BioRisk 4( | }: 475-5 l fe) (20 l 0) Apeer-rev ‘iewed open-access journa 1] Ho ea eys BioRis www.pensoftonline.net/biorisk Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea) Chapter 9.3 Giuseppina Pellizzari', Jean-Francois Germain? Pp ¢ | Universita di Padova - Dipartimento Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali, Agripolis - Viale dell’ Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro Padova, Italia 2 Laboratoire National de la Protection des Végétaux, Station de Montpellier, CBGP Campus international de Baillarguet CS 30016 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France. Corresponding authors: Giuseppina Pellizzari (giuseppina.pellizzari@unipd.it), Jean-Francois Germain (ger- main@supagro.inra.fr) Academic editor: David Roy | Received 1 February 2010 | Accepted 24 May 2010 | Published 6 July 2010 Citation: Pellizzari G, Germain J-F (2010) Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3. In: Roques A et al. (Eds) Alien terrestrial arthropods of Europe. BioRisk 4(1): 475-510. doi: 10.3897/biorisk.4.45 Abstract Scale insects are frequent invaders. With 129 established species, they numerically represent one of the major group of insects alien to Europe. Scales are usually small insects with wingless females. Due to this small size and concealment, many species, mainly belonging to the families Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae and Pseudococcidae, have been accidentally introduced to Europe, mostly originating from tropical re- gions and essentially from Asia. The trade of fruit trees and ornamentals appears to be the usual pathway of introduction. At present, alien scales represent an important component of the European entomofauna, accounting for about 30% of the total scale fauna. Keywords Europe, Alien, scale insects 9.3.1 Introduction Coccoidea or scale insects is a large superfamily in the order Hemiptera with a world- wide distribution. They are unusually small insects, highly specialized for plant para- sitism, that have evolved different kinds of metamorphosis depending on sex and family. Scale insects are characterized by sexual dimorphism: females are wingless, usually small (from 0.5 — 10mm), with an oval or round but flat to fairly convex body Copyright G. Pellizzari, J-F. Germain. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 476 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) form, sometimes bud shaped, and often protected by waxy secretions or covers. The adult females may exhibit reduction or loss of appendages, depending on family and instar, and are often sedentary or sessile. Adult males are usually winged and incon- spicuous, do not feed and live a few days. Scale insect identification is mainly based upon the morphology of adult females that persist on the host plant longer than the other stages. Females usually take three or four developmental stages to reach maturity, males usually five. Parthenogenesis is quite common. Eggs are usually laid under the female body, under the scale cover, or in waxy egg-sacs. Dispersal is carried out by first instars. Scale insects feed on various parts of the host plant (leaves, fruits, stems, branches and roots) and are frequently introduced and acclimatized in different parts of the world. This is due to their small size (first instars are about 0.2—0.3mm; adult females usually are from 0.5 tol0mm long) and their concealment using waxy secretions; be- side many species live in hidden habitats (under leaf sheaths, in bark crevices or on roots) so that they can easily escape visual quarantine inspections. Once in a new terri- tory, parthenogenesis and high fecundity favour quick colonization starting from a few females: for example, a single female Neopulvinaria innumerabilis may lay up to 8000 eggs (Canard 1968). 9.3.2 Taxonomy of the scale species alien to Europe According to Ben-Dov et al. (2006) the superfamily Coccoidea comprises 22 families, with more than 7300 described species. In Europe, native representatives of 12 fami- lies have so far been recognized. On the basis of the best known western and central European coccoid faunas (France, Italy, Hungary) (Ben-Dov et al. 2006, Foldi 2001, Pellizzari and Russo 2004), the total number of scale insects present in Europe is likely to reach about 400-450 species. Aliens recorded in Europe up until 2007 account for 129 species which include the following eight families: Diaspididae (60 species), Pseudococcidae (37), Coccidae (23), Eriococcidae (3), Margarodidae (2), Asterole- canidae, Ortheziidae, and the alien family Phoenicococcidae, each with one species (Table 9.3.1). Unlike for other taxa, aliens represent an important component of the scale fauna currently present in Europe, i.e. near 30% (Fig. 9.3.1). The remaining five native families (Aclerdidae, Cerococcidae, Kermesidae, Leca- nodiaspididae, Micrococcidae) each have one or two species in Europe: none of them is a pest, with the exception of the family Kermesidae (8 species in Europe), in which Kermes vermilio and Nidularia pulvinata exhibit outbreaks in urban environments only. One species, Dactylopius coccus Costa, representing the alien family Dactylopiidae, has been included among aliens to Europe, even though it is present only in Canary is- lands, Madeira and Azores, where it was intentionally introduced. These islands belong politically to Europe (Spain, Portugal) but biogeographically they belong to Macaro- nesia, a biogeographic Atlantic region quite distinct from the European continent and with a unique flora and fauna. Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 477 No. species No. species 120 80 40 0 80 120 | t | Diaspididae Pseudococcidae Coccidae Eriococcidae Margarodidae Native species Aotanetaeantiane | Alien species Ortheziidae | Phoenicococcidae | Dactylopiidae | Figure 9.3.1 Taxonomic overview of the scale species alien to Europe compared to the native fauna. Spe- cies alien zo Europe include cryptogenics. Diaspididae Armoured scale insects are the commonest alien scales incidentally introduced all over the world: this is probably due to their small dimension and camouflage. ‘The 60 alien species account for nearly half (44.6%) of an estimated 130 species in Europe. Many notorious pests of fruit trees such as Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (the white peach scale- see factsheet 14.45)) and Diaspidiotus perniciosus (San José scale - see factsheet 14.44)) belong to this family: these species are still pests of fruit trees in spite of the introduction of specific parasi- toids from their native area. The Asiatic armoured scales of Citrus are largely found in Euro- pean Citrus groves and presently number 10 species. Their invasion” started around 1850 with Parlatoria ziziphi and Lepidosaphes becki and is still going on with the arrival and estab- lishment of Unaspis yanonensis (1969), Aonidiella citrina (1994), Chrysomphalus aonidum (2000). Several armoured scales commonly occur throughout European greenhouses (e.g. Diaspis echinocacti, Chrysomphatus dictyospermi, Diaspis bromeliae, Abgrallaspis cyanophylli), even if they cannot be considered as established. In some cases, species recorded only in greenhouses in northern and central Europe are established outdoors in southern countries (i.e. Furchadaspis zamiae, Chrysomphalus aonidum). Some armoured scales thought to be of Afrotropical origin or cryptogenic (e.g. Aspidiotus nerii, Hemiberlesia lataniae, H. rapax) are very common in natural habitats of the Mediterranean countries (including small islands). Pseudococcidae Mealybugs are covered with mealy or cottony wax, have a distinct segmentation and are mobile. The 37 alien mealybugs account for roughly one fourth (25.7%) of the ca. 140 European species and most of them are polyphagous. Planococcus citri, Pseu- 478 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) dococcus longispinus, P viburni and P calceolariae arrived and established during the 19th century and are presently the most common species on ornamental plants, both outdoors and indoors. P citri, first recorded in 1813, is still a pest of Citrus and orna- mental plants. Several mealybugs have been recorded in only one or two countries to date (e.g. Palmicultor palmarum, Phenacoccus madeirensis, Rhizoecus americanus, Tro- chiscococcus speciosus), both outdoors and in greenhouses, on ornamental plants. Coccidae About 70 species of soft scales are recorded in Europe. Of these, there are 23 aliens to Europe representing 32.8% of the fauna, and are mainly pests of fruit trees and ornamentals. Among them, the polyphagous Coccus hesperidum and Saissetia oleae, the well-known Mediterranean Black Scale, are probably the most ancient arrivals which established in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Basin. Most recent arriv- als are Pulvinaria hydrangeae, P regalis (see factsheet 14.41), Ceroplastes japonicus and, in warmer places, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, invasive on trees and ornamental plants in urban environments. Some species, such as Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, after first spreading in Mediterranean Citrus groves, later became more localised and less com- mon. On the other hand, the American Pulvinaria innumerabilis is still considered a pest of vine, more than 40 years after its arrival in European vineyards. Several spe- cies (e.g. Saissetia coffeae, S. oleae, C. hesperidum, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Parasaissetia nigra) are rather common in greenhouses of central and northern Europe, while in southern Europe are outdoors pests. Eriococcidae European felt scales number about 50 species. Among them, only three alien felt scales have been so far recorded. The Australian Eriococcus araucariae is widespread on Arau- caria trees growing in Mediterranean countries, the American E£. coccineus is recorded on succulent plants and Ovaticoccus agavium is quite common on Agave sp. growing outdoors. Margarodidae European margarodids recorded up until now number 15 species. Two alien margaro- dids, Icerya purchasi (the cottony cushion scale) and J. formicarum, invaded Europe at very different times. The latter species is known from a single record in 2001 in Corsica and its establishment is unknown. On the other hand, the Australian /. purchasi has both established and caused an agricultural and environmental impact. It arrived and established in many Mediterranean countries between the end of 1800 and the first Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 479 decades of 1900 and was very destructive to Citrus groves. The high infestations led to the introduction of the Australian coccinellid Rodolia cardinalis, for biological control. Presently, the cottony cushion scale is mainly a pest of ornamental plants such as Pit- tosporum, Acacia and Mimosa. It is also a very common species in semi-natural habitats (i.e. the Mediterranean maquis), far away from cultivated areas, where it develops on autochthonous wild plants such as Cistus, Genista, Smilax and Rosmarinus. Two other margarodids, Marchalina hellenica and Matsucoccus feytaudi, are alien in Europe, en- tirely due to deliberate introduction. Asterolecanidae About 10 species of asterolecanids are present in Europe. Of these, the only alien pit scale is the Asiatic Bambusaspis bambusae, a species associated with bamboos. Ortheziidae Ortheziids consist of 10 species in Europe. Among these, /nsignorthezia insignis, a poly- phagous Neotropical species, has been reported in European greenhouses since the end of 19th century. Apparently J. insignis is established outdoors only in Portugal and France. Phoenicococcidae Phoenicococcus marlatti, the Red Date Palm Scale, thought to originate in the Middle East or North Africa, is the only species currently placed in the family Phoenicococ- cidae. It is considered a minor pest of commercial dates, whereas in Spain, France and Italy, it infests ornamental palms (mainly Phoenix canariensis). 9.3.3 Temporal trends of introduction in Europe of alien scale species Fig. 9.3.2. presents the temporal variation in the mean number of new alien species recorded per year since 1492. Serious studies of the Coccoidea began in mid 19th cen- tury. From that time, to the mid-1970s, the introduction of alien species was relatively constant, averaging 0.66 species per year. Since then, there is an apparent increase in alien introductions, up to an average of 1.15 species per year. In interpreting this chart, account should be taken of “old” alien species, found and described in Europe, (i.e. Aspidiotus nerii, Planococcus citri, Coccus hesperidum, Saissetia oleae) for which the introduction date is based only on the date of their first description. In the case of the most harmful alien scales, the date of first introduc- 480 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) Mean number of new alien species recorded per year during the period 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 pep tg 1492-1799 : - 1800-1849 i ~ 1850-1874 i - 1875-1899 TT 1900-1924 as ; = 1925-1949 i 1950-1974 as « 1975-1990 ir» 2000-2007 TTT | Figure 9.3.2 Temporal trends in the mean number of new records per year of scale species alien to Eu- rope from 1492 to 2007. The number above the bar indicates the absolute number of species in this time period. tion to Europe and the chronology of their invasion is known more precisely (i.e. for Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Icerya purchasi, Diaspidiotus perniciosus). Moreover, records of alien scales depend on the presence of specialists in a given country. For instance, during the 1970—80s, advances in systematic knowledge and the increasing number of active coccidologists led to the “discovery” of several species which have probably been introduced a long time before. The great rise in the global exchanges of plants and quarantine inspections can explain the increases in subsequent years up until the present. Among the scale insects introduced to Europe from the end of 19% century to 1960s there are several pests of fruit trees and Citrus (i.e. Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Lepidosaphes gloverii, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Ceroplastes sinensis, Icerya purchasi), whereas in the last 40 years the most numerous introduced scales are pest of or- namental plants, both outdoors and indoors (i.e. Pulvinaria regalis, P hydrangeae, Ceroplastes japonicus, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Parassaisetia nigra, Trochiscococcus speciosus), the main scale of agricultural importance being Neopulvinaria innumera- bilis, a pest of vine. Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 481 9.3.4 Biogeographic patterns of the scale species alien to Europe 9.3.4.1 Origin of the alien species The geographical origin of introduced scale insects shows a large dominance of species from tropical areas, essentially Asia, followed by southern American species (Fig. 9.3.3). The precise origin remains unknown for about one fourth of alien scales. Among the most widespread aliens to Europe are Diaspidiotus perniciosus of temperate Asian, Planococcus citri from tropical Asia, Ceroplastes sinensis from Central-America, Parthenolecanium fletcheri from Northern-America, Saissetia oleae from the Afrotropics, Icerya purchasi from Australasia, and Lepidosaphes beckii as cryptogenic species. 9.3.4.2 Distribution of the alien species in Europe It should be borne in mind that, as for the other arthropod groups, the number of records of alien scales in European countries, reflects, in part, differences of study intensity and the number of local taxonomists. Moreover, the geographic position of some countries such as France, Italy and Spain, whose climatic conditions vary from high montane, continental to Mediterranean, allows establishment of species from very different geographical areas. Two countries present a particularly high number of alien species: France with 90 species and Italy with 92 species (Fig. 9.3.4). Lagging far behind are Spain, Great Britain and Portugal with 50, 43 and 41 species, respec- tively. The islands of the Atlantic, not represented in the figure, have respectively 51 aliens in the Canaries, 44 in Madeira and 22 in the Azores. There are 12 alien species recorded in at least 20 countries, namely Coccus hesperidum (28 countries), Pulvinaria floccifera (21), Saissetia coffeae (24), S. oleae (26), Aspidiotus nerii (26), Diaspidiotus perniciosus (26), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (20), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (21), Planococcus citri (22), Pseudococcus longispinus (22) and P viburni (26). These are all polyphagous species, with the exception of Unaspis euonymi, monophagous on Euonymus spp., recorded in 22 countries. A total of 20 species (15%) are present only in one country. 9.3.4.3 Scale species alien in Europe With regard to scale insects alien im Europe, that is originating from another Eu- ropean area where native and introduced through human activity, only very few certain cases are known. Marchalina hellenica is native to Turkey and Greece and presently invasive in the small island of Ischia (Italy). It was introduced there in 1960 to study endosymbiosis, but unfortunately escaped from laboratory bree- ding and presently is a pest of pines (Tranfaglia and Tremblay 1984). Matsucoccus 482 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) Afrotropical Cryptogenic | (32). 20.2) “a _Asia-Temperate a he Tropical/subtropical oon C & South America ~ ~~~ Asia-Tropical 17.8 wa A 2 Northern America Australasia 12.4 6.2 Figure 9.3.3 Geographic origin of the scale species alien to Europe. Number of alien species no data TE 1c -30 ID 50-60 se ss: > a «.» Figure 9.3.4 Numbers of established alien scale species in the European countries and main islands ac- cording to Table 9.3.1. Archipelago: | Azores 2 Madeira 3 Canary islands. Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 483 Figure 9.3.5 Ceroplastes ceriferus (Coccidae). Credit: Giuseppina Pellizzari Ty . a is @ , : i i “Sa hs Psa A. + Figure 9.3.6 Coccus hesperidum (Coccidae). Credit: Giuseppina Pellizzari 7 6 arsed feytaudi lives on Pinus pinaster and is native to the Atlantic regions of France, Spain and Portugal. It was introduced with its host plant in South-eastern France and from there spread towards Italy (Arzone and Vidano 1981). Both Aonidiella lauretorum and A. tinerfensis are endemic to the Atlantic islands of Canary (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). They were introduced incidentally with their host plants 484 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) Figure 9.3.7 Parasaissetia nigra (Coccidae). Credit: Giuseppina. Figure 9.3.8 Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Coccidae). Credit: Giuseppina Pellizzari. in the Botanic gardens of Sintra and Lisbon (Portugal), where they still persist (Balachowsky 1948). 9.3.6 Pathways of introduction in Europe of alien scale species Scale insects are highly specialized, sedentary, plant-parasitic insects and the only path- way of introduction is the horticultural and ornamental trade: importation and trade Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 485 Figure 9.3.9 Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Coccidae). Credit: Nico Schneider Figure 9.3.10 Pulvinaria floccifera (Coccidae). Credit: Nico Schneider of fruit and Citrus trees, ornamental trees and bushes, bulbs and corms, has led to in- cidental introduction and subsequent spread of scale insects. More recently, the “fash- ion’ of succulent plant cultivation and the subsequent increase in plant importation and plant exchanges among collectors is responsible for the introduction and spread of several species such as Delottococcus euphorbiae, Hypogeococcus pungens, Trochisco- coccus speciosus, Vryburgia rimariae, Spilococcus mamillariae and Eriococcus coccineus. Importation of bonsais from Asia could allow the introduction and spread of Rhizoecus hibisci, a mealybug living on roots and recently intercepted several times by European quarantine services. 486 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) Figure 9.3.12 Unaspis yanonensis (Diaspididae). Credit: Giuseppina Pellizzari. 9.3.7 Ecosystems and habitats invaded in Europe by alien scale species Alien, established scale insects colonize strongly anthropogenic habitats such as cul- tivated agricultural lands, horticultural and domestic habitats, urban environments, gardens and parks, botanic gardens, nurseries and greenhouses, but they have also spread to natural habitats. Mediterranean Citrus groves host a large community of alien scales: 18 different species have been so far recorded. ‘These are: Icerya purchasi Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus calceolariae, P longispinus, Ceroplastes sinensis, Coccus hesperidum, C. pseudomagnoliarum, Saissetia oleae, Aonidiella aurantii, A. citrina, As- Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 487 Figure 9.3.14 Ovaticoccus agavium (Eriococcidae). Credit: Giuseppina Pellizzari pidiotus nerii, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, C. aonidum, Lepidosaphes beckii, L. gloverii, Parlatoria pergandii, P ziziphi and Unaspis yanonensis. Some polyphagous scales are urban pests, largely distributed in urban parks and gardens, on trees and ornamentals (i.e. Pulvinaria regalis, P hydrangeae, Ceroplastes japonicus), whereas they are absent or very rare in the countryside. A few monophagous species are only known in Botani- cal gardens, where they persist outdoors, at a low population levels, on exotic plants 488 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) Figure 9.3.15 Pseudococcus comstocki (Pseudococcidae). Credit: Giuseppina Pellizzari Figure 9.3.16 Pseudococcus longispinus (Pseudococcidae). Credit: Giuseppina Pellizzari introduced over there a long before (i.e. Aonidiella tinerfensis, Pseudaonidia paeoniae or Bambusaspis bambusae). Several other monophagous species remain strictly associated to their original, ex- otic ornamental plants, and have a correspondingly wide distribution in Europe (ie. Parthenolecanium fletcheri, Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi, Eriococcus araucariae). On the other hand, some polyphagous species (i.e. Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Pseudaulacaspis pen- tagona, Pulvinaria floccifera) have spread from cultivated areas to natural woodland and forest habitats (Balachowsky 1932b, Balachowsky 1936). Others (Antonina graminis, Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 489 Figure 9.3.17 Pseudococcus calceolariae (Pseudococcidae). Credit: Jean Francois Germain Chorizococcus rostellum and Trionymus angustifrons) can be found in grasslands. In natu- ral habitats of Mediterranean countries (including small islands), species such as the armoured scales Aspidiotus nerii (see factsheet 14.43), Hemiberlesia lataniae, H. rapax, the mealybug Planococcus citri, the wax scale Ceroplastes sinensis and the Australian 1. purchasi are quite common on wild autochthonous plants, growing far away from cul- tivated plants. Their transfer from cultivated plants to authochtonous ones in natural environments confirms that they have fully acclimatized. 9.3.8 Impact of alien scale species Scale insects are plant pests, especially of fruit trees, woody ornamentals, forest trees and greenhouse plants. They cause damage to plants by sap sucking. Moreover, except for Diaspididae and Asterolecaniidae, they excrete honeydew that covers leaves and fruits and allows the development of sooty mould. This black sooty mould can reduce photosynthesis by 70%, leading to early senescence, with smaller and premature fruits, and loss of aesthetic value (Mibey 1997). Moreover, Coccidae and Pseudococcidae are vectors of closteroviruses. For example, Planococcus citri and Pulvinaria innumerabilis may transmit the Grapevine Leafroller-associated Virus (GLRaV-1, GLRaV-3) and the Corky Bark disease (GVA, GVB) (Sforza et al. 2003, Zorloni et al. 2006). Diaspididae 490 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) cause discolouration on leaves, red or black spots on fruits, and twig dieback. Pesticides are commonly applied to control scale insects in fruit orchards and Citrus groves. In- festations of alien scales in orchards have led to the introduction to Europe, from their native area, of many natural enemies for biological control purposes. References Anagnou-Veroniki M, Papaioannou-—Souliotis P, Karanastasi E, Giannopolitis CN (2008) New records of plant pests and weeds in Greece, 1990-2007. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1: 55-78. Arzone A, Vidano C (1981) Matsucoccus feytaudi Duc. (Homoptera, Margarodidae) fitomizo letale su Pinus pinaster in Italia. Informatore Fitopatologico 10: 3-10. Baeta Neves CM (1954) A entomafauna “exoticas” em Portugal. Portugaliae Acta Biologica 4: 191-196. Balachowsky AS (1930) Contribution 4 l'étude des Coccides de France (3éme note). Coccides nouveaux ou peu connus de la faune de France. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 178-184. Balachowsky AS (1932a) Etude biologique des coccides du basin occidental de la Méditerranée- Encyclopédie Entomologique XV. Paris : P. Lechevalier & Fils. 214pp. Balachowsky AS (1932b) La théorie des “places vides” et le peuplement des végétaux par les Coccides Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France. Livre du Centenaire:517—522. Balachowsky AS (1936) La cochenille floconneuse est-elle indigéne dans les foréts de France ? Revue Pathologie Végétale et Entomologie Agricole de France 23: 307-31. Balachowsky AS (1938) Les cochenilles de Madére (seconde partie) H Lecaniinae, Eriococcidae, Dactylopinae, Ortheziinae, Margarodidae. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 4: 255-272. Balachowsky AS (1948) Les cochenilles de France d’Europe, du Nord de l’Afrique, et du bassin Méditerranéen IV - Monographie des Coccoidea; Diaspidinae-IV, Odonaspidini-Parlato- rini. Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1054: 243-394. Balachowsky AS (1953) Les cochenilles de France d’Europe, du Nord de l’Afrique, et du bassin Méditerranéen VII - Monographie des Coccoidea; Diaspidinae-IV, Odonaspidini-Parlato- rini. Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1202: 725-929. Balachowsky AS (1954) Les cochenilles Paléarctiques de la tribu des Diaspidini. Paris : Mémoires Scientifiques de l'Institut Pasteur. 450 pp. Barbagallo S (1974) Notizie sulla presenza in Sicilia di una nuova cocciniglia degli agrumi Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Homoptera, Coccidae) osservazioni biologiche pre- liminari. Entomologica Bari 10: 121-139. Bénassy C (1969) The biological control against coccids of citrus in the country of the French zone. In: Chapman HD (Ed) Proceedings of the First International Citrus Symposium Vol 2. Riverside, CA: University of California, 793-799. Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 49] Ben-Dov Y (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Andover, England: Intercept Publications Ltd. 686 pp. Ben-Dov Y, Miller DR, Gibson GAP (2006) ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. http://www.selbarc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm. Berlese A, Leonardi G (1896) Diagnosi di cocciniglie nuove (Cont.). Rivista di Patologia Vege- tale Firenze 4: 345-352. Berlese A, Leonardi G (1899) Cocciniglie che minacciano la Frutticultura Europea: 4 Storia della scoperta e diffusione. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale Firenze 7: 253-273. Blanchard R (1883) Les Coccides utiles. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 8: 217-328. Bouché PF (1851) Neue Arten der Schildlausfamilie. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin 12: 110- 1h Canard M (1968) Un nouveau Pulvinaria (Hom Coccoidea) nuisible aux arbres d’alignement dans la région Parisienne. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (NS) 4: 951-958. Chapin E, Germain JF (2005) Des ravageurs des palmiers en France, espéces établies, intro- duites ou interceptées. In: Proceedings du 2éme CIAC et de la 7éme CIRA (N° ISBN: 21- 905550—-02—3, AFPP Octobre 2005), 9 pp. Costa OG (1829) (1835) Fauna del regno di napoli, famiglia de coccinigliferi, 0 de gallinsetti. Napoli: Emmiteri. 23 pp. Del Guercio G (1900) Osservazioni intorno ad una nuova cocciniglia nociva agli agrumi in Italia ed al modo di immunizzare la parte legnosa delle,piante contro la puntura delle coccinglie in generale e di distruggerle. Nuove Relazione della R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria Firenze 3: 3-20. Douglas JW (1887) Note on some British Coccidae (N°6). Entomologists Monthly Magazine 23: 239-243. Douglas JW (1888) Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (N°12). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 25: 150-153. Douglas JW (1889) ‘The spreading of Orthezia insignis in England. Entomologists Monthly Ma- gazine 25: 270. Fernandes IM 1992 (1990) Contribuicaos para o conhecimento de Coccoidea (Homoptera) de Portugal I Lista anotada de cochenilhas do jardin do Centro de Zoologia Garcia de Orta. Serie de zoologia, Lisboa 17: 53-63. Foldi I (2001) Liste des cochenilles de France (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). Bulletin de la société entomologique de France 103: 303-308. Germain JE, Matile-Ferrero D, Picart JL, Delvare G, Piron M (2002) Inventory of scale insects in tropical green houses in France and knowledge of their parasitic Hymenoptera, previous to development of biological control. In: Sixieme Conférence Internationale sur les Rava- geurs en Agriculture Tome 1 AGRO, Montpellier, 253-260. Germain JF, Matile-Ferrero D (2006) Comstockiella sabalis (Comstock), Crisicoccus pini Kuwa- na and Phenacoccus defectus Ferris, scales new to France (Hem, Diaspididae and Pseudococ- cidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 111: 395-401. Goémez-Menor Ortega J (1946) Adiciones a los “Céccidos de Espana” (la nota). Eos 22: 59-106. 492 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) Goémez-Menor Ortega J (1957) Adiciones a los céccidos de Espana (4a nota). Eos 33: 39-86. Goux L (1937) Notes sur les coccides (Hem) de la France (18°"* note) Six espéces nouvelles pour la France et remarques sur le genre Lecanopsis, Exaeretopus et Luzulaspis. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 42: 93-96. Green EE (1915) Observations on British Coccidae in 1914, with descriptions of new species. Entomologists Monthly Magazine 51: 175-185. Green EE (1917) Observations on British Coccidae: with descriptions of new species. Ento- mologists Monthly Magazine 53: 201-210, 260-269. Green EE (1920) Observations on British Coccidae No V. Entomologists Monthly Magazine 56: 114-130. Green EE (1921a) Observations on British Coccidae with descriptions of new species No VI. Entomologists Monthly Magazine 57: 146-152, 189-200. Green EE (1921b) Observations on British Coccidae: with descriptions of new species-VII. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 57: 257-259. Green EE (1923) Observations on the Coccidae of the Madeira island. Bulletin of Entomological Research 14: 87-99. Green EE (1928) Observations on British Coccidae - XI With descriptions of new species. Entomologists Monthly Magazine 64: 20-31. Hodgson CJ (1994) The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Walling- ford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. 639 pp. Jactel H, Meinassieu P, Burban C (1996) Découverte en Corse de Matsucoccus feytaudi Duc (Homoptera: Margarodidae), cochenille du pin maritime. Annales des Sciences Forestiéres 53: 145-152. Jansen MGM (1995) Scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) from import interceptions and greenhouses in the Netherlands. /srael Journal of Entomology 29: 131-146. Kawecki Z (1935) Czerwce (Coccidae) wojewddztwa krakowskiego I kieleckiego zebrane w latach 1933-1934 (Die schildlause (Coccidae) der wojewodschaften Krakow und kielce die in den jahren 1933-1934 gesammelt wurden) Sprawozdanie Komisji Fizjograficznej Polskiej Akad Umiejetnosci . Annual Report of the Physiographical Commission of Polish Academy of Sciences & Letters 68: 73-90. Koteja J, Zak-Ogaza B (1966) Investigations on scale insects (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 11: 305-332. Kozar FE, Tzalev M, Viktorin RA, Horvath J (1979) New data to the knowledge of the scale insects of Bulgaria (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 32: 129-132. Kozarzhevskaya E, Reitzel J (1975) The scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Denmark. Statens Forsogsvirksomhed I Plantkultur Beretning Copenhagen 1226: 1-40. Leonardi G (1897) Monografia de genere Aspidiotus (nota preventiva). Rivista di patologia Ve- getale Firenze 5: 283-286. Leonardi G (1898) Generi e specie di diaspi Saggio di sistematica degli Aspidiotus. Rivista di patologia Vegetale Firenze 6: 48-78. Leonardi G (1899) Sopra una Cocciniglia che danneggia la Araucaria excelsa. Bollettino di En- tomologia Agraria e Patologia Vegetale 6: 53-55. Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 493 Leonardi G (1903) (1904) Generi e specie di dispini Saggio di sistematica delle parlatoriae. Annali della Regia Scuolo di Agricoltura di Portici 5: 1-59. Leonardi G (1906) (1905) Diagnosi di cocciniglie nuove. Redia 3: 1-7. Leonardi G (1913) Nuove specie di cocciniglie raccolte in Italia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e e Agraria della Regia Scuola Superiore Agricoltura di Portici 7: 59-65. Leonardi G (1918) Terza contribuzione alla conoscenza delle cocciniglie Italiane. Bollettino del R Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria di portici 12: 188-216. Leonardi G (1920) Monografia delle cocciniglie Italiane. Portici: Della Torre 555 pp. Lindinger L (1908) (1907) Ein neuer Orchideen-schadling, Leucodiaspis cockerelli (de Charm). Green Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten Hamburg 3: 121-124. Longo S, Mazzeo G, Russo A, Siscaro G (1994) Aonidiella citrina (Coquillet) nuovo parassita degli agrumi in Italia. Informatore Fitopatologico, 12, 19-23. Lucas H (1853) Coccus ziziphi. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 1: 28-29. Lupo V (1938) Revisione delle cocciniglie italiane I] Howardia, Adiscodiaspis, Chionaspis, Pin- naspis, Fiorinia, Kuwanaspis. Bollettino del Laboratorio di zoologia generale ed agraria di Portici 29: 255-322. Lupo V (1948) Revisione delle cocciniglie Italiane. V. (Pseudoparlatoria, Parlatoria). Bollettino del R. Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria. Portici 8: 33-79. Malumphy CP (2005) Eulecanium excrescens (Ferris) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), an Asian pest of woody ornamentals and fruit trees, new to Britain. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 18: 45-49. Marchal P (1907) La cochenille floconneuse. Bulletin de la Société Naturelle d’Acclimatation 186-199. Marotta S (1987) I Coccidi (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) segnalati in Italia, con rife- rimenti bibliografici sulla tassonomia, geonomia, biologia e piante ospiti. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’ 44: 97-119. Marotta S (1992) Ricerche su pseudococcidi (Homoptera: Coccoidea) dell’Italia centro-me- ridiionale. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri’ 47: 63-111. Marotta S (1995) Due Rhizoecus Kunckel d’Herculais, 1878 (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudo- coccidae) nuovi per la fauna italiana. Bollettino di Zoologia Agrari e di Bachicoltura (Mi- lano) Ser IJ 27: 117-121. Marotta S, Garonna AP (1991) Homoptera Coccoidea nuovi e poco conosciuti delle piante erasse in Italia. Atti Congn nza It Ent, Bari-martina (TA), 23-28: 741-746. Marotta S, Tranfaglia A (1990) New and little known species of Italian scale insects (Homop- tera: Coccoidae). In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, part I. Krakow, Poland, August 1990. Krakéw: Agricultural University Press, 107-112. Mazzeo G, Russo A, Suma P (1999) Phenacoccus solani Ferris (Homoptera Coccoidea) on ornamental in Italy. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Milano) 31: 31-35. Melis A (1943) Contributo alla conoscenza dell’ Aspidiotus pernicious. Redia 29: 1-170. Menozzi C (1933) Contributo alla conoscenza delle cocciniglie (Hemip Coccidae) d'Italia (pri- ma nota). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana Firenze 65: 41-47. Mibey RK (1997) Sooty Moulds. In: Ben-Dov Y, Hodgson CJ (Eds) World Crop Pests Soft Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, vol. 7A. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 275-288. 494 Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) Mori N, Pellizzari G, Tosi L (2001) Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera; Coccoidea): new pest of ornamentals in Europe? Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Milano) 33: 331-336. Morrison H (1939) Taxonomy of some scale insects of the genus Parlatoria encountered in plant quarantine inspection work. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 344: 1-34. Newstead R (1898) Observations on Coccidae (N°7). Entomologists Monthly Magazine 34: 92-99. Olivier GA (1791) Cochenille. Coccus. Genre dinsectes de la premiére section de l’ordre des Hémipteres. In: Olivier GA (Ed.), Encyclopédie méthodique, Paris, 85-100. Pegazzano F (1949) Un diaspino nuovo per la fauna Paleartica: Pseudaonidia poeoniae Cockll (Hemiptera, Coccidae). Redia 34: 233-235. Pellizzari G (1993) Homoptera Coccoidea nuovi 0 poco noti per la fauna italiana. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 25 (1): 49-55. Pellizzari G, Camporese P (1994) The Ceroplastes species (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the Medi- terranean basin with emphasis on C japonicus Green. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (NS) 30: 175-192. Pellizzari G, Russo, A (2004) List of the scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) of Italy. In Pro- ceedings of the 10" International Symposium on Scale Insects Studies, Adana, April 2004, 167-183. Porcelli E (1990) Cocciniglie nuove per V’Italia. Frustula entomologica NS 26: 31-38. Risso A (1813) mémoire sur l’histoire naturelle des oranges, bigaradiers, limettiers, cédratiers, limoniers ou citronniers, cultivés dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes. Annales du Muséum National @Histoire naturelle Paris 20: 169-212, 401-431. Ruiz Castro A (1944) Un Coccido ampelofago nuevo en espana (Aspidiotus uvae Comstock). Boletin de Patologia Vegétal y Entomologia Agricola 13: 55-73. Russell L (1941) A classification of the scale genus Asterolecanium. United States Department of agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 424: 1-319. Russo A, Mazzeo G (1992) Rhizoecus americanus (Hambleton) e Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Co- oley) (Homptera Coccoidea) dannosi alle painte ornamentali in Italia. Bollettino di Zoolo- gia agraria e di bachicoltura Ser I 24: 215-221. Russo A, Mazzeo G (1996) Dactylopius coccus Costa (Homoptera, Coccoidea): la cocciniglia del carminio. /nformatore Fitopatologico 4: 10-13. Russo A, Mazzeo G, Suma P (1999) Sulla presenza di Entaspidiotus lounsburyi (Marlatt, 1908) su Mesembryanthemaceae in Italia (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Redia 82: 83-87. Seabra AF de (1942) Contribuicoes para 0 inventario da fauna Lusitanica Insecta: Homoptera (Coccidae). Aditamento Memorias y Estudos do Museo Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra 128: 1-2. Sforza R, Boudon-Padieu E, Greif C (2003) New mealybug species vectoring Grapevine lea- froll-associated viruses-1 and-3 (GLRaV-1 and —3). European Journal of Plant Pathology 109: 975-981. Signoret V (1869a) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homopteéres - Coccides), 4°"* par- tie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 9: 109-138. Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 495 Signoret V (1869b) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptéres - Coccides), 5°™* par- tie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 9: 431-452. Signoret V (1875) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homopteéres - Coccides), 15e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (série 5) 5: 305-352. Siiss L, Trematerra P (1986) Hypogeococcus festerianus (Lizer y Trelles), nocivo alle Cactacee ormamentali in Liguria. Informatore Fitopatologico 10: 43-46. Targioni Tozzetti A (1884) Relazione intorno ai lavori della R Stazione di Entomologia Agraria di Firenze per gli anni 1879-80 article V-omotteri. Annali di Agricoltura (Ministero di Agri- coltura, Industria e commercio) Firenze, Roma: 383-414. Targioni Tozzetti A (1867) Studii sulle Cocciniglie. Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scineze Naturali Milano 3: 1-87. Targioni Tozzetti A (1886) (1885) SulPinsetto che danneggia I gelsi. Rivista di bachicoltura 18: 1-3 Tranfaglia A (1976) Studi sugli Homoptera Coccoidea IV Su alcune Cocciniglie nuovo o poco conosciute per I’Italia (Coccidae, Eriococcidae, Pseudococcidae). Bollettino del laboratorio di entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’ Portici 33: 128-143. Tranfaglia A (1981) Studi sugli Homoptera Coccoidea V Notizie morfo-sistematiche su alcune specie di Cocciniglie con descrizione di tre nuove specie di Pseudococcidi. Bollettini del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Sivestri’ Portici 38: 3-28. Tranfaglia A, Tremblay E (1984) Faunistic and systematic studies on Italian scale insects. In Verhandlungen des Zehnten Internationalen Symposiums tiber Entomofaunistik Mitteleuropas (SIEEC X), August 1983, Budapest (1984), 372-374. Tranfaglia A, Viggiani G (1988) Cocciniglie di importanza economica in Italia e loro controllo. Benevento, Regione Campania, Italy: Assessorato Agricoltura, Servizio Sperimentazione Abete Grafica 30pp. Williams DJ (1985) Scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Tresco, isles of Sicily. Extomolo- gists Gazette 36: 135-144. Williams DJ, Pellizzari G (1997) Two species of mealybugs (Homoptera Pseudococcidae) on the roots of Aloaceae in greenhouses in England and Italy. Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura ser IT 29: 157-166. Zahradnik J (1990) Die Schildlause (Coccinea) auf Gewachshaus- un Zimmerpflanzen in den Tschechischen Landern. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 34: 1-160. Zorloni A, Prati S, Chiesa S, Bianco PA (2006) Transmission of grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 by the soft scale insect Neopulvinaria innumerabilis Rathvon. In Abstracts of the 13” Congresso Nazionale della Societa Italiana di Patologia Vegetale September, 2006, Foggia, 17. Pellizzari G, Danzig E (2007) The bamboo mealybugs Balanococcus kwoni n. sp. and Palmicul- tor lumpurensis (Takahashi) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) Zootaxa 1583: 65-68. Giuseppina Pellizzari & Jean-Francois Germain / Biokisk 4(1): 475-510 (2010) 496 (81761) weedy) snoseyddjog WN ‘AT “dD dD ‘0761 eOLIOWy -uJayINog snoseyd -oidy (S681 ‘TJoF9 OOD) unpisadsayopnasd snI90') (1007) IPI snoseyddjog NvVoO-Sd ‘Wd VN ‘OU ‘SU ‘TS MS “AVW-Ld “OZV-Ld Ld “LN “AW “IN ‘AT UVS-LI DISshl EL MH AE AE) ‘aD UOO Us UA “1007 Jeordoniqns /yeotdosy, snoseyd -o1fy (Z88T ‘sejsnoq) snjnsUuoy SNIIO") WA ‘NVO-Sa ‘Sa Sd Jeordonqns| snoseyd QC/] ‘snoeuury (6781) BISOD| — snoseyddjog “AC ‘AD ‘HO ‘Dd “Ad| LI ‘6781 /peoidory, -o1yd unptsadsay snII0') OU ‘AVN “Ld ‘OZV-Ld ‘Ld “AW “LW “OIS-LI ‘LI UHUD UOO-U vorouy| — snoseyd 0061 opsensy (006T) OPIN Pq} snoseyddjog Ud ‘NVO-SH ‘SA “TV) =LI ‘0681 Gas) -o1kd PC sssuauzs sagsrydoiay (F661) 1761 “WeeID) asorodue’y pure wezzyjag| snoseydAjog IS UH ‘LIMA! Us ‘OE61) peordory-eisy sniuodul sasyjdosa) CVW-Ld ‘OZV voloury| snoseyd T88I “yoosuro; (O€61) AJsmoypeeg| snoseyddjog (Ld SLI “TI “YD “WA AD] Wa ‘“O€61 -ynog -o1fy sisuaprsoy saasopdosay (L007) voloury| snoseyd (S6ZI ‘snioriqe.q) Te 9 WOW “(QI Z6T) UID (1961) Tessmy SooUuoL IPY snoseyddjog psnquug vege €D ‘NVO-SH ‘LI CVW-Ld ‘Ld ‘OIS CLI ‘LI “aD “Ud “Sa “AG S311JUNOD popeAuy LI ‘T761 OIS. LI ‘T¥61 adoiny ut proser IST -yequo7) [eordoay -eisy a3uvs sANeN -o14y J snjyejg snsafisag saqsvydosayy depI9005 (6981 ‘TeAnpstog) avsnquivg sidspsnquvg depliuvsaoOla)sy sated Ayrure,y 00Z/S0/67 2epdn ase] ‘udATS are ssduUaIAJoI paroayas ATUQ *([] xIpuadde das) SIN()A 02 JoJor SuOTIeTAsIQge Ie1ge} ‘(| x1puodde sas) 99, ¢€ OS] 1 JajoI suonerAsiqqe sapoo AruNO-) ‘sarads stua8oIdAI9 3+ ‘odomy 01 vary -y :snieig ‘odoin 03 uarye satoads ayes ay} Jo sonstsajORVIeY UTLUT pur ISTT *|°E"S BIQUL 497 Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 DIDIIDG SNXDT nu ‘Ou ISEHS ‘AVWiLd (Ld“IN ‘OISsLI UVS-LI “LI ‘YH ‘NH UD “AD ‘unyofinbp MOO’ WA ‘NVO-SaA ayeroduiay,| sno8eyd (OL8T ‘poomasa,\ ) (L061) PUP xa] ‘Sd “AC “ZO ‘AO ‘HO| Ua ‘6881 sy} edd) mafioooyf VLmULayn CVW-Ld ‘OZV (F681 “Ld ‘Ld ‘OISsLI ‘SLI UD snoseyd ‘[fe1e3POD) srmeaofiadd (0661) eyseyuery pur enosepy| snoseyddjog Wd ‘NVO-SH ‘SA “TV! LI ‘1661 | peordorp-eisy -oyg| VW VIADULAINGOJ Ol S ‘OU (C681 vind], “Td “IN ‘AT WH ‘NH ‘Wa voloury| snoseyd Tossyoo7)) zagoqayf (SEG6T) PPEMeY ‘sussaadngy “AC ‘ZO ‘HO ‘DE SLV| ‘Td ‘SEGT} —_-uOYLION -ouyd} = UNIUVINOUIYAAVE] OU “Td “AVW-Ld ‘OZV-Ld ‘Ld “LW ‘OIS:LI ‘LI ‘YOO-Ud sidan (L981 ‘TuIIN) (L861) Pop] snoseyddjog UANVO-SA ‘SA “TV| LI ‘006T| Tedonoyy) = -ordyg} SV VATU VIIASSIVSLAD (O88T “Woayiey) snoseyddjod voloury| snoseyd SIIQDLIULNUUL (F661) Uosspoy ‘SHIA IS‘LI‘UH UA} UA‘TIGT) = -woMION oud] VW piapusandoany snoseyd (OOGI ‘[]249490D) (Z861) PNOIep | — wnquosuvjag LI‘Z861| yeordonoisy -oyg} V uangsunoy visysundiay DIAISI A voloury| snoseyd OZG6I ‘stII84 (S00z) 4ydumnyepy ‘sunjonf TD ‘8661 -UJOYIION -oidyg] VW suasasyxa WntuvIaIny VN “Td sued ‘GVW-Ld “TI “Ud ‘NVO vououry| — snoseyd (€Z8I ‘or0usIS) (BS61) AJsmoypryeg ** puoqs1ary -Sq ‘SH “AG Ma ‘Dd! Us ‘7E6T1 -uJoyINoS -o1fy V snqpyassay snJpuullvong (PIG) ‘euRMny) IS “AWSIS ET snoseyd univyouspuopnasd (FZ61) opfesequeg idee