Interrelationships among removal sampling and mark-release-recapture estimates of absolute population size were studied at rural villages in Punjab Province, Pakistan during the spring and premonsoon seasons of 1980, and a model generated relating hand-catch relative abundance to absolute population size. Removal sampling was found to seriously underestimate known numbers of marked adults released in 3 cattle shed resting sites while the mark-release-recapture method using the simple Lincoln index did not differ significantly. A regression formula was generated to correct removal estimates to the actual numbers present and was used to estimate the size of 32 populations in rural Punjab Province. Statistically acceptable estimates were related to hand-catch relative abundance (numbers of mosquitoes mouth-aspirated by 2 collectors in 15 min) by linear regression and provided results comparable to capture-mark-release-recapture estimates at a series of 7 compounds and accurately estimated the numbers of marked adults released in 3 cattle sheds. The relative abundance method was considered suitable to estimate mosquito population size in rural Punjabi villages, from which man-vector contact rates could be calculated.