Fal (I6L1 HYD) 

ql snoseyd vUuljaigy (snIvulauoava’T) 

VIN 9) q] | ‘umouyuy -ouyd}| | vlog dist 

snoseyd (OI8T ‘Snpy) 

(8Z61) ‘Je 19 UOT unqvuostjog | 1+) ‘TI q)| dD ‘Orsi adomy oes DULILLIID VLAIOJVULAG J 
et) ete (8081 ‘UT[e) 

(8/61) ‘Je 19 uONTy OBVIUD] J SYVILBIC (T q5 | ‘umouyuy) -ouyd}| | MIVEILAVA SISVIOLUMYIDT 
SODUIIIFOY IsoP] | WIUQey So1yUNOD popeauy ISIL] sUIIZay | sM9vI1S sorprue.y 


fs joyepoid (8SZI 
~ (6261) UOssfeIC purlppooy,| S7xX ‘H SI ‘Od | UMouyu eiseing | /omisered| | ‘QUUTT) szuvsjna pyndsa, 
SI royepoid (€GLI ‘smiouqe,y) 
(6261) UossfeIC purlpoom | #5 ‘€5 S] | ‘uMouyu odomy | omisered| vriupusas vindsap 
aepidsa,, 
snoseydAjod 

Aqysry nq J910q Ow “IN “Ud ro1epard 8961 “oyuapzog 
(800Z) neemmiulg UIOO VIULLISC) II ‘od “GC “HD Sa ry| “ack 9661 odomy | omisered| q IVIISSVAG DULULVABOYILAT 
sepneuUrWeIsOyT, 

IS ‘Su 

(€002) ‘OU ‘Ld “LW “AW LI 
eysudzoddzrys pur sonboy GIX| “TlH ‘YD Ws WoOD aeroduay | snoseyd O16] sours 
Sa ‘(000Z) ‘Te 19 snydsey snssasdny | “7 “SD Ud ‘Sd “Od ‘Va “TV}| IS “ST6T “EISY -ouyd) TIGIVN snIUBLSHBAYY 
8 (€002) LIX) snoseyd C68 ‘SorOg 
S eysudzoddzrys pure sonboy saqy Ex) Gq) ‘Al| AL ‘Erol adomny a snqaadsns SNUISIASDOaTAT 
0 (£007) IIX'¥D Es cS (ISI ‘Tasto¥) 
iS eysudzoddzrys pur sonboy XIADT ‘Ex qD “Al! GD ‘6Z81 -ouyd| 4 snqoid snusisvoayy 
& sepruAsoy, 
: ew) (PORT Taasioy vyaszu 
4 (8Z61) ‘Je 39 UONT] DIN] Cr) ‘umouyuL) Ea (vLogdysvys) voy dusty 
7S. Lambe, 
q5 snoseyd ‘JasIQ]) vjogigduv 
(8Z61) ‘Je 39 UOMLy DIN] €r) ‘UMOUYUL) -ouyd| | (vLogdysvgs) voy dusty 
(F881 
snoseyd ‘OUINeQUIIIIY]) 1.797701 
(8Z61) ‘Te 2 UO UALIU OEE al dD] dd ‘ove Ce (msog disso) VAog dst 
snoseyd (SGI ‘UST[PH) stdoana 
(8261) ‘Te 9 UONTY VHT | Vos ee) a)D| dd ‘7007 oes (msog dias) Veog dst 
vy oflupavulpgd snoseyd PL6| Istabpury vwjnsuv 
(FZ61) astabpury vavuds) TWA Id AA} 1a ‘S661 Pe (waog diss q) DLoy TA St4e] 
pr0s2y] eavlass stad 
S2IUIIIFIY IsoP] | WIUQey Sa1IyUNOD poprauy SIL] sWIZay | sm9¥I1S sorprue.y 


766 

Jean-Yves Rasplus et al. / BioRisk 4(2): 669-776 (2010) 

Table 12.3. Number of alien Hymenoptera per European countries. 

Countries N Countries N 
Italy mainland 144 Finland mainland 13 
France mainland Ly Italy Sardinia 13 
Spain mainland 90 Montenegro 11 
Israel 82 Spain Balearic islands 11 
Germany mainland 80 Croatia 10 
Greece mainland 50 Norway mainland 10 
Great Britain 45 Ireland 10 
Czech Republic 4l Malta 8 

Netherlands 40 Moldova 8 

Denmark 36 Slovenia 8 

Italy Sicily 36 Lithuania 7 
Portugal mainland 35 Portugal Azores 7 
Russia rs, Greece Crete 6 

Belgium 32 Estonia : 

Austria a Luxemburg 4 

Hungary 30 Greenland 3 

Spain Canary islands 30 Iceland a 

Switzerland 30 Belarus 2 

Poland 26 FinlandAland 2 

Sweden 23 Greece South Aegean Isl 2 

Cyprus 23 Latvia 1 

Bulgaria 22 Bosnia 1 

Ukraine ae Feroe Islands 1 

France Corsica 19 Greece North Aegean Isl 1 

Romania 18 Norway Svalbard 1 

Portugal Madeira 18 Andorra 0 

Slovakia 18 FYRM Macedonia 0 

Albania 173 Greece Ionian islands 0 

Former Yougoslavia 14 Lichtenstein 0 

Serbia 14